20BEE0359

SIMRAN GOEL

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Ex.No : 1 Date: 1/08/2023

Aim:
I) To draw the Magnetization characteristics and load characteristics of current
transformer
II) To calculate the ratio error and phase angle for the given CT.

Apparatus Required:

S.No Description Range Type Quantity

1. Voltmeter (0 – 300)V, (0- 30)V MI 2
2. Ammeter (0 – 1)A,(0 – 10)A MI 2
3. Current Transformer 10:1 Ratio - 1
4. 1  Auto Transformer (0 – 270) V AC 1
5. Loading Rheostat (0 – 10) A - 1
6. Connecting Wires - - As Req.

Theory:
The CTs and PTs used in protective relaying have two important roles to play namely:
 Electrically isolate the protective relays from the high-voltage power system for ,
the purpose of safety of the operating personnel.
 Step down the current and voltage to standard values of 1 A, 5 A, 110 V so that
the design of relays can be standardized irrespective of the actual primary voltage
and current.
Measurement CT and Protective CT
CTs are also used for measurement purposes. However, the desired response
from measurement CTs under short-circuit conditions (when the primary current is high)
is Quite different. A protection CT is required to faithfully transform the primary current
Throughout its entire range from normal load current to short-circuit current. A
measurement CT, on the other hand, is designed to saturate at currents more than
around 1.2 times the full-load current, and thus save the measuring instruments from
possible damage.
By suitable design, the operating point of the measurement CT is kept near the knee
of the excitation characteristic. The knee point is defined as that point on the excitation
characteristic at which 10% increase in excitation voltage results in a 50% increase in the
excitation current (Fig.1)
.

Fig.1: Difference in the response of a measurement CT and protective CT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Magnetization characteristic (OCC)

For (Ip vs Vs)

Loading Rheostat
(0- 10)A

A
CT
(O-10) A
P1 S1
V
230 V
Single  AC V (O-30)V
(0 – 300) V MI P2 S2 MI

1 Variac

Load Characteristics
For IP vs IS

Loading Rheostat
(0- 10)A

A
CT
(O-10) A
P1 S1
V
230 V (0 – 300) V MI
Single  AC A (O- 1)A
P2 S2 MI

1 Variac
Observation Table:

Magnetization characteristics
IP (A) VS (V )
1.01 9

2.04 12

2.44 13

3.45 15

4.43 16

6.29 17

Load Characteristics:

IP(A) Is(A)
1.03 0.25

2.06 0.5

2.46 0.6

3.48 0.85

4.48 1.1

6.36 1.55

Ratio and phase angle errors

𝐼𝑃
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑅 = = 4.12
𝐼𝑆
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑛 = = 20/5 = 4
𝑁𝑃

𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 − 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 𝑥 100 = 4-4.12/4.12 = 2.67 %
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
 𝐼𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 − 𝐼𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒, 𝜃 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑛𝐼𝑠

MODEL GRAPH
SATURATION
Secondary voltage, Vs in

KNEE REGION
KNEE POINT
REGION
LINEAR

ANKLE POINT
V

IP in A
Fig. Magnetization characteristics

Is (Amps)

.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5

IP ( Amps)
 Fig. Load characteristic

Conclusion:

Ratio error = 2.67 %

Phase angle error =
 EARTH LEAKAGE PROTECTION USING CORE BALANCED
TRANSFORMER
Ex. No: 2 Date: 1/08/2023

Aim:
To study the earth leakage protection scheme used for single phase and three
phase loads.
Apparatus:
S.No Description Range Type Quantity
1. Core Balance Transformer (0- 100)mm - 1
2. Ammeter (0-500)mA AC 1
3. Ammeter (0 - 10)A AC 1
4. 1 Auto Transformer (0- 230)V AC 1
5. Loading Rheostat (0 – 10)A 3 1

Earth Leakage Protection for Single – Phase Loads

The relay consists of a toroidal core on which two identical windings A and B each
having N numbers of turns are wound in close proximity. A third coil known as the pickup
coil, is also wound and connected across as ammeter as shown in Fig 1. The phase and
neutral leads are connected to these windings as shown in the Fig 1. so the wires A and
B carry the currents in the phase wire and neutral wire, respectively

Iph = In + IP
Iron core
Flux

P
Ph Ph Earthed
N Chassis
N N
C

N Fig 1
Under normal operating conditions, the current through the phase wire is exactly
the same as that through the neutral wire .Thus there is no magneto motive force (mmf)
acting on the toroidal core. The flux linked with the pickup coil is therefore zero, and thus
no voltage is induced in the pickup coil and the ammeter remains energized.
Earth Leakage Protection for Three – Phase Loads

The earth leakage protection scheme used for three phase loads is shown in Fig.2.
The three phase leads are threaded through a CT core on which a pickup coil is provided
as in the case single phase earth leakage protection.

Ia + Ib +Ic =ILEAK
Iron core flux
(0-10) A

R R
Y Earthed
Y Chassis
B B
(0-600) v
N
N
3 Ф load
A
3 Ф supply
Fig 2
During the normal balanced operating condition, the phasor sum of the three phase
currents is zero. Therefore is no net mmf acting on the core and the OC relay remains un
energized. However, during the earth Leakage situation shown in Fig, the net mmf acting
in the core is (Ileak) ampere – turns. This causes a flux to be produced. A voltage is induced
in the pickup winding causing the OC relay connected across it to operate.

Earth leakage protection circuit breakers (ELCB) implement this relay circuit for
the protection of three phase transformers and other equipment’s from earth faults.
Circuit Diagram:

P. A
(0 – 10A)

Loading Rheostat
230 V (0- 10)A
V
Single  AC
(0 – 300 V) S1 S2

1 Variac
A
Core Balanced Transformer

(0 – 500mA)

Single phase load

Balanced condition Unbalanced Condition
(Normal operation) (During earth fault)
Ip (A) Is (mA) Ip (A) Is (mA)
 0 0 0 0

1 0 1 0

2
0 2 10
Three phase load
Balanced condition Unbalanced Condition
( Normal operation) (During earth fault)
Ip (A) Is (mA) Ip (A) Is (mA)
2.4 0 2.4 20

3.5 0 3.5 60

4.5 0 4.5 100

Conclusion:
We have successfully studied the earth leakage protection scheme used for single phase and three
phase loads.
When the line and neutral core is passed inside the core balance transformer, the current through the winding is 0.
when only the line wire is passed through it, current in third winding increases as we increase load. This is due to
imbalance created inside the core balance transformer, flux and current induced.
 MICRO-CONTROLLER BASED OVER/UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
IDMT/DMT RELAY

Ex.No : 03 Date : 24/10/23

AIM
i. To study the Micro Controller based over voltage relay.
ii. To study the Micro Controller based Under Voltage relay.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

1) VPL – 05 Module
2) 1 φ Auto transformer
3) Connecting wires

Formulae Used:

1. Calculate Relay tripping time for over voltage IDMT Relay

𝐾
𝑡 = 𝑇𝑀𝑆 [ ]+𝐶
𝑉 𝛼
[𝑉 ] − 1
𝑆

2. Calculate Relay tripping time for Under voltage IDMT Relay

𝐾
𝑡 = 𝑇𝑀𝑆 [ ]+𝐶
𝑉𝑆 𝛼
[𝑉 ] − 1

𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐, 𝑲 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟒, 𝑪 = 𝟎
Theory

In a power system consisting of generators, transformers, transmission and

distribution circuits, it is inevitable that some failure will occur somewhere in the
system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly detected
and disconnected from the system. There are two principle reasons for it. Firstly, if the
fault is not cleared quickly, it may cause unnecessary interruption of service to the
customers. Secondly, rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of
damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system.
 The detection of a fault and disconnection of a faulty section or apparatus can
be achieved by using fuses or relays in conjunction with circuit breakers. A fuse
performs both detection and interruption functions automatically but its use is limited
for the protection of low-voltage circuits only. For high voltage circuits, relays and
circuit breakers are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective
gear. The relays detect the fault and supply information to the circuit breaker which
performs the function of circuit interruption.
A Protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of
the circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the reset system. The relays
detect the abnormal conditions in the electrical circuits by constantly measuring the
electrical quantities which are different under normal and fault conditions. The
electrical quantities which my change under fault conditions are voltage, current,
frequency and phase angle.

OVER/UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY

OVER/UNDER relay is used to provide protection against any over/under

voltage occurs in a system. Trip (ON) the relay contact, when input voltage is above
the system (set) voltage this is called over voltage relay. Trip (ON) the relay contact
when input is below the system (set) voltage, this is called under voltage relay.

The OVER/UNDER voltage relay is two types:

i. Electromechanical type relay.

ii. Static relay

ELECTROMECHANICAL TYPE RELAY

The Electromechanical type relays which consist of a coil as a moving

component and this coil moves in an electromagnet. It consists of two electromagnet.
The Upper electromagnet consist of three limbs and carries winding, which act as
primary and the windings in the lower magnet act as secondary. The flux's produced
in windings will displace each other produces eddy current which causes the disc to
rotate. When the current (I) increases more than the set value, the disc rotates to short
circuit the trip circuit terminals.
 iii. STATIC RELAY

The static relay circuits have no moving parts, there are two contacts provided
in static relay they are relay contact and NC (normally closed) contact. The relay
contact which is opened normally gets closed and NC contact gets opened
automatically during fault. The Micro controller based static relay is programmed to
make the relay to operate in IDMT as well as in DMT mode.

MICROCONTROLLER BASED OVER/UNDER VOLTAGE STATIC RELAY

1. It is No Moving Parts
2. It is reliable
3. External power supply has to be needed for static relay.

4. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF STATIC RELAY

The block diagram shows the hardware of microcontroller based over

current relay in which current transformer rating of 10V / 10A is placed at the
input of microcontroller. The output of CT secondary, current and voltage is
adjusted by means of trimpot to have 5 Amps is given to the microcontroller.
The Programming is done in Microcontroller in such a way, when the
fault current value is above the set value the relay contact is closed/opened
(depends on connections) and trips the circuit.
 The LED display shows the fault current value and the LCD is to show the set
time, set current, fault current and the tripping time. The microcontroller output is of
5V / 0V. Relay circuit operates at the voltage of 24V, Hence, a transistor is placed in
between the relay circuit and the microcontroller to improve the voltage input to relay
circuit. As and when the fault current flows in the CT, it gets actuated and relay contact
is closed and NC is open to trip the circuit.

3. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF STATIC RELAY

The block diagram shows the hardware of microcontroller based over current
relay in which current transformer rating of 10V / 10A is placed at the input of
microcontroller. The output of CT secondary, current and voltage is adjusted by
means of trimpot to have 5 Amps is given to the microcontroller. The Programming is
done in Microcontroller in such a way, when the fault current value is above the set
value the relay contact is closed/opened (depends on connections) and trips the
circuit. The LED display shows the fault current value and the LCD is to show the set
time, set current, fault current and the tripping time.
 The microcontroller output is of 5V / 0V. Relay circuit operates at the voltage of
24V, hence, a transistor is placed in between the relay circuit and the microcontroller
to improve the voltage input to relay circuit. As and when the fault current flows in the
CT, it gets actuated and relay contact is closed and NC is open to trip the circuit .

FRONT PANEL DETAILS

It is consists of

1. LCD display

2. Input terminal

3. Buttons

4. Static Relay.

Input terminal

Connect a input supply, Input supply is maximum: 230V.

Function of Buttons

Button – 1 “Increment” the voltage value.

Button – 2 “Decrement” the voltage value.

Button – 3 “Cursor Movement”

Button – 4 “Enter” the set voltage.

Reset Switch To reset the current setting value.

Procedure – Over Voltage Relay / Under Voltage

1. Initially keep Auto transformer minimum Position.

2. Connect 1 φ Auto transformer output in to input terminal of VPL-05 module.
3. Switch ON the Auto transformer and VPL - 05 Module.
4. After few seconds the following message will be displayed.
OVER / UNDER VOLTAGE RELAY
After few seconds
1. OVER VOLTAGE
2. UNDER VOLTAGE

5. Press the button - 1 (select a over voltage operation) the following message will be displayed.
OVER VOLTAGE
After few seconds
SET VOLT = V
Set the voltage by using buttons, 1,2,3,4

Example

Set Voltage = 55V

* Press the button - 1 set 0 values.

* Press the button - 3 (Cursor will move to next position)

* 5 times press the button - 1 set 5 value and press the button - 3.

* 5 times press the button - 1 set 5 value.

* Press the button - 4

The display is displayed

SET VOLT = 055 V

VOLT = 0.00V

6. Increase the input voltage by using adjust the Auto transformer.

7. Trip the relay, when input voltage is exceed set voltage. Now source is remove from the
faulty section the display is displayed.

SET VOLT = 055 V

VOLT = 0.00V
Procedure – Under Voltage Relay

1. Initially keep Auto transformer maximum Position.

2. Connect 1φ Auto transformer output in to input terminal of VPL-05 module.

3. Switch ON the Auto transformer and VPL - 05 Module.

4. After few seconds the following message will be displayed.

OVER / UNDER VOLTAGE

RELAY
After few seconds

1 OVER VOLTAGE
2 UNDER VOLTAGE

5. Press the button -2 (select a under voltage operation) the following message will be
displayed.

UNDER VOLTAGE

After few seconds

SET VOLT = V

Set the voltage by using buttons, 1,2,3,4.

Example

Set Voltage = 85V

* Press the button - 1 set 0 values.

* Press the button - 3 (Cursor will move to next position)

* 8 times press the button - 1 set 5 value and press the button - 3.

* 5 times press the button - 1 set 5 value.

* Press the button - 4

The display is displayed

SET VOLT = 085 V

VOLT = 0.00V

6. Reduce the input voltage by using adjust the Auto transformer.

7. Trip the relay, when input voltage is below the set voltage. Now source is remove from the
faulty section the display is displayed.

SET VOLT = 085 V

VOLT = 0.00V

Tabulation:

IDMT

Time Multipler Calculated

Set Voltage Fault Actual Relay
Sl.No Setting – Relay
(Vs) Voltage (V) Tripping Time
TMS tripping Time
(Volts) (Volts) (Sec) (Sec) (Sec)
Over Voltage
1. 100 170 0.1 1.312s 1.31s
2. 100 109 0.1 8.115s 8.11s
3. 100 145 0.1 1.876s 1.87s
4.
5.
 6.
Under Voltage
1. 100 90 0.1 6.636s 6.65s
2. 100 60 0.1 1.363s 1.37s
3. 100 20 0.1 0.43s 0.44s
4. 100 0 0.1 0.0095s 0.01s
5.
6.

DMT
Time Multipler
Fault Actual Relay
S.No Set Voltage (Vs) Setting - TMS
Voltage (VF) Tripping Time
(Volts) (Volts) (Sec) (Sec)
Over Voltage
1 100 170 0.1 5s
2 100 109 0.1 5s
3 100 145 0.1 5s
4
5
6
Under Voltage
1. 100 90 0.1 5s
2. 100 60 0.1 5s
3. 100 30 0.1 5s
4.
5.
6.
 Result:

Conclusion:
For DMT relays, the time of operation/ tripping time is the same even with the
changes in the fault voltages in either conditions that is under/over voltage.
For IDMT relays, we see that the change in voltages in overvoltage condition
results in a faster tripping time compared to that of in undervoltage condition.
Also, the actual and calculated tripping time seem to be appearing similar.