COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003

Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081
Email Address : svcst_leganes@yahoo.com

COO – FORM 12

SUBJECT TITLE: MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WOLRD

INSTRUCTOR: MA. DELMAR G. SARGADO, LPT
SUBJECT CODE: MATH 1

PRELIM MODULE
TOPIC 1: SETS

Objectives: At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:
1. Define and classify sets;
2. Distinguish different kinds of sets;
3. Differentiate classification of sets; and
4. Illustrate the different operations of set.

NOTES:

1.1 Definition of Sets

Set Theory is the branch of mathematics that studies sets of the mathematical science of
the infinite. In 1870s the set theory was introduced by Georg Cantor a German
mathematician. He is generally considered as the founder of set theory as a mathematical
discipline.
 A set is a collection of objects of a particular kind, such as, a pack of cards, a crowd
of people, a cricket team etc. In mathematics of natural number, prime numbers etc.
 A set is usually denoted by capital letters A,B,C…X,Y,Z while small letters, or
numbers or figures may represent the elements of the set. The braces {} are used to
enclose the elements of a set when they are specified.

Representation of Sets
The sets are represented in curly braces, {}. For example, {2,3,4} or {a,b,c} or
{Bat, Ball, Wickets}. The elements in the sets are depicted in either the Statement
form, Roster Form or Set Builder Form.

1. Statement Form
In statement form, the well-defined descriptions of a member of a set are written
and enclosed in the curly brackets.
For example:
a. The set of even numbers less than 15.
In statement form, it can be written as {even numbers less than 15}.

b. The set of odd numbers less than 7 is written as:

In statement form, it can be written as {odd numbers less than 7}.

2. Roster Form or Tabular Form

All the elements of set are listed, the elements are being separated by commas and
are enclosed within braces {}.
For example:

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a. The set of natural numbers less than 5.

Natural Number = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,……….
Natural Number less than 5 = 1, 2, 3, 4

Let N denote the set of first five natural numbers. Therefore,

N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} → Roster Form

b. The set of all vowels of the English alphabet.

Therefore, V = {a, e, i, o, u} → Roster Form

3. Set builder form

All the elements of a set possess a single common property which is not possessed
by an element outside the set.
For example:
a. Let P is a set of counting numbers greater than 12.

The set P in set-builder form is written as:

P = {x : x is a counting number and greater than 12}
or
P = {x | x is a counting number and greater than 12}
This will be read as, 'P is the set of elements x such that x is a counting number and
is greater than 12'.

1.2 KINDS OF SETS

There are ten common kinds of sets that will be essential in performing operations of sets.
These are the following:
1. Finite Set – a set is finite if it contains only a limited or countable number of sets.
Example: A set of natural numbers up to 10.
A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

2. Infinite Set - a set is finite if it contains unlimited or uncountable numbers of sets.

Example: A set of all natural numbers.
A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9……}

3. Universal Sets – A universal set, U, is the totality of elements under consideration.

Example: If A = {1,2,3} and B {2,3,4,5}, then universal set here will be:
U = {1,2,3,4,5}

4. Equal Sets – Two sets are equal if they have exactly the same elements.
Example: A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {4,3,2,1}
A=B

5. Equivalent sets – two sets are equivalent if they have the same number of elements.
It is represented as: n(A) = n(B)
Where A and B are two different sets with the same number of elements.
Example: If A = {1,2,3,4} and B = {Red, Blue, Green, Black}
In set A, there are four elements and in set B also there are four elements.
Therefore, set A and set B are equivalent.

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1.3 SUBSETS AND COUNTING

Set A is said to be a subset of Set B if all the elements of Set A are also present in Set B. In
other words, set A is contained inside Set B.

Example: If set A has {X, Y} and set B has {X, Y, Z}, then A is the subset of B because
elements of A are also present in set B.

Subset Symbol
In set theory, a subset is denoted by the symbol ⊆ and read as ‘is a subset of’.
Using this symbol we can express subsets as follows:

A ⊆ B; which means Set A is a subset of Set B.

 Joint Sets – two sets are called joint set if they contain at least one common
element.
Example: X = {1, 5, 9} Y = {2, 5, 11}
 Disjoint Sets – Two sets are called disjoint sets if they have no common element.
Example: Set A = {1,2,3,4} and set B = {5,6,7,8} are disjoint sets, because there is
no common element between them.
 Proper Subset – Set A is a proper subset of set B if every element of set A belongs to
set B.
Example: If A = {2,5,7} is a subset of B = {2,5,7} then it is not a proper subset of
B = {2,5,7}
But, A = {2,5} is a subset of B = {2,5,7} and is a proper subset also.
 Improper Subset – Set A is an improper subset of set B if set A is equal to set B or if
set A is a null set.
 Empty or Null Set – Set A is a null set if it contains no element and its subset is
itself. It is denoted by { } or Ø.
Example: A set of apples in the basket of grapes is an example of an empty set
because in a grapes basket there are no apples present.

1.4 OPERATIONS OF SETS

The four basic operations are:

Union of Sets: A ∪ B = set of all elements found in sets A and set B.

Union of two given sets is the smallest set which contains all the elements of both the sets.
To find the union of two given sets A and B is a set which consists of all the elements of A
and all the elements of B such that no element is repeated.
The symbol for denoting union of sets is ‘∪’.
Example:
Let set A = {2, 4, 5, 6} and set B = {4, 6, 7, 8}
Taking every element of both the sets A and B, without repeating any element, we
get a new set = {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} or A ∪ B= {2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

Intersection of sets: A B = set of all elements found in sets A or set B

Intersection of two given sets is the largest set which contains all the elements that
are common to both the sets.

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To find the intersection of two given sets A and B is a set which consists of all the elements
which are common to both A and B.
The symbol for denoting intersection of sets is ‘∩‘.
Example:
Let set A = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and set B = {3, 5, 7, 9}
In this two sets, the elements 3 and 5 are common. The set containing these
common elements i.e., {3, 5} is the intersection of set A and B or A B = {3, 5}

Complement of set: A’ = set of all elements in the universal set but not found in A.
If universal set (U) is having a subset A then the complement of set A which is represented
as A', is other than the elements of set A which includes the elements of the universal set
but not the elements of set A.
Example:
If U = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}, A = {2, 3, 5}. What is A'?
A' = {7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}

Difference of Sets: A– B = set of elements found in A but not in B

If A and B are two sets, then their difference is given by A - B or B - A.
Example:
If A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {4, 5, 6}
A - B means elements of A which are not the elements of B.
A - B = {2, 3}

Exercises:
Solve and answer the following. SHOW YOUR SOLUTION.
1. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and B = {2, 3, 5, 7}, what is A B?
A. {3, 5, 7}
B. {2, 3, 5, 7}
C. {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
D. {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}

2. If A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} and B = {2, 3, 5, 7}, what is A ∩ B?

A. {3, 5, 7}
B. {2, 3, 5, 7}
C. {2, 3, 5, 7, 9}
D. {1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9}

3. If, P = The set of whole numbers less than 5, Q = The set of even numbers greater
than 3 but less than 9, R = The set of factors of 6, Then what is (P ∩ Q) (Q ∩ R)?
A. { 4 }
B. { 4, 6 }
C. { 4, 6, 8 }
D. { 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 }

4. If, A is the set of factors of 15, B is the set of prime numbers less than 10 , C is the
set of even numbers less than 9, Then what is ( A B ) C
A. { 1, 3, 5 }
B. { 1, 2, 3 }
C. { 2, 3, 5 }
D. { 2 }

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Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003
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TOPIC 2: ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Objectives:
At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:
1. Define and classify algebraic expressions;
2. Evaluate and simplify algebraic expressions; and
3. Perform real life application involving algebraic expression.

NOTES:

2.1 Overview

Signed Numbers
The term signed numbers refers to positive and negative numbers. If no sign is shown, the
number automatically is considered positive.
Number lines
On a number line, numbers to the right of 0 are positive. Numbers to the left of 0 are
negative, as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1. A number line using integers.

Given any two numbers on a number line, the one on the right is always larger, regardless
of its sign (positive or negative). Note that fractions may also be placed on a number line as
shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. A number line using fractions.

Laws of Signs

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For Subtraction:
Change the subtraction sign to addition, and flip the sign of the second number. Then add
the numbers. (This is the definition of subtraction or two-stroke rule.)
7−4 becomes 7 + (− 4)= 3
− 7 − (− 4) becomes − 7 + 4 = −3
−7−4 becomes − 7 + (− 4)= −11
7 − (− 4) becomes 7 + 4 =11
(The subtraction examples became the addition examples.)

For Multiplication and Division:

If the signs are the same the result is positive. If the signs are different the result is
negative.
POS × POS = POS
NEG × NEG = POS
POS × NEG = NEG
NEG × POS = NEG
Multiplication examples:
(2)(3) = 6
(-2)(-3) = 6
(2)(-3) = -6
(-2)(3) = -6

Division examples:

Variables and Constants

Definition of Constant:
As the name implies constant is a value that remains constant ever. Constant has a
fixed value and its value cannot be changed by any variable. Constants are
represented by numbers.
For example in the algebraic expression
3x + 5y = 7, where 7 is the constant we know its face value is 7 and it cannot be
changed. But 3x and 5y are not constants because the variable x and y can change
their value.

Definition of Variable:
A value that keeps on changing is said to be variable. Variables are often
represented by an alphabet like a, b, c or x, y, z. Its value changes from time to
time.
For example in the algebraic expression:
3x + 5y = 7 where x and y are variables that are changed according to the
expression.

Difference between Constant and Variables

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Below is the tabular format of the difference between variable and constant. It will
make you more clear what is variable and constant.

Constant Variables

o A constant does not change its o A variable, on the other hand, changes
value and it remains the same its value from time to time depending
forever. on the equation.

o Constants are usually represented o Variables are usually represented by

by numbers. alphabets.

o The face value of constants is o The value of the variables is unknown.

known.

o For example, in the equation 3x + o ‘For example : 5x + 3y = 6 here x any y

4 = 7 here 4 and 7 are both are variables.
constants.

2.2. Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

Algebraic Expressions
An algebraic expression is a quantity contains number and variables. The variable
represents the unknown numbers or represented by letters and number written next
to the variable is called numerical coefficient. A single number is called a constant.

Examples of Algebraic Expression

7 7 is considered constant
9x 9 is the numerical coefficient of the variables x.
𝒙𝒚 + 𝟓
2
1 is the numerical coefficient of the variables xy and 5 is a constant.

o An algebraic expression is a mathematical phrase where variables and constants are

combined using the operational (+, -, × & ÷) symbols. For example, 10x + 63 and
5x – 3 are examples of algebraic expressions.

Simplifying Algebraic Expressions

To simplify any algebraic expression, the following are the basic rules and steps:
1. Remove any grouping symbol such as brackets and parentheses by multiplying
factors.
2. Use the exponent rule to remove grouping if the terms are containing exponents.
3. Combine the like terms by addition or subtraction
4. Combine the constants

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Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003
Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081
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Examples:
1. Simplify 3x2 + 5x2
Solution
Since both terms in the expression are have same exponents, we combine them;
3x2 + 5x2
= (3 + 5) x2
= 8x2

2. Simplify the expression: 2 + 2x [2(3x+2) +2)]

Solution
First work out any terms within brackets by multiplying them out;
= 2 + 2x [6x + 4 +2]
= 2 + 2x [6x + 6]
Now eliminate the parentheses by multiplying any number outside it;
2 + 2x [6x + 6]
= 2 + 12x2 + 12x: This expression can be simplified by dividing each term by 2 as;
= 6 x 2 + 6x + 1

3. Simplify 3x + 2(x – 4)
Solution
In this case, it is impossible to combine terms when they are still in parentheses or
any grouping sign. Therefore, eliminate the parenthesis by multiplying any factor
outside the grouping by all terms inside it.
Hence, 3x + 2(x – 4) = 3x + 2x – 8 = 5x – 8
When a minus sign is in front of a grouping, it normally affects all the operators
inside the parentheses. This means that a minus sign in front of a group will change
the addition operation to subtraction and vice versa.

2.3 Evaluating Algebraic Expression

To evaluate an algebraic expression means to determine the value of the expression for a
given value of each variable in the expression. Replace each variable in the expression with
the given value, then simplify the resulting expression using the order of operations. If the
algebraic expression contains more than one variable, replace each variable with its
assigned value and simplify the expression as before.

Example: Evaluate the expression 2x −7 for each value for x.

1. x= 0
2. x= ½
3. x= -4

Solution:
1. x= 0: substitute 0 for x
2x−7 =2(0)−7
=0−7
= −7
2. x= 1/2: substitute ½ for x
2x−7 =2(1/2)−7
=1−7
= −6

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3. x= -4: substitute -4 for x

2x−7 =2(−4)−7
=−8−7
=−15

Exercises:
Direction: Answer the following.

Test 1: Evaluate the expression 4y2 – 3y−8 for each value for y.
1. y = 6
2. y = -9
3. y = 0
4. y = ½
5. y = 12

Test 2: Simplify the following algebraic expressions.

1. 5ab + 67ab – 15ab – 12ab
2. -12mn + 10mn –mn
3. 9xyz – 14 xyz +7xyz + 5z
4. 5ij + 13 ij – 12ij
5. 20 + (5x +2y +3x-2y)

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TOPIC 3: POLYNOMIALS

Objectives:
At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:
1. Define polynomials and some of the terms associated with it.
2. Solve problems involving polynomials.
3. Apply synthetic division in solving polynomials.

NOTES:

Topic 3. 1: Definition

o A polynomial is an algebraic expression containing one or more terms of the form

axn, where a is a real number and n is a positive integer.
o The degree of polynomial in one variable is the degree of the term with the highest
power.
In the polynomial 4x3+5x2-3x+15, the degree of the polynomial is 3, since it
is the highest power contained in the term 4x 3.
o The degree of a term of a polynomial is the sum of thee exponents of the letters in
the term.
The term 4x5y2 is of degree 7, that is 5 + 2.
o The degree of a polynomial is that of its term(s) of highest degree.
In 4x3y2+5x2y-3xy+7, the term 4x3y2 has the highest degree which is 3+2 =
5. Thus the degree of the polynomial is 5.

Note: It is more convenient to write polynomials in descending order of a common letter.

Topic 3. 2: Operations of Polynomials

a. Addition of Polynomials
To add to or more polynomials, find the algebraic sum of like terms, adding either
horizontally or vertically.
1. Horizontal Addition
Remove parentheses without changing any sign and combine similar terms.

Example 1: Add (2x + 5y – 12) and (5x-2y+10)

Solution: (2x + 5y – 12) + (5x-2y+10)
= 2x+5y-12+5x-2y+10
= 7x+3y-2

Example 2: Add (x2 + 5xy – 11) and (5x2-2xy+20)

Solution: (x2 + 9xy – 11) + (5x2-10xy+20)
= x2 + 9xy – 11 + 5x2-10xy+20
= 6x2 –xy+9

2. Vertical Addition
Put like terms in one column, then add.

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Example 1: Add x2+2xy-2y2 and 2x2-5xy2+4y2

Solution:
x2 + 2xy - 2y2
2x2 - 5xy2 + 4y2
3x2 - 3x + 2y2

Example 2: Find the sum of x2+2xy-2y2 and x3-2x2+xy+8

Solution:
x2 + 2xy - 2y2
x3 -2x2 + xy +8
x3 - x2 + 3xy – 2y2 + 8

Example 3: Add the following polynomials:

(x3+2x2y+3xy2 +y3), (3x3+xy2+2y3), (5x2y-4xy2+5y3), and (2y3-7x2y).
Solution:
Adding horizontally
(x3+2x2y+3xy2 +y3)+ (3x3+xy2+2y3)+ (5x2y-4xy2+5y3)+ (2y3-7x2y)
= x3+2x2y+3xy2 +y3+ 3x3+xy2+2y3+ 5x2y-4xy2+5y3+ 2y3-7x2y
= x3+3x3+2x2y+5x2y-7x2y+3xy2+xy2-4xy2+y3+2y3+5y3+2y3
=4x3+10y3

Adding Vertically
x3 + 2x2y +3xy2 +y3
3x3 +xy2 +2y3
5x2y -4xy2 +5y3
-7x2y +2y3
4x 3
+0 +0 10y3

b. Subtraction of Polynomials
To subtract one polynomial from another, change the sign of each term of the subtrahend
and proceed to algebraic addition.
Like in addition, subtraction can be done horizontally and vertically.

Example 1: Subtract 5x2-6x+8 from 8x3+9x2-16.

Solution:
Horizontal Subtraction
(8x3+9x2-16) – (5x2-6x+8)
= 8x3+9x2-16 – 5x2+6x-8
=8x3+9x2– 5x2+6x-8-16
=8x3+4x2+6x-24
Vertical Subtraction
8x3+9x2-16 8x3 + 9x2 -16
–( 5x -6x+8)
2
-5x2 + 6x -8
8x + 4x + 6x -24
3 2

Example 2: Subtract the second polynomial from the first.

(5x + 3y – 7z), (x + 4y + 2z)
Solution:
Horizontal Subtraction
(5x + 3y – 7z) - (x + 4y + 2z)
= 5x + 3y – 7z - x - 4y – 2z

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= 5x – x+ 3y – 4y – 7z – 2z
= 4x – y – 9z
Vertical Subtraction
5x + 3y – 7z 5x + 3y – 7z
- (x + 4y + 2z) -x - 4y - 2z
4x – y – 9z

c. Multiplication of Polynomials
The distributive property is used in multiplying polynomials as well as the laws of
exponents.
 Multiplying a Polynomial by a Monomial
To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the polynomial by the
monomial.
Examples:
5x(2x+3y+15) = 10x2+15xy +75x
(3𝑥2𝑦 + 7𝑥𝑦 − 5𝑥𝑦2)(−2𝑥𝑦) = −6𝑥3𝑦2 − 14𝑥2𝑦2 + 10𝑥2𝑦3
2a2b(3a-4b2-c3) = 6a3b -8a2b3-2a2bc3
2x(x2-2y2+xy) = 2x3 -4xy2+2x2y

 Multiplying a Polynomial by another Polynomial

Steps to be followed in multiplying a polynomial by another polynomial.
Arrange both polynomials in descending orders of a common letter.
Collect similar terms of the resulting products, and
Simplify by adding algebraically.
Examples:
1. Multiply x2-2y2+xy by 2x – y
x2 + xy - 2y2
2x - y
2x 3
+ 2x2y - 4xy2
- x y
2
- xy2+2y3
2x3 + x2y - 5xy2 +2y3

2. Multiply 2x2-xy+y2 by x2 – 2xy – y2

2x2 - xy + y2
x2 – 2xy – y2
2x 4
– x y
3
+ x2y2
- 4x3y + 2x2y2 - 2xy3
- 2x2y2 + xy3 – y4
2x4 - 5x3y + x2y2 -xy3– y4

3. Multiply x + 3 by 2x – 5
x + 3
2x – 5
2x2 + 6x
5x - 15
2x2 +x -15

Note that the number of terms of the final product is one degree higher than the degree of
the polynomial. For example, in example 1, the degree of the polynomial is 3 but the
number of terms of the polynomial is 4.

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d. Division of Polynomials
Rule 1: Division of a monomial by another monomial
When you multiply two monomials, you multiply the coefficients together and then you
multiply the variables together. Similarly, when dividing monomials, you divide the
coefficients and then divide variables. When there are exponents with the same base, the
law of exponents says you divide by subtracting the exponents.
Examples:
10𝑦 5 10 𝑦5
= ( ) ( 2 ) = 5(𝑦 5−2 ) = 5𝑦 3
2𝑦 2 2 𝑦
−6𝑟 3 −6 𝑟3 −3 𝑟3 −3 −1
= ( ) ( 4) = ( ) ( 4) = 𝑟
4𝑟 4 4 𝑟 2 𝑟 2

Rule 2: Division of a polynomial by a monomial

In dividing a polynomial by a monomial, first arrange the polynomial in descending order of
a common letter, and then divide each term of the polynomial by the monomial. The
resulting polynomial (quotient) should also be in descending order of the common letter.
Examples:
1. Divide 24x3y4 + 18x4y2 -36x2y3 by 3x2y2
Solution: Arrange the polynomial in descending order of x, then divide each term by
the monomial.
18x4y2 + 24x3y4 -36x2y3
3x2y2
= 18x4y2 + 24x3y4 -
36x2y3
3x y
2 2
3x y
2 2
3x2y2

= 6x2 + 8xy2 – 12y

2. Divide 2aby – 8ab + 4a2b2 by 2ab

Solution:
4a2b2 + 2aby – 8ab
` 2ab
= 4a b +
2 2
2aby – 8ab
2ab 2ab 2ab
= 2ab + y - 4

3. 3. Synthetic Division

The process of dividing polynomials in x (or any one letter) may be greatly simplified when
the divisor is in the form of x –a or x+ a by a process called SYNTHETIC DIVISION.

Steps in Synthetic Division:

1. Arrange horizontally in row one in descending power the coefficients of the terms of
the dividend, substituting zero(s) for any missing term(s).
2. Along this row of coefficients (row one), write the constant term of the divisor with
its sign changed. Let us represent it by a
3. Provide enough space for blank second row (row 2). Draw a long line separating row
2 from a third row (row 3). Row 3 is the quotient row.
4. Bring down the first coefficient on row 1 to row 3 directly below it(same column. This
is the first quotient. Multiply this first quotient by a (step 2), add the [product

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(written in row 2) to the next coefficient (in row 1) at the right to get the second
coefficient of the quotient.
5. Multiply again the second coefficient of the quotient (step 4) by a and add the
product (written in row 2) to the next coefficient (in row 1) at the right to get the
next coefficient of the quotient. Continue the process (step 3 to 5)up to the last
coefficient of the dividend. The last number on the third row (row 3) is zero if the
division is exact; otherwise the last number is the remainder.
6. Finally, write the result (in row 3) as coefficient of the terms of the quotient having a
degree which is one less than the given polynomial in x.
7. Check the result.

Examples:
1. Divide 4x2 – 6x + 8 by x – 2 using synthetic division.

Row 1: 4 -6 8 L+2 (-2 changed to +2)

Row 2: +8 +4
Row 3: 4 +2 12
The quotient is 4x + 2 + 12/x-2

Explanation: To get the numbers on row 3, bring down 4 from row 1 to row 3, multiply this
by +2(divisor), write +8 below -6 and add to get the +2, then multiply +2 (row 3) by +2
(divisor) to get +4 below 8, and add to get +12. The remainder is +12. It is the last
number in row 3.

2. Divide x3 + 5x2 -8x – 12 by x – 2 using synthetic division.

Solution: By inspecting the dividend is properly ordered, so, no need to rearrange.

Row 1: 1 -5 -8 -12 L+2 (-2 changed to +2)

Row 2: +2 +14 +12
Row 3: 1 +7 6 0
The quotient is x2 + 7x + 6 (no remainder)

3. Divide x3 + 1 by x + 1
Solution: By inspecting the dividend, it is clear that there no x 2 and x terms, thus, these
missing terms are replaced by zeros.

Row 1: 1 0 0 +1 L-1 (+1 changed to -1)

Row 2: -1 +1 -1
Row 3: 1 -1 +1 0
The quotient is x - x + 1 (no remainder)
2

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 COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003
Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081
Email Address : svcst_leganes@yahoo.com

Exercises:
Direction: Answer the following.

Test 1: Solve the following polynomials.

1. (x+y)(2x-5y)

2. a2 + b2 – 2b + 2a

3. 2s3( 4s2 + 13s – 12)

4. Divide 9x3 + 1 by 3x + 1

5. (16y3 – 12)(61y3 – 11)

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 COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003
Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081
Email Address : svcst_leganes@yahoo.com

TOPIC 4: SPECIAL PRODUCTS AND FACTORS

Objectives:

At the end of the topic, the students are expected to:

1. Explain the difference cases of Special Products and Factoring Polynomials;
2. Multiply polynomials based on their special forms without using the long process;
and
3. Factor polynomials based on their special forms.

NOTES:

4.1: Definition

Special Products may be considered as a short cut in multiplication of polynomials. It refers

to the techniques used in multiplying polynomials or factors based on their special forms.

Cases Name of Process Process or Formulas

The Square of a Sum (x+y)2 = x2+2xy+y2
1 or
[ (F) + (L) ] = (F)2 + 2 (F) (L) + L2
2

The Square of a (x-y)2 = x2- 2xy+y2

2 Difference or
[ (F) - (L) ]2 = (F)2 - 2 (F) (L) + L2
The Products of a Sum (x+y) (x-y) = x2 – y 2
3 and Difference or
(F+L)•(F-L) = (F)2 – (L)2
The Product of Similar (x+b) (x+d) = x2 + (b+d)x + bd
4
Binomials
The Cube of Binomials (x+y)3 = x3+ 3x2y+3xy2+y3
5 or
(F+L)3 = F3 + 3F2L + 3FL2 + L3
The nth Power of a (x+y)n are 1, for n=0
6
Binomial
The Product of (x+y) (x2-xy+y2) = x3+y3
7 Binomial and Trinomial or
( F+Y ) (F - FL + L2 ) = F3 + L3
2

A. The Product of the Sum and difference of Binomial

In symbol: (x+y) (x-y) = 𝑥2 − 𝑦2

Example: Find the product of the following:

1. ( x-4 ) ( x+4 )
2. ( 3x + 7 ) ( 3x – 7 )
3. ( 5d – 11e ) ( 5d + 11e )

Solution:
1. ( x - 4 ) ( x + 4 ) = 𝑥2 − 42 = 𝑥2 − 16
2. ( 3x + 7 ) ( 3x – 7 ) = (3𝑥)2 − 72 = 9𝑥2 − 49
3. ( 5d – 11e ) ( 5d + 11e ) = (5𝑑)2 − (11𝑒)2 = 25𝑑2 − 121𝑒2

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B. Square of a Binomial
In symbol: (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2 or (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦2
Example: Find the product of the following:
1. (𝑥 + 9)2
2. (2𝑥 − 15)2
3. (6𝑎 + 7𝑏)2

Solution:
1. (𝑥 + 9)2 = 𝑥2 + 9𝑥 + 9𝑥 + 92 = 𝑥2 + 18𝑥 + 81
2. (2𝑥 − 15)2 = (2𝑥)2 − (2𝑥)(−15) +(−15)2 = 4𝑥2 − 60𝑥 + 225
3. (6𝑎 + 7𝑏)2 = (6𝑎)2 + (6𝑎)(7𝑏) + (7𝑏)2 = 36𝑎2 + 84𝑚 + 49𝑏2

C. Square of Trinomial
In symbol: (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2+ 𝑧2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧
Example: Find the product of the following.
1. (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2+ 𝑧2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧
2. (𝑑 + 4𝑒 + 7)2 = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2+ 𝑧2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑧 + 2𝑦𝑧

Solution:
1. (2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧)2 = (2𝑥)2 + (3𝑦)2+( 𝑧)2 + 2(2𝑥)(3𝑦) + 2(2𝑥)𝑧 + 2(3𝑦)𝑧
= 4𝑥2 + 9𝑦2+ 𝑧2 + 12𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥𝑧 + 6𝑦𝑧

2. (𝑑 + 4𝑒 + 7)2 = 𝑑2 + (4𝑒)2+ (7)2 + 2(𝑑)(7) + 2(𝑑)(4𝑒) + 2(4𝑒)(7)

= 𝑑2 + 16𝑒2 + 49 + 14𝑑 + 8𝑑𝑒 + 56𝑒

D. Special Products involving Cubes

The following products are just the result of multiplying out the brackets.

1. (x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2y + 3xy2 + y3 (Cube of a sum)

2. (x − y)3 = x3 − 3x2y + 3xy2 − y3 (Cube of a difference)

3. (x + y) (x2 − xy + y2) = x3 + y3 (Sum of 2 cubes)

4. (x − y) (x2 + xy + y2) = x3 − y3 (Difference of 2 cubes)

4. 2: Factors

Definition 1: If a, b and c are integers, and a . b = c, then a and b are factors of c, and c is
a multiple of a and of b.
Example:
4. 5 = 20, where 4 and 5 are factors of 20, and 20 is a multiple of 4 and 5. Other factors of
20 are (-4) ad (-5); 1 and 20; (-1) and (-20); 2 and 10, and (-2) and (-10).

Definition 2: A prime number is a number that has no other factor (x) except itself and 1.
Example:
2, 3, 5 and 7 are the first four prime numbers.

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Definition 3: A prime factor is an expression that has no factor(s) except itself and 1.
Definition 4: Factoring is the process of finding the factors of a given algebraic expression.

The factoring processes are considered complete when the factors are no longer factorable,
that is, they are already prime factors.

 Types of Factoring

a. Factoring Algebraic Expressions with Common Factors

ax + ay = a(x + y) (Formula)
Examples:
Factor the following.
1. 4ax3 - 8ay2 +12a2x
By inspection, the common factor is 4a.
Thus, 4ax3 - 8ay2 +12a2x = 4a (x3 – 2y2 + 3ax)

2. 2x (a + b) – 3y (a+b)
The common factor is (a + b)
Thus, 2x (a + b) – 3y (a+b) = 2x– 3y (a+b)

3. 20xyz +30 xyz2 – 60 x2y2z2

The common factor is 10xyz
Thus, 10xyz(2 + 3z -6xyz)

b. Factoring the difference of Two Squares

a2-b2 = (a + b) ( a –b) (Formula)
Examples:
Factor the following.
1. m2-n2
m2-n2 = (m+n)(m-n)

2. 64x2-81y2
64x2-81y2 = (8x + 9y)(8x-9y)

3. (2x-y)2 – 25z2
Here (2x-y)2 is considered as one term.
(2x-y)2 – 25z2 = [(2x-y)+5z][(2x-y)-5z]
(2x-y)2 – 25z2 = (2x – y) + 5z) (2x – y -5z)

4. 16x4-81y4
16x4-81y4 = [(4x2)2 – (9y2)2)
16x4-81y4 = [(4x2) + 9y2)(4x2-9y2)]
16x4-81y4 = [4x2 + 9y2][(2x + 3y)(2x-3y)]

c. Factoring Trinomial Perfect Square

a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2 (Formula)
a – 2ab + b = (a – b)
2 2 2

Recall that trinomial perfect square is obtained when a binomial is squared. Also recall that
the middle term of a trinomial perfect square is equal to twice the product of the square
roots of the other two terms.

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Cagamutan Norte, Leganes, Iloilo - 5003
Tel. # (033) 396-2291 ; Fax : (033) 5248081
Email Address : svcst_leganes@yahoo.com

Examples: Factor the following.

1. 4x2+20xy+25y2
4x2+20xy+25y2 = (2x + 5y)2

2. 9a2 +30ab + 25b2

9a2 +30ab + 25b2 = (3a+5b)2

3. 36x2-84xy+49y2
36x2-84xy+49y2 = (6x – 7y)2

d. Factoring by Grouping
Factoring by grouping can be facilitated by grouping together terms that have common
factors, then factor.
Examples: Factor the following.
1. ax + bx – ay – by
Group the first two terms together and the lat two terms together and get their
common factors.
Thus, ax + bx –ay – by = (ax + bx) – (ay + by)
= x(a + b) – y (a + b)
= (x –y) ( a+ b)
Note that the signs of ay+by have changed from negative to positive when enclosed
within the parentheses preceded by – sign.

2. 8x3-24x2-2x + 6
Group the first two terms together and the last two terms together and get the
common factors for both groups.
Thus, 8x3-24x2-2x + 6 = (8x3-24x2) – 1(2x - 6)
= 4x2(2x-6) – 1(2x - 6)
= (4x2 – 1)(2x-6)
= 2(x-3) (2x + 1)(2x – 1)
3. xy3+2y2-xy-2
xy3+2y2-xy-2 = (xy3-xy) + (2y2-2)
= xy(y2-1) + 2(y2-1)
= (xy+2)(y2-1)

e. Factoring the Sum or Difference of the Cubes

Sum: a3+b3 = (a +b)(a2-ab+b2)
Difference: a3-b3 = (a -b)(a2+ab+b2)
Note that the factors of the sum or difference of two cubes are a binomial and trinomial.

Steps in factoring the sum and difference of two cubes.

1. Find the terms of the binomial factor by getting the cube roots of the terms of the
given sum or difference of two cubes.
2. Find the first term of the trinomial factor by squaring the first term of the binomial
factor.
3. Find the second term of the trinomial factor by getting the product of the first and
second terms of the binomial factor, and
4. Lastly, find the last term of the trinomial factor by getting the square of the second
term of the binomial factor.

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5. Check your answer by multiplying the binomial and trinomial factors obtained. If
your answer is correct, you will get the original given sum or difference.

Examples: Factor the following.

1. x3 + 64
This is the sum of two cubes. Solve by following the given steps.
Thus, x3 + 64 = (x+4) (x2 -4x +16)
Note that the sign of the second term of the trinomial factor is negative while the
rest are positive for SUMS.

2. 27x3-y3
This is the difference of two cubes. Solve by following the given steps.
Thus, 27x3-y3 = (3x-y) (9x2+3xy+y2)
Note that in the preceding example the sign between the two terms of the binomial
factor is negative, while the signs of the terms of the trinomial factor are positive for
DIFFERENCE of TWO CUBES.

3. 125a3 + 216b3
Following the steps above, we get:
125a3 + 216b3 = (5a+6b) (25a2 – 30ab + 36b2)

Exercises:

Direction: Factor the following completely.

1. X2 + 4xy +4y2 – x – 2y – 6

2. 20xy + 7zw – 5yz – 28xw

3. 4a2 – x2 + b2 – y2 – 4ab – 2xy

4. 125a3 + 64b3

5. 8x3y3 – 27a3b3

6. x2 + 6xy + 9y2

7. 18x3 – 8x

**** END OF PRELIM MODULE****

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