Module 2

Republic of the Philippines
CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY

Fuentes Drive, Roxas City, Capiz, Philippines
Tel. No. (036) 6214-578 fax No. (036) 6214-578
website: www.capsu.edu.ph email address: roxas@capsu.edu.ph
Module 2 : Speaking Mathematically
Course Title : Mathematics in the Modern World
Course Number : GE - 104
Course Description : Nature of mathematics, appreciation of its practical,

intellectual, and aesthetic dimensions, and application of mathematical tools in
daily life.
Total Learning Time : 3 units (3 hours lecture per week)
Pre-requisites : None
Overview:
In this module, it will be discussed the four basic concepts in mathematics such as
sets and its basic operation, variable and symbols, the relations and functions.
Learning Outcomes:
After completing this course, the student must be able to:

1. Discuss the language, symbols, and conventions of mathematics.
2. Define what are variable, set, relation, function and their basic terminologies.
3. Perform operations on mathematical expressions correctly.
4. Acknowledge that mathematics is a useful language
Discussion
LANGUAGE
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Language is a structured system of communication. It is our means by which we communicate and
conveyed through a variety of methods, including spoken, sign, and written language. In mathematics we also
have language to communicate and convey our mathematical ideas, concepts, and theories thru numbers,
symbols, functions, sets and operations. When we say that “Five added by three is eight”, we could translate this
in as “5 + 3 = 8.”
Characteristics of Mathematical Language

The language of mathematics makes it easy to express the kinds of thoughts that mathematicians like to express.
It is:
1. precise (able to make very fine distinction)
2. concise (able to say things briefly); and
3. powerful (able to express complex thoughts with relative cases).
VARIABLE
is an alphabet or term that represents an unknown number or unknown value. Example we commonly
use (X,Y,A,B) but we can use any letter that we like. it allows you to give temporary name to what you are
seeking to perform concrete computation and help discover its possible value. We use variable in constructing
formula since we don’t know the value yet to input and the answer of what we are looking for. Formula of area,
volume etc. We also use variables to make equations.
Independent and Dependent Variable

The dependent variable is a variable whose value is determined by the quantity another variable takes
while An independent variable in an algebraic equation is one whose values are unaffected by changes. For
instance, in the equation y = 2x + 3, x can take any value, like 1, 2, 3. However, the value of y will depend on the
value of x. So, if x = 1, y will become 5, and if x = 2, y will become 7, and so on.
SETS
Sets are represented as a collection of well-defined objects that are called member or element of the set.
A set is denoted with braces or curly brackets { } represented by a capital letter.
a. A set of counting numbers from 1 to 5.

A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
b. A set of English alphabet from a to d.
B = { a, b, c, d }
c. A set of all even positive integers.
C = { 2, 4, 6, 8, … }
d. A set of an integers.
D = { …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
Element of a Set
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Each member of the set is called an element and the notation “  “ means that an item belongs to a set.
a  B but d  A
2 is an element of set A but d is not an element of set A
Tabular Form
This form can be done by listing its elements, normally done in a set with definite number of elements.
Example:
A= { 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 }
“ A is the set whose elements are the numbers 2,3,4,5,6,7,8.”
Set Builder Form

This form can be done by defining the properties of the elements of the set, for definite or indefinite
number of elements.
Example:
A = { x|x is an integers, x>5 }
“A is the set of x such that x is an integers and x is greater than 5”
Universal Set
The universal set usually denoted as “U” is the set of all elements under discussion.
Example:
If: A= { 1, 2, 3, 4} and B= {6, 7, 8 }
Then U= { 1,2,3,4,6,7,8}
Cardinal Number
Cardinal number are numbers that used to measure the number of elements in a given set. It is just
similar in counting the total number of elements in a set.
Example:
Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4 } N=4
Set B = {6, 7, 8 } N=3
Unit Set
Unit set is a set that contains only one element.
Example: A = { 1 }; B = { c }; C = { banana }
Empty Set or Null Set “  “
Empty or null set is a set that has no element.
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Example: A={}
A set of seven yellow carabaos
Finite Set
A finite set is a set that the elements in a given set is countable.
Example: M = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
J = { a, b, c, d }
Infinite Set
An infinite set is a set that elements in a given set has no end or not countable.
Example: F = { …-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … }
Subset and Proper Subset

A subset means that every element of B is also an element of A. A proper subset is in every element of C is
also an element of A but C is not equal to A.
Example: A= { 1, 3, 5 }
B = { 1,3,5} B ⊆A
C = { 1, 5 } C⊂A
D = {1,3,8 } D⊄A
Ordered Pair
An ordered pair is a pair formed by two elements that are separated by a comma and written inside the
parantheses. For example, (a, b) represents an ordered pair, where ‘a' is called the first element and ‘b' is called
the second element of the ordered pair.
Example: if set A = {1} and B = {a}

ordered pair { (1, a) } Note: (a, b) is not equal to (b, a)
OPERATIONS ON SETS
It is an operation between two or more sets to make a new set.

1. Curly Bracket {}
2. Venn Diagram – a visual presentation of sets
U
A
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1. Union of sets “∪“

Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5} , then
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5} , then
A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
2. Intersection of Sets “ ∩ “
Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5}
then A ∩ B = {1, 2} .
Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5}
then A ∩ B = Ø
3. Complement of a Set
Elements that are not member of a certain set but element of the universal set. Usually denoted as Ac ∨¿
A’
Example: If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 } and A = {1, 2, 4, 5}
when A’ = U - A
then A’ = { 3, 6 }
4. Relative Complement/ Difference of Set

Is the set of elements which belong to aet A but do not belong to set B. usually denoted as “A\B”.
Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5}
then A - B = {3} .
Example 2: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 5} ,
then A\B = {1, 2, 3} .
Note: A - B ≠ B – A
Example 1: If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5}
then B\A= B - A = {4, 5} .
5. Cartesian Product
The cartesian products of sets can be considered as the product of two non-empty sets in an ordered way.
The resultant set contains all possible and ordered pairs such that the first element of the pair belongs to the first
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set and the second element belongs to the second set. The cartesian product, also known as the cross-product or
the product set of A and B is obtained by following the below-mentioned steps:
• The first element x is taken from the set A {x, y, z} and the second element 1 is taken from the second
set B {1, 2, 3}
• Both these elements are multiplied to form the first ordered pair (x,1)
• The same step is repeated for all the other pairs too until all the possible combinations are chosen
• The entire collection of all such ordered pairs gives us a cartesian product A x B = {(x,1), (x,2), (x,3),
(y,1), (y,2), (y,3),(z,1), (z,2), (z,3)}.
A x B = {(x,1), (x,2), (x,3), (y,1), (y,2), (y,3),(z,1), (z,2), (z,3)}
VENN DIAGRAM
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THE LANGUAGE OF RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
RELATIONS
A relation is a set of ordered-pair numbers that shows the relationship between the two element.
Example:
A = {1,2,3} and B = {2, 3, 4}
let us say that an element x in A is related to an element y in B if and only if, x is less than y
1 R 2 since 1 < 2 2 R 3 since 2 < 3
1 R 3 since 1 < 3 2 R 4 since 2 < 4
1 R 4 since 1 < 4 3 R 4 since 3 < 4
FUNCTIONS
A function is a relation in which every input is paired with exactly one output.
 Is a function a relation? Focus on the x or input, when given a relation.

 If the set of ordered pairs have different x-coordinates or input, it is a function.
 If the set of ordered pairs have same x-coordinates or input, it is NOT a function but it could be said a
relation
ARROW DIAGRAM OF A RELATION

Given a relation {(1, 2),(0, 1),(3, 4),(2, 1),(0, −2).
1 2
0 1
3 4
2 -2
Domain Range
OPERATION ON FUNCTION
 The sum or difference of f and g, denoted by f ± g is the function defined by

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(f ± g)(x) = f(x) ± g(x).
 The product of f and g, denoted by f · g is the function defined by (f·g)(x) = f(x)·g(x).
 The quotient of f and g denoted by f/g is the function defined by f(x)/g(x), where
g(x) is not equal to zero.
Examples:
1. If f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 2, what is (f+g)(x)?
Solution:
(f+g)(x) = f(x) + g(x)
= (2x + 1) + (3x + 2)
= 2x + 3x + 1 + 2
= 5x + 3
2. What is (f • g)(x) if f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 2?

Solution:
(f • g)(x) = f(x) • g(x)
= (2x + 1)(3x + 2)
= 6x2 + 7x + 2
f
3. What is ( ¿ (𝑥) if f(x) = 2a + 6b and g(x) = a + 3b?
g
Solution:
( fg ) ( x )= gf (x) =
2a+ 6 b 2(a+3 b)
(x) a+3 b
=
a+ 3 b
=2

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Republic of the Philippines

CAPIZ STATE UNIVERSITY

Course Title : Mathematics in the Modern World

Course Number : GE - 104

Course Description : Nature of mathematics, appreciation of its practical,

Total Learning Time : 3 units (3 hours lecture per week)

After completing this course, the student must be able to:

Characteristics of Mathematical Language

Independent and Dependent Variable

a. A set of counting numbers from 1 to 5.

Set Builder Form

Example: F = { …-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … }

Subset and Proper Subset

Example: if set A = {1} and B = {a}

It is an operation between two or more sets to make a new set.

1. Union of sets “∪“

4. Relative Complement/ Difference of Set

A x B = {(x,1), (x,2), (x,3), (y,1), (y,2), (y,3),(z,1), (z,2), (z,3)}

 Is a function a relation? Focus on the x or input, when given a relation.

ARROW DIAGRAM OF A RELATION

 The sum or difference of f and g, denoted by f ± g is the function defined by

2. What is (f • g)(x) if f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = 3x + 2?

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