Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism NEET Study Materials Download PDF

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Small magnetic field due to current element of
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hht hh So the direction hht hhof dB is perpendicular
t t
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h hht hh ht h
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t/taea/or mmtaamm 111//ttaea//tta
mmam mttaaCurrent and Magnetism ttaea//ttaa ttaea//tta mttaa aa//ttaa
t//taea//ttaMagnetic Effects / / / / a a t t a
t a // / t t
tt / t A,,1npere's circuital /// /// law is analogous /// // to Gauss'sss:faw :// :: in
ee e/ ee e / ee e t
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::///s/s::/// electrostatics.
m . t m . t
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m . . t m . . t
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::///s/s::/// /// /// /// // /
sst:p:p/ss:: sst:p:p/ss::
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ss p sst:p:p/ss:: p p sst:p:p/ss:: t p
t p t t s s p p p sst:p:p/ss:: p p t t p
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bbeebb Magnetic field bbeebb due to an iruilli.tely bbeebb !o,.g str:a!@illt bbeebbsolid
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µ0 Ireebbeebb
or B " .2nr cylindrical wire of radius a, carrying current vvriuiuvvi 1
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o !"vfagnetic fi e ld at a point outside file wire i.e. (
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alarrilialar alarrilialar
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ilim ilim
or B ee e m ,
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3 2 ee e
m m m m m 2 m m a m a a mta a m mttaa m mm m µ m m a m a a mt aa
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/ / / tta a / / / t
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ee// ee ee ee 2w ee ee em
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hh h direction. hh h
p p pµ,-Ir t t t
ttttphpttttpp t p p t t t t t t t t t t t t t
o away from the lcop ifcurrent in it is in anticlockwlse
t t t t t h
o Magnetic field at a' point on the surface of a ,vire i, e.
tt hht hh hh h
hh h hhtt hht hh h2na h 1
direction. bbeebb (r a) is bb bb
e If
b eb
the point Pis far away from the centre of loop i e .,
. uuvruu
bb bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb
wveiw b
µo
b b b b b e e e e e eew
B
eewwee e eiww e w eewwee eew
uruaxrr>>> u r, then magnetic field strength at point Pis
w w w i w w i w
i w i i w w w w w i w
alailiala2,rn
w i i i w i i i i v v w i i i w i i vvruuvvi
i i
v v iiwvvi vvruuvv vvruuvv v v v w
ii vvi v v u vvf uuav
Ir (i f nr µoL4
u r u u
µ
r r
µa0am
u u u u r r u u u
= u r r r u r r
oaamm The mm variation ofamagnetic field B/tand aathe distance r//ttaa//tta
r r u
aa = �-c--/ttaaor
r r r a l a a u r r r r r l ilila
a
--
r a a l r a a
alailiala alailila ilim lialariliala alailila ilim
B=
l ii
aa B� - - //ttaa//tta
alailila
ilim ili2m 2 ilim i ilim ilim
//tee//from ax.is is aseeshown in the figure.
m m
2o:x.3.mmte.e.mm
m m
m2x 2 2nx3
mmtaam m m mm m m a m mttaa m mm m m a
a t t t / t t a a t a ta a / t t
where//// A ::/// nr is area ///of// circular loop.s:://ss::
a
//ttee// t t
// ee 3 / / ee/ ee / ee t t t / t
/ ee / / ee ee/ / ee e e
eem eem eem mm/tt..mm ..m/m//tt..mm
mm/tt..mm mm
i
m m
::///s/s::/// o If the sst:p:psscircular loop has
sst:p:p/ss::N turns thenttppsmagnetic fi e ld
..mm t .. m t .
t. m / t.
t . t .
t . / / t
/ t / /
/ / t . m
. m t . . m t .
t . m/ t .
t . t .
t . / //t t /
tt / t tt / t /// /// /// // /
sst:p:p/ss::
pp ::///s/s::/// sst:p:p/ss:: sst:p:p/ss::
µ0 lv7
p s s p p t p p t t p
t p t t t t t t
t t p s s p p t p p t t p
t p t t t t
t p
t p t t t
ttpttt tt hhtt hht ttpttt tt hhtt hht
strengfa at its centre is B = -,- and at any point on b bb
hhtt hht hhtt hht hh hh hhtt hht hhtt hhBt hh hh
�r
the axis Gf circular Loop
ew b eb bbeebb bbeebb bee bbeebb bbeebb
bbeebb eeww bbeebb
u Nir
i eew is eew eew eew
• ro
ee w i w w i i e e w i
B °"' I•iliala,iliala , ,,, 12
w i w w w i i i iwvviw w i w w w
vvriuiuvvi i
vv iw iwvviw
u
iw
uu vvriuiuwvv2i uuvvriuiuvv
r r ru u vvruuvv
r vv iw
u
iw
u u vvriuiuwvvi u u r r ruuavvrr
u ur u r r r r alailila a u u r u r
alariliala r r r alailila
ilim alarrilialar alailiala
ilim ilim
m ilimalarrilialar ilim alailiala
ilim ilim
m
Note // e:eIf the cylindrical
mm/tt..mm wire is hollow
eei.e,ee it is in the form
mm mm
ttaea2\r+x-,
m m mm m m mm a m aa t a a mmttaa m m m m r a--+r m m a m aa t a a
m /e/ttaa ttaea//tta /e/ttee//t aa//ttaa aa//tta tte//t
Magnetic field
m strengfa altt.the .m/m///tt..mcentre
m 0
t//taea//ttaa a a t t tt / /
of pipe,
m then the/tt.magnetic field inside
..m/m//tt..mm the wire is////tt.zero,
ee / / ee e // e t t // /
ee ee/ / / e e e
ee e
ofsscircular:://ss::/ arc of angle ss::/ss::O ca..·,-ying ttppststtp:pss
m eem .m/m///tt..mm
./ .m/m//tt..m tt.:.m/m///tt..m
sst:p:p/sThe variationttppof sst:p:p/magnetic field ppststtand
pp distance rttttpfrom pststttpp the
. mm/tt..mm
. t t / / / / . m
. m t .
t . . / / t t
tcurrent
ttphphttttpp I is
t
/// /// t / / / : : / t t
///s::/// / /
/ ss::/ / /
:://ss:: / :: ss : :
hhtt hht axis is as shov hht h,h:n in the figure.
ss::/ss:: ttphpttttpp t
ttttphpttttpp t t t p t t t
µ0Je
t t
hh h t hh h h t ttp t t t t t
hh hh t hh h h
hh
bBebb 4nr
hh h
be b e b e b b ebb
e ebw b ebb
e w e ebw
i
b ebb
e i! ebw b ebb
t1 ebw b ebb b b
e wewe evew bwb ebb b eb
e weiw
1j
w e
wveiw e w e w e i w i i w e e w e i w i
.1 \c
i i w vi w i i
lthffi@iH,11
w
ii viw i w v i w v w vi w vi i i w vi w i i v w i i
v w vi
uvaruruv i uv u v
r larur uv v w
iruv vi w vi
uvaruruv ruvru v uvarur ruvruv
i uv uv
mFindiliamilia the magneticmtifilam eld h1tensity at mthe
u r uv r
u uv ur r
u uvarur ar u r uv u r
u r
u arurliala
ar u l a r l ar i l l ar ial ial lia ar u l ar l ar i l a i l ar i
a l l a l a i
a l
t/a e, when current tt aem/t/atamJ
i i
tt/aaem/t/point
atam O in thee/t/atfiaem/gur
l iamil a ilamil mi mi l ialmilia ilaim
amil il ia a l amil i mi mi l
I�
mtilam ilam
taem/t/atam amm mtam amm mtam taem/t/atam /ta
flmvs in the m/eloop me as shown.tm
/ a t/ a t am / a /at /
t at t a /at
t e/ /
t at / t a / t/a
e/me e/me t/aee/t e/mt ee/ e/ e/ e/m e e/me e
etem /me m/e.tm .m/t/e.tm. etem/m m/e.tm m/e.tm . e t.mte.m .m/t/e.tm. .mt.m
- - - ·-. . .
So!n.: ptpstpt =B, +B2 +B3pt +B
. m
tt m:/t/. . / t
. .
m .tm / . . t / /
t .tm tm. m . / t
. .
m . m t . m /.tm. t / /t/ t
. m : t /
/ .
/:/pss:/ s :
/ t
/:pss:/ :/ t
s: : / t
/pss:/ :/ /:
s:tps: s /:
/
/.
:/ts:/: /t/.
s :
/ t : /
/:pss:/ s:/ s:
t / t / /
s:
aps-----4-
: / t :/
/pss:/ r s: s / / : /
ps s:tps: s://s:/
/: s /
hThe magnetic field hht hh at O is the h h

s: ps t ps s: 0 p t p
ihtM®IHrfl
p ps tpt t tpt ttp tt tp ttp tp tt
tptpsttpt t t tpt 4 ht tphtt tptpsttpt
ps
tpt t tpt tp ttp
bFigure shmvs a kmg straight wire of a circular c:ross-sec1ion
htt hht hht hh ht h hht hh h h hht hh ht h
vector b ebb sum of the magnetic .field
hht hh hht hh
wjthebb radius •a' bcarrying steady current b ebb 1.b The
eb currenr.
b ebbl is b eb
at O due to tl1e se�1. n ents l, 2, 3 viruvi uniformly distributed across this i viwcross-section. wuCak-ulate
b ebb b ebb ebw ebb
and 4.
b eb ebw
eb e eb e e b w e e w e i w e i e eb e ebw e e e e e
the magnetic urialarufield in the region uialar r ar<aar and i;--la2r i> ar a. la ila
e w e w i i w i v w e w e w i i w viw viwviw
i
viw iwviwi i viw wuvviw w iwviwi wvi w uvavriuw
[
v w vi w v i uv v w vi w i vi v
B4 0mas
i u v i u v v r
iammdl H r for the melements in the segments
uv r u v r uv r
u r
u uv ur r
u ar u uv r uv r u v r
u u u r
u u v r
u r u r u r
u
r u
lliaariulialar ll ariulialar
ia ll arilialar
ia lialmar lial
i l a r ial a r 1 l a l l
a i lialarilial
tt aem/t/atam 2 and 4.e/t/ataem/t/at
i m mami ilaim
amil il mi i l l i il mi i
m mm
mi m
/ taem/t/atam
a t/ataem/t/at t amm at /at amm /atam Itam/tam / t
a amm /
t tam /tam/tam
a t/ataem/t/ata /tam
/a t e / /a
t ee/t / t
e/mee/ e/ e t t e / e/
e/me
.m/t/e.tm.me .m/t/e.tm
e/me
.mt/e.tm .me e/m
.m/t/e.tm
e/me e e
.m/t/e.tm .mt/e.tm .me .mte.me
s:/t:pss:/: X r) = () for s:/tthem.
. t.mt.m
Hence s:/t:/pss:/: dB
t .
m m/e.tm . /.t m / t
. m .
t/ tm
. / tm. m/e.tm. /.t m . .mt.m / t
. m / t/.tm : / t /
/. t
/:p/sts:/:/
t / t :/
ss:
:
/ :/t/.s:/:/t t t /
s:/t:/pss:/: s://s:/ ly pss:/t:pss:/ ps:p/ s:
' / t : / / s:/tpss:/ s://s:/
:/
hht hh ht h ---+h- - ht -h-

s: ps p s t p s t p p s: / p s ps 1
t p s tp p t p
ps
tpt t tpt tpt ttp tpt ttp tp t ps
tpt t tpt tpt ttp tp ttp t:�P tpt http tt htt tp t t t
µo I 3r: ,,-�"--Q
hht hh hht hh hht h. h ' hht hh hht hh h hht hh ht h
--, - b""'and
I/
4na \. 2 Jeb eeb
---,--- f'2 b
\ ""
b b b b b b e b b b b eb b b b ebb b eb
b eb b eb bweeb weviewiwe b eb
I
evew ebw evew bw

3 l]""
ebw w ebw e wewe e weiw
wveiw v w w
ii viwe i e
;.;. 1
r vi wi w
uv
ev i i
w vi
uvaruru
i
w w
v i i
u v
r larur
vi i
w uv v wi
iruv
w e vi wi e
vi wi w e
uvaruruv ruvru
vi i
w i v i v i
w w
uvarur ruvruv
i uv i i i uv
u u v r uv - 0 -ruv u
u 1 r
-+- r
u ar u uv ur r
u arurlial
Soln o : tThe current
r
I is uniformly mtadistributed in the \Yin;,
a r ur l a r u l ar ial a r 16
i l r
a ial ial lia a r u l ar u lIar ial a a i l ar ial l a i l a ial
ialmilia ila8im
amil ,a b ilamamil mil mi ialmilia amil il il
ilaim ilamamil i mi mi l
tt/aaem/AMPERE'S CIRC!l!TAl LAW mee/m
mtilam t amm / at t amm / at /ataem/t/atam a m mtilam tamm / at a
m t amm / at t a mtam /ataem/t/atam /t
/a /a t /a t t / a /a t t /a t / / t
It states that the line integral of magnetic fi e ld .around
/me t t ee/ t e/ e/me t/aee/t t ee/ e/ e/ t e/ e/me e
current per unit area can be calculated as
e/m e/m e/m e
etem m/e.tm . .e .m/t/e.tm . etem/m m/e.tm . m/e.tm . e t.Imte.m .m/t/e.tm. .mt.m
auyptpsclosed path in vacuum is equal to times the total tps ptps
. m
tt m:/t/. . /.tm. / .tm. t/.t m / /
t t
. m t .
m m . /.tm. . m t . m / t
. .
m t / / /
t .tm : t /
/. /t :/ t :/ t :/ /: /: / . /t/. /t :/ t / t / / : / t : / / / : / s:tps: s://s:/
/: /
tp tt(a) To caku1m:e
hht hhmagnetic
tpt t tpt httphttp fieldhtat
h hhP, let
tpt t tpt httus h consider hht hha loop
/:pss:/ /pss:/ s:tpss: :/ts:/: /:pss:/ s:/ s: /pss:/ s: s s
current
hht hh passing the hht closed
tpthht tpt path, hht tphhtt
s : /:/pss:/ s : p s s: t p s p s: / ps s : p s s : p tt p t ps
tp ttp ttp tt p
tptpsttpt t t tpt
b ebb of radius r, and apply i\mpere's iaw.
1--1.0
b ebb=µ 0I
h h
hht hh hht hh
pli-di b ebb b b ebb b b b ebb b eb
be b e b b ebb e b e e b w e w e ebw
i e eb b e b ebw e e e e ebw e e
w e
wveiw w e
iwviwi w e
vi w w e
i viw i v i i w
wuvviw i viw i
uv vi w e
iwviwi
w w e
v i w w e i
i viw iwviw v i i w
wuvviw viuwviw
i vi
r
u
v i
u u v
a r u uv
r larur l a r
uv
urialaru r
r
u
v i
uvaruruv a r r
u u
uvarur ru ruv v
a r u uv
ilamamil ar lial l
ilamamil
mtilam
a
t /a
e/t/aee/t
m t
t/a /t/a e/t/ae/t
t /a /a
e/t ee/
/
t am
t/at /t/a t t / a
t/a /t ta /t a t /
e/t/ae/t /t e/
a a e/t ee/ /tae
/a t
v v
w w
ii vvi i ww
u
i i
vvruuvvw i i
uu
i i
vvruuvv i
r u
r u vvrruu v v vv
w w
ii vvi i w
u vv i
u
i
u
wvv i
uu vvruuvvi
i i
r uuavv
r
r
alailila
r
alailiala
ilim a
alailila
ilim a
ilima
l ii l l a r
lialariliala
r alailiala
ilim a
alailila
ilim l ilila
a
ilima
ilim m m m
m m mm a m i m m m
m m aa//ttam
mm a
112 mm m m
t//taea//ttaa /
eem e /
eem e / /
eem e/ taa
//tee// t / tt
eem/ ee
// /
eemee
t
/t //
eemee
eem e m m . m eem m m .m
..m/m//tt..m mm .
tt.:.////tt. m mm .
tt.:.////tt . m //tt:://// Which gives
. . t t . ..m/m//tt.. magnetic field
m tt.:.///strength
mm . .m
· inside tt:.straight
. mm .
//tt . m //t::////t.
t . . t
ss::/ss:: <p B · dl ttp=pststtp:µpsoslnet
tt / / / / / : / / t t / / /tt / / / / / : / /
// / / / : : / / / / / : :
current sstcarrying solenoid, ppststttppdirected along ttphpthe
sst:p:pss axis of
/ / : : ss:: ss sspss :://ss::/ :: ss: ss ss
ttphpttttpp
tttphpttttpp ttphpttttpp ttttphphttttp p pp t t
solenoid.
t t t t tt h h t tt p t t t tttt tt t t h h t h
hh hh hh h hht hh hh hh hh h
B2 rcr1 = µ [ � m/ ]
hh h
b b
bbeebbrc bbeebb • At the eeends bbeebb of the longbb current carryingb solenoid,
0 2
bbeebb
magnetic field strength is,
we bbeebb bb beebb
µ0I iwrv1viw
e e eew w w eew w i w w i w
i w e e ee eeww w eew w iw
w i w i i i iwvviw w i w
vvriuiuvvi i i
B = r-- vvriuw iw
or B oc r vvriuiuwvvi vvriuiuvv v
uuavvrruuv µ NI uuvviuw iw vvriuiuwvvi uuavvrru
u2n:a
u u 2 r
1 a rlaa
uu r r u
r u r rr
alailila r u r uu
alariliala r r u
r u r rr
alailila
alarilialar laiil ilimalailiala ilim
m B= -
0 alarrilialar ilimalailiala ilim
2-
ilim ilim ilim ilim
(b) To calculate
t//taea//ttaa magnetic ttaefield
a//ttaa at Q, let us ttaea//tconsider a
m m m m m m m a m ma a m m mm m mm m a m m aa m
m m a
ta a
/e/ttee//t t mttaa aa//ttaa a
aa//tta a
tte//t t
•m
t /
loopee ofe radius r2 and eeapply e Ampere's elaw.
// // e ttaa //
// eeinside the toroid /t
/ t // t e / e
e e ee ee ee ee em
tt.:.m/m///tt..m Magnetictt..m fieldeem
..m/m//tt..mm ..m/m//tt..mm ..m/m//tt..mm ..m/m//tt..mm tt.:.m/m///tt..m
When current ::///s/s::/// I is passed sst:p:p/sthrough a toroid :://shaving
. mm/tt..mm t t t / / m .. m t t t / /
ss::/ss:: <p B · di ttp=pststtp:µolnet
tt . / / t / / / / / : / t t / /
/ s::/t / / / N / / :
/// /// ://ss::/ :://s:: ss:: ss :: ss:: ss
ttttphpttttpp p ttppststttpps t tttphpttttpp turns p ssperp p unit length t pp and t of mean radius
tppststttpps r, then ttttphpttttpp
t
B x 2nr hh2t hh= µ0 [
p t t t tt t
magnetic
hhtt hht field lineshhset up inside the hh htoroid in the
t t tt
hh hh hh h t tt tt hh t h hh h
hh h
µ form of concentric circles. Let one such loop be of
B = o !_ ebbeebb bbeebb radius r, eethen bbeebb line integralbbofbbmagnetic fieldbbover
eewweeb that
b eb bb b bbeebb
wveiw 2n: ri2wweiw e b b e e e e eew
closed vrruloop is
w eiww w w i w w i w
i w iwi w eewwee w i w w i w
i v iw
v v v i i
vvruuvvw i i i
vvruuvv i
u u v uv v v v
w w
ii vvi i v vi i
u
w vv i vvruuvvi
i i uuav
li1alariliala
u u u u uu r r r u u u u r u u u r r r
arilialaO = B � dl ili=m alailiB·2r
ala cr .. i) ilialailila
u r r rr l.B·dlii = f B·dllalcos
a u r r r r
. ( m mm
u r r a u r r l ilila
1
r r alailiala alaililaa a
ilim a l l r r a ilima a
B ocmi- m
ilim
m mm
ilim
m m m a m i
mmtaamm
i m mttaa m m aa//ttam
m m a
mttaram m mttaa aa//tta
eemeeBut by Ampere's //tee// circuital lawee/ ee
aa 2 ta
t a / ttaa / t
/ aa
t //tt aa ta
t a / tta a / t
/ aa
t //t t
/ / t / /
A graph can b e plotted showing variation
t
eem //ttee// eem // ee eem/of ee
magnetic m m . m eem
t
m
/ eemee/
m m m
eemee
.m
field / t ..m/m//tt.B.mwith distance
t / //
m m . . m
tt.:./r///ttfrom centre of
/ /
/ /
m
tt.:.wire.
/
m//tt
/
.. m
: /
:
. .
//tt::////
/
t t .
B·dl =/ t
/ ..m/mµ0
t / t
/ ..m
t x total current / // t. m
tt.:.////tthreading
mm .
the / /
/ /
m
ttoroi.
t.:.:////tt d
m . .
: /
: //tt::////t.
/
. . t
/ / / ss:: ss: / ss:: ss : sspss / / /
:: s : sst:p:pss ss ss
ss::/ss:: ttttphphttttp sst:p:p/ss:: ppststttpps of turns in ttphpttttpp
t tttphpttttpp Bttttppttttpp tttphpttttpp
t h h t ttp p t t t = µ x total number
tttt ttttphpttoroid
t t x I h h t t h
hh hh hh h hht hh hh hh hh h
= µ0 N2rr.rl ... (ii)
hh h 0
By equations
b
(i) and (ii) eB.21tr bee = µrJ{ 2rcrl eor eBe = µrJ{I
ew be B b oc r b b b b b b b b b b e e bb b b bb b b bbeebb
i e bbee b B o: 1 /ere ee eewwe e w e e w w e b e eew
e
This vvrgives
uuvv magneticvviuw iwfield iw at any point vvriuiuwvviinside the uuvvriruiuvvi
w i w w w w i i i i w i i w i ww w w i w i
v iwiwvviw iw vvriuiuwvvi vvriuiuvv u u vviw uuavvrr
toroid,
alailila directed at alarriliany
alarr point along alarilialthea tangent to
v u uu uu r r r r u u r r
u ur
alarrilialar
u alaril,i.ala
ilim
r r r r
alailiala
ilim ilim a u u u
ilim
r r r r
alailiala
ilim ilimalailila
concentJic circular magnetic line of force at that point
ilim m m m m m m m m a a m ilim m m m m m m mm a a m
• Magnetic mm m a//ttacentre a//tta a aa
tte//t t mmttaa m aa//ttaa aa//tta a aa
tte//t t
t//taea//ttaafield strength ttaeat a of long//ttasolenoid
m//tt..mm inside themmtoroid.
/ / / t a a / t t / t
/t / /
Let mm/tt.a.mmsolenoid consists ./ .m/m//tt..mmof N tu.ms per ..m/m/unit
t/ t..mm length and////tt.:.m
ee e / ee ee e e e t
// ee / / ee ee / ee ee e em e
ee e eem mm/tt..mm ..m/m//tt..mm tt.:.m/m///tt..m
/cany
// /// current l. Then
ss:p:/ss:: magnetic pfield sst:p:p/ss::lines inside ttpthe
t . . / t t / t
/ t / // t . . t .
t . m / t t.. / / t
/ t / // /
t / / / sst:p:pss: t
/// /// / / / / / :://s:: / :: s :
ss::/ss:: sst:p:p/ss:: sst:p:p/ss:: ppststttpps
ttttphpttttppsolenoid are hhparallel ttttphphttttp to its axis, tthptwhereas outside
t t t t pthe
thtt p p t ttpp t t t t ttppststttpps t t
t t
t t t t h
hh h solenoid, magnetic field is zero. hLine h h integral of magnetic
t h tt hht hh hh h
hh hhtt hht hh hh
field over closed loopb PQRS shown binb figure is b ebb b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb
b eb b eb eb ebw b ebb bw
e e b e e e b w e w e ebw
i e i w e i e ebw e e ebw e wewe w evew i e weiw
I
w w w i
J
wvi w w e
ii viwQ i w R i
w v S
i i
w P v i
w vi w vi w vi i w e i i
w vi w i i v i
w i i
w vi i uv w v w vi uvarur ruvruv
i
lliaarilial + B·dl + fiB·dl
v uv u v
r larur viruv i v uv uv
arulialar= B·dl + JiB·dl
uvaruruv uvaruruv ruvru
gi B-ialdl
u r uv r
u uv r
u r
u uvarur ar u r uv u ur r
u arurliala
llaarilial
i l l
ii amilia ar u l ar l ar ial a l a i l ar i
a l l a i l a li
a l
mil mi mm mm m mtilam
ialmilia ilaim
amil il i amil
ilam i mi mi
tt/aaem/t/atam
P tt aem/Qt/atam
/ a R tt aem/St/atam
/ a t/ataem/t/atam t am a /at amm / t
a a mtam /at amm t/at t a mtam
/ t/ataem/t/atam /ta
e/me B = O e/me e/me t/aee/t / e/m t
t ee/ e/ e/ t e/mt e/ / e e/me e
. m etem /me
. s�------ t .
m m/e.tm . ---,
t .
m m/e.Rtm. /.tm.m/t/e.tm.
. m etem/m
. t .
m m/e.tm. . m . m .t .
m m/e.tm. e t.mte.m / t
. m.m/t/e.tm. .mt.m
t /
tt m:/t/. /. / . t / t tm /. t / t / / t :
s:
/ .
/:/pss:/ s :
/t
/:pss:/ : / t
s: : / t
/pss:/ :/
ps
:
/
s:tps: s /:
s: /
/.
:/ts:/: / /
t .
s :
/t :/
/:pss:/ s:/ s:
t / t / /
s: : / t :
/pss:/ s: s / / / : /
p s s:tps: s://s:/
/: s /
ps ps t
tp ttp ps p s
tpt t tpt ttp tt p t
tp ttp tp tt p
tptpsttpt tpt t tpt tpt t tpt hht hh tptpsttpt
ps
tpt t tpt tp ttp hht hh ht h
hht hh hht hh hht hh hht hh hht hh ht h hht hh h h
b ebb b ebb b ebb bw b ebb b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb
ew b eb eb e ebw e w e ebw e i w evewi e eb e ebw e e e w e ebw e e
vi vi w e
iwviwi w e
vi
w
i viw
w uv
i
uvv i i
wuvviw i
uv w
viruvi vi w e
iwviwi w e
vi
w
i viw iwvi
w uv
i
v
w
uv vi wuvviw viuwviw
i i
uvavriuwr
uv r u v r uv r
u r
u ur r
u ar u uv r uv r uv r
u u u r
u r
u r u r r
u
r u
lliaariulialar iilalm arulialar ial ar lialar li
a larilial l ar urialaru ial a r uialar ar ar
l l ial ar lialar ila ila li
a larilial
m i mil mi i
mamm ilaim
amil il mi mi m l i il mi i
m mm
mi m
tt aem/t/atam / taem/t/atam
a /ataem/t/atam t/ataem/t/at Crosst amm at
sectional view ofthe toroidal / t
a amm /atamsolenoid a t a / t
a amm /
t tam /tam/tam
/ a t t e/ /a
t ee/t / t
e/mee/ e/ et t / t e / e/
e/me e/me
.m/Rt/e.tm
e/me
.m/t/e.tm .me
.mt/eFORCE e/m
.m/t/e.tm
e/me e e
.m/It/e.tFORM .mt/e.tm .me .mte.me
J
. m/e.tm . Q tm . t m .p / tm
. .tm ON A . m/e.CHARGED
. PARTICLE tm . .mIt.Nm A U/.tNm m. t.mt.m /.tm t /
/:p/sts:/:/ f B dl cos
m / . t tm t m / . / t : /
s:O/t:/ps+s:/: B dlcos 90ps°s:+
t .
/:pss0:/: + J B dl cos 90
/ / t : / :/ t / / t / / s:/tpss:/ s://s:/
: /
s:
/. t t
t p s s:°/tpss:/ ELECTRIC FIELD s: /:/t/.s:/:/t t
s:/t:/pss:/: s://s:/ ps s:/t:pss:/: s:p/ s: t p s p
• When
ps t t p ps t p p
hht hh a charged particle
s
hht hh ofht charge
tpt ttp tp ttp q htmoving
h hh h into a hht h ht h
ps tpt ttp tpt ttp tp t ps p tpt ttp tt htt p tpht t t t
tpt t tpt p
hht hh Q hht hh s hht hh tpt t tpt
hht hh h
uniform electric field E, the force acting on it is given.
b = B f dl + O + Ob+ bO = B · L b ebb ... (i ) b ebb by F = qE.ebbeebb b ebb b ebb b b bw b ebb b eb
e b e w e ebwe
i
e b
i w e e b
i w e i w e b
evwiwe i
w weviwiw w e ebw
i e i w e ebw
i e wewe i w evew i e weiw
i
•
w PQRS w vi w i
The direction of F is same iruv as that of E isruvpositive uv uvrif is
wvi ii viw w v w i i w v i w i
But by Ampere's v circuital lawuruvaruruv
w vi i vi uv w v w vi i v
uvarur ruvruv
i
q
v uvaruru v u v
r larur v i v uv uv
u uv u r u uv ur u r arurlial
t
r
u r
u ar l r
a u l l ar ia r
u u ar u l ar r a r u l a l
+ve
mtilammand
a r
almilia l ar
ilaim
l
amil ia i
ilam
l
amil ia ia i -E if q is -ve.
l a r
ialmilia l ar l ia
amil il il
ilaim a a i
ilam
l
amil ia i l a i l
mi mi lia
ilaim
B-dl/atamm µ0 x Total current threading loopamm mtilam amm
= amm t t t PQRS /ataem / a am tamm t mtam t / at a mtam /ataem/t/atam /t
/ at /at /
t a /a
t e/ /
t a t
e/me / t t / a /a /
t
t ee/ e/ e/a t a /a
t e/ t / t / t
e/me e
t ee/t t ee/ e/m t/aee/t e/m e
= µ0
e/m e/m
. m etexm
.
/m
number of turns t .
m m/e.tm . of solenoid in t .
m loop
m/e.tm . e PQRS x I /.tm .FORCE
m/e.tm
/t
. ON A CHARGED
. m etem/m
. PARTICLE
t .
m m/e.tm. .
IN mA UNI.FORM
m . t m m/e.tm. e t.mte.m / .tm.m/t/e.tm. .mt.m
t /
tt m:/t/. / . t /
t . t : /t MAGNETIC
: FIELD t m /. / . t t / t /
t . t / / / / t
s:tps: s://s:/
: :
/:/psµrJ{ / LI ... (ii)
/. /t
/:pss:/ :/ :/
/pss:/ :/ /
s:tpss: / /.
:/ts:/: /t /t :/
/:pss:/ s:/ s: / / : /
/pss:/ s: s:/ / : / s /
= tp ttp • Whentptpastptcharged particle tpstof pt charge p q, moving tpt t tpt httwith
s : s: s: p s s: t p s s: / s: p s s: p t p s p
tptpsttpt
ps
tpt t tpt tpt ht tpt ps p tt tp ttp tp tt
hht hhSo, by equations hht hh (i) and (ii) hht h hht hh httpht httphtt hht hh ht h
velocity hht hh 'ii is subj'ectedhtoha unif orm magnetic hht hh field ii,
t h
B·L = µrJ{Ll or B = µrJ{I b b b ebb the forceebacting b ebb on it is b b b ebb b b b ebb b eb
b eb eb b ebb ebweeb ebw e w e i w e eb eb ebw e e e e ebw e e
e e w e w
i viwe i i w e i viw i vi w e w e w e i
i viw iwviw i w
wuvviw viuwviw
i
wviw iwviwi
w vi w v i wuvviw uv iwviwi
w vi w v i vi
r
u
v i
u uv
a r u uv
r larur l ar
uv
urialaru r
r
u
vi
uvaruruv a r r
u uv
uvarur ru ru v
a r u uv
ilamamil ar lial l
ilamamil
mtilam
a
t /a
e/t/aee/t
m t
t/a /t/a t
e/t/ae/t
/a /a
e/t ee/
/
t am
t/at /t/a t t / a
t/a /t ta /t a t /
e/t/ae/t /t e/
a a e/t ee/ /tae
/a t
ew bbeebb e e bbeebb ee eew bbeebb eew eew
ww
ii vvi i ww i i w
vvruuvv i i i i
vvruuvv i
u vvrruu v v w w i
ii vvi w vvi i w
vv i vvruuvvi
i i uuavv
1 1 3
vv u
uruarru r uu r rruu r rr ua uu vv
r u u rruu r u
r u rruu r rr
r
alailila
r
alailiala
ilim a
alailila
ilim a
ilima
l iil l a r
lialariliala
r alailiala
ilim a
alailila
ilim l ilila
a
ilima
ilim
Magnetic Effe.=ts of
m Current
m a11d Magnetismm
m m m
m a m i m m m
m m aa//ttam
m
m a
mm m m
t//taea//ttaa
F = F. /+//tt.F� .////tt = qi + q (V x /B) tt:./=///ttq (E + V x B) ::////t::////t.
/ / aa tt / tt //
Ftt.:./=///tt.q (V x B) or ///F tt.:./=//ttqvB sEe
/
eem e //
eem e eem e t
//tee// t /
eem/ ee / //
eemee eemee
eem e m m m . mm . . m eem m m m . mm .m
sst:p:p/ss:: This force tistppstsknmvn as Lorentz ttphpttttforce
ss:p:pss and is nmn.ed ttphpttttppafter
..m/m//tt..m m m . m .. . t
//tt:://// t ..m/m//tt.. m m m .. . m .. t . t
\vhere
ttphpttttppe is the anglettttphphbet\veen V and B.
//
/ /tt //
/ / / : / ::// /
/ / t
/ t / :
:: ss: /
/ / :
ss:: ss: sst:p:pss sspss ss ss
the Dutch hh physicist Hendrik hh hAnton Lorentz.
ss::/ss:: ttttphphttttp ttpp
The direction of this furce is perpendicular to the plaae
ttttphpttttpp tt ttt hh t tp
t p tt t t t t tt hh tt h
hh h hh hht hh hh
bCYCLOTRO�I
hh h
containing V and Ji eew
uuavvrruuv o l:t is auuhe!-vy
b b
iw particle accelerator, vvriuiuwvvi inventeduuvin vriruiuvvl929iw by
bbeebb beebb bbeebb bbeebb
we bbeebb bbeebb eew bbeebb
iFwvvi:;;;;w O if V = 0, i. e vv.riuiuwavvcharge at rest vdoes
vriruiuvv not experience
eew eew eew
E-.0.arLavVTence for accelerating chargedlalapanicles su::h ilialailila
ee w i w w w i i w i w
i w i i w ee w i w w w i iwi
vvriuw iw i v iwvviw
iw uuavvrru
alarrilialaany magnetic
alforce.
v
as iprotons, denterons, or alpha pa.rtic1es to high
u u u r uu r rruu rr v
rruu r uu r rr rr
r
ilim ariliala alailiala
ilim alailila
ilim lilariliala alariliala
ilim iimiliala
t//taea//ttaa F O ifee/0/ttaea=e//t0taor 180 ° i.e.,ee/the /ttaeae//tttnagnetic forceee//tvanishes t//velocities.
ilim m m mm m mm a m m m
m m m
m m mmamm
m
m m ma a a aa t
tee//t a m
aa/m/ttaa m ttaea//ttaa a
ttaea//tta /e/ttaeae//tta
if V is either
..mm parn.llel or/tantiparalld to the d.Jrection
tt.:.m/m///tt..m of B. tt..mm/tt.e.mm B
t ee e// ee e// e
::/s:: Cyclotron frequency, u
ee e m e ee mm.mm
ttphpttttppif8 = 90 , i. e,,hhifttttphpVhttttisp per_;;iendicular

..m/m//tt..mm ..m/m//tt..mm ..m/m//tt..mm //tt.:.:////tt.
ttphpttttpp\Vill be maxinium
Force 1mnttppststttppss
t. mm/tt..mm
. / t..m/m
t //tt / t //// / tt q //tt //
®
t
/:://s/s::/// /
/:/ss::/ //ss:: / :: : / / / / /// : / / / : : / ::
hhto B , the magnetic h force has a maximum value andhhIshh
: s / : : s
where mhh and q are mass haud charge cf the particle, and
ss : ss : ,;, ssp s / :
ss: ss : ssp s
ss
ttphpttttpp ppststttpps ttphpttttpp ttttphphttttp
given by Fm« = qvB. B is the stren�'1h cf magnetic field.
tt t t h h t t h t t
t t tt h h t t hh h
h
hh h
l<lotion of bbaeebCharged Partida bbeein a Uniform Mag•etic rieid iwweeiw

b eb j bb bb
, 11/!M®Wuil
bb b bb bb b bb
uruWhen
vvriuiuwvvi z charged particle uuavvrruuv of charge qrruuand vvruuvvmass m moves
wveiw bee e bbeebb bbee bee
b we
rrulualarruuA !?eam ofrruprntons vvriuiuvvi enters arruuunifom1 magnetic uuavvrrufield
uvv of
eew eew w w eeww i eew eew w w eeww
w i w i w
i w i i i i w i i vv i v v w w i w i w
i w i i i i w i i v
v vvruuvv
alailiwith
ala velocity ii ilialin
mm a uniform magnetic mmtaamm field B, the force m 0 .3 T, with alail8.iala velocity of 4ilialaxilialal 05 m �-I, iuilim
mmtaama direction ttaam/mttaamm
$
r r r r a r aa u r r rr aa rruluala
ailila ilialailila ilim
l ii alailila ilil ii
//ttaeae//tta acting on itee/is/tteeF//t= qvB sine. Tne //tteefuUov,'ing two case e/ : makrne./g/ttaeae/an
// earise /ttaa :, tngle of 60 //tteae/\vith
/tt the direction //ttee//t of magneticee// ee/
ilim m
m mm a a ilim m m mm
m a m
field. Determine
m m a t mm a
Cast I : When
a
the charged particle is moving
a aat a aa //t tt / t ;:,
a a aa
eem
i/ii
eem eem eem
perpendicular to the field :: ssi.e. 9 = 90 . ssppss :://ss::/ the path of motion :: s : of the pmiicles
eem mm.mm
ss(i)
mm . m e
..m/m//tt..m mm .
tt.:.////tt.
mm
/
mm .
tt.:.////tt . m
/
.. t
//tt:://// t .
t
m
..m/m//tt..m /
mm .
tt.:.////tt. m
//tt.:.////tt m
mm .. / //tt.:.:////tt.
o
t /
ttphpIn
thtt t.his case path ttphis
pststttpcircular.
t / / / / t /
ppi the radius tof the path of the tpar6des
/ / // ° :: / / // ::
hht hh(i )
/
/ / /
sst:p:pss: : / / :: s : ss ss
ss::/ss:: p ttttphphtttt ppststttpps ppststttpps ttphpttttpp
o Radius of circular path is
tttphpttttpp
(iii) the pitch of the helix.
t t t t t hh t ttpp tt
t t ttt t tt h h htt h
hh h hh hh h hh hh hh h
e,n? ,/2mK eeSofn.: (i) \Xlben. bbthe bb charged particle bbeebb emers a magnetic
Rvvi=iwvvi =
b eb bbeebb
field at vangle iw ot11er than 90 vvriu°iuw,vviti follows a helical vvriuiuvvi pa-cti .
bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb
Bq qB rruuvvrruuvv
ew bbeebb e eew w ee eew eew
i e e w ww ww i w i w
i w i i w ee w w w w i w i
ilil iliala proton = Bev

alailila (ii) Forceaarron
iwiwvviw iw i ii i vvruuvv iwiwvviw i
uuavvrr
ilalailialawhere K is theilialakinetic energy ofililaaiicharged particle.
u vv uu r uu rruu rruu
a r uu v uu r uu r r u
r u r rr
rru rr rilala
i a lala ilim rr r
ilialailiala ilialailiala alailila
ilim
ttaea//t.taa
__ ee e ,ee e. 2nR m 2nm // ee Centripetal eeforce
i mm m
m d o:t, revot1t.ut:mn
mm mm mma m m m
mm mm aam/m/ttaam aam/m/ttaam ttaea//ttaa
o 11me peno .m/m///tt..mm iS T = ---
mm mm ttaea//ttaa /e/ttaeae//tta mmtaamm
mm/2tt..mm = r tt..mm//tt..mm
t//taea//ttaa t /
v
/ / // e t a
t a // t / t
/ t / /t e / e
:/mv
ee e eem ee ee ee em
..mm/tt..mm ./ .m/m//tt..m
t t / / tt..mm
tt.:./m//qB
/ . m
. m t .. m t t.. / tt.:.m/m///tt..m
/
Bev tt=
/ / t / / /
pssr- -
tt
/// /// /
/ / / / /
ss:: ss: t t
/// /// / / /
/ ::/ / /
:://s:: / / :: s/ :
ss::/ss:: ss::/ss:: ss::/ss:: sst:p:p/ss:: sst:p- ppststttpps
(l.67 x 10-2' ) x (4 x 10 5 )
ttphpttttpp ttphpttttpp ppststttpps
mv
ttttphpttttpp t tttphpttttpp t t t t t p
ttp t t pp tt t tttt t t
t th
hh h hhtt hht hht hh hh h
b ebbor r =
hh h hh h hh hh
b 1ebb0 - ' 9b) b
hh h
o eThe b ebbangular frequency, b ebb ffi "" 2mJ ebb ebb Beebbeebb 0.3 x (l.6eebxw
Radius of the path, r "' 0.014 m
b ebb b eb
·
b eb ebw bw
evew
• arurulCase varuruv II : \Jil henarurthe uvaruruvcharged particle uvaruris moving at an
e b e w e e b w e wm e i w e i w e wi e w e wewe w i e weiw
(iii) Pitch of the path
wvi w w
ii viwe i w i
w vi i
w v i
w vi w vi w vi i w e i w i
w vi i
w i i v i
w i i
w uvarur ruvruv
amil (other than 0mi,la90
i
mil or !80 ). ammtiammi
i
milamilmogle 6 to thetamm/field
v w vi uv u v
r larur u v v w
iruv v i vi
uvaruruv ruvru v u v uv
r u uv r arurliala
It tis ·the linear distance mticovered
am amta by the/at:barged particle,
u l l ar u i l i l ar ia r
u ar u ar ur l l ar u i l a l a i l
a
tt/aaem/t/atam In this case, path helical.
l ° ° a l l a
t ee/ is
ia ° i a l ar l i
liamil ilmia a l i a l i l
il ia ilaim almilia
ilaim
amil
ilam i mi mi
t iu
ee/ theem / direction e/of
.me magnetic
t e/ e e field.ee/me e
ein
t/aeeone
/t time periodee1/m
t t amt/atam /at e/t/a am m t am amm /at a mtam /ataem/t/atam /ta
o Due mto perpendicular component of V" to B,
/a t a /a
t e/ t
e/me / t
a /a /
t a t t / t / t
e/
2n:mv cose
etem/m e/m
etem/me m/e.tm .e .m/t/e.tm. e/m m/e.tm .m/t/.tm . .mt.m
v /:ps=s:/ v sin6, the particle /pss:/ descriO"'.,s a pcircu1zr s:tps: path of s:/:/ts:/: : cos0)s:/psxs:/ r s: s
.m//t.m :/t/.tm
Pitch /:pss:/ s=:/ (2n
. m . tm. /. . t m. / t
. m i.e., . m tm. tm. m/.tm . . m . tm. t t /
tt m:/t/. /. / . t / t tm /. t /. t :
/ . /t :/ t : / t : / :
/ :
/ /. /t/. /t :/ t / t // : / t :/ / / : s:tps: s://s:/
/ /
hht hhradius R, suchhhtthat

/:/pss:/ s : s : s s : s s
s: s s p p
= 2 X 3.14 X COS 60 X 0.014 ·= 0.04 ill.
ps ps t
tp ttp tphst tpt ttp ttp p s
t tpt p t
tp ttp tp tt
tptpsttpt tpt t t..Lpt tpthht tpt hht hh tptpsttpt
ps
httpheB ht tphht htt ht
pt
hht hh ht h
mv.L = mvsin9
hht hh hht hh h
-
h
-- --
h
- - = qv B or R = - -
h °
R " eebwe qB ebqB fo,ee 011 a Current b ebb Carrying Cc11d11dcr b ebb b bi11 a Uniform
mv1 b b b b ebb b ebb b eb
viruvir.lagnetk Field
b b eb
o Time period of revolution is
be b eb b eb e b w e eb w evw i we eb ebw e e e e ebw e e
ew e w e w i i w e i i e w e w e i i w
wuvviw viuwviw
i
i viw w i viw iwvi w uvavriuw
larilial • The force
iwviwi
urialaruexpelienced by a straight conductor ar lialar ofilalength
vi iwviwi v w vi wuvviw vi w vi
27:Rilammi 2nm
vi w u v uv i r uv v
u r r
u uv u vi w uv uv r uv v u uv r u r
u r
at = qB
r r r
T = /atamm
uv r r u u u ar uv r r u u u u r
ltacaf!" j,ng current 1/atwhen tam placed in at/atuniform tam /tam aagneti;;t/ataem/t/atam /tam
r u
lliaariulialar arulialar ar lialar i a r uialar ar ar a i larilial
vsinO
iilalm i
a l i la l a r ial l l i l ial i l i la
m i mamm ilaim
amil il mi mi m il mi m m mm
tfieee/ldt jj is
mi m
tt aem/t/atam taem/t/atam /ataem/t/at mm amm a amm t
.m/t/e.tqB
/ a /
t a t e/ t/ e/ t /a /at t t/a t a / t e / /
t a / e/
e/mee/ e/ e .me .mte.me
o s:The
e/me e/me e e
/:/psts:/: freauency is s:/:u s:/: '>
e/me .me
F = I s(l /:/pstxs:/:F; s; ://sF:/ = llBpssinO
.mt/e.tm .mt/e.tm
�
e/me e/m
.m/t/e.tm .m/t/e.tm .m/t/e.tm
_,;;;m
. m/e.tm . tm . t m m. / tm
. . m/e.tm . tm . .mt.m t
. m . t.mt.m / tm
. t /
t m /. / . t / tm /. / / t : /
/. t / t :/ :
:/t/.s:/:/t t / / t
s:/t:pss:/: s:p/ s:
/ / s:/tpss:/ s://s:/
: /
where 0 htistphhthe
t ttp angle
ht h bet\Veen hht hh T and
tpt ttp tt hB,
/:p/sts:/:/ s:/tpss:/
hht h=h qB
s: ps ps s: / : p s
hhot hh The angular hfrequencv is ro = 21 c u
ps t p s t t
tp t tp ps p s t p t
tp t t p p t p
ps tpt ttp t p tpstpt tp ttp tt t t
If 0 = 0 ; then F = 0 (minimum)
tpt t tpt ht tphhtt httphht hht hh ht h
hht hh h h h
blf0 90", then Fb= BI/ (maximum)
°
o T ebne b ebpitch of the helical ebweeb pau1. is

, m
The direction of this force is given by Fleming's

uvarur rleft
b b b b ebb b b b ebb b eb
2nmv 2r ..R
b b b b e b
b eb evew bweeb weviewiwe b eb ebw evewbw
v -V "" ",' x T =urvuvarcos0 uv x T = -urcosB uvaruru = � -
ebw e wewe e weiw
band rule.
e e w e w i i e w e w i
,.,,
i i
8 0
wvi w w
ii viw
w e i w v i i
w v i w vi i
w i vi w u v wi w ev wi vi i
w v i w i i vi i
w i vriuv
v v u v
r larur viruv i uvaruruv ruvru v v
u uv
u r u arurlial
Ffoming's left band :rule : Stretch mtamthe fore-finger, mC;;!ntral
u r
u uv r
u r
a u ar l l ar u ia r
u uv u ar r
u l r
a r
u l a l
a r l i ar a i
force cm a Charged l'artide i11 C<1mbi1"1sd i!l'liform
a r l l ia i l ia a l a r l l ia a a i l ia l i l l a
ialmilia ilaim
amil qilamil mil mi ialmilia amil il il
ilaim ilamamil i mi mi
fingert/aee/t and thumb eof t eleft
e/ hand / e/ mutually
. e perpeadicular.
mtilam amm amm taem/t/atam mtilam amm amm am taem/t/atam /t
/meElsdrk a11,dtm mMag11eti< fields
t t t am /a am t t t / at a t /a
tt/aaem /a /at /
t a /a
t e/ t/ a t
e/me t / a /a /
t a t a /a
t e/ e e t / t / t
e/me e
Then if the fore-fi er is along the direction of field (B), the
/t t ee/
/m e/m e/m e/m
etem
Whens:/:psas:/ charged particle /pss:/ of ch2-rge qpssmoving with s:/:/ts:/:
m etem
. . . . m/e.tm .e tm.m/t/e.tm. m etem/m
. . m/.tm . m
em . m/e.tm . m . m tm.m/t/e.tm. .mt.m
tt m:/t/. ®
tps tps central finger tpstptin the pdirection
ttphhtof
t tpt current tp tt J,. thetpthumb
. / . / . / .tm t / /
t . tm. /.tm . t . / t
. m t t / t / /
t . : t /
t t : : / . t t / t / / s:tps: s://s:/
:
velocity tpt t tpt V is SGbjhtected
h hh to an electric hht hh field E ar..dhht tphhttp gives t½e hdirection
/ . / t :/ :/ :/ /
:tpss: / /. /t /t
/:psng :/
/ :/ s: / / : /
/pss:/ s: s:/ / : / s /
/:/pss:/ s: s : s: s:
httphht httphoftt forcehhas showu ht hin the fihht hhte. ht h
s : ps p s t
tp ttp s p s p t p s tp tp tt p
tptpsttpt tpt t tpt
magnetic field B, tt1.e total force acting on the particle is
hht hh hht hh gur
b b b b b b b e b b e b b ebb b b b eb b b b b ebb b eb
e be eb eb e ebwe e e ebwe w e i w e eb eb e ebwe e e e ebw e e
wviw e
iwviwi w e w
i viw
w i i w
wuvviw i viw i vi w e
iwviwi w e w i
i viw iwviw
w i w
wuvviw viuwviw
i vi
w v i v i u v w vi v i
r
u
v i
u uv
a r u uv
r larur la r
uv
urialaru r
r
u
v i
uvaruruv ar r
u uv
uvarur ru ru v
a r u uv
r larur ruar l ar uriualvar
ilamamil ar lial l
ilamamil
ialm
mtilam i mtilam mtilam amm t m alm
a
t /a
e/t/aee/t
m t
t/a /t/a t
e/t/ae/t
/a /a
e/t ee/
/
t am
t/at /t/a t t / a
t/a /t ta /t a t /
e/t/ae/t /t e/
a a e/t ee/ /tae
/a t
v v
ww
ii vvi i ww
u
i i
vvruuvv w i i
uu
i i
vvruuvv i
r u
r u vvrruu v v vv
w w
ii vvi i w
u vv i
u
i
u
wvv i
uuvvruuvvi
i i
r uuavv
r
uruarru u r u r rr r a uu r u u r r u r r rr r
r a l a r l ilila
a
114
r a a l r a a
alailila
ilim alailiala
ilim alailila
ilim ilim
l ii
i lialariliala alailiala
ilim alailila
ilim ilim
mm m mm
t/taea//ttaa
m m
m
ttaea//ttaa
m mm a
ttaea//tta
m mmtaamm aa m mttaa m m
m
aa//ttaa m ttaa//ttam
mm a
t//taea//ttaa /
eem e /
eem e / /
eem e/ taa
//tee// t / tt
eem/ ee
// /
eemee
t
/t //
eemee
..1 + ) 1 + 3//tt..////tt I1 4
eem e eem
- 1
m .m
2) tt:.////tIti
m m
U +..m/m/U 1
m . m m
m . //t::////t.
��--�� = -- s:: ss: => -- =- :: or s - =2
..m/m//tt..m mm .
tt.:.////tt. m mm .
tt.:.////tt . . .
//tt:://// t t m m m .. m . mm . . t . . t
I 2tt) -12 ttt-2 ppststttpps I2
/ t t / // / /
/ / : /
: / / t t t
/ t / / /
/ / : /
: /
1pp-tstttpp3
/ / : / / : :
1 + 12 )
/ / 1 / / 2
ss:: ss: ss:: ss sspss sst:p:p/s-s:: ss ss
1 -
ss::/ss::
t tttphpttttpp t ttphpttttpp
t t ttphpttttpp
t h h ttttphphttttp U t ttpp t U tttt t h hh ttttphpttttpp
h
Torque on a Current Carrying Coil Placed in a Uniform
b b bbeebb Magnetic Field bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb
we bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb
•
eew
When uuavvrruuva current canying iw coil is placed vvriuiuwvin
vi a uniform uuvvriuiuvvi
ee eew w w eew w i w w i i w e e eew w w eew w iw
iwvviw w i w i i i iwvviw w i w i i
vvriuw iw vvriuiuwvvi vvriuiuvv v iw uuavvrru
imagnetic field, the alarrilialnet
arr force on itili·is alarilialalways zero but
uu u r uu r r u
r u r rr uu vv u u r uu r r r r rr
alarrilialar alariliala t alailiala lialailila alailiala alailila
different parts of the coil experience forces in different
ilim ilim ilim mm ilim
a ilim ilim
m m m m m m m m
/e/ttee//tdirections. Due to it, the coil may
aaexperience a torque or
m m m m m m ma a a ta a mmttaa m mm m mma aa t aa
Force Between
m
t//taea//ttaa Two Parallel // /e/ttaa
ttaeaCurrent Carrying // /e/tta
ttaeaConductors t a
t a / /t
/ t //ttaa //taa//tta
t / tte//t
/ e
tt.:.m/m///tt..m couple. tt..mm/tt.e.mm
/ e
• tTwo
e
mm/tt..mmparallel conductors ..m/m//tt..mm carrying currents ..m/m//tt..mm in the same
ee e ee ee m e// ee ee ee ee ee em
..m/m//tt..mm ..m/m//tt..mm tt.:.m/m///tt..m
ss::/sdirection attract sst:p:p/ss:each other while ss:: ss • Whenss:a:///s/scoil ::/// of area A having sst:p:p/ss:: N turns, carrying :://ss:: current
ppststttpps those carrying
. t t t / / t t t / /
I ppststttppB,
t . // t / / / / / : /
/ // t / / / / /
:: s :
///s::/// / :/ :://s::
ppststttpps
ttttphpttttppcurrents in the tttphptopposite
t direction hh hh repel each other.
t t t tttphpttttpp is p placed
p t p p in a uniform ttpp t t magnetic field
tt it will tttt
experience torque which
t t t t hh h t tt
hhtt hht
t hht hh is given by hh hh
t t tt hh h h
•
bbeebb '! = NIABsin0
When two parallel conductors separated by a distance
hh h hh h
= MBsin0
r carry currents 11 band b 12, the magnetic bbeebfield
b of one will where w magnetic dipole moment bbeebb M = NIA and bbee0bb is the
b eb
exert a force onwwethe
wveiw beebother. The force per unit length on
bbeebb eew bbeebb
angle uuabetween the direction ii vvi of magnetic field vvruuvvand normal uuvvrruuvvi
eiww eew eew w i i w ee eew eew
either conductor
ii vvis
i i w
i w i i w i w
i w
vvruuvvii w v i i
vrruu v v w w i ww i w
i w i i w i w
i w i w
uuav
to the plane of the coil.
vv u uuvvruuvv uu r r vv u uu r r
uu rru rr r rr r a a uu r r u rr r rr l ilila
a
21/2 •
l
If the plane of the licoil is perpendicular to the direction
r
alariliala alailiala a
alailila
ilim ilima
l ii l r
alariliala alailiala a
alailila
ilim ilima
//tee//i.e. e = 0 , then
ilim .&.. ilim i ilim
m
m m aa//ttam
mm
eemeeof magnetic field
mmtaam I = a maa m m a mm aa m t a
aa//tta mmtaamm mmttaa m a mm aa m t a
aa 4n t ta /t t
r tt a/ t
/ t // t a a ° ta
ta/ tt a/ t
/ t // t
•
t / / t / /
The eeforce of attraction or repulsion acting on each
//ttee// // ee eem/ ee t /
eem/ ee / eemee
..m/m//tt..m '! = 0 (minimum tt.:.////tt. )
eem m m . m eem eemee m m .m
m m m . . m m mm . m //tt::////t.
. . t
ss::conductor of length ss:: ss:l due to currents ss:: ss in two parallel
m m . . t
sspss � If the plane / ss::/ of the coil isss::parallel to the direction of
m
..m/m//tt..m m .
tt.:.////tt. tt.:.////tt . //tt:://// t m . tt.:.////tt .
i.e.
//tt //// //// : :/
:/ / t
/ t /// / : / /
/ / : : /
: /
//ss::/ ss:: ss ss ss
tttphpttttpconductor is ttttphphttttpp magnetic p°p,ttttthen
sst:p:p/field 90 ppss ttphpttttpp
't = NIABh (maximum)
t p
hh t
hh h
ttphpttttpp
t h h ttttphphttttp t t
hht hh
tpp t tt e = h hhtttt hh htttphpttttpp
t h h tt h
.& _ 21/2
hh h
F=
b eb
bbeebb · 4n r eebbeebb
I.
bbeebb • If a is eethe bbeebbangle between bplane of the coil bbeebband the
magnetic field, then torque bbeebon the coil is
bbeebb
vvruuvv -i: = NIABvvicosa iw = MB cosa. vviuiwvvi
ew
• If two linearviw current
iw carryingvviconductors of unequal
i ee ww w eew w i w w i w
i w e e eew w w eew w i
vvriuiuvvi i
iw vviw iwvvi vvriuiuvv w uuavvrr
length arearheld ru rr parallel to each rilalaother, then thelalaforce
iimiliala on Potential
ilialailila energy iof lialarithe
r lalarr coil is
u v u u r uu rruu r u
r u r rruu
a r uu u u r uu r r u r u
r u r rr
alariliala alailila
a longmmconductor is due mm toaaimm
lailiala
ilim ilalamagnetic
i
field interaction mmtaamm i ilim alailiala
ilim ilim
m
U =mtta-a Af - B m m
due /to t/taea/currents of short ttaeaconductor and longttaea//ttaconductor. ee//ttee//t
m mm a m aa m m m mm m m
m a m aa t aa
aa//ttaa aa//tta tte//t
mm/l,tt..mL
ttaa // /e/tt // ttaa / //tt /t
/ t / / e
If m be the lengths ./ .m/m/of ..mshort and long conductor and J/P///tt.:.m
/ / e
m//t•t..mm Workdonemmin 'ee// ee ee ee em
mmrotating the coil mm/tt.through an angle ..m/m//tt.0.mmfrom
ee e eem ee e eemee
..m/mt/ t..mm .m tt.:.m/m///tt..m
ss::/1ss2:: are the currents ss:p:/ssthrough short ssand :://ss:: long conductors
.
the fiessld ::///s/sdirection is
.. tt t
/t / tt / / // . . t .
t . tt . / / t t / / /
W= M hhBt hh(l - cos 0) hh hh
tt
/// /// /
/ ::/ / :: ss: t t /
::/// /
/ // / / / / /
:: s :
pststttpp sst:p:p/ss:: sst:p:p/ss:: ppststttpps
ttttphpttttpprespectively hand thtttphphtttrtpis the separation tttphpttttppbetween these
t t tttphtwo t p p t p
t p t ttpp t t t ttttpp tt t t ttt h
hh h parallel conductors , then the hforce on long conductor
hh h tt hh h
h h hhtt hht
r, w
b bMOVING COILb GALVANOMETER
l.eebwe • It is w ane winstrument used
ebb eb for the detection
iweviwiwe iwveand
b
is equal to the force
ebbeeb on short conductor
eebwee = 4µ"11
be b b b b b 21 11 eb e eb eb eb eb b e b eb eb e e b b b b b b b
iweviwiwe viwviw
wveiw wiweviwiw viwiwviwi vi iwviwi measurementviriuwvviwi of small currents.
ii weviwiwe
w v
i w i w v
i w
vi
rulvaruruv uriualvaruru
v uriualvaruru
v uv
ur u v
uruvaruru
v uv ruv v
arur laru ru ru ruv uruv u ru uruv
u
ar u l ar l ar Principle ilar ialar
amil of a MovingialaCoil r l Galvanometer larular ar a ilar iala
ialmilia ila ila iamilia il il amil
Two parallel, long wires cany currents and
i
with
iamil mtilam mtilam
1
amil
1
almilia ilammilia
m ilaim mtilam mtilam
t e/t/a 2
am •ee/t/aee/When
t am a current amcarrying coil is t/atplaced
m
e/t/a e/taein/taa magnetic
mtilam m m am mtilam m a m t am
11 > 12. eWhen t/atee/t/at the currentsee-/m t/are in the same e/direction, the
am / a am a /
t/aee/t e/taa
t/atee/t/a e/t e/t
field, it experiences t/atee/t/at a torque. ee/m
am at e/t/a 1 t/a t e/m e/m
e/m e m e/ e
magnetic . field at a point
/t/.st:m/:/t/. midway between t/.st:m/:/t/.t the wires iss:/:/t/.s:/:/•t/ In moving
e e m m . e e
.mt/.tm m .
. /.tm m .m
coil galvanometer /t/.st:m/:/t/. the t :current passing
.m m . .tm m .m
1
/.tm.m/t/.tm .mtm . . tm
/.tm.m/t/e.tm.m .mtm . .mt.m
t/.st:m
.
:/ ://st.://t
tm
:/t/.s:/:/t ://st.://t
10tps�tT.s:/pss: If the direction pss: pof s 1 is reversed, ps psthe field becomes
/ /
through tptphsttptthe galvanometer tpthht tis
pss:ptps directly tphttp proportional tptphst tpt ttpto
: / t /: :
/ s: /:/
tps ptps : /
s:/pss:
t /: :
/ s s : / / s: :
/ /
ps
/ stpits s
: /
tps ptps s p
tpthht tpt 2 tpthht tpt ht tphhtt httphhtt httphtt
11 deflection h h (0).
tphttpt t
I
t
I=
t
h h t ht h t h h
30 µT. Find the value of ·
ht
h h h h h h t h h h h h
1 oc 0 or, G0.
b ebb 2
Soln.: Case 1
b eb b b eb b b
bweeb b b ebb b b b ebb b eb
b eb ebw evew b ebb ebw
where viruviG "' "' galvanometer constant
ew eb e ebw e w e e i w i . k eb . e ebw e e e w e e e
e i e wuvviw viuwviw
i
N AB
e w w i i e w w i i
iwviwi wi viw wuvviw w iwviwi wi viw iwvi w uvavriuw
mA amNil = number ofturns
vi v
i w uv uv v i r uv uv v i r r uv u vi w uv u v vi r uv v uvvi r u r r
amm= area of a coil, ilammi inmthe i m coil, milammi m m
uv r r
arulialar u r
u u u
larilial ar uv r r u
uialar ar ar u u r
u u r r u
larilial
r u
lliaariulialar iilalm I, i
a l ar lialar I, i li
a l ar urialaru i
a l ar l l i l i
a l ar lialar ila ila i li
a
m i mil pmi ilaim m mm
mi m taem/t/atam /ataem/t/atB = strength /of amm magnetic field, k a=mm ttorsional constant amt/atof ta /ta ataem/t/ata /tam
.me the springmei.e.
tt aem/t/atam / taem/t/atam
a <s---?•-E--?
/ a t t /at /at /
t a t a t a / t
a / /
t
restoring torque . per.munit m twist./.tm
/a t t e / a
t ee/t t
e/mee/ e/ e / t e / e /
e/me e/me
.m/t/e.tm
e/med d
.mt/e.tm e/m
.m/t/e.tm
e/me e e
.mt/e.tm .me .mte.me
s:/tpss:/ • Current :/t/.s:/:sensitivity
m/e.tm. .m/t/e.tm . tm . / tm
. . .m/t/e.tm . . t.mt.m /.tm
: pIt s:/t:/pis defined as the s:/t:pssdeflection
t .
m / t
. m / . t / t .
m tm /.tm t / t : / t /
/. t
/:p/sts:/:/
t
s:/t:/pss:/:
/t
s:/t:pss:/:
:/ :
/ /t/. ts:/: :// :/ t / / t :/: s:p/ s: / /
s s:/tpss:/ s://s:/
:/
produced httphht in the galvanometer, hht hh ht hwhen unit hht hhcurrent
tpt ttp tt hflttows httphht htt ht
s: ps ps tps t p s: ps s s s s p s p t p tp p t p
ps t p tpt ttp tp t tpstpt tpt ttp tp ttp
hht hh At P B2 = h µh011 µol2
tpt t tpt ht tphtt hht hh hht hh
through it.
h h
,
h
2 nd + 2nd .
�e = NAB _
b ebb
I
b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb
I,weebweeb
b eb ebw
i +viw12 ) = 30 �LT viwuvvi
evewbw
J:L (I,viw ' I k
e e b e I, e eb w e i w e
= i ebw e e ebw e wewe w e weiw
2nd ruv uruv
wvi w w e i w i w wi i
w vi i
w vi w vi w i w e i i
w w vi wi i i i
w i i i
The unit of current s;nsitivity is rad A- or di:v A-
vi uv w v i w vi v
uvarur ruvruv
i
•
uvaruru v u v
r larur viruv uv uvru1 v uv uv
uvarur 1uvaru r arurlial
taem/Voltage sensitivity
u r
u r
u ar u r uv u r
u r
u
l O µT ammilam
r
1m
l l
li-almi1lia2
u ar ar l r
a l i ia u ar ar l r
a l a a i
Bi = am
l l l
: l t is defined ilaias
mm the deflection
l i a l l a i a
•
a r l iamil ia i
ilamamil a mtilammi a r
ialmilia l i
a
a il il il a i
amil
ilam a i l i mi mi l
mtilam
/t + 12
1 ia amm amm mtam amm mtam taem/t/atam /t
B2 e/t/aee11 30 µeeT e/meproduced in the t/aee/galvanometer when t ee/ ae/unit e/ voltage t e/is
t /at m /at /
t at /at t/ at t/a t/ a t a m / a /at t/ at t a / t
a t/ at / t a / t/a
/mt ee/ e/mt e/ t e/m e/m e e/me e
applied across the two terminals of the galvanometer.
etm m/.tm m/e.tm.e .m/t/e.tm. etem/m m/e.tm m/e.tm . e t.mte.m .m/t/e.tm. .mt.m
tt m:/t/. I - 1
/:/pss:/ 1 2 = ps1s:/t:pss:/
. m . m t .
m . / t
. .
m /t/.tm m. m . t
. .
m . . m t .m / t
. .
m / /t/ t
. m t /
/ . t : t . / t :
s:tps: s://s:/
=>
t t : / t t / t / / :
0tps= ptp0s = NAB
/. /t :/ : /
s:/tpss:/ :/ /
s:tpss: / /.
:/ts:/: /t /t :/
/:pss:/ s:/ s: / / s : /
/pss:/ s: s :/ / : / s /
:
+ I2 hhtt hh3t . httpthht tp httphtt
s : p s s: / s: ps
V, =hhtvhht IR kR
s p s t p
hht hh Using11 Componendo
p t ps t p tp ttp tp tt
tptpsttpt pt tp tpt t tp tp ttp
hht hh tp t p tpt t tpt ttp tt hht hh ht h
hht hh hht hh h h
and Dividendo rule,
h
b b ebb b ebb b ebb ebw b ebb b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb
e b e eb e ebw e we ebw e i w e i e e b e ebw e e e we ebw e e
wviw e
iwviwi
w w e
vi w w
i viw i vi i
wuvviw i viw u v v
i w e
iwviwi
w w e
vi w w i
i viw iwviw v i wuvviw viuwviw
i i vi
r
u
vi
uvaruruv ar rulvarur
u u v
a r u uv
r larur lar
uv
urialaru r
r
u
v i
uvaruruv a r r
u u v
uvarur ru ru v
ar u uv
r larur ruar l r
a uriualvar
ilamamil ar lial l
ilamamil
ialm
mtilam i mtilam mtilam amm t m alm
am am t a am m a m t / a
am
t /a
e/t/aee/t
t
t/a /t/a t
e/t/ae/t
/a /a
e/t ee/
/
t am
t/at /t/a t t /
t/a /t ta /ta a t /
e/t/ae/t /t e/
a a e/t ee/ /tae
/a t
vv
w w
ii vvi i w w i i
vvruuvv w i i i i
vvruuvv i
u u v vrruu v v vv
w w
ii vvi i w v v i i
u
w vv i vvruuvvi
i i uuavv
1 1 5
u u u
iMag11etic Effects of Curre11t am:! Magnetism
uruarru u r u u r r r u r r r a uu r u u r u
r u r r r r u r r r
r
lialailila
r
alailiala
ilim ilimalaililaa ilima a
l ii l l a r
lialariliala
r
ilimalailiala ilimalailila a iliml ilila
a a
i
mm mm m m
t/taea//ttaa
m m m
ttaea//ttaa
m mm
ttaea//tta a m mmtaamm m mttaa m m m
aa//ttaa m t aa//ttam
mm a
The unit tt.:.////tt.of voltage sensitivity tt.:.////tt is rad v - ::///or /tt::///div ..m/m//tt.. No)N force ////tt.:.////tt
t//taea//ttaa / / / t a a t / t a
t a / / / t
/ t / / t
/
eem e eem e / eem e //tee// eem/ ee eemee eemee
sst:p:p/ss:: / F =ttppeststtp:vpsdsB
/ v- •
..m/m//tt..m m m . m m m . . m 1 . . t t . 1 m m m . . m . m m . . //t::////t.
t . . t
ttphpttttpp V:: � _!_ I
t / / / t / tt:.////tt
/ / /
ttphpttttppx 1 0 -5 x 0. t hhttttphphttttp
t
R s· F L6 " 1 0-" x 3. 125
/ / t / / / / / : / // / : : / / : : :
/ /
ss::/ss:: ss:: ss: ss:: ss sspss ss:: ss sspss
ttphpttttpp ttttphphttttp
x 10·25 N
tttphpttttpp
r'
p p
AMMETER
t t t t t h h t t t t t t t t t t t
hh h hh h hht hh hh hh hh h
bbeebb "1 ,
hh h
·r � s
.Lteew bbiseebban instrument used to measure current in an
b b bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb
we bbeebb
iwelectrical circuit. uuavvrruuv e It fa lrinJnstrument
b
used to
vvriuiuwmeasure potential vvriuiuvdifr
viw"erence ruuvvrirui
w eew
i w w w
eew
i i w i w
i w
eew
i i w VOU-1\llEtE R eebbeeb . w eew
i w w w
eew
i w
vvriuw vviiw vvriuiuwvvi vvriuiuvv v iwiwvviw iw vvi
acros( alarrilialaany element inilim alaan i electrical chcuit
uu u r u u r r ru u r r r u u vvrru u r u u
rilala r r ru u r r a
alarrilialar alariliala alailiala ilimalailila alailiala ilimalailila
A galvanometer ttaea//ttaa can b e converted ttaea//tta into an eammeter of I Ccmversion< .of Galvanometer into Voltmeter
ilim ilim
·
ilim
' ,;-""
ilim m m m m m m m m ilim m m m m m m m a m
given..mm range
eem e by ..::onnecting
..m/m//tt..mm a suitable low tt.:.m/m///resist.ance
a
S \ *mme.e.mmeA
m m m m a a a
/e/ttee//t t a m mttaa m m
aa//ttaa aa//tta a a a
tte//t t a
galvanometer ..m/m//tt..mmcan be converted ..m/m//tt..mm into voltmeter tt.:.m/m///tt..::rf
t//taea//ttaa // // tt
// ea a / / //tt ee ee//tt eemm// e
ca11ed
ss::/ss::shunt in parallel ss::/ssto
/ :: the given galvanometer, whose :://// ::/// given range--b'y
ee e ee e ee ee
tt..mm
sst:p:p/ss:: connectingppssta:tp:pssuitable resistance ppststttpps R i12
mm/tt..mm ..m
ttvalue
tphphttttpp is given by
t .
t . / t
/ t / / t
/ t / t
/ t / / /
/ / : t .
t . / tt / t
/ t / t
/ t / /// / :
series hwith ht hh the gal".;1nometer, hh hh \vhose valuehhis hgiven by
/// /// / / ss:: ss / / // s:: :: s
ss::/ss:: ttphpttttpp sstppss
I·-
ttphpttttpp
S ( � ')J G
ttttphpttttpp t t t t t t p
ttp t t t p
t p t t t t t
t t t t t t
t th
hh h hh hh h hh h hhtt hht
• -·- p· V
where I is the current for full scale eewwdeflection of

b eb II = - G
\J Jg/
iiwvvi r where Vvvis ii vvthe i volt.age to be · measured 1 I,, ls v rhe vvcurrent
bb b b b b b b b b bb bbeebb
wveiw bbeebb b bee b eewe e bbeebb / J eebee
galvanometer, is vvruthe vv current to ubevvuumeasured by the

eew eeww ee w 1 iw eew g eew
for fuaallrlalascale defle{..1ionilalaof
w i i i w i w w w i iw
immilialagalvanomete; alaand ilila G is tbe ilim
w i w i w
i w i i i i w i v v w i w i w
i w i i i i w
alaililagalvanometer and alailialaG is th resisUillce alailila -of galvanometer.
vv v vrruu w v vv v uuav
1:
v v u 1 u u u u r r ru u u u u v u u u u r u u r r
resistance
mmtaamm of galvanometer.
r uruarru rr r rr a r a a l a
l a r u u r r u r r r r r r a r l ilila
a a
ilim ilim ilim iliml ii
i lil ii ilim
m m m m aa//ttam
m m
/ v'-M,--
�--
m
�,
m aa -� m m
,
mmtaam aa mmttaa a a m t t t aa//tta
t a a a mmttaa a a m t aa
t t t a
a
//ttee//a t t
// eet / / / t t / / // t aa t / tt // //tt / / eemee//
eem eem eem/ ee m
eemee
m eem //tee// eem/ ee ;w·m .,__ eemee -4
m .m
m . � m m
mm . m mm . . m . . tt . mm . m m .. //tt::////t.
. . t
ppststttpps ----'>ttttphpttttpp
..m/m//tt..m tt.:.////tt. tt.:.////tt //tt:://// ..m/m//tt..m .I////tt. R/tt..////tt
tv--
/ t
/ t / /
/ / / /
/ / : : /
: / / t
/ t / ///tt.·g
: / /
/ :: : /
: /
/ / ss:: ss: ss:: ss sspss / / :: s : :: s ss ss
ss::/ss:: ttphpttttpp
,� 1 - I,
ttphpttttpp ttttphphttttp sst:p:p/ss:: ppststttpps
Voltmeter is a high resistance instrument and it is always
t tttphpttttpp t t t t h h t ttp p t t t t t
t t tt t h h h h
bbeebb connected bin beebpara!Iel with the bbeebcircuit element bbacross
• iwiArr.u "'Tl eter is a lo'. v resistance instrument and it is alvvays which p0tentia1 iw differencevviuiiswvvto i be measured. vvriuiuvAn v ideal
b eb bbeebb 1
ew bbeebb �eebbeebb eew b b eebb
cor nected 1!l series vvriuiuwto the circi..: i t. An
vvriuiuideal ammete1 ha.<.;
eew eew eew
ur : voltmeter r rr has infiniteilalresistance,
i eew w i w w w w i i w i w
i w i i w ee w i w w w i i w i
wvviiw vvi vvruuvv iwiwvviw uuavvrr
alarrilialarze::o resistacsice.
v v vv u u v v
In iorder to increase the range of an ammeter n
u u u r u u r r ruu r r r a r u u uu r u u r r u r ruu r r r
lialariliala alailiala
ilim ilimalailila
lialariliala ariliala alailiala
ilim ilimalailila
//the ee value of shunt ee resistance to be eeconnected in paralJe�

ilim m m m mm m mm a m ® m
imm m m m mm a m
iiiffi®'i.f:iW
m
m m m a aa t a mmttaa m m m
aa//ttaa aa//tta a aa
tte//t t a
ttaea//ttaa ttaea//tta /e/ttee//t
t..mm U.1 a t..mmtet.e.mmis S =
t//taea//ttaa a a t t t t / /
mm/tt..mm A circular//tt..coH of 20 turns and..m/m//tt..mradius l O cm tist.:.m/m///tplaced
/
ee e / ee e/ / e t t // / / ee / / ee e em e
ee e ..m/m//tt..mm tt.:.m/m///tt..m
ss:p:pss:plane of thess::///s/s::/// In order toss:increase the rnn.
Uliiform tttphpttttpmagnetic field ttpof0.10 pststttpp T nonnaltttto tphphtttthe ppgstsetttppof voltmeter nttttptimes pststttpp the
. . mm/tt..mm t t
m / / t t..mm/tt..mm t t / /
t t / // / / /
:://ss::/ / / t / / / / / / / / / / :
/// /// :// ::/ :://ss:: :: ss
coil.hh!fhthe current inhhthe hh coil is 5.C A,hhwhat is the hhttthhtt
ss::p/ss::
value of hht hresistance to hbe h hhconnected in series. hh h with
ss::/ss:: t p p p t ppss
ttttphpttttpp p t t
ga.ivanomete:: is R (n - 1 )G.
p t t
total torqne on the coil,
t tt t p t t t t h t t t t h
hh h
=
(b ) total bforce b on the coil,ebb ebb b ebb b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb
(c) uvavernge force cmruver:uruvch ,electron inruvtbe cni1 due to the
I mti®IH,ifi b ebb
b ebw bw
be eb ebw e ebw evew e weiw
r larur I In the circuit
e
irgjven below the uvarcurrentuv uvru:is to beuruvmeasured,
e b w e e e w i ebw e wewe
wveiw e w e i w i i w e w e i w i
:nagnedc :field?
wi w ev wi w vi wi v i w vi wi vi w vi w uv v i wi w e v w i vi wi vi w i i vi i
w i vriuv
i u v i v uv
\Vhat ismilithe almilia value of themiliacurrent
amm amtamif the/atamam. i:J.eter
il mi show11
viruv u v v u v
r uv r r u arurliala
m(111e coil is made tt aem/t/atamof copper wire tt aem/t/atof cross-sectior.a1 taem/t/ataarea
u ur u ar u ar ar u l ar u l ar u ia r
u uv u ar r
u l u r ar la r u r a l
a r l l i ia ar l a l i a l i
a
e/me to be {a) ise/t/aae/galvanometer with t ee/ a resistance t ::::e/ 60.00 eme (b).meistem
ar
almilia l i l ia iamil a mi mmil l ar l i
a a l iam a l i mi mi l
milamil il il i
5 m2
mtilam
freee/me electron density e/meh'1 copper is given
milam
tt/aaem/t/at10-
ilaim am taem/t/atam /ta
am galvanometer described in (a) but converted . e t.to an ammeter
a m am t a /a
at 1029 .]
/ a / a t/ a t am / t
a /at t/ a t /
t a / t / t / t
t e/m / e/ e/m .me .mte.m
:by
/t/.s:/:/at/ shunt resistance /:p/sts:/:/ rss://st 0.02 :// n;s:/:/psts:/:/ is san ideal ammeter
etem /me ,
m/e.tm .m/t/e.tm em m/e.tm
Soln.: The /:p/sts:magnetic field /:/psis normal to the s:/t:psplane of the
. m . t .
m m/e.tm . t .
m . / t
. m .
. m etm . me t .
m m/e.tm . . m . tm. m t . / .tm /t/. t /
/ . / t t /. / / t
tps ptv;rithps zern resistance?
/.tmt/. /. /:/t ts:/:/t s:/: t . /. t t :// :/ s:/t:pss:/: s://s:/
coil, hso tpt tcondition of minimum toraue, hht h/\ tpt t tpt ttp tt (7;\R0htt=phht60,0C tp tn
s: /:/psts:/:/ s : ps s: t ps s: / s: p s p s t p s p
pstpt tpstpt
rne ammeter shown is a
tpt t tpt tphttp tp tt
Soin�:
tptpsttpt p
httphht httphtt
(a) Torque on '.he cm!
hht hh ht tphhtt hht hh h h
\ fr" �--,
hht hh ht hh h h h
) bgalvanometer vvithb ebb resistance ebbee}
h
eb-z 1\1BA smwe0ebiwe
h
� 'f ebwe--+-- • - > iwe iwe I
iwviwi 9 � 0° 8 R r 60.00 iwviwi fl
b
Here uvvIiw /
b b b b b b e b bb 3 00 b b b eb
b eb b e b e b e bn eb iweebiweeb weiw
C�rrent in the circuit
ew e e b w e i w e i w e eb w e w e i w e
ar lialar 3.00V ai
i viw w v i viw iwvi w uvavriuw
uvavriuruvi uvviw ruvriuv
I
viw viw viw viw
V
v i viw u v uv viw uv v uv r
uv r u v , o lialarulialar r uv r
u r
u r
u r
u
larilial uv r uv r u v r
u
uialar ar ar u u r
u r
u r
u
larilial
tt aem/t/ata(b)
mi mm Force on taevery tam element of taem/the coil is canceHed ataem/t/ata by
r u
lliaariulialar ar lialar urialaru a r
I - - -· = 0 048 A
ial lia l a r ial l l l ial i la i l i lia
3.00
i mi mtilammi i
m mm iam il mtilammi mi m ----< i il mi m mm
t ee/t 63
mtilam I---
force .on e/mcorresponding
.m/t/e.element.
/ a mm / a / a /
t a t/ t am /at am / a a t a /at amm /
t tam /tam
a / t am t/ataem/t/ata /tam
(b) Now the galvanometer is converted into an:.rncter
t /a t t
Net force on the unjt is zero.
/a t e/ t e/ /a t
e/mee/ e/ e / t e / e/
m/e.tm
e/me m/e.tm .e
e/me
. .mt/e.tm .me e/m
m/e.tm .m/t/e.tm
e/me e e
.m/t/e.tm. t.mt.m .mt/e.tm .me .mte.me
:/t/.s:/:/t using shunts:/:/presistance. S o the s:/t:pssequivalent
:/: s:p/ s: resistance cf
. . t m / t
. m tm t/ tm
. m. . .tm . .mt.m / t
. m / t/ tm
. t /
t
/. tm t/. / t / t :/
s:/tpss:/ : / t /
ts:/: :// :/ t / / t / / :/ : /
s:/tpss:/ s://s:/
/:p/sts:/:/ s:/t:/pss:/: s:/t:pss:/:
:.,I ammeter
s: ps p s t p s t p s: / p s ps t s s s ps p t p s t p p t p
ps
tpt t tpt tpt ttp tpt ttp httpht ps
tpt t tpt tpt ttp tp ttp tpt ttp tt tt tp t t t
hXht hh hht hh h h hht hh ht h
1,Ra
hht hh X X h h
hht hh ht h
0 . 0 2 x b6 0
hht hh hht hh
x (x
b eb b b"' 0.020
6 0 eb.w 0
e 2 wewe
b ebb� x �
b ebb b ebb b ebb b eb
b b b 2f+--i,1 l r--" 2 f e b b b bw
e b evew
"'- Now, total iruvresistance in rcircuit uvaruruv ruRvru= 3,02 urn
be e b e b e b e e w e i w e e b e b e weiw
X \viw X ?x X
w e w
wveiw w
ii viwe i w e i w ev i wi vi wi w vi i
w vi i
w vi w i w e wi w e wi w ev i i
w i i v i
w w
uvarur ruvruv
i i i i
milamil x
v w uvaruruv uvaruru v u v
r larur uv v w vi vi v u v uv
u u v r uv r
u r
u ar u r uv u arurlial
=
r u u
Hence curn. "fi
, t I -. a- ·
l
m0,99 m A tamm/atiamm amtam
a r u l a r l ar ial i l r
a ial ial lia a r u l ar l ar ial a a i l ar ial l a i l a lia
il ia i X Xilamil mil mi ialmilia amil il il
ilaim la il i mi mi
t3,02'
milamil mtilam
/me (c) To calculate e/me force on eachee/m
. electror.., let ustm .m/t/efind. drift
m taem/t/atam mm taem/t/atam /t
tt/aaem/t/atam tt aem/t/atam
/a 2f tt aem/t/atam
/a t/a t am /at / at a t a /a t t / t/a
velocity.
/ a t t
Fer an, ideal amrr. 1 eter the, resistance' is zero,
/
and. the
e/me t/aee/t / e/ t e/ e/me e
etem m/e.tm m/.tm e etem/m m/e.tm
e/m ee/ em m/e.tm
e/m
. e t.mte.m
e
.m/t/e.tm. .mt.m
/:Ipss:/= Anev
. tm .
tps ptps reading of tpsc11rrentpt tp ttis p accurate.·
. m
tt m:/t/. . / t
. .
m / t
. m. t / /
t . . t .
m m . / t
. .
m . m t . / t
. .
m t / / /
t .tm : t /
/. /t :/ t : / t
/pss:/ :/ /:
s:tpss: :
/ / .
:/ts:/: /t/. /t :/
/:pss:/ s:/ s:
t / t / / : / t
/pss:/ s: s:/ / / : / s:tps: s://s:/
/: s /
hht hh 5 = 1 0 - ) X h10 h X 1.6 X

/:/pss:/ s: s:
I � h3/3
ttphht t= h1t.00 h A hhtt hht ht h
s : s: p s t ps s: / s: p s p t p s p
tptpsttpt
ps
tpt t tpt d t ht tpt tp ttp pt tpt tp tt tp ttp tp tt
va = 3. 125 x 10-5 m
http29 hht hh ht tphhtt hht hh ht h
hht hh h h
b ebb b ebb b ebb b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb
be b eb b ebb ebw e e ebw e w e ebw
i e eb ebw e e e e ebw e e
wveiw w e
iwviwi w e
vi w w e
i viw i v i i w
wuvviw i viw i
uv vi w e
iwviwi
w w e
v i
w e
i viw iwviw
w i v i i w
wuvviw viuwviw
i vi
r
u
v i
u u v
a r u uv
r larur l a r
uv
urialaru r
r
u
v i
uvaruruv a r r
u u
uvarur ru ruv v
a r u uv
ilamamil ar lial l
ilamamil
mtilam
ialm i mtilam mtilam amm t m ilaimalm i mtilam m mtilam mtam amm t
a
t /a
e/t/aee/t
m t
t/a /t/a t
e/t/ae/t
/a /a
e/t ee/
/
t am
t/at /t/a t t /a
t/a /t ta /t a t
e/t/ae/t /t e/
/a a e/t ee/ /tae
/a t
ew bbeebb ee bbeebb ee eew bbeebb eew eew
vv
ww
ii vvi i ww
u
i i w
vvruuvv i i
uu
i i
vvruuvv i
rruu vvrruu v v vv
w w
ii vvi i w
u vvi
u
i
u
wvv i
uuvvruuvvi
i i
rruuavv
u
uruarru r u r rr r a uu r u u rr u r r rr r
r
alailila
r
alailiala
ilim a
alailila
ilim a
ilima
l iil l a r
lialariliala
r alailiala
ilim a
alailila
ilim l ilila
a
ilima
116 ilim m
m m m
m m m
m a m i
mmtaamm mmttaa m m
m m aa//ttam
m
m a
mm m
t//taea//ttaa t/taea//ttaa / ttaea//ttaa //ttaea//tta taa t / ta
ta/ / /t
/taa//ttaa //tt
eem eDIPOLE MOMENT
/
eem e eem e/ eem e eem //tee// eem/ ee eemee eemee
mm . m m mm .m
MAGNETIC ..m/m//tt..m mm .
tt.:.////tt. m mm .
tt.:.////tt .m //tt:Work
.. //tt . done in..m m/Rotating
m the tMagnetic mm .
..///tt .m Dipole tt:.////ttin a
. mm .. //t::////t.
t .. t
• ssIt
..
:://sis
s:: defined as the ss:product of strength ss:: sof s either pole (m)
//tt //
/ / //// : ::// /
: / / t
/ t / t
/ t //// t: / //// : :://
/ : ss: sspssUniform Magnetic / / Field ss:: ss:
sst:p:p/ss::
:: s sspss
tttphptttand
tpp the magnetic ttttphphttttp o Worktttdone in rotating the magnetic dipole
ppststttpps
tfrom 0 to 6 ttttphphttttp
hh length (21) of the hh magnet. It is denoted
ttttphpttttpp ttttphpttttpp p
t p t t t t
t ppttttpp
t tt t
with respect to uniform magnetic field is
t
hh h h h hh hh hh t hh hh hh h 1 h 2 hh
by M. a,
eewweeof either polewweeiwwe W = J MB sin0 d0 "" -M B =MB
b b
Magnetic dipoleeew moment Strength
bbeebb
(cos8
bbeebcos8 (cos8 cos0
bbeebb
-
b bbeebb
we b bee bb = bb b b b b e b eew b
) eew - )
eew
xuuvmagnetic' lengthruuvvrruiuvv
w i w
i w i i w ee
2 1 w w 1 2 w w i w iwi
alariliala i.e. 61 = 0° toilialailiala
i i iwvviw vvriuiuwvvii vvriuiuvvi
iwvviiw
vvriuw vriruiuwvvi i
uuavvrruuv
v iw iw uuavvrru
s If alathe
m dipole is rotated alarrilialafrom
8 r r vrr field direction
v u uu r r
i.e.
u u
M =mmilim
ala(2l)
u u u r rilala r ilila
1
uu u r r rr r alailila
alarrilialar alailiala ilim ilim
position 0
ilim i ilim ilim ilim
e e
W = MB
• Magnetic
m = m m
t//taea//ttaadipole moment ttaea/is/ttaaa vector quantity ttaea//ttaand it is ee//ttee//t
m m m m mm a m a a m ta a m m mm m mma mm aa m t aa
ee// e(le - cos0). mme.emmee
m / a a2m taa
t ttaa//ttaa / taa//tta
t //tte//t
/ / t / /
directed
mm/tt..mm from south//tt..m to
m//tt..mnorth
m pole oftthe magnet.
ee e / ee e t // / ee ee e em e
ee e m tt.:.m/m///tt..m
..m/m//tt..mm tt.:.m/m///tt..m mm/tt..mm ..///tt. ..m/m//tt..mm
• ss::///The
ss::/ SI unit of magnetic sst:p:p/ss:: dipole moment ppststttpps is A m . ttttphpttttpp • Potential
t. . // t / /
/ / t .. / t t //tt / /
/ /
t
/ // / / / :://s:: / ss:: ss Potential Energy
: /// :/// of a Magnetic
t
sst:p:p/ss:: Dipole ppsst:tp:pss:
/ / / // : / :: s :
iV and pole
sst:p:p/ss:energy of a magnetic dipole in a uniform
ppststttpps
2
hh•tt hht If a magnet ofhhmoment hh hhstrength m is cut hh into

p pp t pp t t t p t pp t t t t t ttt
magnetic hhtt hht field is
t p tt t t tt tt tttp t t t tt t t t h
tt t hh h hht hh hh hh hh h
two equal parts along its length, then pole strength of
each part is m/2 and bbeethe
bb magnetic moment bbeebb of each parteebbeebb bbeebUb = - M · B = -bbMB bb cos8
is M/2.
b eb
•
bbeebb
The potential energy of the dipole will be
wveiw eew eminimum
bbeebb
- M B) i..e.,
e e ee w w w i i w e e ee eiw eew
=
w w w
(=
i
e If a magnet of
w w
0
w w
when , the dipole is parallel to the
i i i
magnetic moment Mand
w
iiwvvi i ww vvruuvv pole strength
i w
i w i i i i
m
w i v v v ww i w w i w
i w i vvruuvvi
i i w
uuav
ala°i,liali.e.,
i
v v u vvruuvv r u u vrruu
e ° vvi i vv vv uu vv
a the dipole ilialailila
u r
fimm eild,
lil iandi maximumil(= liala when e = 180
u uu u r u u u u r
is cut intoilitwo alaililaequal halves ialong lialailiala perpendicular to its
r uruarru rr r rr a r a a l a
l a r uu rr u r r rr r r a r l ilila
aa
alailila
ilim alariMB) ilim ilim
length,/tthe mmtaapole
mm strength ofaaeach mttaa part is m and magnetic aais//ttantiparallel to the field.
m m m m mm i m m mm aa//ttam
mm
eM /2.
m aa m t aa
t tt a a mmtaamm aammttaa aa mttaa tt a
t / t /
moment eem/ eeof each part is
a a t tt
// ee // / t / / / ta a t / tt / / //t // /
eemee
t // em eem/ ee eemee eaem//tee// eem/ ee eemee
mm. m m m
.. t . . m m m
.. tt . . m . m
.
tt // m tt.
Current. m Loop asmm. m Magnetic Dipole mm
.. t . . m m m
.. tt .. m tt //t..m
. m
. m t
sspss• A current ::///s/loop
s:: behaves tpas sst:p:p/ass:magnetic
tt.. //tt.
dipole sst:p:p/ss:whose
//tt ////t ///tt ////
/tt.. //tt. ///tt ////t ////tt://// :://// ::// /// //
sst:p:p/ss::
hhttishhtM = IA wherehhtA
:://s/s::// Field at ass:p:Point
/ss:: due to sMagnetic // / : :
Magnetic st:tp:pss: Dipole
magnetic
hhtt hht dipole moment
ttttphphttttp t hhist the area
ss p p pp ss p p pp t pp
tt t t
(bar p p p
tttthphtttmagnet}
t tt p t
thhttt tt
tt t t p
ttpttt p tt t tt t hhtt hht
enclosed by loop and J is the current flowing in the
t h hh
•
hh h
The magnetic field due to a bar magnet at any point on
hh hh
the axial line (endbbeon bb position) is eebbeebb loop. eebbeebb
viiw N turns in aiw iiw then M = NIA.
b eb
2Mr
bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb
vvriuiuvvi • If there iwvare iwloop,
ew bbeebb
B
i e e eew w eew eew eew
e w w vviuw w i
_ µ
iwvviw w i w w w i w w i w w w
vvriuiuvvi i
vvriuiuwvvi v vi
47t 2 _ z2
iw iw i i
(lararlala
vv u uial -
0
u
u )2 uu r rruu rru v
vvruuvv u u vrruu uu r r ruuavvrr
where aarm
u u r r rr u r r r
rruaarr lalailala ilialailiala 7
:Jllustration"
u
alarrilialar alariliala alailiala
ilim ilimalailila
a=a distance between aa//ttaa the centre of aathe tta magnet The
alailil l ii iim i ilim
tte/apparent dips tain mttaatwo mutually ttaperpendicular planes
ilim iim m m m mm ilim m m m mm m
m m m m m m a a a m m m m a a a
andeethe // ee given point on eemthe ee axial line, e2/ e ·magnetic mare
m a a t t m a//ttaa aa//tta a a
tte//t t
em 0 and 8 • Find // etruee dip o. meemmee
t / / t /
..mM = magnetic
t t t t // / a t /
t t / / t / / e e=
// e e t / / // /
ee ee / e em e
length mm/tt..mmof the magnet and ..m/m//ttmoment of the
eem
./ .m/m ..mm tt.:./m///tt..m 1 2 m//tt.. ..m/m//tt..mm tt.:.m/m///tt..m
Bv
m
Bn ss:p:/p/ss::
. t tt t t / / . m m . . t . . t t / /
sst:p:magnet.
t . / t // / / / / t . t t / t / / / /
ppststttpps Soln.: Hereppsstan or sst:p:p/cot 8=
::///s/s::/o// = -
t
///s/s::/// / / :://s::/ :: s : t / /
/ ss::/ / / :: s :
sst:p:p/ss:: ppststttpps ppststttpps
h•htt hht For short magnet hht hh / 2 << ,.2 .
p
p t p t p
t p tt t t t t t t
t t t p
t p ttpp tt t t t tpptttt t t
t t
ttt t t hh h h t tt BH h t hh t BVhh hh t hh h h
hh hh hhtt hht
In a plane, at with true dip plane/mag. meridian
h
2M e
b ebBbaxial = µo 3 ebbeebb b ebb b ebb
B cose
b ebb b eb
41tr
ebw b ebb b ebb b b
The directionruvofuruvB.,..i is along SN.
b eb
cot 8
e b e ebw e w e i e ebw ebw e wewe evew bw e weiw
e e w e i w e i w i w i wi v i w = e e i w e i i w i
v
wvi w w
ii viw i w v i w v w vi w vi 1 i w H
i w v i w i i v w i i
v w vi
uvaruruv uvaruri uv u v
r larur u v v w
irB v i w vi
uvaruruv ruvru v uvarur ruvruv
i uv
arurliala
uv
mi ami plane, perpendicular to above iliplane,
u v
•
r u r
The magnetic il iafield due to ambar iliamil magnet at anymipoint lamil on
u u ar ar ur l ar u l i l ar ia r
u uv ar u ar r
u l ar u l a a i l
ar l l ia i l i
a In l a l ar l l ia a l a i l i
a l i l la
ialmilia amil il i amil
ilam i mi mi
the equatorial tt/aaem/t/atam line (board-side tt aem/t/atam on position)t/ataem/of atamthe bar
milamil mtilam
t H sin 9
taem/t/atam mtam amm mtam taem/t/atam /ta
t/a B
/ /a am t am mtam t /at a /a
cot 6m2ee./mee/
/a t t
e/me t /a /a /
t
t ee/ e/ e/a t a /a
t e/ t / t / t
e/me e
tt m:/t/.et 1S, B,quaton:i1 =:/41t
e/me e/me e/m e/m e
/me
etem .m/t/e.tm . e t.mte.m .m/t/e.tm
B
m/e.tm m/e.tm m/e.tm . .mt.m
magn
m/e.tm . . =
/. /:/t 2 + z2 '12
. . t m . m . t m
/pss: (r
. m . . tm. t m / . . tm tm. m . tm / . t /
)
µoAf / . t / t tm V /. . t /. t / / t :
/ . t : / t
/pss:/ :/ :
/
s:tps: s /: /.
:/ts:/: /t/. /t :/ t
/:pss:/2 s:/ s: / t / / : / t :
/pss:/ s: s/ / / : / s:tps: s://s:/
/: s /
/:/pss:/
Bkptpstcos pt p0 tp Bif tsin pt tpt 0 tp tt
s: s : ps s: tp s s: / s : p s s: p t ps p
ps
tpt t tpt tp ttp tp ttp tp tt
cotht tph2h6tt1 + cot2 62 = hhtt hht htt ht + hht hht ht h
2
tptpsttpt tpt t tpt tps ptps
hht hh hht hh ht h
For short magnet, B•quo'°ri>t = -
hht hh
hht hh hht hh µOM - BV2
4 1t r
h BJ
B
ebweNS.
3 b ebb
b b ebb b eb
The direction of eb"' . is parallelweto B1 b ebb b b
b b b b e b b ebweb eb eb b b ebw
1 cot viru2vi6 1 + cot2 62 =viwiw- i 2 (cos 20 + sin i20viw) iwvi
ew be eb w e i w evwiwe e b eb e ebw e e e w e e e
vi vi w e
iwviwi w e CQ\l;,'I, na
v i i viw
w uv
i
uv vi i
wuvviw i
uv w ev i w w e
v i w w
uv
i
v
w
i i
uvavriuwr
uv u v uv r r r
u r
u u uv uv BV uv r u r r
u u r r
u
mormmcot2 6 1 + cotmilia6m2il = cot 8
Torque on a arMagnetic urialaru r Dipole l ar uialplaced
r ar u in a Uniform l u
ar lialar i
a larilial ar
ar r
urialaru 2 l ar r u
uialar ar ar u l u
ar lialar ila ila r i
a larilial
l
iamil i
a
il mi l ia
il mi i l 2 l ia
il mi i l l i l ia
il mi i
m mm l
Magnetic Field mtilam amm amm ataem/t/ata amm amm tam /tam/tam ataem/t/ata /tam
• When t eae/tmagnetic dipole e/mof e/ dipole moment e/meM is placed meJllustration
t a m / a /at t/ tam
a t/at t/ tam
a e/ t/ at am /at am
t/at t/atam tam/tam /
t t
a /
t a e/ t/
/a t e/ 8 •' e/t ee/t / e/mee/ e/ e e /
e/m
.m/t/e.tm.e .m/t/e.tm .me .m/t/e.tm
e/me e e
.m/t/e.tm .mt/e.tm .me .mte.me
in
t/.s:/:/at uniform magnetic /:/psts:/: field B, it will s:/t:pexperience a torque s:/tpss:/ What is the s:magnetic moment of /:/psts:a/: circular ://s:/ looppss:of /:pss:radius
/: s:/ R
. m/e.tm. tm t m . / tm
. . t/.tm . m/e.tm. m t m . .mt.m t
. m . t.mt.m /.tm t /
t m / . / . t / t m /. / / t : /
/ t s:/: : / :
:/t/.s:/:/t t / / t / / s:/tpss:/ s://s:/
:/
/:p/and is given bytpt tp carrying current clockwise?
s: s: ps s t ps / s: s p s: t ps p
ps s ps t tpt ttp tp t t p ps ps J p s t
tpt ttp tp ttp t
tpt ttp tt tt p tp t tp p
t t t
tpt t tpt hht hh tpt t tpt hht hh ht h
'i =hM x B or -c = MBsin0
hht hh
ht hht hht hh hht hh I hht hh ht h hht hh h h
where e is the angle b ebbetween M andebbBebb � b ebb
MB)
b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb
Sola,
b eb b ebw b ebb
• Torque acting uonvviwiuavvidipole is maximum (tmox when
e e b e w e e ebw e i w e i e ebw e ebw e wewe evew bw e weiw
w w e i w e i w i
w = i
w w vi wi vi w v i w i w e i e i w v i
w i i
w w i i i
dipole is perpendicular to the field
uvarand minimum ('t 0)
wvi w vi w v i vi u v u v w v i w vi w i i v v
uvarur ruvruv
i uv
\;(__)
uv uvaruru v r larur viruv uvaruruv ruvru uv
u r r
u ur r
u = ar u uv r
u r
u arurlial
when dipole ialmiislia parallel or antiparallel to the field.
a r r
u l ar u l ar ial i l ar ial ial lia a r r
u l ar u l ar ial a a i l ar ial l a i l a lial
mtilam ilaim
amil ilamamil mil mi mtilam
ialmilia amil il il
ilaim ilamamil i mi mi
. m = J X A m=>
amm amm taem/t/atam amm amm mtam taem/t/atam /t
Whene/at/adipole is placed ein t eea/ uniform magnetic t ee/ field, it
mtam
0
t t t t a
t/aee/mt = I(n.R.2) ® ee/m
t am / a /at t/ a /at t/a t
t
t ee/ e/ e/a t a /at
t e/ /
t a / t / t/a
e/me e
willtm m/eexperience only torque and the net .force on the
e/t e/m e/m e
: is snR
/m
me m/e.tm m/e.tm .m/t/e.tm etem/m m/e.tm . e t.mte.m .m/t/e.tm. .mt.m
Since, the :/ts:/area enclosed s:/:ins:/ the:/ loop /pss:/, and
. . . tm . . m/.tm . m . tm
dipole
/:/psts:/: is zero while /:pwhen / it is placeds:/pin s:/ a non uniformpss:tpss:
. t .
m /.tm / t
. m t / /
t . t .
m / t
. m . m t . / t
.2
m t / / /
t . : t /
/. /t . /t :/ t :/ t :/ /: /: / . /t/. / t :/ t / t / / : / t :/ / / : / s:tps: s://s:/
/: s /
applying tptphsttptright hand thumb tpt t tpt rule, tp ttpgives hthe tpt t tptdirection
s : :s
tptpstmagnetic field,httitpt htwill experiencehttptboth t tp torque andhhtnet
s
: s : s : p s s t s: / ps ps s s p s : s p t ps p
pstpt t tphttp ps ttp tt tp ttp tp tt
tpt
hht hhforce. h hh of mhht has ® or into the hht hhpage. ht h ht hh h h hht hh ht h
h h h
b ebb b ebb b ebb ebw b ebb b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb
e b eb eb e ebw e w e ebw e i w e i e eb e ebw e e e w e ebw e e
wviw e
iwviwi
w w e
v i w w
i viw i v i i
wuvviw i viw u v vi w e
iwviwi
w w e
v i w w i
i i vi
r
u
v i
u uv
a r u uv
r larur la r
uv
urialaru r
r
u
v i
uvaruruv a r r
u uv
uvarur ru ru v
a r u uv
ilamamil ar lial l
ilamamil
mtilam
am
t /a
e/t/aee/t
t
t/a /t/a t
e/t/ae/t
/a /a
e/t ee/
/
t am
t/at /t/a t t / a
t/a /t ta /t a t /
e/t/ae/t /t e/
a a e/t ee/ /tae
/a t
ew bbeebb ee bbeebb ee eew bbeebb eew eew
vv
ww
ii vvi i ww
u
i i w
vvruuvv i i
uu
i i
vvruuvv i
rruu vvrruu v v vv
w w
ii vvi i w
u vvi
u
i
u
wvv i
uuvvruuvvi
i i
rruuavv
u
uruarru r u r rr r a uu r u u rr u r r rr r
r a l ilila
1 1 7
r a aa l l r r a aa
alailila
ilim alailiala
ilim alailila
ilim ilim
l ii
ilim alailila
ilim ilim
mmam m m
mttaaCurrent and Magnetism m
m
ttaea//ttaa
m m
m a
ttaea//tta
m mmtaamm mmttaa m m
m
m
m a
t//taea//ttaMagnetic Effects /t/taea/of
/ / / / / taa t / ta
ta/ / /t
/t //
eemee
t
..m/m//tt.. field o r magnetic tt.:.////tt elements. ////tt:.:////tt
eem e eem e eem e eem e eem//tee// eem/ ee eemee
mm . m mm .m
lhMtiOM,ii
mm . m mm . .m .. t t . m mm .. m . m
m .. m //t::////t.
t .. t
..m/m//tt..m tt.:.////tt. tt.:.////tt //tt::////
sst:p:p/ss:: Geogr.aphlcal ppststttppsmeridian- and ttphpmagnetic meridian
Figure ttphpshows four orientations
ttphpttttpp at anglehht9tttphphtof tt its nagneiic
//tt //
/ / //// : ::// /
/ / t
/ t ////
:: s : :://
/ /
ss::/ss:: sst:p:pss: ss:: ss sstppss sst:p:pss ss ss
The vertical hh hh plane passing hh hthro:igh the geographical
ttphpttttpp
moment iii in a magnetic field B. Rank the orientations
tttphpttttpp tt thtt tt tp
t p tt t t t
t t @
tt tt t h tt h
bbeebb north pole bband bb south pole atbgiven place is knowr:. bbeebb as
t hh h t
hht hh h
according bbeebbto the magnit<1de bbeebbof the torqueeebbon eebb the dipole. wweeiw
hh h hh
!he geographical meridian of that

beebb place. Arni ii vviwvertical
eaew
b b
(l)� �)
we
-i:: plane passing iw 1hrougb the axis of a suspended
e e w eew w ww i w w i i i w ee ee w eeww w w i iwi
iwvviw iiwvvi i i wvviw iiwvvi i
or ipivoted
lialariliala magnet is ilikno'> alariliala\'"U as magnetic alaimeridian.
iw iw ii vv vvruuvv w
u v v u u r uu vv
r u
r u rruuvvrruu r u
r u
a r uuvv i i
uu r uuvvr ruu r ru u vv
r u
r u rruuavvrru
u r alariliala alailila r rr alailila
Magnetic declination aa//ttaa ; J\1agnetic declination at a place
alarrilialar alailiala liala
ttaea//ttaa(4)� //t��3)
ilim ilim ilim ilim ilim ilim
m m m m
ee// eis e defined as theeeangle
m//tt..mm between/tt.the mm/tt..mgeographic meridiari.
m m mm m mm a m aa m ta a mmttaa m m mm m m m ma m aa m t aa
m taeae//tta /e/ttee//t aa//tta tte//t
ee e So!n.: t =mmiiie.emmxef;
t//taea//ttaa / t a a / tt //tt //
mm/tt..mmand rr..agnetic//tt..m
/ meridian.
/ e t // / ee ee ee e em e
t s= s:: smB
// s::/ sin O where ss::/ses:: i s the angiettppstbetween m and ::///s/ ::///
ee m
mm/tt..mm ..///tt. ..m/m//tt..mm tt.:.m/m///tt..m . m tt.:.m/m///tt..m
sstpps 5.lagn-etic or inclination ppststt:tppMagnetic dip at ppaststtplace
tpp :i s
t .
t . / t
/ t //t t / / /
/ / : t .
t . // / / / / / /
/ / :
/// /// / st:tp:pss sst:p:p/ss:: :://ss:: :: ss
hh ,vhen their tails h are together.
ss::/ss::
definedhhas angle madeh by the earth's m agnetic fieid
ttttphpttttpp tttphpttttpp ttphpttttpp tt t pp 1 • t p
t p t tt t t
t t
mB sin(180 - 9) mB sin (J
t tt h h tt t t t t tt tt h h
· w ith the horizontal i n the magnetic meridian. It is
hh h h h h h h tt
hh hh t h h h h h hh
T2 =
e.ewwee mB sin 0 bbeebb denoted by b8.b bb
b eb
-cvi3iwv.v-=i mB sin 0 vvuuvv Horizontal ii vvicomponent : vvItuuvvi s componentuvvof vvearth's
ew bb b b e b b ee bb e e bbeebb e e eewbbeebb eew bbeebb
wvi eiww w w w i w
i w eewwee
magnetic lialariliala field along ithe lialailialahorizontal direction alailila in the. ilil ilila
w w i i w w i i w i i v w w i i w i w w i iw
alailila,4 = mB sin(l80 alailiala 6) = mB siniliala9ilila
w i i i i
vvruuvv u vvrruu v w w i i i i uuav
v u u vv uu
magnetic
mmtaamm meridian. ttaIta/mtis aa denoted by /ttaa//ttaam
r uruarru u rruu r r rr u
a r aa r rl a
l a r uu r u
r u rruu r r rr ua r r a a rr
ilim ilim ilim
l ii
i ilim m
lf
//teBe// is intensitymofeemm earth's total magnetic mm/tt..mm field, then//tt..m the
mmtaam t = T2 """ T3 a m mttaa m aamm t aa mm tt
mm
aa//tta a m m m m mm ttaam/m/ttaam
Magnetic Dipole
mm/tt..mm Momenttt.of mm/tt..mam l!evohting //tElectr<lll
a t a t4 tt / t // a t //
///tt ////t horizontal component of earth's:///::nagnetic field is :://s::

a
//ttee// t t // / / t a t / / / e
eem i
ee// ee ee/ ee ee ee eem
/ ee ee ee ee e
m//tt..mm
..m/m//tt..mm
An sselectron
::///s/s::/// revolvingss:around :///s/s::// the central sst:p:pnucleus in anpss:p:p/ss:: b y
..mm t .. m tt.. . / t / ..mm t .. m t .
t . m
/ tt.. tt.. / / /
tt / t
::///s/s::///
//ss:: /// /// / //
sstp:pss::
sst:p:p/ss::
hatom
h hh has a magnetic hh hmoment and it ls given by BH = B hcosS
ss s
p ss p
ttthptttt p ttpp tt
t p
t p tt p
t p t t
t p
t p tttp
t p t t t p t t tp
t p t t t tt p
t p tt t t ttphpttttpp
t
AlsO, the vertical component of
t t t h h tt t tt t h
-
hh ht h h h t
hht hh t hh hh h h h h h
earth's magnetic bb :field,

be b bbeebb bbeebb b bb
iwvvBsinS
bbeebb bbeebb
vviThe
uvv -ve sign shffi\'S uuvvrthat
uu µ is in the opposite uuvvrruuv direction torruul.rruu
ew b b bb e ee b b � E eewbee
.� L,
i ee e e w eei ww ww ei w
i w i w
i w i w
i w e eiw
ee w
iiwv i
eei ww : �
i i v iw o
ww i vvi
iw iw
w iw iiwvvi ii v vv vv vviuw iw
uuvvruuv uuvvrruuv
alarrilB
rruu rr
m Magn ..tl... ,ammaam• • •
a//tt j,�· ·_:Jj //ttaeae//ttaa
uu r u alarrilialar alarriliala alailiala u uuarr r r alarrilialBailJB v ilialailiala
alarrilialar ilim lialariliala
aam/m/ttaam meridian
ilim ilim ilim l i l a i ilim
B,. eemee
m m m i i mm mm
mm m mm m
L
(d_J
a mmtaamm
/e/ttaeae//tta
mand tan S /tt..m ..m -1'---
mm m ttaea//ttaa ttaea//ttaa
..m/m//tGeographic meri d ian
t//taea//ttaa / / / / e t a
t a // t //t t / t
/ t e
//B: /
ee e ee e ee e m eem // ee eemee .:_, em
./ .m/m//tt..mm ..m/m//tt..mm tt.:.m/m///tt..m m//tt..m tt.:.m/m///tt..m
sst:p:p/ss:: The earthttppsalways st:tp:pss: has a vertical ppststttpps componentttttpexcept pststttpp at
mm/tt..mm
ttphpttttpp 'i'. �hhttttphphttttp
t .
t . / t t / t
/ t / /
/ / t .
t m
. m/ tt.. / H
/ / t
/ t / t / // / :
/// /// / / / / ss:p: ss: /// /// :://s:: :: ss
ss::/ss:: ss::/ss::
equator.hht hh
ss::/ss:: tttphpttttpp
ttttphpttttpp p p t t tt
The earth always has a horizontalbcomp::ment exceptb at
t tt
hh h µ L t tt t t tt hh h h
hh h hhtt hht hh hh
• 1n magnitude µL = � eebb· Lebbwhere L is the b magnitude of ebbeebb the poles. b ebb
hh h
2m I•
the
ii viwangular momentum of the revolving electron.
ebb
In a vertical plane at an angle 0 to magnetic melidian
b eb b ebb b eb b b bwb eb b eb
e b
e e w e i w e e
w e ebw
i e i w e wi w ebwe w e ebw
i e wewe w evew i e weiw
•lialariulialaBohr magneton lliaari:lialThe smallest value llaarilial of ,uL is knmvn ii amias
wvi w w e i w i
w v w i
w vi w vi w vi i w e i i
w v w i i
w i i
cosGand BVil = Bilm
v w vi
uvaruruv i vi
uvarur uv uv
r larur uv v w
iruv vi w vi
uvaruruv ruvru i i v v
uvarur ruvruv
i uv uv
uv u arurliala
mi m Bohr magneton.
u r uv r
u ur r
u l ar ia
·
1
•
r
u uv r u ar r
u l ar r
u l a i l
r i l l ar l a l ia a l a i l i
a l a i l l a
ialmilia ilaim
am i amil
ilam i mi mi
t/aee/t can 8 1 = ee/m
mi m mi m m mtilam mta v
m/e.t24m
tt aem/t/atam taem/t/atam amm amm mtam taem/t/atam /ta
.m/'t·/e.tm
tt aem/t/atam
l m/e.�tm � -
,_. 9 --174 - x 10- . J!T . 5.78 8 x 1 0- .eV/T.
tt/aaem/t/atam t t a
B
/ a t/a am t / a a /at /a t / t/a
µ 2
/
e/me a e/me e/me t / a /a t
t ee/ e/ e/ t e/m t e/ t / e e/me e
. e t.mte.m
/:tan�
etem/me etem/m .m/t/e.tm
/ . :/ s:
m/.tm m/e.tm . .mt.m
tanO'
. m . tm. . t .
m / .tm . m . tm. . m . m tm. / .tm t /
wheretpt t tpt m.., is the mass tpt tof tpt the electron hand tp ttptr.
tt m:/t/. /. m� / . t / t tm /. . t /. t / / t :
: s:tps: s://s:/
tpt t tptcase
/ . /t :/ t : / t :/ /: s / /. /t/. /t :/ t / t // : / t :/ / / : / /: s /
/:/pss:/ s
: /:pss:/ s: /pss:/ s s:tps: h :/ts:/:
/ s : s: s: /pss:/ s: s ps
ht tphhtt ® If at a given hht hhplace ht h0: and h0ht hha:e
p
angles of dip
hht hhin tv, :.ro
s : p s t s: ps p s s p s p t p
tptpsttpt
ps tps ptps tp ttp tpt t tpt ttphtt tp ttp httphtt
µL
hht hh hht hh ht hh
Gyromagnetic :ratio : The ratio i s known as arbitrary vertical _planes which are perpendicular to each
hht hh h
T
h
iweviwiwe other, the itrue eangl.e of dip 8wiwis given
e wewbye
2
gyromagnetic ratic
b eb b b eb b b b b eb b b b b eb b eb b
b ebb eb eb b ebb
cot2S cof1 vir\ + cot2ii
ew b eb ebw e w evewbw e weviewbw
ie ebw evewbw weviewbw
i e iwveiw
e i i e i i
i i w wi i
w i v w v
i w w i
w i i i v w uvavriuw
mamm l e �Angle
viruv i uvaruruv i
amof il dip 5 at a plane il misi related i to its m magnetic latitude ammtamm m
v viw u v vi uv r uv r uv r
u v viw uv vi u v uv v u v r u v r uv ruvru r
u r
u
r uv r r
arulialar u e u
ar lialar u larilial u
urialaru r r u u
uialar ar ar :: ilar ialar la ila u u larilial
lliaariulialar a r
') , athrough the relation
iilalm ial i li
a l ar i al l l i l a l i i li
a
il mi
tt aem/t/atam It is a constant e/me and its ·value e/meis 8.8 x 1 o;o me.me
mi m m i mil mi ilaim amm amt/atam tam/tam
taem/t/atam /ataem/t/at mm tam tam/tam
. tan .m//t5.m= 2 !fill .,,/t/.tm t.m/t.
/a t/ataem/t/atam /
t a e / t / at /at t/at /
t a /
t t
a e / / e/mt/atee/t/a e/tae
t ee/t e/mee/ e/ e e/me e e
GAUSS'S /.tLAW FOIi MAGNETISM
/
e e e m e . e e/ m e m e . m . m e tm. m
.metm .m/t/.tm .
t/.st:m/:/t/.t
m t/.st:m/:/t/. ://t.:m//t.
tphst tptpsC!.ASSlflCATIOI\I tptphsttpt Of
s:/pss: sMAGNETIC
tptphsttpt MATERIALS
.m m . /.tm. /t/.tm .mt/.tm .m . /t/.tm
/.tm /.tm
Gauss's law for magnetism states that tpthhtthe net magnetic
//: t/.st:m/:/t/. :/ t :
/ : / t :
/ s /:/ / /
t tm
. : / : / t /: / / t : / t :
/ : / / : / s /:/
s:/pss: s:/pss: ps:tptps s:/: s:/ : s: s:/pss: s ps ps: ps s s
h hIntensity h h (H) inhvacuum is definedhas :he ratfo
®
h flux h through anyh closed �urface is zero.
s:
tphst tptps tptphsttpt tptphsttpt t p ttp t tphtt tpthht tpt httphttp
of applied magnetic field B, to the pe,c1:1<eabilily of free
t p ht ht h ht t p h t t ht h h t
hht h h hht h h
�-Ee b ebb = O b ebbspace µ i.e., b b
;,;;e•rn�
b ebb b b b b ebb b eb
B
b b
iruv o
b b eb eb
•lament.t.S
b e b 0 evew bw
• uruIbis
e b e b e b
varuruv lav;:, establishes uvaruruvL'lat isolatedurumagnetic pol�s do
e e ebwe e b w i w e w evwiwe i weviwiw e ebwe e w e i w e wewe w i e weiw
wvi w w
ii viwe i i
w vi w v i
w i vi w i w i i
w v i w i i v i
w i i
v i u v w v uvarur ruvruv
i
ialmilianot exist
v w i varuru v u v
r larur v w vi i
uvaruruv ruvru v uv uv
u ar r
u l l r
a l i l ar u ia r
u uv ar u ar r
u l l ar r
u l a a i l arurlial
Iis S.L unit is A m
a r l i ia a l a r l i a ia l a
t- ee/ e/ e/
l ilaim
amil a i
amil
ilam mil mi ialmilia l a
iamil il il a i
ilamamil i l i mi mi l
tt/aaem/EAIITll'S MAGNETIC flElD AND
. eMAGNETIC/.tELEMENTS
mtilam amm amm taem/t/atam mtilam mtilam mtam amm mtam taem/t/atam /t
t 1 t/a
am t
etI::rtensity of magnetisation (I) mi/e.tsm
. edefined m as /the
t a
•
/at / a /at /
t a t/a t am a /at a /at /
t a t / t/a
tt m:/t/. • Three:/t/.quantities are needed to specify the magnetic
/ a t ee/ t t e/ e/me t/aee/t / t t e/ e e / e/me e
etem /me t e/m e/m
.m/t/e.tm e/m e/m e/m
.m/t/e.tm
:/ts:/: magnetic moment /:pss:/ sdeveloped per
/pss:/ units: volume, s:when
m/e.tm . m/e.tm . m/e.tm . m . .mt.m
field ps o f the earth ptontpt its surface -tpthe p horizontal
. m . t .
m t .
m m . m m. t .
m . m . m tm. t . t . .tm t
t / . t / t : tm / . / . t t t /. t / / / t : s://s://
:
ht hhtt the magneticht tptphsttptps a magnetic httphhspecimen
tpst tpt ttp ttp is subjected
httphht htto
t tpt tp tthe
/ . :
/ / :/ t
/pss:/ :/ / :
s:tpss: / /. /t / t :/ /
/ s: / / : / t :/ / : / / : s /
component ,. the magnetic hht hh declinationh and
s: /:/pss:/ s: / p s s: s : ps s: / s: : s: s ps t p s p
field i.e.,
ps t p s p t
tp ttp tp tt
tptpsttpt tpt t tpt t
hht hh ht h
dip. These are known as elements of the earth's m3.i;, onetic b b
t t
hht hh hht hh h h h h h h h
be b b b ebwe b e b b ebweb e b b e b e e b b ebb ebw b ebb b b ebw b ebb b eb

e eb eb e w e i w e i w e b e e e e w e e e
wviw w e
iwviwi w e
vi w w
i viw i v i i
wuvviw i viw uv vi w e
iwviwi
w w e
vi w w i
i i vi
r
u
vi
u uv
ar u uv
r larur l ar
uv
urialaru r
r
u
v i
uvaruruv a r r
u uv
uvarur ru ru v
a r u uv
r larur ruar l ar uriualvar
ilamamil ar lial l
ilamamil
mtilam
ialm i mtilam mtilam amm t m ilaimalm i mtilam m mtilam mtam amm t
a
t /a
e/t/aee/t
m t
t/a /t/a t
e/t/ae/t
/a /a
e/t ee/
/
t am
t/at /t/a t t /a
t/a /t ta /t a t /
e/t/ae/t /t e/
a a e/t ee/ /tae
/a t
vv
ww
ii vvi i ww
u
i i
vvruuvv w i i
u u
i i
vvruuvv i
r u
r u vvrruu v v vv
ww
ii vvi i w
u v v i
u
i
u
w
vv i
uuvvruuvvi
i i
r uuavv
r
uruarru u r u r r r r a uu r uu rr u r r rr r
r
alailila
r
alailiala
ilim a
alailila
ilim a
ilima
l ii l l a r
lialariliala
r alailiala
ilim a
alailila
ilim l ilila
a
ilima
ilim mm m i
aa//ttam
mm
11 8 mm m m
m
t/taea//ttaa
m m
m
ttaea//ttaa
m a
ttaea//tta mmtaamm aammttaa m m
m
aa//ttaa m tt a
t//taea//ttaa / / / aa t tt // /tt //
//tt:://// Paramagnetic ..m/m//tt.. substances////tt.:./are
/
eem e eem e / eem e t
//tee// /
eem/ ee eemee/ eemee
/ t..m/m//tt..m M
t // /
mm .
tt.:.////tt. m
/ /
/
mm .
tt.:.////tt
/
. m
: /
: /
. . t t .
/ t
/ t
m m m
/// .. m
tt those, which //// . mm . .
tt:.////twhen
t : /
: //t::////t.
/ t . . t
/ // /
ss:p: ss: ss:: ss : sspss // : / : ss:: ss : ss ss
ss::/ss:: st:tp:pssa: magnetic . fittpepsld st:tp:pssare
t tttphpttttpp I = V hhttttphphttttp t ttphpttttpp
t h h h ttttphphttttp placedppsin
t tt
t hh t t t
hh hht t t feebly magnetised
field.hh h
t ttphpttttpp
t in
hh ttttphpttttpp
h
hh h where M is magnetic moment hhdeveloped the hhdirection of the magnetising
bbeebb V. It's S.I. unit

in magnetic
o It is feebly attracted by a magnet.
iw (B) is· defined
b b specimen of volume bbeebbis also A m-ee1b.beebb bbeebb bbeebbfield, it bbeebb
we ee eew w o When w w
eew
i i w suspended freely eebbeebbinside magnetic eew eew iw
• Magnetic Induction iwviw
iw w i w
vriruiuwvvi as the number
w
ii vv of
w i i w i i
vvruuvv sets itselfparallel iwiwvviw iw to the direction w i
vvriuiuwvvof i magnetic vvii vviw
w ww i i
magnetic rlines uruavvrruuv of induction r uruavcrossing per unit r uuavvrruuarea
r rruuslowly
a r uuv v u u r uu r r u
r u rruu rruuavvrru
la
alailifield. r rr alariliala alailiala alailila
normally ilila
alathrough
ilim the magnetic ilimalailila
m substance, m
ilimalailila
m and is m m
ilim
mWhen placedmiin lialariliala ilim
m m
ilim
m m m
ilim
m
m m m m ma a a taoa m m non-uniform m
magnetic
m field, it tends ma aa t aa
mm/tt..mmB = µ0(H + /I/tt.).m/m//tt..mm
m ttaea//ttaa ttaea//tta /e/ttee//t mttaa aa//ttaa aa//tta tte//t
given /e/ttaa
t//taeaby ee e// ee e// e to moveeefr ttaa //
// oeem weaker to stronger /t
/ t
ee ee magnetic field /
ee ee/tt e /
em / e
ee m tt.:.m/m///tt..m
t.
t . / t
/ ..m/m//tt..mm
t / /
/ tt.:.m/m///tt..m o It hastt..mm/ttsmall
/ ..mm and positive
/ t
/ ..m/m//tt..mm value of //tmagnetic
t ..m/m//tt..mm
t / / /
/ / :
///s::/// S.I. unit is ssTesla :://ss::/ T. / / ss:: ss : /// /// :// ::/ :://s:: :: s
ss::/ss::
(X,,) of
ss::/sIt's tttphpttttpp ttphpttttpp ttphpttttpp sst:p:p/ss::
susceptibility Xm · tppssttp:pss ppststttpps ttppststttpps
t•tttphpttttppMagnetic Susceptibility t
hh h tt
hh ah magnetic substance
t
hh h t t p p t
ttthhtt relative magnetic t t tt
hht hhpermeability µ,. t t
t t
hh ishh just greater hh h
tt h
hh h o hhIt's
H. i.e., bbebb
is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetisation than I .
b eb I to the magnetic intensity bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb
wveiw b b b b e e Ex. wAluminium, eew sodium, bbeebb antimony, eeplatinum, eew
Xm = rruu rru
ee e e ee e w w i i w eew
Ivviiwvvi w w w w w i w i i w i w w w w i w
i i vvruuvvi
alaH
w i w w i i w i i i copper, v v
vrruu chloride, manganese w i w etc. vvuvv i i w i i i
u r uu vvruuvv
r rruu vvruuvv
r r u
r ua
v
uu vv u
w
ii vvi
u r uu rr u rruu r r uuav
r
r a a a l l a r r r r a l ilila
a a
ilim iliala alailiala
ilim ilimalailila ilim
l ii
ilim ilimalailila ilim
It measures a mmtaam the aptness ttaaof m m
mttaaa magnetic substance t a
t a m
/
mt aa
t
m to / t
/ t
mm
aa//tta a m
aa mmtaamm ta a mmttaa m
t a
t a m
/
mt aa
t
m
/ t
/ aa//ttam
t
m m a
a t
//ttemagnetism. //
//unitless /
eem/of / eemee t
//tee// t / t / / / / / eemee
acquire eem e// It is eem ee constant ee magnetic
m m . m eem eem/ ee eemee
m m m .m
substance.
t ..m/m//tt..m /
mm .
tt.:.////tt. m
/
mm .
tt.:.////tt
/
. m
/
. .
//tt::////
/
t t .
t ..m/m//tt..m /
m m .
tt.:.////tt. m
/
m m
tt.:.////tt
/
.. ////tt::////t.
. . t
Ferromagnetic substances
/ / t // / / / : : : /
/ / / t / /
:: s :/ / /
:: ss : ::
:://ss::/ ss:: ss: :: ss sspss sst:p:p/ss:: ss ss
• tppsstMagnetic
tt hhtttpp permeability t ttphpttttpp ( µ) of attttpmagnetic pststttpp substance ttttphphttttp t p p t t tppststttpps
t t t pststttpp
ttpwhen ttttphpttttpp
t
hh is defined as the
t
hh hratio of magnetic hh h induction_ B to the
h h h t
hht hh
t t t hh hht are those, which hh h h placed h h h
in a magnetic field are strongly magnetised in the
be b magnetic intensity H i.e.,
eebbmagnetising fibbeeeld.
B
ew bbeebb eew bbeebb eew bbeebb directioneebbof bb eew bbeebb eew bbeebb
i e e w w i w o Itvvis i w
i w i w
i w e e w w i w i
v v iwiwvviw iw µ = uuvvruiuvv
w
iwi i
u u
w
vvriuiuvv i
r u
r u rruuvvstrongly attracted v viwiwvviw iwby a magnet.vviuiwvvi
u
w
u
i
uu
w
vvriuiuvvi r uuavvrr
r
u u u Hr r r r r oilialaiWhen a suspended u u u r u r r r r r
alarrilialafreely inside lamagnetic field, itlalailiala
u rr alariliala lila u rr r alailila
It is theilim arriliala of a magnetic
alability ilim substancesmmito m m
ala
lialailipermit
mm mmquickly sets iliitself parallel to
iimlailiala
the direction of
iim
m mm
ilim
m
mm m m m m a a a t aa mmttaam m m m
aa//ttaa m mm
aa//tta a a a
tte//t t aa
magnetic t//taea//ttaafield lines to // a//ttaa through it. //ttaIt's
ttapass a//ttaS.I. unit
e / tte//t
/ e magnetic fi
tta
// eea e/ld.
/ //tt /t
/ t e / / e
e ee ee ee ee em ee ee ee ee em
m -1 .
ismmTe.e.m eem
t . . t t
mA
/ tt..mm/tt..mm
/ //t ..m/m//tt..mm
t / /
/ tt.:.m/m///tt..m o Whentt..mm
/ placed
t .
t . m in non-uniform / t .
t mm/tt..mm magneti ctt..mfield,
. / / / /
m//tt..mm it
/ ///tt.:.m/m///tt..m
t
// //// / / :// // : / ss:: ss: /
///s:://move / / / / / :://s:: / ss:: ss :
• ::/Relative
ss /ss:: magnetic ss::/ss:permeability s:p:pss: of a magnetic
s(µ,) ttphpttttpp tends sst:p:p/sto from weaker sst:p:p/ss:: to stronger magnetic ppststttpps field. ttttphpttttpp
ttttphpttttppsubstance ishhtttdefined tphphttttpp as thehhtratio tttphphtttt of its magnetic t t
o hhItttthhhas t p p t
tt large andhht positive t ttpp t t t t t
t thh magnetic hh h
hh h permeability to the permeability of free space hhi.e.,h hh valuehh of
µ suspetibility X m·
b ebb b ebb b ebb b is much larger b ebthan b b b b ebb b eb
b eb µ = - ebb ebb e b e e ebw e o It's irelative w e ebw
i e permeability ebw b ebµr ebw e wew 1e. evewbw e weiw
wview r µ o w
ii viw e i w e wi w e v i
w w i
w w vi wi v i w vi w i w e i e wi w e v i
w i i
w w i i i
v w vi i
uvaruruv substance.uruvarur vi uv o Ferromagnetismu v
r larur uv decreases
v w
iruv vi w with riserin vi i
uvarurtemperature,
uv uvru i v v
uvarur ruvruv
i uv uv
u It is unitless
ar r
u u v
l ar
constant
r
u u v of magnetic
l ar ur
i l i l ar ial ial ar u
andlia above a certainar r
u v
u
l ar u temperature l ar u i
a l
called r 'Curie's
a i l ar r
uial l a i l a i
a larurliala
lialmilia a
iamilsusceptibility.ilaXm il mi mil almilia iamil il i a l amil
ilam i mi mi l
• mtilam ilaim mtilam
e/me Example:e/tIron,
Relativemipermeability µr and amm of a
m
a t a m t m
a /a /at amm/ t
a /
t taem/t/atamtemperature'tamm/ferromagnets
a t becomet m
a / a a mtam
paramagnets. /t
a amm /at t a mtam
/ /
t taem/t/atam /ta
a
magnetic t/aee/t substance areee/m
t /a trelated
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t ee/ e/ e/ t t e/ t / e/me e
etem/m
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m/e.tm.e .m/t/e.tm. etm m e m/e.tm
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ptpst tpt arehttpththose
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ht tp which when tp ttp tps ptps tpstpt p t tpt pt tp ttp tp tt
pt
hht hh hht hh ht tphhtt httphht httphtt ht tphht htt ht hht hh ht h
hht hh placed in a magnetising h
field are feebly magnetised h h h
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field.
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uvv i wuvviw viuwviw
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o It is feebly uv r u v
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r uv r
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u ur r
u ar u u v r uv r uv r
u u u r
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u
a r urialaru i l ar uialar ial ar lialar • li
a larilial a r r laru
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l iala r lialar ila ila li
a larilial
o Wheniliam l suspended
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l mi magnetic field, mil mi it sets mtCurie's
i amm law iniliamagnetism l
mila
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m mm
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tt aem/t/atam
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a paramagnetic /at amm / tam tam/taism inversely
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a /atamm /
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t ee/its absolute temperature .m/t/e.tm. .mt.m m.m/t/.tm. t.mt.m .tm.mt/e.tm .me .mte.me
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ps p s p s p
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tpt t tpt tpt ttp hht hh ht h
t t
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where C is called 'Curie's constant'.
b b ebb b ebb b ebbELECTROMAGNETS ebw b ebb b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb
be eb eb w e e ebw e w e i e ebw ebw e wewe evewbw e weiw
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i uv
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uial which i
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u
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il ia iamil a amil il mi ialmilia amil il il
ilaim a amil
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o It has milamil milam mtilam mm
taeas atamsoft iron. On placing mtilam a soft iron rod amm in aasolenoidmtam and amm mtam taem/t/atam /t
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p t ps s ps p t
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ps
tpt t tpt httpsoft tp
ht ironhhtcore tpthht tpt has tp tt
ht hlow hht hht ht h
hht hh Ex. Copper,h zinc, bismuth, gold, hht hh silver, lead, water, its magnetisation
hht hh effectively, hht hh as
sodium chlorideb etc. retentivity. b ebb
be b b eb eb b ebb eb b ebb ebw e b ebb ebwb ebb b b ebw b ebb b eb
eb we e w e we i eb e e e e e e
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alailila
r
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1 1 9
ilim ilim i ilim
mmMagnetic m Effects t/taea//tof
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m m mm
taeae//ttaa
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t
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m m . m eem m m m .m
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/
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/ . m m / . . / //t::////t.
t . . t
less. ss:: ssSo sst:p:p/ss:: and ferromagnetic materials
ttphpttttpp possess hindividual
: where repeated cycles of
ttttphphttttmagnetisation
/ t
/ t / // / / / : : : / / /// / / //
:: s : / / / / / : : : /
/ /
ss::/ss:: ss:: ss ssppss
ppststttpps ss:: ss ss ss
ttphpttttpp
�tP ;;f.:. 0 and µ * 0.
ttphpttttpp
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toccur,
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p p t t t t
1
t t t t t h h t t t t t t t t t t h h
hh h hh hht hh h h
are less. This is why soft iron is used in cores of => (b) is correc 'l.
transfbbeebbL'IDlers; galvanometers, generators bbeeb etc,
b b b b
IH@MiH,ih
b b b bbeebb bbeebb
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vvruiuwvPi;;_
viiw--manent magnets vvriuiuwvviare made ofuumaterials having uuvvrruuvv
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i w i i ee w i w w w i w iw
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The mostrr aaappropriate
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u u u r r r r r u v v u u u u r r u u r r r
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alariliala r
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curve ifor
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as steel. Oilier suitable materials for mili ' 1g permanent
ilim ilim ilim C
m m m m mm m m a m m m m m m m m a m
substance is
m m m a a a t a m m m m a a a t a
magnets eemare ee alinico (alloy ee eof aluminium, em nickel,
m aa//ttaa aa//tta tte//t mttaa aa//ttaa aa//tta tte//t
t//taea//ttaa //tt //tt e e / / e t a
t
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t
/ t ee ee//tt eem // e
copper ..m/m//tt.and
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ee e eem
tt.:.m/m///tt..m
t .
t mm/tt..mm
. / t t / t
/ t / /
/ /tt.:.m/m///tt..m t t..(a)
mm / tt.. m OA / t
/ t..m/m//tt..mm / t
/ ..m/m//tt..mm
t / / /
/ / :
/// /// / / / / / ss:: ss : /// :/// / / :://s:: :: s
ss::/ss:: ss::/ss:: ss::/ss:: sst:p:p/ss:(b) sst:p:p/ss:: ppststttpps
ttttphpttttpp liiMMiM,IUi t tttphpttttpp
If the magnetic dipole moment of an atom of diarnagnetic
hh h hh httttphpttttpp hh ht ttphpttttpp
t t
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p
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hht hh
t p
t p t t t t
hh hh
t
t ppststttpps
t hh ht t
t th lJ
(c) OC
hh h
b eb material, paramagnetic material and ferromagnetic bb material ee(d) bbeebb OD
are denoted bbeebb by µ , µ and bbeebµb respectively. bbeethen: bbeebb bbeebb
wveiw e e P
e e w e e w w w w i w
i w eew bbeebb eew eAew w
(a) uvvµ iiwvvi 0 and µ 7' vv0uuvv d w w w w i i i w i w w w i
w i w w i i w i i 1 i i
vvruuvv i v vrruu v v w w
ii vvi i w i i w i vvruuvvi
i i uuav
,
vv
Som. (e) : X (susceptibility) =
u u u r u u v v u v v u u u u r
alarilialaµ0 � 0 and µiPliala*iliala0 alailiala H
u u 1 rr rr u r r r r a uu u u r u r r r r r r
(b)
r u r r a a a l l a r r r r a l ilila
a a
ilim ilimalailila iliml ii lialarilialam ilim ilimalailila ilim
m ,,, * 0 and For mmtaamparamagnetic substances,
i
a mmt(c)a a t aam mµt aa 0
t
m m
t a
t am
/
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t
m
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m m
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//ttee//a t t
// ee P / / /
eem/ ee / eemee //0tee/</ Xm < E, where
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/ t / / // /
nu:mber,
eemee
eem ( d) µ "' 0 and
eem µ � 0 m m m . . m eem m m
emmee mm ..m
Hence vs H tt.:./graph
..m/m//tt..m mm .
tt.:.////tt. P m mm
tt.:.////tt.. . .
//tt:://// t t ..m/m//tt..m m m tt. is a straight
. tt.:.////tt line with a::///small
m .. ..
/tt::////tt
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d
/ /t t / // / / /
/ / : : /
: / / t
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/ / / /
/ / :
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ss::/ss:: attttphpdiamagnetic material
s
ttphpttttpp do not possess
s
ttttphphttttpa permanent sstpps positive slope ppststttpps or OC. ttttppststttpp ttphpttttpp
tttphpttttpp thtt p p tt t t
=> (c)hh ishh correct.
t t t t t t tt h
0.
hh ht hhdipole moment, hhence h h µ h h t
hht hh t hh h h h h
d
ew b eb bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb
i e e bbeebb eew eew w w
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u vvriuiuwvvi i
uu vvriuiuvv i
r ru u vvruuvv
r vv iwvviw
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u vvriuiuwvvi uu vvriuiuvvi r ruuavvrr
u ur u u r u r r r r a u u r u u r u r r r r
ilimalarrilialar alariliala
ilim alailiala
ilim ilimalailila alarrilialar
ilim alariliala
ilim alailiala
ilim ilimalailila
m mm m mm m a mm a a m m m m m m m m m a mm a a m
m
m ttaea//ttaa ttaea//tta a a
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ee ee
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t .
t mm/tt..mm
. / ./ .m/m//tt..mm
t t / t
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t / /
/ tt.:.m/m///tt..m
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t . m / t
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./ / / t
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t / / // / :
/// /// / / / / ss:: ss: /// /// / / :://s:: :: s
ss::/ss:: ss::/ss:: ss::/ss:: ttphpttttpp sst:p:p/ss:: sst:p:p/ss:: ppststttpps ppststttpps
ttttphpttttpp t tttphpttttpp t tttphpttttpp t t t p
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t th
hh h hh h hh h hh h hhtt hht hht hh hh hh hh h

be e b e b w e e ebw e w e i e ebw ebw e wewe evewbw e weiw
wveiw v w
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w w
uv vi wi
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i uv i i i uv
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milamil milamil milamil taem/t/atam mtilam
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b ebb b ebb b ebb bw b ebb b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb
eb e
b e b e ebw e w e ebw e i w evewi e eb e ebw e e e w e ebw e e
viw vi w e
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lliaariulialar iilalm arulialar ial ar lialar lialarilial l a r urialaru ial a r uialar ar ar
l l ial ar lialar ila ila lialarilial
m i mil mi i
mamm ilaim
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m mm
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tt aem/t/atam /ataem/t/atam /ataem/t/atam t/ataem/t/at t amm at /at amm /atam tam/tam /at amm /
t tam /tam/tam
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be e b e b w e e ebw e w e i e ebw ebw e wewe evewbw e weiw
wveiw v w
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i uv i i i uv
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i a mil mi amil il il
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i
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be b bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb bbeebb

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b b ebb b ebb b ebb ebw b ebb b ebb b ebb b b b ebb b eb

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