Human Behavior and Victimology

AL-NASHRIN N. MINDUG
TOP 5
CLE JUNE 2022
 ROFESSIONAL REGULATION COMMISSION
PROFESSIONAL REGULATORY BOARD OF CRIMINOLOGY
TABLES OF SPECIFICATION
CRIMINOLOGY 20%

HUMAN BEHAVIOR & VICTIMOLOGY Number of

Items
and Distribution
100
The registered criminologist can perform the competencies under the following sub-topics:
15

Understand and interpret the concepts, theories, and evolution of human development. 2

Classify and differentiate typologies of human behavior, criminal, and personality disorder. 5

Know the legal consequence on account of behavior issues and appropriate responses to offenders suffering 4
from a mental disorder such as but not limited to insanity, PTSD, minority, senility, and others.
Define the nature and concept of victimology and victimization, the typology of crime victims, and the 4
intervention to help victims of crime.
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Is a process in which a progressive series of changes occurs as
a result of maturation and experience.

According to Newman (2015), human development emphasizes

the patterns of “constancy and change across the life span” and
identifies the processes that account for such patterns. They
Argue that development implies a process that happens over
time and has a specific direction.
 PSYSCHOLOGICAL THEORIES ON
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
As one of the most popular theories of development,
Psychoanalytic theory originated with the work of SIGMUND FREUD
who argued that childhood experiences and unconscious desires
ultimately influence our behaviors as adults.

Sigmund Freud- He is recognized as the FATHER OF

PSYCHOANALYSIS.
- He is known for his psychoanalytic theory.
- According to him, criminality is caused by the imbalance of the three
(3) components of personality: the id, the ego, and the superego.
- According to him there are three parts of personality:
1. ID – this stands for instinctual drives. It is governed by the
“pleasure principle”. The id impulses are not social and must be
repressed or adapted so that they may become socially
acceptable.
2. EGO – this is considered to be the sensible and responsible
part of an individual’s personality and is governed by the “reality
principle”. It is developed early in life and compensate for the
demands of the id by helping the individual guide his actions to
remain within the boundaries of accepted social behavior; it is the
objective, rational part of the personality.
3. SUPEREGO – serves as the moral conscience of an
individual. It is structured by what values were taught by the
parents, the school and the community as well as belief in God. It
is largely responsible for making a person follow the moral codes
of society.
2. FREUD’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
Stage 1: Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)
During this stage, an infant source main source of interaction
occurs through the mouth, and as such, rooting and sucking are
specially important in this stage. The infant may develop a sense of
trust and comfort with an adult who is providing this kind of oral
stimulation
Conflict occurs during the weaning process, and at this point,
the child must less become dependent upon his/her caretakers;
otherwise fixation may occur.
Fixation – is the tendency to stay at a particular stage: The
individuals troubled by the conflict that characterizes the stage
and seeing to reduce it by means of the behavior characteristics
of that stage.
If this fixation is not resolved, then the child may grow up with
issues concerning binge eating, drinking, nail biting or smoking. The
individual may also have problems related to dependency and
aggression. (Cherry 2015a)
Stage 2: Anal Stage (18 Months to 3 Years)
During this stage, a child becomes aware of correct bowel
control and experiences pleasure in eliminating or retaining
feces. Some parents praise and reward children who show
correct behavior in this sense. These children eventually grow up
to become productive and confident.

ANAL RETENTIVE – if the child can control and eliminate feces.

Becomes obsessed with perfection, order, cleanliness and
control as an adults
ANAL EXPULSIVE- extremely disorganized and chaotic
Stage 3: Phallic Stage (3 to 6 Years)
This stage is mainly characterized by a child’s focus on sexual
interests, stimulation, and excitement in relation to genital area.
It lays down the foundation of one’s gender identity. The patterns of
identification arising from the phallic stage primarily determine the
development of human character. (McLeod, 2008)

Oedipus Complex (mommy’s boy)

Oedipus refers to a 5th-century BC Greek mythological character Oedipus,
who unwittingly kills his father, Laius, and marries his mother, Jocasta.
Electra Complex (daddy’s girl)
Stage 4: Latency Stage (5 or 6 years to puberty)
This development stage begins around the same time
when children enter school, and becomes more focused on their
peer relationships.
This is a period of exploration and place an important role
in the development of confidence as well as social and
communication skills.
Stage 5: Genital Stage (puberty to adulthood)
During this period, a child undergoes the psychological
maturation of systems of sexual functioning and associated
hormonal systems, thus leading to intensified drives and
impulses. The main objective of this phase is the eventual
separation from one’s attachment to his/her parents and the
achievements of mature relationships as well as adults roles and
duties.
3. ERIKSON’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
It describes the influence of social experience on our development
across the whole human lifespan.
A major element of this theory is the “ego identity”, which is the
“conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction.”
According to Erikson, this ego identity constantly changes due to new
information and experiences we accumulate through our daily interactions
with others.

STAGES IN THE HUMAN LIFESPAN

Prenatal Period
• This period begins at conception and ends at birth.
• It occurs within about 270 to 280 days or 9 calendar months.
STAGES IN THE HUMAN LIFESPAN

Prenatal Period
• This period begins at conception and ends at birth.
• It occurs within about 270 to 280 days or 9 calendar months.
Infancy
• From birth to 2 weeks.
• It is the shortest of all developmental periods and is considered
a time of extreme adjustments, thus making it a hazardous
period.
Babyhood
• 2 weeks to 2 years
• period of the true foundation of age and marks the beginning of
socialization and creativity.
Early Childhood
• From 2 to 6 years
• A problematic or troublesome age
• Preschool age
Late childhood
• 6 to 1`0 or 12 years
• the so-called elementary years
• This is the “gang age”

Puberty Or Preadolescence
• 12 to 13 or 14 years
• Short overlapping period
• Subdivided into prepubescent, pubescent and post
pubescent stage
• Period of rapid growth and change
Adolescence
• 13 or 14 to 18 years
• Important transitional period that is characterized by significant change.
• A problem or dreaded age
• The child searcher for his/her identity
• About to cross over into adulthood

Early Adulthood
• 18 to 40 years
• The productive age
• Period of dependency
• Period of emotional tension or even social isolation
• Time of commitment
• A time of values changes which can lead to changes in lifestyle choices
Middle Age
• 40 to 60 years
• Time of stress and transition
• Others may feel bored with their lives
• May feel awkward or inadequate when comparing themselves with
others
• Evaluating their lives against them

Old age or senescence

• 60 years to death
• Period of decline
• Old people
• May feel that they are part of minority
• The desire for rejuvenation is widespread in old age
 Erikson’s Theory Of Psychosocial
Development

• Describes the influence of social experience on our development across

the whole human lifespan.
• A major element of this theory is the “ego identity”, which is the
“conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction.”
• According to Erikson, this ego identity constantly changes due to new
information and experiences we accumulate through our daily
interactions with others.
 Human Behavior
Anything an individual does that involves self-initiated action and/or
reaction to a given situation/stimulus.
The sum total of man's reaction to his environment or the way human
beings act.
It is composed of adoptive adjustments people make as they cope
with one another, problems, opportunities, and
working together-aspects in a given situation.
Refers to a voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person to adapt and
fit society’s values and ideas of what is right and wrong.
It also refers to a range of actions demonstrated by humans in
conjunction with their environment and in response to various stimuli,
whether conscious or subconscious, internal or external, voluntary or
involuntary and overt or covert.

Human Beings
Human beings are intelligent social animals with the mental capacity
to comprehend, infer and think in rational eways.
 CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY
In general, psychology is the science of behavior and
mental processes. This means that psychologists use the
methods of science to investigate all kinds of behavior and
mental processes, from the activity of a single nerve cell to the
social conflict in a complex society (Bernstein, et al, 1991). In
particular, criminal Psychology is a sub-field of general
psychology where criminal behavior is only, in part by which
phenomena psychologists choose to study.
 2 Common Seen Behavior
Normal Behavior (adaptive or adjusted behavior) – the standard
behavior, the totality accepted behavior because they follow the
standard norms of society. Understanding criminal behavior includes
the idea of knowing what characterized a normal person from an
abnormal one. A normal person is characterized by: Efficient perception
of reality, Self-knowledge, Ability to exercise voluntary control over his
behavior, Self-esteem and acceptance, Productivity, Ability to form
affectionate relationship with others.

Abnormal Behavior (maladaptive/maladjusted behavior) - A

group of behaviors that are deviant from social expectations because
they go against the norms or standard behavior of society.
 KINDS OF BEHAVIOR
• Overt or Covert Behavior - Behaviors that are outwardly manifested or
those that are directly observable are overt behaviors. On the other hand,
covert behavior are behaviors that are hidden – not visible to the naked
eye.
• Conscious or Unconscious Behavior - Behavior is conscious when
acts are with in the level of awareness. It is unconscious when acts are
embedded in one’s subconscious – unaware.
• Simple or Complex Behavior - These are acts categorized according to
the number of neurons involved in the process of behaving. Simple
behavior involves less number of neurons while complex behavior
involved more number of neurons, a combination of simple behaviors.
• Rational or Irrational Behavior - There is rational behavior when a
person acted with sanity or reason and there is irrational behavior when
the person acted with no apparent reason or explanation – as when a man
loses his sanity and laugh out loud at nobody or nothing in particular.
• Voluntary or Involuntary Behavior - Voluntary behavior is an act done
with full volition or will such as when we discriminate, decide or choose
while involuntary behaviors refers the bodily processes that foes on even
when we are awake or asleep like respiration, circulation and digestion.
 Two Basic Types of Behavior
a. Inherited (Inborn) Behavior – It refers to any behavioral
reactions or reflexes exhibited by people because of their
inherited capabilities or the process of natural selection e.g., the
survival of species who are dependent on behaviors like
breathing, digesting food, mating and depending oneself.
b. Learned (Operant) Behavior – It involves knowing or
adaptation that enhances human beings’ ability to cope with
changes in the environment in ways which improve the chances
of survival. It may be acquired through environment or training
e.g., good command of English, logical problem-solving
technique, job skills, and other learned expertise that give people
more control over their lives. It is this behavior that sets human
being apart from other animals.
 Classifications of Human Behavior
Habitual – It refers to motorized behavior usually manifested in
language and emotion.

Instinctive – It is generally unlearned and simply comes out of

man’s instinct which can be seen among instinct survival
behaviors.

Symbolic – It is a behavior that is usually carried out by means

of unsaid words and shown through symbols or body signs.

Complex – It is a behavior that combines two or more of the

classified ones.
Views/Perspective in Human Behavior
1. Neurological View – It deals with human actions in relation to
events taking place inside the body such as the brain and the
nervous system.
2. Behavioral View – It emphasizes on external functions of the
human being that can be observed and measured.
3. Cognitive View – It is concerned with the way the brain
processes and transforms information into various ways.
4. Psychoanalytical View – It emphasizes unconscious motives
that originate from aggressive impulses in childhood.
5. Humanistic View – It focuses on the subject’s experience,
freedom of choice and motivation toward self-actualization.
 Causes of Human Behavior
Sensations – these are feelings or impressions of a stimuli that
maybe delivered via the following sources:
olfactory – smell
cutaneous – touch
auditory – hearing
gustatory – taste
visual - sight
Perception – this refers to one’s knowledge of various of stimuli from
the environment or external sources.
Awareness – this is a psychological activity that occurs in accordance
with interpretation and experience of various stimuli.
Personality Dimensions that affect Human Behavior
(P-E-N Model of Personality by Hans Eysenck)
Types Characteristics effects
Extraversion Frequently seeks stimulation, Gets people in trouble, has
excitement, and thrills the greatest role in crime and
delinquency
Neuroticism Intensely reacts to stress, Enhances habits and
generally moody, touchy, influences the individual to
sensitive to slights and behave in ways that are
anxious or nervous considered anti-social

Psychoticism Cold, cruel, social Impulse aggressive individual

insensitivity, disregard for without appreciable
danger, troublesome conscience or sense of
behavior, dislike of others, morals
attraction towards the
 DETERMINANTS OF BEHAVIOR
The answer to these questions requires the study and
understanding of the influences of HEREDITY and
ENVIRONMENT. As cited by Tuason:

Heredity (Biological Factors)

This refers to the genetic influences, those that are
explained by heredity, the characteristics of a person acquired
from birth transferred from one generation to another. It explains
that certain emotional aggression, our intelligence, ability and
potentials and our physical appearance are inherited. It is the
primary basis of the idea concerning criminal behavior, the
concept that “criminals are born”.
Environmental Factors (Socio-Cultural Influences)
Family Background
It is a basic consideration because it is in the family
whereby an individual first experiences how to relate and
interact with another. The family is said to be the cradle of
personality development as a result of either a close or
harmonious relationship or a pathogenic family structure:
the disturbed family, broken family, separated or
maladjusted relations.
Pathogenic Family Structure – those families associated with high
frequency of problems such as:

THE INADEQUATE FAMILY – characterized by the inability to cope with the

ordinary problems of family living. It lacks the resources, physical of
psychological, for meeting the demands of family satisfaction.
THE ANTI-SOCIAL FAMILY – those that espouses unacceptable values as
a result of the influence of parents to their children.
THE DISCORDANT/DISTURBED FAMILY – characterized by non-
satisfaction of one or both parent from the relationship that may express
feeling of frustration. This is usually due to value differences as common
sources of conflict and dissatisfaction.
THE DISRUPTED FAMILY – characterized by incompleteness whether as a
result of death, divorce, separation or some other circumstances.

Childhood Trauma
The experiences, which affect the feeling of security of a child
undergoing developmental processes. The development processes are
being blocked sometimes by parental deprivation as a consequence of
parents or lack of adequate maturing at home because of parental rejection,
overprotection, restrictiveness, over permissiveness, and faulty discipline.
 OTHER DETERMINANTS
In order to further understand and provide answers on the
question that why do some people behave criminally, it is
important to study the other determinants of behavior. These are
needs, drives and motivation.

Needs and Drives

Need, according to a drive reduction theory, is a biological
requirement for well being of the individual. This need creates
drives – a psychological state of arousal that prompts someone
to take action (Bernstein, et al, 1991). Drive therefore is an
aroused state that results from some biological needs.
Motivation
Is defined as behavior instigated by needs within the
individual and directed towards a goal that can satisfy the needs.
Motivation may also be regarded as explanation for action which
influences behavior in many ways. All definitions of motivation
have certain things in common such as: it comes from within; it is
directed towards a goal; and it arouses interest in the activity.
 Motivations of Human Behavior
1. THE NEEDS THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION

Abraham Maslow has suggested that human needs form a

hierarchy from the most basic biological requirements to the
needs for self-actualization – the highest of all needs The
pyramidal presentation shows that from the bottom to the top of
the hierarchy, the levels of needs or motive according to Maslow,
are:
Biological or Physiological Needs – these motives include the
need for food, water, oxygen, activity, and sleep.
Safety Needs – these pertains to the motives of being cared for
and being secured such as in income and place to live.
Love/Belongingness – Belongingness is integration into various
kinds of social groups or social organizations. Love needs means
need for affection.
Cognitive Needs – our motivation for learning and exploration
Esteem Needs – our motivation for an honest, fundamental
respect for a person as a useful and honorable human being.
Aesthetic Needs - our motivation for beauty and order
Self- actualization – pertains to human total satisfaction, when
people are motivated not so much by unmet needs, as by the
desire to become all they are capable of (self-realization).
2. PSYCHODYNAMICS OF HUMAN MOTIVATION
PSYCHODYNAMICS
Literally means “motivation to action” defines human
behavior in terms of the personality of the inner self.
According to this theory, the mind has three levels by which
its psychic forces operates, namely: the ID, EGO and
SUPEREGO
 Frustration

Is a negative emotional state that occurs when one is prevented form

reaching a goal.
Is an unpleasant state of tension and heightened sympathetic activity
resulting from a blocked goal.
External frustration- is a distress caused by outward perceivable
conditions that impedes progress toward a goal.
Internal/Personal Frustration- caused by the individual’s inner
characteristics that impedes progress toward a goal.
Frustration Aggression Theory – this is an example of
frustration turning into aggression. Aggression is a
maliciously behavior or attitude towards someone or
something, usually triggered by frustration.
What is the Hypothesis of Catharsis? also known as
“purging or cleansing” In psychotherapy, catharsis refers to
the process of consciously experiencing deep emotions
that have previously been repressed, thus moving them to
the surface and allowing them to come out.
Frustration Tolerance
It is the ability to withstand frustration without developing
inadequate modes of response such as being emotionally
depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic or becoming
aggressive.

Broad Reactions to Frustration

Fight – It is manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive
and direct way by means of breaking down the
obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.
Flight – It can be manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming
indifferent and giving up
 Coping Mechanism
• It is defined as the way people react to frustration. People differ
in the way they react to frustration. This could be attributed to
individual differences and the way people prepared in the
developmental task they faced during the early stages of their
life
Different Types of Reaction to Frustration
Direct approach – It can be seen among people who handle their
problems in a very objective way. They identify first the problem, look
for the most practical and handy way to solve it and proceed with the
constructive manner of utilizing the solution which will produce the
best results.
Detour - When an individual realizes that in finding for the right
solution of the problem, he always end up with a negative outcome or
result. Thus, he tries to make a detour or change direction first and
find out if the solution or remedy is there.
Substitution - Most of time resulted to in handling frustration when an
original plan intended to solve the problem did not produce the
intended result. Thus, the most practical way to face the problem is to
look for most possible or alternative means.
Withdrawal or retreat -It is corresponding to running away from the
problem or flight which to some is the safest way.
Developing feeling of inferiority – It comes when a person is
unable to hold on to any solution which gives a positive result.
Being discouraged to go on working for a way to handle a
frustration could result to diminishing self confidence until the
time when inferiority complex sets in.
Aggression - It is a negative outcome of a person's inability to
handle frustration rightly. Manifestation in physical behavior can
be observed in one's negative attitudes towards life both in the
personal and professional aspect.
Use of Defense Mechanism – It is the most tolerated way of
handling frustration. It is a man’s last result when a person
attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation or event.
Defense Mechanism – It is an unconscious psychological
process that serves as safety valve that provides relief from
emotional conflict and anxiety.
 Defense Mechanism
Displacement – A strong emotion, such as anger is displaced onto
another person or object as the recipient of said emotion (anger)
rather than being focused on the person or object which originally was
the cause of said emotion.
Rationalization – It is the defense mechanism that enables
individuals to justify their behavior to themselves and others by making
excuses or formulating fictitious, socially approved arguments to
convince themselves and others that their behavior is logical and
acceptable.
Compensation – It is the psychological defense mechanism through
which people attempt to overcome the anxiety associated with feelings
of inferiority and inadequacy in one is of personality or body image by
concentrating on another area where they can excel.
Projection – It manifests feelings and ideas which are unacceptable
to the ego or the superego and are projected onto others so that they
seem to have these feelings or ideas which free the individual from the
guilt and anxiety associated with them.
Reaction formation – It is defined as the development of a trait or
traits which are the opposite of tendencies that we do not want to
recognize. The person is motivated to act in a certain way but
behaves in the opposite way. Consequently, he is able to keep his
urges and impulses under control.
Denial – When a person uses this, he refuses to recognize and deal
with reality because of strong inner needs. is simply refusing to
acknowledge that an event has occurred.
Repression – It is an unconscious process whereby unacceptable
urges or painful traumatic experiences are completely prevented from
entering consciousness.
Suppression – It is sometimes confused with that of repression. It is
a conscious activity by which an individual attempts to forget
emotionally disturbing thoughts and experiences by pushing them out
of his mind.
Identification - An individual seeks to overcome his own feelings of
inadequacy, loneliness or inferiority by taking on the characteristics of
someone who is important to him. An example is a child who identifies with
his parents who are seen as models of intelligence, strength and
competence.
Substitution - Through this defense mechanism, the individual seeks to
overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety by achieving alternate goals
and gratifications.

Fantasy – this is resulted to whenever unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious

drives do not materialize. when we cannot achieve or do something that we
want, we channel the energy created by the desire into fantastic imaginings.

Regression – A person reverts to a pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior

which was appropriate to an earlier stage of development.

Sublimation – It is the process by which instinctual drives which

consciously unacceptable are diverted into personally and socially accepted
channels. It is a positive and constructive mechanism for defending against
own unacceptable impulses and needs.
 OTHER DEFENSE MECHANISM
ACTING OUT – this means literally acting out the desires that are forbidden by the
superego and yet desired by the ID. A person who is acting out desires may do it in
spite of their conscience or may do it with relatively little thought.

AIM INHIBITION – We lower our sights, reducing our goals to something thaw we
believe is actually more possible or realistic.
➢ A person who sexually desires another person but is unable to fulfill that desire (for example the other
person is married) convinces themselves that all they really want is to be friends.
➢ A person who wants to be a veterinarian does not get sufficient exam grades, so becomes a vet's
assistant instead.

ALTRUISM – Avoid your own pains by concentrating on the pain of others.

ATTACK – “The best form of defense is attack” is a common saying and is also a
common action, and when we feel threatened or attacked, we will attack back.

AVOIDANCE – we simply find ways of avoiding having to face uncomfortable situation,

thins or activities
COMPARTMENTALIZATION – separating thoughts that will conflict with
one another. This may happen when there are difference beliefs or even
when there are conflicting values.
➢A person who is very religious and also a scientist holds the opposing beliefs in different
cognitive compartments, such that when they are in church, they can have blind faith,
whist when they are in the laboratory, they question everything.
➢There is sometimes honor amongst thieves, where together they act as honest people.
Thieves also may be very honest in their family lives.
➢My son is an angel in school and a demon at home.

CONVERSION – tensions manifest themselves in physical symptoms.

Extreme symptoms may include paralysis, seizure while lesser symptoms
includes tiredness, headaches etc.
Compensation : making up for a weakness in one area by gain strength in
another.
➢People who feel inferior because they are short may train hard to be very strong.
➢People who are not intellectually gifted may turn their attention to social skills.
DISSOCIATION – separating a set of thoughts or activities from the
main area of conscious mind, in order to avoid the conflict that this
would cause.

EMOTIONALITY – when we become stressed or tension is caused, a

number of negative emotions may start to build, including anger,
frustration, fear, jealousy and so on. When we display these emotions
it can affect others around us, arousing similar or polar feelings.
HELP-REJECTING COMPLAINING – when helpful suggestions or
other comfort is offered, however, they reject his and return to their
complaint.

INTELLECTUALIZTION – refers to ‘flight into reason’ where the person

avoids uncomfortable emotions by focusing on facts and logic.
Jargon is often used as a device of intellectualization. By using complex
terminology, the focus becomes on the words and finer definitions
rather than the human effects.
➢A person told they have cancer asks for details on the probability of survival and the
success rates of various drugs. The doctor may join in, using 'carcinoma' instead of
'cancer' and 'terminal' instead of 'fatal'.
INTROJECTION – occurs when we take on attributes of other people
who seem better able to cope with the situation than we do.
➢I have to give a presentation but feel scared. I put on the hat of Abraham Lincoln and
imagine I am confidently giving an important address to the nation.
➢A child is threatened at school. They take on the strong-defender attributes that
they perceive in their father and push away the bully.
➢A business leader sets high moral standards within the company. Many others follow
her lead.
PASSIVE AGRESSION – attacking others through passive means

PROVOCATION OR FREE-FLOATING – provoke others into some

kind of reaction. The attention can then be put on the other person and
away from the originator’s stress
SELF-HARMING – the person physically deliberately hurts
himself/herself in some way or otherwise puts themselves at high risk of
harm

SOMATIZATION – psychological problems turns into physical and

subconscious mind. Examples are skin rashes, heart problems etc.
➢Somatization occurs where a psychological problem turns into physical and
subconscious symptoms. This can range from simple twitching to skin rashes, heart
problems and worse.
➢A policeman, who has to be very restricted in his professional behavior, develops
hypertension.
TRIVIALIZING – one way of trivialize is to make something a joke,
laughing it off. Making small what is really something big. When we are
faced with a disappointment over something that is important to us, we
are faced with the problem of having our expectations and predictions
dashed.
➢I lose a lot of money gambling. I tell myself that I didn't need it anyway.
➢A girl rejects the advances of a boy. He tells his friends that she isn't that pretty
anyway.
UNDOING – performance of an act to ‘undo’ a previous unacceptable
act or thought.
➢A man who has been unkind to his wife buys her flowers (but does not apologize).
Idealization: Playing up the good points and ignoring limitations of things
desired. Idealization is the over-estimation of the desirable qualities and
underestimation of the limitations of a desired thing. We also tend to idealize
those things that we have chosen or acquired.
➢A teenager in awe of a rock star idealizes their idol, imagining them to have a perfect
life, to be kind and thoughtful, and so on. They ignore the star's grosser habits and
rough background.
➢A person has bought an exotic foreign holiday. They dream about how perfect their
vacation will be, not thinking about insects, heat, crime etc.
➢I buy a sports car and look admiringly at its sleek lines. I ignore the fact that it drinks
fuel and is rather uncomfortable.
➢A person in a religious cult idealizes the cult and its leader, assuming they are perfect
and that the outside world is very poor in comparison.
Projection : The process of shifting the responsibility for an act or thought
from oneself to another person. Attributing unwanted impulse and feeling to
someone else.
➢I do not like another person. But I have a value that says I should like everyone. So I
project onto them that they do not like me. This allows me to avoid them and also to
handle my own feelings of dislike.
➢An unfaithful husband suspects his wife of infidelity.
➢A woman who is attracted to a fellow worker accuses the person of sexual advances.

Rationalization: creating logical reasons for bad behavior.

➢A person evades paying taxes and then rationalizes it by talking about how the
government wastes money (and how it is better for people to keep what they can).
➢A person fails to get good enough results to get into a chosen university and then
says that they didn't want to go there anyway.
➢A parent punishes a child and says that it is for the child's 'own good'.
➢I trip and fall over in the street. I tell a passer-by that I have recently been ill.
• Reaction Formation: Defense mechanism where urges that are not
acceptable to the consciousness are repressed and opposite attitudes or
modes of behaviors are expressed with considerable force.
➢A person who is angry with a colleague actually ends up being particularly courteous
and friendly towards them.
➢A man who is gay has a number of conspicuous heterosexual affairs and openly
criticizes gays.
➢A mother who has a child she does not want becomes very protective of the child.
➢An alcoholic extols the virtues of abstinence.
• Regression: returning to a child state to avoid problems.
➢A wife refuses to drive a car even though it causes the family much disorganization. A
result of her refusal is that her husband has to take her everywhere.
➢A person who suffers a mental breakdown assumes a fetal position, rocking and
crying.
➢A child suddenly starts to wet the bed after years of not doing so (this is a typical
response to the arrival of a new sibling).
➢A college student carefully takes their teddy-bear with them (and goes to sleep
cuddling it).
Repression: Unacceptable or unpleasant id impulses are pushed back
into unconsciousness. Repression is the most direct method of dealing
with anxiety;
➢A child who is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the events, but
has trouble forming relationships.
➢A woman who found childbirth particularly painful continues to have children
(and each time the level of pain is surprising).
➢A man has a phobia of spiders but cannot remember the first time he was
afraid of them.
Suppression: Involve the individual’s and conscious attempt to stop
anxiety – provoking thoughts by simply not thinking about them.
➢An older man has sexual feelings towards a teenager and quickly suppresses
the thought.
Sublimation: channeling psychic energy into acceptable activities.
Sublimation is the transformation of unwanted impulses into
something less harmful.
➢A person with strong sexual urges becomes an artist.
➢A surgeon turns aggressive energies and deep desires to cut people into life-
saving acts.
Fantasy: When we cannot achieve or do something that we want, we
channel the energy created by the desire into fantastic imaginings.
➢A man who is attracted to a beautiful woman but who realizes that she is
unattainable fantasizes about seducing her (or being seduced by her).
➢A boy who is punished by a teacher creates fantasies of shooting the teacher
(remember the movie 'If’).
 Conflict
Conflict refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or more
incompatible motives resulting to unpleasant emotions. It is a
source of frustration because it is a threat to normal behavior
(Berstein, et al, 1991).
APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to engage in two
desirable activities that cannot be pursued simultaneously.
Double Avoidance Conflict – a person faces two undesirable
situations in which the avoidance of one is the exposure to the other
resulting to an intense emotion.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces situation having both
a desirable and undesirable feature. It is sometimes called “dilemma”,
because some negative and some positive features must be accepted
regardless which course of action is chosen.
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a
choice must be made between two or more alternatives each has both
positive and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve
because the features of each portion are often difficult to compare.
 Stress
Refers to the consequence of the failure of an organism-
human or animal – to respond appropriately to emotional or
physical threats, whether actual or imagined.
Is a form of the Middle English “Destresse”, derived from
vial Old French from the Latin “Stringere”, to draw tight.
This term was first employed in a biological context by
Hans Selye in 1930’s.
Stress can thought of as any event that strains or exceeds
an individual’s ability to cope.
 Stressor
Is anything (physical or psychological) that produces
stress (negative or positive)

2 Types of Stress
Eustress - moderate or normal psychological stress
interpreted as being beneficial for the experiencer.
Distress - unable to completely adapt to stressors and their
resulting stress and shows maladaptive behaviors.
3 Stages of Stress (General Arousal Syndrome)
a)Alarm – when the threat or stressor is identified or realized,
the body’s stress response is a state of alarm. During this stage
adrenaline will be produced in order to bring about the fight-
or-flight response
b)Resistance – coping up with stress and getting used to it but
may be gradually depleted
c)Exhaustion – the body is unable to maintain normal function.
The initial autonomic nervous system symptoms may reappear
sweating, raised heart rate.
 Types and Categories of Stress
Acute stress - is what people identify as stress. It felt through
tension headaches, emotional upsets, gastrointestinal
disturbances, feelings of agitation and pressure.
Episodic acute – a more serious and can lead to migraines,
hypertension, stroke, heart attack, anxiety, depression and
serious gastrointestinal distress.
Chronic stress – is the most serious of all. It’s the stress that
never ends. It grinds us until our resistance is gone.
Traumatic stress – is the result of massive acute stress, the
effects of which can reverberate through our systems for years.
• Types of Short Term Stress
1.Acute time – refers to limited stress that come on suddenly (acute)
and are over relatively quickly.
2.Brief Naturalistic Stress – is relatively short in duration. These stresses
that rise out of other things (like course of study) and are over quickly
• Types of Long Term Stress
1.Stressful Event Sequences – is a single event that starts from a chain
of challenging situations.
2.Chronic Stress – lacks a clear end point. People assume new roles or
change their self-perception.
3.Distant Stress – may have been initiated in the past but continue to
affect the immune system. Distant stressors have long-lasting effects
on emotional and mental health.
 Depression
Is an illness that causes a person to feel sad and hopeless
much of the time.
Different forms of Depression
Major Depressive Disorder – a combination of symptoms that
interfere with a person’s ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and
enjoy once pleasurable activities. Disabling and prevents a
person from functioning normally.
Dysthymic Disorder (Dysthymia) – described as having
persistent but less severe depressive symptoms than major
depression.
Psychotic Depression – occurs when a severe depressive
illness is accompanied by some form of psychosis, such as a
break with reality, hallucinations and delusions.
Postpartum Depression – a major depressive episode that occurs
after having a baby.
Seasonal Affective Disorder – characterized by the onset of a
depressive illness during the winter months, when there is less natural
sunlight and generally lifts during spring and summer.
Bipolar Disorder – also called manic-depressive illness, is not s
common as major depression or dysthymia. It is characterized by
cyclical mood changes from extreme highs.
Endogenous Depression – endogenous means from within the body.
This type of depression is defined as feeling depressed for no
apparent reason.
Situational Depression or Reactive Depression – develops in
response to a specific stressful situation or event. Depression
symptoms cause significant distress or impairs usual functioning and
do not meet the criteria for major depressive disorder.
Agitated depression – characterized by agitation such as physical
and emotional restlessness, irritability and insomnia which is the
opposite of many depressed individuals.
 Emotions

Refers to feelings affective responses as a result of

physiological arousal, thoughts and beliefs, subjective evaluation
and bodily expression. It is characterized by facial expressions,
gestures, postures and subjective feelings.
The English word “emotion” is derived from the French word
“emouvoir”. This is based on the Latin “emovere”. The related
term motivation is also derived from movere.
 Theories of Emotion
1. James-Lange theory by William James and Carl Lange
States that emotion results from physiological states triggered by
stimuli in the environment: emotion occurs after physiological
reactions. This theory and its derivatives states that a changed
situation leads to a changed bodily state
2. Canon-Bard theory by Philip Bard and Walter Cannon
This suggests that people feel emotions first then act upon them.
This is a theory that emotion and psychological reaction occur
simultaneously. This actions include changes in muscular tension,
perspiration etc.
3. Two Factory Theory (Schachter and Singer)
Emotions is the cognitive interpretation of a physiological
response.
 Emotional Intelligence (EI)

• Is the area of cognitive ability that facilitates interpersonal

behavior. It was popularized by Dr, Daniel Goleman. He
described emotional intelligence as a person’s ability to
manage his feelings so that those feelings are expressed
appropriately and effectively.
• Meyer and Salovey who originally used the term, defined as
the ability to perceive emotion, integrate emotion to facilitate
thought, understands emotion, and to regulate emotions to
promote emotional growth.
 PERSONALITY

Refers to the sum total of typing ways of acting, thinking

and feeling that makes each person unique.
Personality is defined as a pattern of habits, attitudes and
trials that defines an individual’s characteristics, behavior and
qualities.
 6 APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACH

THE STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY/TRIPARTITE PERSONALITY

ID
-allows us to get our basic needs met.
-Based on pleasure principle
-immediate satisfaction with no consideration for the reality of the
situation
-selfish, primitive, childish, pleasure-oriented
-”true psychic reality”
-represents the inner world of subjective experience
EGO
-meet the needs of the Id whilst taking into account the
constraints of reality
-moderator between the id and superego which seeks
compromises to pacify both.

SUPEREGO
- conscience of man
-strong super-ego results in a high level if guilt
-weak super-ego allows the id more expression resulting in a low
level of guilt.
2. TRAIT APPROACH
Trait theories attempt to learn and explain the traits that make
up personality, the differences between people in terms of their
personal characteristics.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAITS (Gordon Allport)

Common Traits – shared by most member of a particular culture
Individual Traits – person’s unique individual qualities
Cardinal Traits – that are so basic that all person’s activities relate to
it. A powerful and dominating behavioral disposition that provides the
pivotal point in person’s entire life.
Central Traits – the core traits that characterize an individual’s
personality. They form the building blocks of our personalities.
Secondary Traits – these are inconsistent or relatively superficial.
Appear in certain situations or under specific circumstances.
• Mother Teresa: Good, charitable
• Adolf Hitler: Evil, depraved
• Albert Einstein: Brilliant
• Niccolo Machiavelli: Ruthless
• Jesus Christ: Good, faithful, holy
• Martin Luther King, Jr.: Just, heroic
• Abraham Lincoln: Honest
 MENTAL DISORDERS
Refers to the significant impairment in psychological conditioning.
Also called a mental illness or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental
pattern that causes significant distress or impairment of personal functioning
A syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an
individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a
dysfunction in the psychological, biological or developmental processes
underlying mental functioning (APA, DSM-IV)

SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW
is the persistent inability to adapt oneself to the ordinary environment

MEDICAL VIEW
is the prolonged departure of the individual from his natural mental
state arising from illnesses.
 FACTORS THAT AFFECT MENTAL
DISORDERS
1. HEREDITARY – most frequent with family histories revealing
mental illness
2. INCESTUOUS MARRIAGES – blood incompatibility
3. IMPAIRED VITALITY – mental worry, grief, physical, strain,
unhygienic surroundings
4. MORAL VALUES TRAINING AND BREEDING – improper
breeding and poor moral values training particularly those affecting
free will and self-control
5. EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES – love, hatred, passion, frustration
and disappointment
6. PHYSICAL FACTORS
a. NON-TOXIC – illness, cerebral hemorrhage, trauma on the
skull that affects brain
b. TOXIC – excessive formation of waste products, infections,
excessive use of drugs.
Criminal Behavior
 CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
-Refers to anti-social acts that place the actor at risk of
becoming a focus of the attention of criminal and juvenile justice
professionals. It refers to acts that are injurious, acts prohibited
under the law and that render the actor subject to intervention by
justice professionals.

3 elements of criminal behavior (Goldoozian)

• legally, the criminal act should be prohibited by law.
• Materially, the criminal act should be executed or realized.
• Spiritually, the criminal act should be accompanied by criminal
intention or guilt. These three must be present.
 PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR
• Neurotic Pattern
• Psychopathic Pattern
• Psychotic Pattern
• Addictive Behavioral Pattern
• Sexual Dysfunctional Pattern
 Neuroses
• Or psychoneuroses are behavioral disorders that brought about by
emotional tension resulting from conflicts, repression, frustration or
insecurity.
• Neurotic individuals compromise with reality by developing
imaginary ailments, obsessions, phobias, compulsion, depression or
anxiety.
Classification of Neuroses According to the Most Striking Symptoms
1.Anxiety Reactions – these are mainly manifested in consciously
experienced feelings of anxiety and apprehension, for which there
are no bases in actual life.
Hysteria – this disorder is a type of anxiety reaction, in which the
individual manifests one or more symptoms that are often associated
with organic disease.
Psychastenia – A psychoneurotic condition that is accompanied
by a vast range of mental and emotional symptoms that cannot
be controlled.
✓Phobic Disorders - These refer to the persistent fear on some objects
or situation that present no actual danger to the person. Examples of
Phobia: Acrophobia - fear of high places
✓Obsession – this refers to an idea or series of ideas that recur very
frequently that they interfere with the ability of an individual to think
and/or function normally
✓Compulsion - this is an irresistible tendency to perform an act or
ritual, which an individual feels to compelled to carry out although it is
recognized as irrational; a person must perform an act and give in to
the urge in order to reduce the tension.
 NEUROTIC OR PSYCHONEUROTIC
PATTERNS
Are groups of mild functional personality disorders in
which there is no gross personality disorganization, the individual
does not lose contact with reality, and hospitalization is not
required.

• Anxiety Disorders
• Somatoform Disorders
• Dissociative Disorders
• Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders)
 Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety disorders are commonly known as “neurotic fear”.

When it is occasional but intense, it is called “panic”. When it is
mild but continuous, it is called “worry” which is usually
accompanied by physiological symptoms such as sustained
muscular tension, increased blood pressure, insomnia, etc. They
are considered as the central feature of all neurotic patterns.
These disorders are characterized by mild depressions, fear and
tensions, and mild stresses.
Achluophobia: Fear of darkness
Acrophobia: Fear of heights
Algophobia: Fear of pain
Agoraphobia: Fear of open spaces or crowds
Aichmophobia: Fear of needles or pointed objects
• Arachnophobia: Fear of spiders
• Arithmophobia: Fear of numbers
• Astraphobia: Fear of thunder and lightning
• Astrophobia: Fear of outer space
• Ataxophobia: Fear of disorder or untidiness
• Atelophobia: Fear of imperfection
• Atychiphobia: Fear of failure
• Autophobia: Fear of being alone
• Cacophobia: Fear of ugliness
• Catagelophobia: Fear of being ridiculed
• Catoptrophobia: Fear of mirrors
• Chionophobia: Fear of snow
• Chrometophobia: Fear of spending money
• Chromophobia: Fear of colors
• Chronomentrophobia: Fear of clocks
• Chronophobia: Fear of time
• Cibophobia: Fear of food
• Claustrophobia: Fear of confined spaces
• Climacophobia: Fear of climbing
• Coulrophobia: Fear of clowns
• Cyberphobia: Fear of computers
• Cynophobia: Fear of dogs
• Daemonophobia: Fear of demons
• Decidophobia: Fear of making decisions
• Dendrophobia: Fear of trees
• Dentophobia: Fear of dentists
• Domatophobia: Fear of houses
• Dystychiphobia: Fear of accidents
• Ecophobia: Fear of the home
• Elurophobia: Fear of cats
• Emetophobia: Fear of vomiting
• Entomophobia: Fear of insects
• Ephebiphobia: Fear of teenagers
• Erotophobia: Fear of sex
• Equinophobia: Fear of horses
• Gamophobia: Fear of marriage
• Genuphobia: Fear of knees
• Glossophobia: Fear of speaking in public
• Gynophobia: Fear of women
• Haphephobia: Fear of touch
• Heliophobia: Fear of the sun
• Hemophobia: Fear of blood
• Herpetophobia: Fear of reptiles
• Hippopotomonstrosesquipedaliophobia: Fear
of long words
• Hydrophobia: Fear of water
• Hypochondria: Fear of illness
• Iatrophobia: Fear of doctors
• Insectophobia: Fear of insects
• Koinoniphobia: Fear of rooms
• Koumpounophobia: Fear of buttons
• Leukophobia: Fear of the color white
• Lilapsophobia: Fear of tornadoes and
hurricanes
• Lockiophobia: Fear of childbirth
• Mageirocophobia: Fear of cooking
• Megalophobia: Fear of large things
• Melanophobia: Fear of the color black
• Microphobia: Fear of small things
• Mysophobia: Fear of dirt and germs
• Necrophobia: Fear of death or dead things
• Noctiphobia: Fear of the night
• Nomophobia: Fear of being without your mobile
phone
• Nosocomephobia: Fear of hospitals
• Nyctophobia: Fear of the dark
• Obesophobia: Fear of gaining weight
• Octophobia: Fear of the figure 8
• Ombrophobia: Fear of rain
• Ophidiophobia: Fear of snakes
• Ornithophobia: Fear of birds
• Osmophobia: Fear of smells
• Ostraconophobia: Fear of shellfish
• Obesophobia: Fear of gaining weight
• Octophobia: Fear of the figure 8
• Ombrophobia: Fear of rain
• Ophidiophobia: Fear of snakes
• Ornithophobia: Fear of birds
• Osmophobia: Fear of smells
• Ostraconophobia: Fear of shellfish
• Obesophobia: Fear of gaining weight
• Octophobia: Fear of the figure 8
• Ombrophobia: Fear of rain
• Ophidiophobia: Fear of snakes
• Ornithophobia: Fear of birds
• Osmophobia: Fear of smells
• Ostraconophobia: Fear of shellfish
• Tachophobia: Fear of speed
• Technophobia: Fear of technology
• Thalassophobia: Fear of the ocean
• Trichophobia: Fear of hair
• Tonitrophobia: Fear of thunder
• Trypanophobia: Fear of needles/injections
• Trypophobia: Fear of holes
• Venustraphobia: Fear of beautiful women
• Verminophobia: Fear of germs
• Wiccaphobia: Fear of witches and witchcraft
• Xenophobia: Fear of strangers or foreigners
• Zoophobia: Fear of animals
• Zuigerphobia: Fear of vacuum cleaners
 Somatoform Disorders
Complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the presence of
physical problem but no organic basis can be found. The individual is
pre-occupied with his state of health or diseases.

1. Conversion Disorder (Hysteria) -displays neurological symptoms

such as numbness, paralysis, or fits, even though no neurological
explanation is found and it is determined that the symptoms are due to
the patient’s psychological response to stress.
Symptoms are group as follows:
Sensory symptoms – strong stimulation(hyper anesthesia) and loss of
sense of pain (analgesia)
Motor symptoms – tremors, tics, and disorganized mobility paralysis
Visceral symptoms – trouble swallowing, coughing, vomiting
2. Hypochondriasis- preoccupied with their health and are convinced
that they have some serious disorder despite reassurance from
doctors to the contrary.
3. Somatization Disorder (Briquet’s Disorder) – chronically and
persistently complain of varied physical symptoms that have no
identifiable physical origin.
4. Pain Disorder – patient experiences chronic pain in one or more
areas, and is thought to be caused by psychological stress. The pain
is often so severe that it disables the patient from proper functioning.
5. Body Dysmorphic Disorder (Dysmorphohobia) – referred to as
body dysmorphia or dysmorphic. It is a (psychological) somatoform
disorder in which the affected person is excessively concerned about
and preoccupied by a perceived defect in his or her physical features
(body image).
6. Undifferentiated Somatoform Disorder – only one unexplained
symptom is required for at least 6 months. Included among these
disorders are false pregnancy, psychogenic urinary retention, and
mass psychogenic illness (so-called Mass Hysteria)
 Dissociative Disorders
A response to obvious stress characterized by amnesia,
multiple personality, and depersonalization. Loss of integration of
consciousness, identity and memories of important personal
events.

1. Amnesia - The partial or total inability to recall or identify past

experiences following a traumatic incident.
Brain pathology amnesia – total loss of memory and it
cannot be retrieved by simple means. It requires long period of
medication.
Psychogenic amnesia – failure to recall stored information
and still they are beneath the level of consciousness but
“forgotten material.”
1.Anterograde – this is the inability to retain information, which has
just been seen or read.
2.Retrograde - this refers to the inability to recall any event that took
place during a certain period
3.Localized – the inability to recall events and details that are related to
a particular situation
2. Multiple Personality - It is also called “dual personalities.”
The reason manifests two or more symptoms of personality
usually dramatically different.

3. Depersonalization - The loss of sense of self or the so-called

out of body experience. There is a feeling of detachment from
one’s mental processes or body or being in a dream state. Cases
of somnambulism (sleep walking) may fall under this disorder.

4. Psychogenic Fugue - Flight from family, problem, or location.

In highly uncommon cases, the person may create an entirely
new life
 Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders)
Often referred to as affective disorders however the critical
pathology in these disorders is one of mood which is the internal state
of a person, and not of affect, the external expression of emotional
content (Manual of Mental Disorder).

Depressive Disorders (Major Depressive Disorder) – Patients with

depressed mood have a loss of energy and interest, feeling of guilt,
difficulty in concentrating, loss of appetite, and thoughts of death or
suicide, they are not affected with manic episodes.
Dysthymic Disorder – a mild form of major depressive disorder
Bipolar Disorders - those experienced by patients with both manic
and depressive episodes.
Cyclothymic Disorder – a less severe form of bipolar disorder
Psychoses
• a severe mental disorder in which thought and emotions are so
impaired that contact is lost with external reality.
Classification of Psychoses
1.Organic Or Somatogenic – are due to a wide variety of causes;
however, damage or injury to the brain or other parts of the central
nervous system is always involved.
Types of Organic Psychoses
• Psychoses associated with toxins
• Psychoses associated with infectious disease
• Psychoses associated with hold age
• Psychoses associated with head injuries
2. Functional Psychosis – refers to a serious mental disorder
involving the total personality with no observable tissue damage.
Hence, with no organic basis, these ailments are believed to
result from years of living under emotional stress. As a severe
emotional disorder, functional psychosis is characterized by
personality derangement and completely loss of the ability to
function in reality, “but without evidence that the disorder is
related to the physical processes of the brain.”
 PSYCHOTIC PATTERNS
Are group of disorders involving gross structural defects in the brain
tissue, severe disorientation of the mind thus it involves loss of contact with
reality.

• Organic Mental Disorders

• Acute brain disorder
• Chronic brain disorder
• Disorders Involving Brain Tumor
• Disorders Involving Head Injury
• Senile and Presenile Dementia
• Mental retardation
• Schizophrenia
• Paranoia
1. Organic Mental Disorders - A diagnosis of organic mental
disorder is associated with a specific, identified organic cause,
such as abnormalities of the brain structure. These are mental
disorder that occurs when the normal brain has been damage
resulted from any interference of the functioning of the brain.

GROUPS OF ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDERS

Delirium – the severe impairment of information processing in
the brain affecting the basic process of attention, perception,
memory and thinking.
Dementia – deterioration in intellectual functioning after
completing brain maturation. The defect in the process of
acquiring knowledge or skill, problem solving, and judgement.
Amnestic Syndrome – the inability to remember on going
events more than a few minutes after they have taken place.
Hallucinosis – the persistent occurrence of hallucinations, the false
perception that arise in full wakefulness state. This includes
hallucinations on visual and hearing or both.
Organic Delusional Syndrome – the false belief arising in a setting of
known or suspected brain damage.
Organic Affective Syndrome – the extreme/severe manic or
depressive state with the impairment of the cerebral function.
Organic Personality Syndrome – the general personality changes
following brain damage.
General Paresis – also called “dimentia paralytica”, a syphilitic
infection o f the brain and involving impairment of the CNS.
2. Acute brain disorder – caused by a diffuse impairment of the
brain function. Its symptoms range from mild mood changes to
acute delirium.

3. Chronic brain disorder – the brain disorder that result from

injuries, diseases, drugs, and a variety of other conditions. Its
symptoms includes impairment of orientation (time, place and
person), impairment of memory, learning, comprehension and
judgement, emotion and self-control.
4. Disorders Involving Brain Tumor - A tumor is a new growth
involving abnormal enlargement of body tissue. Brain tumor can
cause a variety of personality alterations, and it may lead to any
neurotic behavior and consequently psychotic behavior.

5. Disorders Involving Head Injury - Injury to the head as a

result of falls, blows and accidents causing sensory and motor
disorders.

6. Mental retardation - Metal retardation is a mental disorder

characterized by sub-average general functioning existing
concurrency with deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a common
mental disorder before the age of 18. The person is suffering
from low I.Q., difficulty in focusing attention and deficiency in fast
learning.
Biological and environmental factors that can cause mental
retardation include:

• Genetics - About 5% of mental retardation is caused by hereditary factors. Mental

retardation may be caused by an inherited abnormality of the genes, such as
fragile X syndrome.
Fragile X Syndrome - a defect in the chromosome that determines sex, is the most
common inherited cause of mental retardation. Single gene defects such as
phenylketonuria (PKU) and other inborn errors of metabolism may also cause
mental retardation if they are not found and treated early. An accident or mutation
in genetic development may also cause retardation. Examples of such accidents are
development of an extra chromosome 18 (trisomy 18) and Down syndrome. Down
syndrome, also called mongolism or trisomy 21, is caused by an abnormality in the
development of chromosome 21. It is the most common genetic cause of mental
retardation.
• Prenatal Illnesses And Issues
Fetal alcohol syndrome - affects one in 600 children in the United States. It is
caused by excessive alcohol intake in the first twelve weeks (trimester) of
pregnancy. Some studies have shown that even moderate alcohol use during
pregnancy may cause learning disabilities in children. Drug abuse and
cigarette smoking during pregnancy have also been linked to mental
retardation.
Maternal infections and illnesses such as glandular disorders, rubella
(german measles), toxoplasmosis (parasite called Toxoplasma gondii),
and cytomegalovirus infection may cause mental retardation. When the
mother has high blood pressure (hypertension) or blood poisoning (toxemia),
the flow of oxygen to the fetus may be reduced, causing brain damage and
mental retardation.
(Eccrine sweat glands/ merocrine glands, Apocrine Glands, Lacrimal
Glands, Sebaceous glands)
Birth defects that cause physical deformities of the head, brain, and central
nervous system frequently cause mental retardation. Neural tube defect, for
example, is a birth defect in which the neural tube that forms the spinal cord
does not close completely. This defect may cause children to develop an
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid on the brain (hydrocephalus).
Hydrocephalus can cause learning impairment by putting pressure on the
brain.
• Childhood Illnesses And Injuries
Hyperthyroidism, whooping cough, chickenpox, measles,
and Hib disease (a bacterial infection) may cause mental
retardation if they are not treated adequately. An infection
of the membrane covering the brain (meningitis) or an
inflammation of the brain itself (encephalitis) cause swelling
that in turn may cause brain damage and mental
retardation. Traumatic brain injury caused by a blow or a
violent shake to the head may also cause brain damage and
mental retardation in children.
• Environmental factors
Ignored or neglected infants who are not provided the
mental and physical stimulation required for normal
development may suffer irreversible learning impairments.
Children who live in poverty and suffer from malnutrition,
unhealthy living conditions, and improper or inadequate
medical care are at a higher risk. Exposure to lead can also
cause mental retardation. Many children have developed
lead poisoning by eating the flaking lead-based paint often
found in older buildings.
8. Schizophrenia and Paranoia - Schizophrenia – refers to the
group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of
realty, withdrawal of social interaction, disorganization and
fragmentation of perception, thoughts and emotion. It also refers
to terms such as “mental deterioration”, “dementia praecox”, or
“split mind”.

It was formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin, a

German psychiatrist.
The term schizophrenia was given by Eugene Bleuler
which literally means “splitting of minds”.
 Types of Schizophrenia
Simple Schizophrenia – It is characterized by a gradual decline
of interest and ambition. The person withdraws from social
contacts as well as irritable and inattentive.
Paranoid Schizophrenia – It is characterized principally by
delusions of persecutions and/or grandeur. Hallucinations,
usually auditory, are most of the time present.
Hebephrenic Schizophrenia – It manifests severe integration of
personality and can be observed through inappropriate giggling
and smiling without apparent reasons which to an untrained
observer may only be childish playfulness.
Catatonic Schizophrenia – It manifests extreme violence and
shown with excessive motor activity, grimacing, talkativeness and
unpredictable emotional outburst.
 SCHIZOPHRENIC HALLUCINATIONS
1. TACTILE/CUTANEOUS (touch)
crawling across their skin
2. AUDITORY (sight)
see things that are not really there
3. AUDITORY (hearing)
this is the most common type. Hear voices and sounds that
others cannot hear
4. OLFACTORY (smell)
smell things (usually foul smelling things)
5. COMMAND (hearing)
when a voice commands the person to do something he/she
would not ordinarily do.
9. Paranoia – it is a psychosis characterized by a systemized delusional system. A type of
psychotic reaction, the main symptom of which is characterized by suspicion. (aka
DELUSIONAL DISORDER)

TYPES OF PARANOIA
PERSECUTORY PARANOIA – this refers ti having delusions of persecution. The person
believes that some people are plotting ti harm him/her in some way
LITIGIOUS PARANOIA – This refers to having delusions of both persecution and
grandeur; a person may go to great lengths to bring alleged persecutors to court.
EROTIC PARANOIA – Also called amorous paranoia, this refers to having delusions that a
certain person is in love with him/her
EXALTED PARANOIA – Having grandiose delusions and believes himself/herself as
someone with great power or importance, usually reformer or religious crusader (Granduer)
JEALOUS PARANOIA – The state of having extreme and irrational jealousy
SOMATIC DELUSION – focuses on delusional physical abnormality or disorder
GUILT DELUSION – believes they have done something terribly wrong. One extremely
rare instance if this diseases is called FOLIE A DEUX
 PSYCHOPATHIC PATTERNS

Group of abnormal behaviors, which typically stemmed

from immature and distorted personality development, resulting
in persistent maladaptive ways of perceiving and thinking. They
are generally called “personality or character disorders”.
These groups of disorders are composed of the following:

• Personality Disorders
Paranoid Personality Disorder - It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity,
envy, hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance, argumentativeness and
tendency to blame others of one’s own mistakes.
Schizoid Personality Disorder - This is characterized by the inability to form
social relationship and lack of interest in doing so. The person seem to
express their feelings, they lack social skills. They are the so-called “loners”.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder - It is characterized by seclusiveness, over
sensitivity, avoidance of communication and superstitious thinking is common.
Histrionic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by immaturity,
excitability, emotional instability and self-dramatization.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by an exaggerated
sense of self-importance and pre-occupation with receiving attention. The
person usually expects and demands special treatment from others and
disregarding the rights and feeling of others.
Borderline Personality Disorder - It is characterized by instability reflected in
drastic mood shifts and behavior problems. The person usually displays
intense anger outburst with little provocation and he is impulsive,
unpredictable, and periodically unstable.
Avoidant Personality Disorder - It is characterized by
hypersensitivity to rejection and apprehensive alertness to any sign of
social derogation. Person is reluctant to enter into social interaction.
Dependent Personality Disorder - It is characterized by extreme
dependence on other people – there is acute discomfort and even
panic to be alone. The person lacks confidence and feels helpless.
Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by
being hostile expressed in indirect and non-violent ways. They are so
called “stubborn”. The individual with this personality disorder is
usually found to have overindulged in many things during the early
years to the extent that the person comes to anticipate that his needs
will always be met and gratified.
Compulsive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by excessive
concern with rules, order, and efficiency that everyone does things
their way and an ability to express warm feeling. The person is over
conscientious, serious, and with difficulty in doing things for relaxation.
Anti-social Personality Disorder - It is characterized by continuing
violation of the rights of others through aggressive, anti-social
behavior with out remorse or loyalty to anyone.
HALLUCINATION,ILLUSION AND DELUSION
HALLUNICATION
- is a perception in the absence of external stimuli (false
perception)

ILLUSION
- is a distortion of the senses, revealing how the human
brain normally organizes and interprets sensory stimulation
(false interpretation)

DELUSION
-false system of beliefs that persists despite evidence to the
contrary(false belief)
 ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS
Psychoactive substance-use disorders such as alcoholism
affects millions of people. Addiction and psychological
dependence on these substances create disastrous personal and
social problems (Bernstein, 1991).
 Sexual Disorder or Sexual Dysfunction

• Are disorders related to a particular phase of the sexual response cycle. It

includes problem of sexual identity, sexual performance and sexual aim.
Human Sexual Response Cycle
1.Desire (libido).
2.Arousal (excitement).
3.Orgasm.
4.Resolution.
 Phase 1: Desire
• General characteristics of this phase, which can last from a few minutes to
several hours, and may include any of the following:
✓Muscle tension increases.
✓Heart rate quickens and breathing gets faster.
✓Skin may become flushed (blotches of redness may appear on the chest
and back).
✓Nipples become hardened or erect.
✓Blood flow to the genitals increases, resulting in swelling of the woman’s
clitoris and labia minora (inner lips), and erection of the man’s penis.
✓Vaginal lubrication may begin.
✓The woman’s breasts become fuller and the vaginal walls begin to swell.
✓The man’s testicles swell, his scrotum tightens, and he begins secreting a
lubricating liquid.
Phase 2: Arousal/Plateau Phase
• General characteristics of this phase, which extends to the brink of
orgasm, include the following:
✓The changes begun in the first phase get more intense.
✓The vagina continues to swell from increased blood flow, and the vaginal
walls turn a darker color.
✓The woman’s clitoris becomes highly sensitive (may even be painful to
touch).
✓The man’s testicles are withdrawn up into the scrotum.
✓Breathing, heart rate and blood pressure continue to increase.
✓Muscle spasms may begin in the feet, face and hands.
✓Tension in the muscles increases.
 Phase 3: Orgasm
• This phase is the climax of the sexual response cycle. It's the shortest of the
phases and generally lasts only a few seconds. General characteristics of this
phase include the following:
✓Involuntary muscle contractions begin.
✓Blood pressure, heart rate and breathing are at their highest rates, with a
rapid intake of oxygen.
✓Muscles in the feet spasm.
✓There is a sudden, forceful release of sexual tension.
✓In women, the muscles of the vagina contract. The uterus may also undergo
rhythmic contractions.
✓In men, rhythmic contractions of the muscles at the base of the penis result
in the ejaculation of semen.
✓A rash or "sex flush" may appear over the entire body.
 Phase 4: Resolution

• During this phase, the body slowly returns to its normal level of
functioning, and swelled and erect body parts return to their
previous size and color. This phase is marked in some by a general
sense of well-being and, often, fatigue. Some women are capable of
a rapid return to the orgasm phase with further sexual stimulation
and may experience multiple orgasms. Men typically need recovery
time after orgasm, called a refractory period, during which they
cannot reach orgasm again. The duration of the refractory period
varies among individuals and changes with age.
SEXUAL DYSFUCNTIONAL PATTERNS
Sexual deviations to the impairment to either the desire for
sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it (Coleman, 1980).
Those Affecting Males
Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency) – it is a sexual disorder
characterized by the inability to achieve or maintain erection for
successful intercourse.
Pre-mature Ejaculation – it is the unsatisfactory brief period of
sexual stimulation that result to the failure of the female partner
to achieve satisfaction.
Retarded Ejaculation – it is the inability to ejaculate during
intercourse – resulting to worry between partners.
 Those Affecting Women
Arousal Insufficiency/Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
(Frigidity) – a sexual disorder characterized by partial or complete
failure to attain the lubrication or swelling response of sexual
excitement by the female partner.
Orgasmic Dysfunction – a sexual disorder characterized by the
difficulty in achieving orgasm
Vaginismus – the involuntary spasm of the muscles at the
entrance to the vagina that prevent penetration of the male sex
organ.
Dyspareunia – it is called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in
women.
 Sexual Deviancy

• Sexuality – the behavior associated with the relation between sexes and
their respective reproductive organs.
• Normal Sexuality – sexual completion that leads to a mature and well-
adjusted individual, capable of entering relationships with a member of
the opposite sex, and who is physically and mentally stable and satisfying
heterosexual needs.
• Abnormal Sexuality/Sexual Deviancy – a kind of sexual behavior that
seeks stimulations and gratification by means other than normal,
heterosexual norms.
Sexual Behaviors leading to Sex Crimes

As to Sexual Reversals

Homosexuality – it is a sexual behavior directed towards the

same sex. It is also called “lesbianism/tribadism” for female
relationship.
Transvestism – refers to the achievement of sexual excitation by
dressing as a member of the opposite sex such a man who
wears female apparel.
Fetishism – sexual gratification is obtained by looking at some
body parts, underwear of the opposite sex or other objects
associated with the opposite sex.
 As to the Choice of Partner

Pedophilia – a sexual perversion where a person has the compulsive

desire to have sexual intercourse with a child of either sex.
• Infantisexual – sexual desire towards an immature person
Bestiality – the sexual gratification is attained by having sexual
intercourse with animals
Auto-sexual (self-gratification/masturbation) – it is also called “self
abuse”, sexual satisfaction is carried out without the cooperation of
another.
Gerontophilia – is a sexual desire with an elder person.
Necrophilia – an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a corpse
Incest – a sexual relation between person who, by reason of blood
relationship cannot legally marry.
 As to Sexual Urge

Satyriasis – an excessive (sexual urge) desire of men to have sexual intercourse

Nymphomania – a strong sexual feeling of women with an excessive sexual urge.

As Mode of Sexual Expression

Oralism – it is the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual satisfaction.

Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of the women coupled with the act of
sucking that initiates orgasm.
Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking the external female
genitalia.
Anilism (anillingus) – licking the anus of the sexual partner
Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) – pain/cruelty for sexual gratification.
Sadism – achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification through the infliction
of physical pain on the sexual partner. It may also be associated with animals or
objects instead of human beings.
Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasure.
 As to Part of the Body

Sodomy – is a sexual act through the anus of the sexual partner.

Uranism – sexual gratification is attained through fingering,
holding the breast of licking parts of the body.
Frottage – the act of rubbing the sex organ against body parts of
another person.
Partialism – it refers to the sexual libido on any part of the body
of a sexual partner.
 As to visual stimulus

Voyeurism – the person is commonly called “the peeping Tom”, an

achievement of sexual pleasures through clandestine peeping such as
peeping to dressing room, couples room, toilets, etc. and frequently
the person masturbate during the peeping activity.
Scoptophilia – the intentional act of watching people undress or
during sexual intimacies.

As to Number of Participants in the Sexual Act

Troilism – three persons participate in sex orgy such as two women

versus on man or vice versa.
Pluralism – group of persons in sexual orgies such as couple to
couple sexual relations. It is also called “sexual festival”.
 Other Sexual Abnormalities

Exhibitionism – it is called “indecent exposure”, intentional

exposure of genitals to members of the opposite sex under
inappropriate conditions.
Coprolalia – the use of obscene language to achieve sexual
satisfaction.
Don Juanism – the act of seducing women as a career with out
permanency of sexual partner or companion.
 DISTURBANCE OF MENTALITY
INSANITY
The persistent inability of the individual through mental
cause to adapt himself to his ordinary environment
MENTAL DEFFICIENCY
Is the condition of arrested or incomplete development of
the mind existing before the age of 18 years old, whether arising
from inherent causes induced by disease or injury.
 CLASSES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY
❖ IDIOTS – person whose case there exist mental defectiveness of
such a degree that they are unable to guard themselves against
common physical dangers. Their mentality is compared to a two years
old person.
❖ IMBECILES – persons in whose case there exist mental
defectiveness which thought not amounting to idiocy, is yet so
pronounced that they are incapable of managing themselves or their
affairs. Their mentality is like a child of 2 to 7 years old.
❖ FEEBLE-MINDED PERSONS – those in whose case there exist
mental defectiveness which thought not amounting to imbecility, is yet
so pronounced that they require care, supervision and control for their
own or for the protection of others, or in the case of children, they
appear to be permanently incapable by reason of such defectiveness
or receiving proper benefit from the intrusion in ordinary schools.
❖ MORAL DEFECTIVENESS – person wherein defect exists coupled
with strong vicious or criminal propensities, and who require care and
supervision, and control for their own or for the protection of others.
RULE ON INTELLIGENCE IN CRIMINAL CASE
Mcnaughton (M’Naghten) Rule – the defendant to be acquitted
must be:
- not know what he was doing at the time at the time
- not know that his actions were wrong.

Durham Rule – “an accused is not criminally responsible if his

unlawful act is the product of mental disease or mental defect.
(“irresistible impulse”)
- Lacks the ability to understand of their act.
- Cannot control their impulses
 EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES
Grounds for exemption from punishment because there is
wanting in the agent of the crime any of the conditions which
make the act voluntary or negligent.

Basis: The exemption from punishment is based on the complete

absence of intelligence, freedom of action, or intent, or on the
absence of negligence on the part of the accused.

Burden of proof: Any of the circumstances is a matter of

defense and must be proved by the defendant to the satisfaction
of the court.
 Par. 1 Imbecility or Insanity
IMBECILE – one while advanced in age has a mental development
comparable to that of children between 2 and 7 years old. He is
exempt in all cases from criminal liability.
INSANE – one who acts with complete deprivation of
intelligence/reason or without the least discernment or with total
deprivation of freedom of will. Mere abnormality of the mental faculties
will not exclude imputability.

General Rule: Exempt from criminal liability

Exception: The act was done during a lucid interval.
NOTE: Defense must prove that the accused was insane at the time
of the commission of the crime because the presumption is always in
favor of sanity.
 POST TRAUMATIC STRESS
DISORDER
Under Republic Act 9262 (Anti-Violence Against Women and
Their Children Act of 2004), victim-survivors who are found by the
Courts to be suffering from Battered Woman Syndrome (BWS)
(People vs. Genosa) do not incur any criminal or civil liability
despite absence of the necessary elements for the justifying
circumstance of self-defense in the RPC. BWS is a
scientifically defined pattern of psychological and behavioral
symptoms found in women living in battering relationships as a
result of cumulative abuse.
In order to be classified as battered woman, the couple must
go through the battering cycle AT LEAST TWICE.

THREE PHASES OF BWS:

1. THE TENSION-BUILD UP PHASE
2. ACUTE BATTERING INCIDENT
3. TRANQUIL, LOVING (NON VIOLENT) PHASE
Sleep Disorders
• Is a condition that frequently impacts your ability to get enough quality
sleep. While it is normal to occasionally to experience difficulties
sleeping, it’s not normal to regularly have problems getting to sleep at
night, to wake up feeling exhausted, or to feel sleepy during the day.
Types of Sleep Disorders
1.Insomnia – refers to the inability to fall asleep or to remain asleep.
(chronic, intermittent, and transient)
2.Sleep Apnea – characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep
3.Parasomnias – characterized by abnormal movements and behaviors
during sleep. (sleepwalking, sleep talking, groaning, nightmares,
bedwetting and teeth grinding or jaw clenching)
4.Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep Behavior Disorder
 VICTIMOLOGY
Victimology (victima – “fear”) is the study about victims of crime.
It is a branch of criminology that deals purely on the underlying factors
of victimization and the contributory role of the victims in the
commission of crimes.
Victimology, being the study of “crime targets”, showed that a
person becomes a victim of crime consciously (knowingly) and
unconsciously (unknowingly). A person could become a victim due to
his own action or fault. He somehow contributes to the commission of
crime because of his own making.
Criminal victims could be key actors in the criminal justice
process, but more often they are kept at the discussion. The victim of
crime often becomes the FORGOTTEN PERSON of the criminal
justice system while the criminal is the celebrity. Victims are only
valued for their capacity to report crimes and to appear in court as
witnesses.
 Is the study of victimization, including the psychological
effects on victims, the relationship between victims and
offenders, the interactions between victims and the criminal
justice system—that is, the police and courts, and corrections
officials—and the connections between victims and other social
groups and institutions, such as the media, businesses, and
social movements.
 Victimology versus Criminology
Victimology focuses on helping victims heal after crime.
Criminology aims to understand the criminals motives and the
underlying causes of crime

Victimologists are concerned with fostering recovery, while

Criminologists seek prevention and understand the social
impact of crime.

Victimity refers to the state, quality, or fact of being a victim while

Victimizer refers to a person who victimizes others.
 Theories of Victimization
• First Generation: Early Criminologist – work in victimology proposed
victim typologies based on the offender-victim dyad in a criminal act.
Common to the ideas of these early victimologists was that each
classified victim in regard to the degree to which they had cause their
own victimization.
Hans Von Hentig - a German criminologist who developed a typology of
victims based on the degree to which victims contributed to causing the
criminal act. He classified victims into 13 categories depending on their
propensity or risk for victimization. His notion that victims contributed to
their victimization through their actions and behaviors led to the
development of the concept of “Victim Blaming” and is seen by many
victim advocates as an attempt to assign equal culpability to the victim.
Benjamin Mendelsohn - an attorney, has often been referred to as the
“Father of Victimology.” he developed a six categories typology of
victims based on legal considerations of the degree of a victim’s
culpability.
Benjamin E. Wolfgang – the first empirical evidence to support the
notion that victims are to some degree responsible for their own
victimization was presented by him. He analyzed Philadelphia’s Police
homicide records from 1948 through 1952. he identified 3 factors
common to victim-precipitated homicide:
a)The victim and offender had some prior interpersonal relationship
b)There was a series of escalating disagreements between the parties.
c)The victim had consumed alcohol
• Stephen Schafer – classifies victims on the basis of their “functional
responsibility”
• Menachem Amir – undertook one of the first studies of rape. He
reported that 19% of all forcible rapes were victim precipitated by
such factors as te use of alcohol by both parties; seductive actions
by the victims. His work was criticized by the victims movement and
the feminist movement as blaming the victim.
• Second Generation: Theories Of Victimization - Shifted attention
from the role of the victim toward an emphasis on a situation
approach that focuses on explaining and testing how lifestyles and
routine activities of everyday life create opportunities for
victimization.
1.Lifestyle Exposure Theory
2.Routine Activities Theory
3.Empirical Support
• Third Generation: refinement and empirical tests of opportunity
theories of victimization
Miethe and Meier developed an integrated theory of victimization, called
structural-choice theory, which attempts to explain both offender
motivation and the opportunities for victimization. This further refinement
of opportunity theories of victimization was an important contribution to
the victimology literature.
Sampson and Wooldredge, who used data from the 1982 British crime
survey (BCS. Their findings showed that individual and household
characteristics were significant predictors of victimization, as were
neighborhood-level characteristics.
• FOURTH GENERATION: Moving Beyond Opportunity Theories - work
by Schreck and his colleagues suggest that antecedents to opportunity
such as low self-control, social bonds, and peer influences, have also
been found to be important predictors of violent and property
victimization.
 KINDS OF CRIME VICTIM
1. DIRECT OR PRIMARY CRIME VICTIM
Directly suffers the harm or injury which is physical,
psychological, and economic losses.
2. INDIRECT OR SECONDARY CRIME VICTIM
Experience the harm second hand, such as intimate
partners or significant others of rape victims or children of a
battered woman.
3. TERTIARY CRIME VICTIM
Victims who experience the harm vicariously such as
through media accounts the scared public or community due to
watching news regarding crime incidents.
 BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN
Is generally credited as the initiator of the word VICTIMOLOGY
as well as the concept of PENAL COUPLE.

PENAL COUPLE – is a term that describes the relationship between

the victim and the criminal.

He also coined the term VICTIMAL to describe the victim

counterpart of criminal and the word VICTIMITY which signified the
opposite of criminality.
Another class of victim is the LOSER or one who is initially the
attacker but later, the situation is reversed. An example could be the
case of a bully who ends up injured or a swindler becomes swindled.
He created a typology of 6 types of victim.
1. COMPLETELY INNOCENT VICTIM
- bears no responsibility at all for victimization (e.g. child)
2. VICTIMS WITH MINOR GUILT
- victimized due to ignorance
3. VICTIM AS GUILTY AS OFFENDER/VOLUNTARY VICTIM
-bear as much as responsibility as the offender (suicide
pact)
4. VICTIM MORE GUILTY THAN OFFENDER
-instigates or provokes his/her own victimization
5. MOST GUILTY VICTIM
-victimized during perpetration of a crime or as a result of a
crime
6. SIMULATING OR IMAGINARY VICTIM – fabricates a
victimization effect.
Depressive type
VON HENTIG
A victim who lacks ordinary prudence, and discretion. It is an easy target, careless,
and unsuspecting. They are submissive by virtue of emotional condition.
Greedy of gain or Acquisitive type
A victim who lacks all normal inhibitions and well-founded suspicions. The victim is
easily duped because his or her motivation for easy gain lowers his or her natural
tendency to be suspicious
Wanton or Overly Sensual type
A victim where female foibles play a role. The victim is particularly vulnerable to
stresses that occur at a given period of time in the life cycle, such as juvenile victims.
Further, this victim is rules by passion and thoughtless seeking pleasure.
Tormentor type
The victim of an attack form the target of his or her abuse, such as with battered
women. The most primitive way of solving a personal conflict is to annihilate physically the
cause of trouble
TAXONOMY OF MURDER VICTIMS (HANS
VON HENTIG)
Lonesome type - This is the same with the acquisitive type of victim,
by virtue of wanting companionship or
affection.
Heartbroken type - The victim is emotionally disturbed by virtue of
heartaches and pain.
The Young – weak, by virtue of age and immaturity
The Female – physically less powerful and is easily dominated by
male
The Old – incapable of physical defense and the common object of
illegal scheme
The Mentally Defective – unable to think clearly
The Immigrant – unsure of the rules of conduct in the surrounding
society
The Minorities – racial prejudice may lead to victimization or unequal
treatment by the agency of justice.
 Salamat mga Kapatid, sa Pakikinig,
Itanim sa Ating mga Isip at DibDib;
Abutin ang pangarap na iniibig,
Hanggang sa ang hininga’y Mapatid!
 Paghusayang lubos sa bawat paghapit
panulat sa papel nitong pagsusulit
Pagtibaying ganap sa bawat pagsambit
dalanging inasam at pangarap makamit
 Panalangin ng ARC Family
At usal ng labi sa umaga’t gabi
Pumasa ang lahat, walang mahuhuli
Sa MARSO kayo ay ganap ng RC
 Di lang yan meron pa, di makakalusot
Sa mga magtatop, wag makakalimot
Pagbati ang aking nais ipaabot
Yung blow-out simple lang, wag niyo nang ibalot
Batid ko ang hirap na dinadanas nyo
Balakid, pasakit at sakripisyo ninyo
Upang ituloy ang ganap na pagtamo
sa lisensyang naway paguwi dala mo
 Konti man sana ay nakatulong ako
Maibsan man lamang ang mga kaba nyo
Anuman ang bigat na dinadala bro
Balang araw ay magiging biyaya ito
 Manalig lamang sa Dakilang Maylikha,
Ang paniniwala ay samahan ng gawa;
Mabigo’t mauwi man sa pagluluksa,
Tandaang may panahon kang nakatakda!
 Kaya kapatid, iangat mo ang iyong mukha,
Usal ng panalangin sa pagtingala;
Kung sakaling mabasa mo itong aking tula,
AL-NASHRIN N. MINDUG po, ang May-akda!
Future REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGISTS!
MABUHAY KAYO!