CE 353

PRINCIPLES OF TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

2021-2022 FALL SEMESTER
RECITATION -1 SOLUTIONS

1) A truck going uphill on a one lane road with 10% grade has left brake marks of
10.49 m on the pavement to avoid colliding with a car traveling down the road
at 100 km/h. Assuming that the vehicles applied breaks at the same time. What
minimum distance should be visible to drivers of the vehicles to avoid
collision? (take μ= 0.70 and break efficiency ηb=0.70 for both vehicles, mass
factor = 1.04, tr=2.5 seconds)
a) use practical breaking distance
b) use theoretical brake distance

μ= 0.70 db-truck= 10.49 m

ηb=0.70 G= 10%
γb = 1.04 Vcar= 100km/hr = 27.777778 m/s
tr=2.5 s

a) Using Practical Braking Distance;

𝑉1 2 − 𝑉2 2 𝑉1 2 − 02
𝑑b−truck = = = 10.49
2∗𝑔∗ (η𝑏 ∗ μ ∓G) 2∗9.807∗ (0.70∗ 0.70+0.10)

𝑉1−𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 11.02 𝑚/𝑠

𝑉1 2
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑑𝑏 = 𝑉1 ∗ 𝑡𝑟 +
2∗𝑔∗ (η𝑏 ∗ μ ∓G)
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 11.02 ∗ 2.5 + 10.49 = 38.04

𝑉1 2
𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑟 = 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑑𝑏 = 𝑉1 ∗ 𝑡𝑟 +
2∗𝑔∗ (η𝑏 ∗ μ ∓G)
100 2
100 ( 3.6 )
𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑟 = ∗ 2.5 + = 170.3 𝑚
3.6 2∗9.807∗ (0.7∗ 0.7−0.10)

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 Minimum Distance= 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 + 𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑟 = 38.04 + 170.3 = 208.34

b) Using Theoretical Braking Distance;

𝑉1⁄
2
𝑓rl−truck = 0.01 ∗ (1 + ) = 0.01 + 0.000112 ∗ 𝑉1
44.73
γb∗ (𝑉1 2 − 𝑉2 2 )
𝑑b−truck =
2∗𝑔∗ (η𝑏 ∗ μ+𝑓rl ∓G)

1.04∗ (𝑉1 2 − 02 )
= = 10.49
2∗9.807∗ (0.70∗ 0.70+0.01+0.000112∗𝑉1 +0.10)

𝑉1−𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 10.896 𝑚/𝑠

γb∗ 𝑉1 2
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑑𝑏 = 𝑉1 ∗ 𝑡𝑟 +
2∗𝑔∗ (η𝑏 ∗ μ+𝑓rl ∓G)
𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 = 10.896 ∗ 2.5 + 10.49 = 37.73

γb∗ 𝑉1 2
𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑟 = 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑑𝑏 = 𝑉1 ∗ 𝑡𝑟 +
2∗𝑔∗ (η𝑏 ∗ μ+𝑓rl ∓G)
100
𝑉1⁄ ( 3.6 )⁄
2 2
𝑓rl−car = 0.01 ∗ (1 + ) = 0.01 ∗ (1 + ) = 0.013
44.73 44.73

100 2
100 1.04∗ ( 3.6 )
𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑟 = ∗ 2.5 + = 170.97 𝑚
3.6 2∗9.807∗ (0.7∗ 0.7+0.013−0.10)

Minimum Distance= 𝑆𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑘 + 𝑆𝑆𝑐𝑎𝑟 = 37.73 + 170.97 = 205.7

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2) A car is traveling up a 2% grade at 120 km/h on good, wet pavement. The driver
brakes to try to avoid hitting stopped traffic that is 80 m ahead. The driver’s
reaction time is 0.6 s. At first, when the driver applies the brakes, a software
flaw causes the anti-lock braking system to fail (brakes work in non-anti-lock
mode with 80% efficiency), leaving 25 m skid marks. After the 25 m skid, the
anti-lock brakes work with 100% efficiency. How fast will the driver be going
when the stopped traffic is hit if the coefficient of rolling resistance is constant
at 0.013? (Assume minimum theoretical stopping distance and ignore
aerodynamic resistance)
Note: mass factor=1.04, gravitational acceleration=9.807 m/s2

G= +2%
V1= 120km/hr
tr=0.6 s
μ max= 0.90 Good, wet pavement→
μ slide= 0.60 Table 2.1

Non- anti lock → ηb=0.80 → μ slide= 0.60 (Sliding for 25 m)

Anti lock → ηb=1.00 → μ slide= 0.90 (Max. Coefficient for 35 m)

120 2
1.04∗ (( 3.6 ) − 𝑉2 2 )
𝑑b−sliding = 25 = → 𝑉2 = 29.48 𝑚/𝑠
2∗9.807∗ (0.8∗ 0.6+0.013+0.02)

1.04∗ (29.482 − 𝑉𝐻𝑖𝑡 2 )

𝑑b−max = 35 = → 𝑉𝐻𝑖𝑡 = 15.91 𝑚/𝑠
2∗9.807∗ (1.0∗ 0.9+0.013+0.02)

𝑉𝐻𝑖𝑡 = 57.3 𝑘𝑚/ℎ

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3) Two cars are traveling side by side on level terrain at 100 km/h on a road with
a coefficient of adhesion of 0.8. The driver of car 1 has a 2.5-s
perception/reaction time and the driver of car 2 has a 2.1-s perception/reaction
time. The drivers are able to stop their respective cars in the same distance after
seeing a roadway obstacle. If the braking efficiency of car 2 is 0.78, determine
the braking efficiency of car 1. (Assume minimum theoretical stopping
distance.) Note: mass factor=1.04, gravitational acceleration=9.807 m/s2

G= 0%
V= 100km/hr Car 1
μ =0.8 Car 2
tr-1=2.5 s and tr-2=2.1 s

ηb-2=0.78 → ηb-1=?

100
(( )+0)
(𝑉1 + 𝑉2 )⁄ 3.6
2 2
𝑓rl = 0.01 ∗ (1 + ) = 0.01 ∗ (1 + ) = 0.0131
44.73 44.73

For Car 2;

100 2
100 1.04∗ ( )
3.6
𝑑= ∗ 2.1 + = 122.6 𝑚
3.6 2∗9.807∗ (0.78∗ 0.8+0.0131∓0)

For Car 1;

100 2
100 1.04∗ ( 3.6 )
𝑑 = 122.6 = ∗ 2.5 + → ηb-1= 94.6%
3.6 2∗9.807∗ (ηb∗ 0.8+0.0131∓0)

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4) The following circular curve will be set by staking the centerline at regular
stations. Calculate deflection angles and cord lengths for the stations on the
curve to set the curve. (Note: use 20m even stations).

𝜋 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝛥 𝜋 ∗ 150 ∗ 38
𝐿= = = 99.48𝑚
180 180

𝑆𝑡. 𝐾𝑚. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡. 𝐾𝑚. 𝑃𝑇 + 𝐿 = (10 + 210.10) + 99.48 = (10 + 309.58)

180 180
𝐷= = 0.381972 °
𝜋 ∗ 𝑅 𝜋 ∗ 150

Stations St. Km. li Ʃli ki= 2Rsin(li*D/2) di= Ʃli*D/2

PC 10+210.10 0 0 0 0
1 10+220.00 9.90 9.90 9.90 1.8908
2 10+240.00 20.00 29.90 19.99 5.7105
3 10+260.00 20.00 49.90 19.99 9.5302
4 10+280.00 20.00 69.90 19.99 13.3499
5 10+300.00 20.00 89.90 19.99 17.1696
PT 10+309.58 9.58 99.48 9.58 19.0000

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5) Given the following curve, calculate and tabulate local coordinates for setting
out the curve at site. (Note: use 20 m even stations).

𝜋 ∗ 𝑅 ∗ 𝛥 𝜋 ∗ 200 ∗ 22
𝐿= = = 76.79𝑚
180 180

𝑆𝑡. 𝐾𝑚. 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑆𝑡. 𝐾𝑚. 𝑃𝑇 + 𝐿 = (24 + 422.00) + 76.79 = (24 + 498.79)

180 180
𝐷= = = 0.28648 °
𝜋 ∗ 𝑅 𝜋 ∗ 200

Stations St. Km. li Ʃli yi= Rsin(Ʃli*D) xi= R[1-cos(Ʃli*D)

PC 24 + 422.00 0 0 0 0
1 24 + 440.00 18.00 18.00 17.96 0.81
2 24 + 460.00 20.00 38.00 37.77 3.60
3 24 + 480.00 20.00 58.00 57.19 8.35
PT 24 + 498.79 18.79 76.79 74.92 14.56