சுரேஷ் அறிவியல்மதாெழில்நுட்பம் கையேடுT&E196 பக்கங்கள்

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2 
    

i       
education.revolution2@gmail.com
         
    

   vii       
        
    
    
     
ii      
        
   

   
   viii  
      
    
i   
iii        
   GW   
      
      
       
iv       GW    
         
  
    
  
   ix       
  CO 2    
       
  
   
v      
 
  
    
     i   
   
  
   
    i      
     
      ii   
         
       
  
 

 iii   
vi     
   
  
      
Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 38

 d     
i    
    
   i     
     i 
ii          
       
       
    
 ii  
       
 
i   
    I 
          
        
 iii     
    II 
ii   
   
      “ 
    
 ”

a       
 I    
b  i       
     
     
       III 
    
c        
     
iii    i    
        
        
           
    
       
        
      IV 
    i   
      
       

  
i 
iv      

       
  
  
  
 ii   

v        
a     
      iii    
    
b   
   i     iv    
   
c        
       
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 39
       
      
 
 
    IV 
    vi    
   i.   

    
v       
 
  CO 2 , SO 2 
 (ONGC) 
 NO 2  
  ii.   

  
       
      

i         
    
       
 
i 
      iii    
      
 
     
    

ii      
ii    
UCG     
  
     

   
 
iv    
   

 NLC    
   
 UCG  
  
   

    
     
iii  I  
       
     i 
      
        
      
   
         
     
    
ii   
 

iv      II     
        
       
     
v      iii   
   III  
      
  
   
 
    
  
  
   iv    

   
      
      
      
        
  
v  
i    
      
     
U + 0n 
235 1 145 88 1
92 57
La + 35
Br + 3 0 n + 
    
   

   i  i    
       

     

       

     i   
vi           
      
      
    “  ”  
  i    
     
   i        
       
        
       
          
      
      
   
i   
 
 
vii       I 
      
       
       
      
       
          
      
    
  
i     II 
    

         
    i    
     
       III 
     
   
  

   
       IV 
          
    
   U-    
234    i    

      
   
   
  
       
   
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 41
     ing Network”  
 i     
V     iii 
      
       
     iv   
     
      
   ii      
  
  v 
     

i    iii       
        
    VVKR 
    vi    
       
    
   i  vii    
    
ii 
     
   iii      
    

   iv  
 v  (DHWR - Pressuried Heavy
  vi  Water REactor)
  
vii  i     

   

 
1    PHWR  
  
i  (AEC)  
2        
3   
    
4       i   “Fast Breeder
   ii “The Atomic Energy Establish- Reactor” 
 ment ”    
5        (BARC)  
       
     ii    
    “Fast Breeder Reac-
i   tor ”  
    
 i    (AHWR)
     i 
         
  
ii     ii 
          (BARC)
  
iii  ii BARC    iii   
    “Indian En-  
 vironmental Radiation Monitor- 

iv AHWR       
    
 i       
        
       
         
i    
    
   
     
   
     
  i 
kj/       
g     

    i    
   
   ii    ii    
          
      
 (kg/g)       
   
 
   
  iii 

LPG  iv  iii   
CNG     
    
   
 v        
i       
     
 
i   
  
  iv   
    
      
    

ii          
       
 
ii 
iii     v  
iii    
     
   
      

  
iv 
iv        
    
  
   
  
   
   
  
   i  84000 

 60  

v        
       
    
  ii 
     
  
   
  
      
   
    
 

    
     
 i  iii 
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 43
       vi 
     
    
   i  
     i    
a           
       
b       
      ii   
         
      
   ii         
      
c        
    
   iii  
d   
     
  
    
  
 

 
e    
 i  iv      
   
iv     
   
     
  
   
   
       
    
v      v    
 ii      
           
       
  
    
i 
i       2010  UPA
   iii     
     2030  
   2022 
ii         100000MW
  
   iv    
    i   
   

(PCV)   
   ii    
i     
 
    iii     
  
     
  
    
    iv   
  
v         

    

 
   
    
   
 i    
   
     
        
   
   i   
   
i       

     
        
     
    
   
 i  20000  i   
   
ii  13000   5   
8500 
 2000     

 85   
   
iii 600    
  
    
 1400   

 ii    
iv           
   
435      
2000     
        
      
   

iii    
  
  
    i   
 i       
     

   
i   
   
   
  i    
    
      
i   
  
   
  
ii   
  
     
   
i      
   
   

       ii    
          
       
   
      iii    
    
 i      
   
i   
     a    
       
         
       
         
     
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 45
b     
  I  i 
      
     
    ii   
c     
    iii   
        
  
d   II  
    
       i   
     
  ii 
 
iii. RGGVY   6 8 
  
 
 2015 

 iv   
i     III 
   
 
2016
 v 
   
    

  
ii     5    (DDUGJY)
      i   
      
 a    
iii      
 
    
    
 b    

iv     
 
    
    c  i 

 IV 
ii   
v  1. 2009    
          
     
 2.     
 
i  
i  3.  
 
ii 
   v    
iii     
     

    
  iv    ATM

    
   (RGGVY) v   

   i RGGVY 
    
       
      i 
 IT       
    

     
          
     
 
    
ii    
   
 200  300    

    
 5 LED  iii         
DC5       
   IDC          
  
 iv     

(UDAY)  8000      
i  (UDAY)      
   7000 
    1200   
    100MW     
    
    
 
    i     
        
      
   
  
i  ii      
       
      
   
 
   
     
ii        
       
     
 iii      
       
    
 
i  
  
  
     
 
iv       

    
    40
            
         
   
   
ii      

      

 
   
    

  
 
  
 
        
    
      
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 47
      7500
       
    
        
  2009    

20,000    
     2013   
      50 
        
       
   
         

        1967
  
  
     
  
   
  
        
  
      

      
   
   
   
        
           
      
   
   
  
       
   
      

   
    

   
   
  
 i   

 
     
      
      
 1991    
  
     

   
      
   ii 

   
    
  
       
  
    

   
    
      

   
  
 iii   
 
        
        
        
     
         
    
          
    

ENERGY - SELF SUFFICIENCY,

2 OIL EXPLORATION
Energy Although, commercial energy nearly 8,00,000 MW from the cur-

i. Energy resource are very much consumption has grown rapidly rent capacity by around 1,60,000
important in the context of eco- over the last two decades, a large MW inclusive of all captive plants.
nomic developmnet of the coun- part of India’s population does not Similarly requirement of coal, the
try. With the growing have access to it. dominant fuel in India’s energy
industrialisation, mechanisation vii. India faces serious energy short- mix will expand to over 2 billion
of agriculture, and the develop- ages. This has led to increasing tonnes / annum. Meeting the en-
ment of transportation sector, the reliance on imports for meeting ergy challenge is of fundamental
demand for energy resources is in- the demand of oil, gas and even importance to India’s growth
creasing day by day. coal. Domestic production has not needs.
ii. Thus a positive correlation exists kept pace with energy demand Energy Policy
between economic growth and and net imports have increased i. The primary aim of India’s energy
demand for energy. Moreover, steadily. policy is to reliably meet the de-
consumption of energy for do- viii. Our per capita electricity con- mand for energy services of all
mestic used and public lighting sumption is only a quarter of the sectors at competitve prices. The
has also been increasing. average of the world, 1/13th of demand must be met through
iii. India currently ranks sixth in the that of Western Europe and 1/ safe, clean and convenient forms
world in terms of energy demand 30th of that of the United States. of energy at the least cost in a
accounting for 3.5 per cent of Today, we are consuming about technically efficient, economically
world commercial energy de- 130GW of power, 95% of which viable and environmentally sus-
mand. comes from thermal or hydro tainable manner. Considering the
sources. The demand is expected shocks and disruptions that can
iv. The residential sector dominates
to go up to about 1000GW by the arise, assured supply of such en-
energy consumption. About 57%
middle of this century. ergy and technologies at all times
of final consumption is by this sec-
ix. All fossil sources of course, emit is essential to providing energy
tor, 24% by industry, 9% by trans-
carbon dioxide which is the most security.
port and 7% by non-energy uses.
important contributor to global Short - Term
v. The largest single source of en-
warming. Therefore, we need to i. To initiate measures for reducing
ergy in India was ‘combustible
change the energy mix and pur- technical losses in production,
renewables and waste’ - largely
sue nucleaf energy and renewable transportation and end-use of all
wood burned for fuel in homes.
sources more aggressively. forms of energy.
This made up 37% of primary sup-
ply in 2004 and was followed in India’s Energy Challenge ii. To initiate action to reduce the
importance by coal (34%), petro- i. To deliver a sustained high growth energy intensity of the different
leum (22%) gas (4%), hydro and rate and to meet the essential consuming sectors of the
nuclear (both 1%). Most of the energy needs of all citizens, India economy and promote conserva-
growth in energy supply has come needs, at the very least, to in- tion.
from fossil fuels, in 1983 they pro- crease its primary energy supply iii. To initiate steps for meeting fully
vided 40% of India’s energy, this by 3 to 4 times and, its electricity the basic energy needs of the ru-
increased to 50% in 1991 and 60% generation capacity by 5 to 6
2004. ral and urban households.
times of the 2005-06 levels by
vi. However, the present energy sce- 2031. By 2031-32 power genera- Long - Term
nario in India is not satisfactory. tion capacity must increase to i. To promote an energy supply sys-
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 49
tem based largely on renewable Power Ministry Solid nature of fuel
sources of energy. i) The power ministry serves as a i. One of the oldest forms of energy
ii. To promote technologies of pro- channel for communication known to mankind is coal-based
duction, transportation and end -use among the various resoruces of energy. India majorly depends on
of energy that are environmentally electricity from central and state coal to meet its energy require-
benign and cost effective. governments and also rural elec- ments, i.e., around 55-60 percent.
Strategy for Energy Sector trification projects are under- There are for types of coal found
taken by it. in India. The classification is on
i. The process of producing, trans-
porting and consuming energy ii) The power ministry got identity as the basis of content of carbon in
has a significant impact on the en- a ministry, on 2 July 1992. The the coal. These are :
vironment. Pollution abatement sectionalised parts of ministry in- 1. Anthracite : The best quality
processes would form an impor- clude: Power Ministry, Coal min- of coal with 85 percent car-
tant part of the development of istry and Ministry of Non-conven- bon. Anthracite is a very hard,
energy sector. tional Energy sources. compact, jet black coal with
iii) Ministry of Non-conventional En- semi - metallic sheen.
ii. To sum up, a cost-effective energy
ergy sources was renamed as the 2. Bituminous : The most widely
system for India should have the
“Ministry of New and Renewable used coal is bituminous with
following components :
Energy” (MNRD) in 2006. The min- 50-85 percent carbon, which
1. Ensuring development of istry launched smart grid project
competitive. is dense, compact, and brickle
in 2012.
and is usually black in colour.
2. Pricing and resource alloca- Types of Energy Resource Since it has a high proportion
tions that are determined by
Non - Renewable Energy of carbon and low moisture
market forces under an effec-
tive and credible regulatory i. Non - renewable energy is a content, its calorific value is
oversight. source of energy that will even- remarkable. Jharkhand,
tually run out. Mist sources of Orissa, West Bengal,
3. Improve efficiencies across
non-renewable energy are fossil Charrisgarh and Madhya
the energy chain.
fuels, such as coal, gas and oil. Pradesh have high deposits of
iii. India’s energy security is primarily These natural resources are a this type of coal.
about ensuring the continuous major sources of power for a vast 3. Lignite : It is a lower grade
availability of commercial energy amount of industries. coal, containing about 35-50
at competitive prices to support
ii. Renewable energy is energy that percent carbon, and it is com-
economic growth and meet the
is generated from natural pro- monly known as brown coal.
essential energy needs of its
cesses that are continuously re- It hails to the intermediate
people with safe, clean and con-
plenished. This includes sunlight, stage during the alternation
venient forms of energy. Reduc-
geothermal heat, wind, tides, of wood matter into coal. Its
ing energy requirements and in-
water, and various forms of bio- colour varies from dark black
creasing efficiency are two very mass. This energy cannot be ex-
important measures to increase to brown. The major lignite
hausted and is constantly re- reserves are in Palna of
energy security. newed. Rajastham Neveli of Tamil
iv. Pipelines for importing gas could Non-Renewable Energy Nadu, Lakhimpur of Assam
security of supply if the supplying
Fossils and Karewa of Jammu and
country makes a major invest-
i. Fossil fuels are energy-rich sub- Kashmir.
ment in the pipeline.
stances that have been formed 4. Peat : The first stage of trans-
v. Risks can be reduces by.
from plants, animal remains and formation of wood into coal
1. Lowering the requirement of microorganisms. Fossil fuels, results in peat containing less
energy by increasing effi- which include petroleum, coal, than 35 percent carbon. It is
ciency in production and use. and natural gas, provide most of sometimes sufficiently com-
2. By substituting imported fu- the energy for the modern world. pact to be used as a good fuel
els with domestric fuels. Coal without constricting into
3. By diversifying fuel choices i. Coal is a solid fossil fuel formed bricks. With no support, it
(gas, ethanol, tar sands etc.) from ancient plants - including burns like wood, giving less
and supply sources and. trees, ferns, and mosses - that heat and fuming more smoke
4. By expanding the domestinc grew in swamps and bogs or along and leaving behind a lot of
energy resource base. coastal shorelines. ash.

ii. India is among the top five lead- uct in the world is oil. In 2017, the III. Heating and Lighting
ing producers of coal of the world. commodity accounted for 4.3% of i. Heavier oils are used in central
iii. China topes the list, followed by the global value of all exported heating plants for shops, offices as
USA, and Australia, India ranks products. The exporter of oil in well as homes. Oil is also used to
fourth. the world is given below. produce electricity for industrial
iv. Around 70 percent of the coal pro- 1. Saudi Arabia and domestic use. The lighter
duction comes from four eastern 2. Russia grades of oil such as ‘kerosene’
states of Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, 3. Iraq are still used for domestic pur-
Odhisa and West Bengal. Other poses.
4. Canada
leading producers are Andhra IV. Lubricants
5. United Arab Emirates
Pradesh, MP and Maharashtra. i. Lubricants are very useful for all
v. In 1981, the Government of India
Indian coal has high ash content types of machines especially for
but the amount of sulphur con- set up the oil India ltd., another
public sector undertaking for oil the machines used in transport
tent is very low. and industries.
exploration in the country. In or-
v. Burning of coal (Thermal Power der to supplemente the efforts of ii. All types of lubricants and greases
Plant) generates various pollut- ONGC and Oil, the Government are produced from petroleum.
ants in air, like CO2, SO2, Nox, etc. also invited foreigh oil companies Vehicles of all kinds and the vast
Mercury is released into air from of repute to take up oil explora- range of sophisticated machinery
the combustion of coal. tion in certain selected blocks in in use in factories and offices rely
R&D in Coal Sector in India India. on lubricants and would grind to
i. R&D in coal is carried out in India Oil Explorations in India standstill if they were not avail-
in four broad areas : i. The oil and gas industry in India able.
1. Production, productivity and dates back to 1889 when the first V. Petro-Chemical Industry
safety. oil deposits in the country were i. Both petro - chemical and chemi-
2. Coal beneficiation discovered near the town of cal industries use petroleum by
Digboi in the state of Assam. products as raw material. Petro -
3. Coal utilisation and
ii. The search for newer avenues has products are used to produce.
4. Envionment and ecology seen OIL spreading out its opera- Chemical fertiliser, synthetic fiber,
i. Neyveli Lignite Corporation (NLC) is tions in onshors / offshore Orissa synthetic rubber, nylon, plastics,
also actively considering exploiting and Andaman, Cauvery offshore, pesticides and insecticides, per-
the lignite deposits which are con- Tamil Nadu, Arabian Sea, deserts fumes, dyes, paints, carbon black
strained by various techno economic of Rajasthan, onshore Andhra and sulphur. etc.
feasibility factors, through alterna- Pradesh, riverbeds of VI. Use pf by-products
tive/clean coal technologies such as Brahmaputra and logistically dif-
i. The crude oil is a mixture of car-
Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) ficult hilly terrains of hte Indian
state Mizoram and Arunachal bon, hydrogen, impurities and few
and Coal Bed Methane. NLC has al-
Pradesh. other components. The refining
ready taken up an experimental UCG
process separates various frac-
project. A suitable lignite block in The Contribution of petroleum in dif-
tions of hydrocarbons and several
Rajasthan is being selected for under ferent ways can be summarized in
by - products have been pro-
ground gasification. the following manner
duced.
ii. Petroleum is the inflammable I. Transportation
The Disadvantages of Petroleum
mixture of hydrocarbons, com- i. The entire transport system of the
prising of gaseous, liquid, and i. Its resources are limited
world depends upon petroleum.
solid materials. Etymologically, It has revolutionized the entire 1. Like any other natural fossil
‘Petroleum’ evolved from two transport system be it road, rail, fuel, petroleum is a limited re-
latin words, Petra and Oleum - water or air transport. Petrol and source. High demands for en-
petra denotes rock, oleum-oil. So, diesel are the main sources of ergy by the modern society
formerly, it was believed that pe- energe for all types of modern have stressed the conven-
troleum was originated from rock. transport vehicles. tional sources of oil reserves.
iii. It was only on 27th August 1859 II. Industrial Power 2. The decrease in supply is
that the first oil-well was con- i. Oil is the major source of indus- clearly indicated by the ever
structed by Colonel Edwin L.Dark trial power. Diesel and gasoline increasing cost of petroleum
at Titusville, Pennsylvania in U.S.A are used in gas turbines to pro- on the market these days.
iv. The number one exported prod- duce electricity. Now, power plants are having
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a hard time extracting petro- of thousands of animals and High Reserves
leum as reserves are nearly fishes each year. As an ex- i. Nuclear reactors make use of
drough. ample, the BP Oil Spill had uranium as fuel and produces
3. There might be some other caused billions of dollars in huge amounts of energy from
sources of petroleum on losses. small amounts of uranium. The
earth. But experts say that Nuclear Energy Earth has the high reserves of
these cannot produce enough i. Nuclear energy represents only uranium. Current estimates put
oil to sustain all our needs. the uranium supply as enough to
15% of the electricity produced
ii. It contributes to environmental last for 30 to 60 years. Moreover
worldwide. Though in France,
pollution. other fuel cycles like Thorium are
80% of its electricity production
available for power generation.
1. Extracting and burning petro- is from nuclear energy and more
Whereas, oil reserves and other

leum generates greenhouse than one-fourth of electricity in
fossil type fuels are likely to run
gases that contribute to envi- Europe comes from nuclear out shortly.
ronmental pollution and con- energy. Nuclear energy
sequently, global warming. Reliability
represents a very small
This means that degradation percentage in many countries’ i. Nuclear power plants operate
of our ecosystems will be total electricity production, but reliably and have a continuous
made faster if we choose pe- this percentage is likely to go up output of power.The plants do not
troleum as our main source of in the coming years. Nuclear generally face operations and
energy. power is generated using maintenance problems. This is a
iii. It produces hazardous sub- Uranium, a mineral of which one contrast to other alternative
stances. energies which depend on the
of the isotopes, U- 234 is unstable.
activity of the weather.
1. Production of petroleum, es- The nucleus breaks down
pecially refining, produces resulting in the emission of heat Low Operating cost
harmful and toxic materials, and radiation followed by a chain i. Although nuclear power reactors
including plastic. Take note reaction. This is called nuclear are expensive to build, they are
that oil exists as a mixture of fission and this process liberates relatively cheap to operate. Fuel
hydrocarbons with traces of a large amount of energy, but the is inexpensive and a plant can be
sulfur and other compound, process also releases radiation operated by small number of
which are elements of harm- which is very dangerous. people, approximately 10 people.
ful gases, such as carbon NUCLEAR REACTION IN A REACTOR Concentration
monoxide, and plastic. IS GIVEN BY i. The nuclear energy is by far the
iv. It is a non-renewable form of energy. 235 1
U + 0n 
145
La +
88 1
Br + 3 0 n + lots of energy
most concentrated form of
energy, so it can be produced in
92 57 35
1. Once burned to generate The Advantages of Nuclear Energy

electricity, petroleum cannot large quantities over short
be replaced. Depletion of fu- Clean Energy periods of time.
els can occur overtime and i. Nuclear energy has the ability to Low Waste
can lead to their limited sup- produce electricity without i. Produces small amounts of waste
ply. When this happens and greenhouse gas emissions. It and waste is more compact.
demands are high, oil costs produces electricity without
Cheap
will significantly increase, pollution. It is cleaner than many
other forms of energy production. i. Nuclear energy produces
leading economical conflicts
electricity at a competitive price
between nations. Thus, we Essentially, nuclear power would
and is generally comparable in
should find alternative energy be “carbon-zero” if the uranium
output to coal plants.
resources, so oil reserves can were mined and transported in a
still continue to supply energy more efficient way. Location
for many years to come. High Quantities i. A nuclear plant is not dependant
v. Its transport can cause oil spills on local sources like oil and coal
i. Nuclear reaction releases a
and can be set up in any part of
1. If petroleum spills in bodies of million times more energy, as the globe. It also does not require
water, adverse effects in ma- compared to hydro or wind a lot of space and so can be placed
rine life are expected. Spills energy. Large quantity of energy in already developed areas and
have caused massive ocean is generated from a single nuclear the power does not have to be
pollution, causing the death power plant. transferred over long distances.
The Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy serve as fuels and lubricants as uranium) for nuclear power plants
Nuclear Weapons Threat well as raw materials for the At present India’s nuclear facilities
production of plastics, fibres, include the following:
i. It has potential nuclear
rubbers, solvents, explosives, and
proliferation issues. Some i) research reactors (4)
industrial chemicals.
reactors produce plutonium ii) power reactors
which can be used to make Advantages
iii) breeder reactors (1 operating, 1
nuclear weapons. Nuclear 1. We can use hydrocarbons as
under construction)
weapons are a major threat to the fuel. Hydrocarbons can be
world as they can cause a large- burned to release energy. iv) uranium enrichment facility (1
scale devastation. operating)
2. Can be cheap.
High Capital Intensive v) spend fuel reprocessing facilities
3. Provides energy quickly and
(3)
i. Nuclear Plants require a high level is moderately reliable.
of technology and a major initial vi) heavy water production plants
4. The amount of carbon
capital investment. Its dioxide released can be vii) uranium processing (3 mines ; 2
abandonment cost is also very controlled. copper - mine tailing extraction
high. units)
5. The amount of other gases
Long Gestation Period released, such as sulfur viii) 1 mill (uranium ore concentration
i. It takes a long time to build, about impurities, can also be ), many uranium conversion
15-20 years to develop a single reduced by being refined facilites, 3 fuel fabrication plants).
plant. further (although this process Organisation of India’s Nucelar Energy
Radioactive Waste would be expensive). program
i. There are issues with Disadvantages : i) The Atomic Energy Commission
management of radioactive i. If the hydrocarbon is burned in a (AEC) was constituted in 1948 as
waste. The spent fuel is highly limited supply of air, incomplete the policy making body of the
radioactive and has to be carefully combustion occurs as there is Government for the development
stored for many years after use. A insufficient oxygen to burn and utilisation of atomic energy
solution to the waste completely. Carbon monoxide, a for peaceful purposes.The Atomic
management problem needs to poisonous gas, is release. Energy Establishment (AEET) was
be explored and developed. This ii. Bigger problem with bigger set up at Trombay in 1957 and
has R&D cost. molecules; require more oxygen subsequently renamed as the
to burn. Bhabha Atomic Research CEntre
Disasters, Accidents & Risk
(BARC), for carrying out research
i. An accident may cause a major iii. Extraction of hydrocarbon is a
in basic sciences and developing
disaster resulting in thousands of tedious process and lots of ground
nucelar technology based on
casualties and releasing high water gets wasted.
indigenous resources.
amounts of radiation into the Indias Nuclear Program
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre at
environment, example: explosion Nuclear Energy in India - A Trombay
of a reactor at Chernobyl Nuclear Background
Power Plant in Ukraine and i) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
i) With the establishment of its (BARC), the premier research
melting of the core of a reactor Atomic Energy Commission in
at Three-Mile Island in the United centre of Department of Atomic
1948. India began its pursuit of Energy (DAE) , has been working
States. civilian applications of nuclear closely with NPC in its rapid
Hydrocarbon nergy. The first indigenous indigenisation tasks; carries out
i. Hydrocarbon is any of a class of research reactor, Apsara, was research in areas of reactor
organic chemical compounds developed in the 1950s. engineering, reactor physics,
composed only of the elements ii) India has developed in nucelar chemistry, water
carbon (C) and hydrogen (H). The independent and strong nuclear chemistry, computer technology
carbon atoms join together to infrastrucutre that supports both etc. The research reactors at
form the framework of the civilian and military purposes. Trombay, especially the
compound; the hydrogen atoms iii) For example, plutonium indigenously build Dhruva has
attach to them in many different separated in India’s reprocessing given the necessary
configurations. Hydrocarbons are plants has been used both for infrastructural base for advances
the principal constituents of weapons and to make mixed in nuclear sciences and
petroleum and natural gas. They oxide fuel (plutonium mixed with technology
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ii) BARC has established a country, fast breeder reactors are while contribution of solar energy
countrywide environmental necessary for our programme. is nearly 19 percent.
radiation monitoring network Stage III iv. As of 30 September 2016, hydro
called INdian Environmental power plant installed capacity was
i) The third stage will be based on
Radiation Monitoring Network 43.11 gigawatts, which is not
the thorium - uranium - 233 cycle.
(IERMON) with 37 monitoring included in MNRE targets and
Uranium - 233 is obtained by
stations across the country with hence administered separately by
irradiation of thorium in PHWRs
the central station located at the the Ministry of Power.
and FBRs. An advanced Heavy
Environmental Assessement
Water Reactor (AHWR) is being v. These ambitious targets would
Division of BARC.
developed at Bhabha Atomic see India quickly achieving the
iii) The other important multi- Research Centre (BARC) to status of one of the leading green
disciplinary R & D centre, Indira expedite transititon to thorium energy producers in the world,
Gandhi Centre for Atomic based systems. The reactor therby surpassing numberous
Research is dedicated to fast physics design of AHWR is tuned developed countries. 40 percent
reactor technology and to generate about 65% power in cumulative electric power
associated fuel cycle, material thorium and to maintain negative capacity is intended by the
sciences, fuel reporcessing and void co-efficient of reactivity government to be achieved from
sodium technology. under all operating conditions. non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
iv) Apart from two light-water Study of fuel on the basis of Calorific Target of Renewable Energy by 2022
reactors fueled with low - value i. By the year 2022, renewable
enriched uranium from foreign
i. Calorific value of a fuel is the electricity targets of MNRE have
suppliers (at Tarapur) and two
amount of heat evolved, in been upscale to grow from just
under construction by Russia
kilojoules, when one gram of the under 43 gigawatts in April 2016
(VVERs at Kudankulam), India’s
fuel is burned completely to form to 175 gigawatts, which includes
power reactors rely on natural
carbon dioxide and water. Its unit 100 gigawatts from solar power,
uranium in reactors that were
is kilojoule per gram (kj/g). Higher 60 gigawatts from wind power, 10
cooled and moderated by heavy
calorific value of fuel means gigawatts from bio power and 5
water (PHWR).
better quality of fuel. Hydrogen gigawatts from small hydro power.
v) Canada built the first two CANDU has the highest calorific value Advantages and Disadvantages of
- type reactors at Rajasthan, while among all fuels. Renewable
the remaining are of indigenous
Fuel Calorific value (kg/g) Advantages
build.
Coal 30 i. Renewable Energy : These source
Evolution of India’s Nuclear power
Programme Petrol 48 are with infinite sustainability and
LPG 50 we will never run out of it.
Stage 1
CNG 55 ii. Environmental Benefits : They are
i) The first stage comprising setting
clean sources, causing little-to-no
up of Pressurised Heavy water Hydrogen 150
greenhouse gases and net carbon
Reactors (PHWRs) and associated Renewable Sources of Energy emissions, thus being eco-
fuel cycle facilites is already in the i. The energy that is collected from friendly.
industrial domain. The technology resources, which are naturally
for the manufacutre of various iii. Reliable energy source.
replenished on a human
components and equipment for iv. Economic Benefits : They are
timescale are termed as
PHWRs in India is now well comparatively cheapter and more
renewable sources of energy.
established and has evolved economically sound (being cost
They include sunlight, wind, rain,
through active collaboration effective). As per estimations,
tides, waves, and geothermal
between the DAE and industry. renewable energy manufacturing
heat.
Stage II will generate hundreds of
ii. As per estimates, by 2022, India’s thousands of stable jobs.
i) The second stage envisages large wind power capacity is to
setting up of Fast Breeder v. Stabilise Energy Prices : They
reach a more than double of
Reactors (FBRs) backed by provide reliable pricing on energy.
current position and an almost 15
reprocessing plants and fold increase in solar power from Disadvantages
plutonium based fuel fabrication April 2016 levels. i. Reliability of Supply : One flaw is
plants. In order to expand the iii. Wind contributes up to 61 that sources heavily depend upon
nuclear power capacity in our percent of the renewable power, the weather for sources of supply:
For instance, rain, wind, and use. It may be used for irrigation, investment as it is capital-
sunshine. Climate factors may industries or domestic purposes. intensive.
also cause issues. 4. After the initial cost of i. Thus heavy rainfall, rough
ii. Difficult to generate in large constructing dams, power topography to cause water to fall
quantity. stations and transmission lines, and a regular and continuous flow
iii. Large Capital Cost : Initial the production of hydro- of water are the three important
investments are quite high to electricity is inexpensive since geographical requirements for
establish renewable energy there is no consumption of fuel as developing hydro- electricity.
plants. in thermal power stations. ii. There is still huge potential for
iv. Large Tracts of Land Required : 5. In most cases in India, the tapping power from water flowing
The electricity requirement is production of hydro-electricity is in the rivers throughout the
high and to replace the non- linked with irrigation, flood world. Which can create a
renewable source to fulfil such control, navigation and therefore pollution free green environment
high demand, more and more the cost of hydel power for future generation.
solar panels and wind farms needs production is lower. Solar Energy
to be set up, which requires a HYDRO POWER IN INDIA i. Due to the location of India
large tracts of land. i. Our country is endowed with between the Tropic of Cancer and
Hydro-Electricity enormous economically the Equator, the average annual
i. Hydro electric power plays a exploitable and viable hydro temperatures range around 25-27
major role in the field of power potential assessed to be about degrees centigrade, which shows
development in the country. Its 84000 MW-at 60% load factor India’s huge solar potential.
present contribution to the total (148701 MW installed capacity. ii. India is one of the few countries
electricity generation is about 25 ii. The first hydro generating unit in with plenty of sunshine, with
per cent. Hydro electricity power India was commissioned in approximately 300 clear sunny
is a renewable natural resource. Darjeeling (W.Bengal) in 1897. days per year. 0.1 percent of the
Principle Many projects were taken up for solar energy coming to earth.
execution after independence Photovoltaic Cells (PVC)
i. Flowing water creates energy that
and at one time (1962-63), the
can be captured and turned into i. Direct conversion of light into
capacity contribution from hydro
electricity. The most common electricity, when light falls on
schemes was equal to thermal
type of hydroelectric power plant certain elements like silicon, the
schemes.
uses a dam on a river to flow of electron starts potential of
store water in a reservoir. iii. Hydro-Electric Power (HEP) solar voltic power generation.
Water released from the reservoir generated from water is the Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels,
flows through a turbine, spinning cheapest amongst all the sources. unlike solar thermal systems, use
it, which in turn activates a Following are favourable sunlight through the
generator to produce electricity. conditions for the development of ‘photovoltaic effect’ to generate
HEP in India. direct current (DC) in a direct
Significance of hydro power
1. There should be perennial electricity production process
1. Water is a renewable resource
flow of large volume of water. rather than using the sun’s heat
and can be used year after year.
2. The water should fall from a to generate power (as in solar
Thus, making hydel power
sufficient height. This height thermal system). Here the DC is
cheaper to produce than thermal
may be in the form of a then converted to AC, usually for
or nuclear power.
natural waterfall or obtained which inverters are usually used,
2. Water from storage reservoirs is to be distributed on the power
by constructing a dam across
sent through pipes along a steep network.
the river.
gradient to rotate the turbines,
3. There should be no silting of Saffron Revolution
which convert this energy into
electricity. This process is very water to save machinery. i. Saffron colour represents energy
clean and does not cause 4. A readily available market is and Saffron revolution focuses on
pollution of any kind. an essential requirement for renewable energy sources like
generating HEP as electricity solar energy to fulfil growing
3. The water used for generating
cannot be stored. energy demand of India. India’s
hydro-electricity is not consumed
solar potential is huge. Of the
or contaminated in any way and 5. The generation of HEP
world’s 20 top economies, it has
is still available and suitable for requires huge capital
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the most sunlight, especially in Disadvantages of solar energy World’s Larget Solar Park in India
the vaes deserts. i. Solar energy can only be i. Shakthi Sthala, hailed as the
ii. Also solar energy is a way to leap harnessed for various activities world’s largest solar park by
progress over conventional fossil during the daytime when there is Karnataka government was
fuel power into twenty-first ample sunlight available. inaugurated by the then chief
century’s clear energy economy. ii. The cost of deploying panels, minister, Siddarmaiah in Pavagada
It would also reduce India’s hefty collectors as well as solar cells for taluk of Karnataka, Thumkur
carbon footprint, which comes the generation of solar energy is district.
from relying on coal for 60 very high and the manufacturing ii. (Shakthi Sthal which means ‘Place
percent of its electricity. cost of the collectors and devices of Power and Strength’. It is the
Solar energy is also quite high. memorial site of Mrs.Indira
Advantages of solar energy iii. Even though solar power stations Gandhi, the first woman ‘Prime
i. Solar energy is available for are easy to build but the amount Minister of India).
absolutely free of cost. Even of energy harnessed here is very 1. The 2,000-megawatt park,
though there are equipment and less in output as compared to the named as ‘Shakti Sthala’
devices required for the conventional power stations of spans across 13,000 acres,
generation of solar energy from the same capacity. (spread over five villages).
the rays of sun, the cost is very iv. There are large acres of land 2. The first phase of the park
low as compared to what we required for the deployment of has 600-megawatt capacity
spend on fulfilling our energy solar energy plants and for while another 1,400
needs. capturing the energy coming from megawatts will by included by
ii. One of the advantages of solar sun. Large collectors are arranged December 2018.
energy is that it can be used in the together with each other so as to 3. Once fully operational, the
rural and remote areas as well. In gather huge amount of energy. parl will have the capacity to
these places, it is usually very v. In places when there is no ample produce 2,000 megawatts of
expensive to deploy the amount of solar energy available, electricity - 453 megawatts
electricity power grids and solar it is very difficult to produce more than the current world’s
energy can be generated in ample electricity from sun’s energy. largest solar park in China, the
amount here. Tengger Desert Solar Park.
Solar Mission of India
iii. Solar energy can be extensively Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park
i. The Jawaharlal Nehru National
used for the purpose of charging
Solar Mission was launched on (Panyam mandal of Kurnool
devices which consume very little
the 11 January 2010 by the UPA district, Andhra Pradesh). With a
amount of energy, such as
government. Earlier, the mission capacity of 1,000 megawatts.
calculators and solar cell
has setup the ambitious target of Kamuthi Solar Power Project
batteries.
deploying 20,000 megawatts of
iv. This is probably the greatest Kamuthi Solar Power Project is a
electricity generations those
benefit of using solar energy that solar park spread over an area of
extended 1,00,000 MW (100 GW)
it does not cause any kind of 2,500 acres (10 square kilometres)
of grid connected solar power by
pollution. Even though the in Kamuthi, 90 kilometres from
2022.
equipment, collectors and Madurai, in the state of Tamil
Mission Targets Nadu, India. With a generating
devices used are manufactured in
big factories, there is no pollution i. To creat an enabling policy capacity of 648 megawatts.
generated during the process of framework. i. Cochin international airport is the
generating solar energy from the ii. To create favourable conditions fourth-largest airport in the
heat coming from the rays of sun. for solar manufacturing capability country in terms of passenger
v. Solar energy is an infinite source of (specially solar thermal for traffic and requires about 48,000
energy and we will never run out of indigenous production and units of electricity per day. On
it till the end of the world. On the market leadership). August 18, Cochin International
other hand, other resources and oil iii. To achive solar thermal collector Airport Limited (CIAL) announced
reserves will last for as long as 40-50 are of 15 million square metres by that the airport will
years from now. run completely on solar power,
2017 and 20 million by 2022.
making it the first airport in the
vi. Solar energy is a renewable iv. To deploy 20 million solar lighting world to do so. This will make the
source of energy which can never systems (Photovoltaics) for rural a i r p o r t ”a b s o l u t e l y p o w e r
get out of stock. areas by 2022. neutral”- which means that it can
create as much energy as it Low Running Costs to help bridge the gap in demand
consumes. i. As wind energy is free, running and supply,
Canal Solar Power Project costs are often low. The only iii. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
i. The Canal Solar Power Project is ongoing cost of wind energy is for was also permitted in the power
a project launched in Gujarat, the maintenance of wind sector. Some of the important
India, to use the 19,000 km long turbines, but they are low steps taken were:
network of Narmada canals across maintenance in nature anyway. 1. The Electricity (Supply) Act
the state for setting up solar Huge Potential amended to provide for
panels to generate electricity. It i. Wind energy has huge potential. creation of private
was the first ever such project in It’s both renewable and generating companies for
India. This project has been sustainable and is present in a setting up power generating
commissioned by SunEdison facilities.
wide variety of places. Although

IIndia, to use the 19,000 km wind turbines aren’t cost- 2. Up to hundred percent
(12,000 mi) long network of effective at every location, the (100%) foreign equity
Narmada canals across the state technology isn’t limited to just a participation permitted for
for setting up solar panels to handful of locations projects set up by foreign
generate electricity. It was private investors in the India
Disadvantages of wind energy
inaugurated by narendra modi on Electricity Sector.
24 April 2012. The Wind Fluctuates
3. A policy for Mege power
Wind Energy i. Wind energy has a similar
projects of capacity 1000MW
i. Wind energy is energy that is drawback to solar energy in that
or more and supplying poewr
generated by the movement of it is not constant. Although wind
to more than one state
the winds. Wind energy is usually energy is sustainable and will
introduced.
captured through wind farms, never run out, the wind isn’t
always blowing. 4. The Government drew up a
made up of wind mills whose liquid fuel policy permitting
moving arms power electrical Installation is Expensive
liquid fuel based power plants
generators. i. Although costs are reducing over to achieve the quick capacity
Wind energy in India: time, wind turbines are still addition so as to avert a
i. India has a wind power potential expensive. First, an engineer must severe power crisis.
of 20,000 MW. About 85 sites, carry out a site survey. This may
Overview of Distribution and Losses
with a potential of 4500 MW have involve having to erect a sample
turbine to measure wind speeds i. A major challenge in the power
been identified in the country.
over a period of time. If deemed sector are the high Transmission
The major wind power plants are
adequate, a wind turbine then and Distribution (T&D) losses. A
located at Muppandal and
needs to be manufactured, combination of technical and
Nagercoil in Tamil Nadu.
transported and erected on top of non-technical factors is
ii. Wind power plant at Lamba in contributing to high T&D losses.
a pre-built foundation. All of these
Gujarat in the Gulf of Kutch is the
processes contribute to the ii. Lack of consumer education,
largest in India and third largest
overall cost of installing wind political interference, and
in Asia. T irupati in Andhra
turbines. inefficient use of electricity are
Pradesh, Puri coast in Orissa and
Electric Power further aggravating the problem.
coastal strip of Maharashtra,
Gujarat. i. Electricity is one of the most vital iii. More than 75-80% of the total
infrastructure inputs for technical loss and almost the
iii. The importance of wind energy is
economic development of a entire commercial loss occur at
highlighted below.
country. the distribution stages.
Environmentally friendly
Power Policy Approach iv. It is estimated that 1% reduction
i. wind energy is a green form of in T&D losses would generate
energy which does not release i. In the 1990’s it was realised that
savings of over Rs.700 to Rs.800
gases into the air like the burning although the country is bestowed
crores.
of fossil fuels does. with abundant energy resources,
these were not being put to most v. Reduction of T&D loss to around
Wind Energy is Free 10% will release energy
optimum use mainly due to
i. Unlike most non-renewable equivalent to an additional
techonological problems and
energy sources, wind energy is capacity of 10,000 - 12, 000 MW.
financial constraints.
completely free. Anyone can Distribution Reforms
make use of the wind and it will ii. In this background, to mobilise
never run out. additional resources for the sector i. In the power sector reform
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process, the significant initiatives ii. Rural Electrification Corporation sufficient power to farmer and
in recent period are the Limited (REC), a Government of regular supply to other consumer.
enactment of Electricity Act 2003, India enterprise under Ministry of Benefits
notification of National Electricity power, is the nodal agency to i. All villages and households shall
Policy, Tariff Policy and Rural implement Rural Electrification be electrified.
Electrification Policy. Distribution Programe. ii. Increased agriculture yield.
segment was identified as the key Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran iii. Business of small and household
are for reform for this sector. Yojana enterprise shall grow resulting.
Distribution Reforms involve iv. Improvement in health, Education
i. RGGVY was laulnched by the
system up-gradation, loss ATM services.
central government of 4 April
reduction, theft control, v. Improvement in accessibility to
2005, for attaining the National
consumer orientation, commer - radio, telephone, mobile, etc.
Common Minimum Programme

cialisation and adoption of IT. Saubhagya : Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar
(NCMP) objective of providing
Schemes on Electrification access to electricity to all Yojana
Rural Electrification (RE) Policy households in the country in 5 i. Union Ministry of Power had
(2006) years. launched Pradhan Mantri Sahaj
i. The rural Electrification Policy Bijli Har Ghar Yojana in 25
Aim
envisages provision of access to September 2017 (Birth ceremony
i. Electrifying every village as well as of Pt.Deen Dayal Upadhaya). Its
electricity to all households by the
habitation, according to new aim is to achieve universal
year 2009 and minimum lifeline
guidelines. household electrification (to all
consumption of 1 unit per
household per day as a merit ii. Proper electricity to every rural rural and urban households) in all
good by 2012. household. parts of country by providing
Urja Sangam 2015 / Pahal iii. To offer electricity connection to electricity connectivity.
every BPL family without charge. ii. In remote and inaccessible areas,
i. The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra
Conditions and Implementation solar power packs of 200 to 300
Modi, urged well-to-do sections
Methodology watts with battery will provide. It
of the India society to voluntarily
will also comprise 5 LED lights, 1
give up LPG subsidy, for benefiting i. Main work is preparation of
DC fan, 1 DC power pkug with all
the poorer sections of society. various district boards for proper
Repair and Maintenance (R&M)
During the inaugural address at execution.
global energy summi - Urja for next 5 years.
ii. Proper involvement of public Ujwal Discom Assurance Yojna
Sangam 2015 - in New Delhi. sector. (UDAY)
Ujjwala Yojana iii. Daily supply of 6-8 hourse of i. UDAY is the financial turnaround
i. It was lauched by the PM from proper electricity in areas of and revival package for power
Ballia on 1 May 2016. The scheme RGGVY. distribution companies of India
ideated to provide 5 crore cooking iv. Outline electronic fund transfer (DISCOMs) and more importantly
gas connections to Below Poverty directly to contractor account. offers a sustainable permanent
Line families over the next three solution to the problem. It is a
v. Three-tier system of quality
years. path breaking reform for realising
monitoring management.
1. Empowerment of women the Prime Minister’s vision of
Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti
and protect their health. affordable and accessible 24 × 7
Yojna (DDUGJY)
2. It will reduce drudgery and power for all.
i. DDUGJY is a Government of India
the time spent on cooking. Unnat Jyoti by Affordable Leds for All
scheme designed to give
3. For clean environment. (UJALA)
continuous power supply to rural
Rural Electrification Policy 2005 i. The Union Government has also
India as one of key initiative of the
initiated the nation wide
i. The policy aims at/goal : Modi Government. This Scheme
Programme for Home and Street
1. Provision of access to will replace existing Rajiv Gandhi
LED-based Lighting, so as to
electricity to all households Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna. This
conserve energy through the
by the year 2009. was launched on 25 July 2015 in
reduction of energy consumption.
2. Quality and reliable power Patna by PM Modi.
ii. There is distribution of around
supply at reasonable rates. Objectives 123 million LED bulbs, which is
3. Minimum lifeline consum - i. Provide electrification to all being equivalent to energy saving
ption of 1 unit per household villages. of approximately 43 million
per day by 2012. ii. Feeder separation to ensure kilowattshour per day.

Tidal Energy motion of water particles in the from the original formation of the
i. Tides are changes in the level of form of progressive waves. planet, from radioactive decay of
the oceans caused by the ii. Wave energy is slowly being made minerals, from volcanic activity
gravitational pull of the moon and use of round Europe, particularly and from solar energy absorbed
sun and the rotation of the earth. in countries facing the Atlantic. at the surface. It has been used
Near shore water levels can vary Malta falls in the medium range for bathing since Paleolithic times
up to 40 feet. Energy is generated of wave heights which gives the and for space heating since
using this Tides. possibility to use small wave ancient Roman times, but is now
ii. The generation of electricity from energy generators which can better known for generating
tides is similar to hydroelectric generate a considerable amount electricity.
generation, except that tidal of energy. iii) Worldwide, about 10,715
water flows in two directions. iii. Unlike tidal energy which uses the megawatts (MW) of geothermal
Although not yet widely used, ebb and flow of the tides, wave power is online in 24 countries.
tidal power has potential for energy uses the vertical iv) India has reasonably good
future electricity generation. movement of the surface water potential for geothermal; the
Tides are more predictable than that produce tidal waves. Wave potential geothermal provinces
wind energy and solar power. power converts the periodic up- can produce approximately
Among sources of renewable and-down movement of the 10,600 MW of power.
energy, tidal power has oceans waves into electricity by Geothermal Power Plants in India
traditionally suffered from placing equipment on the surface 1. Tattapani in Chhattisgarh.
relatively high cost and limited of the oceans that captures the
availability of sites with 2. Puga in Jammu & Kashmir.
energy produced by the wave
sufficiently high tidal ranges or movement and converts this 3. Cambay Graben in Gujarat.
flow velocities, thus constricting mechanical energy into electrical 4. Manikaran in Himachal Pradesh.
its total availability. power. 5. Surajkund in Jharkhand.
iii. However, many recent iv. As the wind passes over the v) Geothermal power is cost
technological developments and surface of the oceans, a portion effective, reliable, sustainable,
improvements, both in design of the winds kinetic energy is and environmentally friendly, but
(e.g., dynamic tidal power, tidal transferred to the water below, has historically been limited to
lagoons) and turbine technology generating waves. we can say that areas near tectonic plate
(e.g., new axial turbines, cross- waves are actually a form of boundarie
flow turbines), are suggesting that energy and it is this energy and Biomass Energy
the total availability of tidal power not water that moves along the
may be much higher than i) Biomass a renewable energy
ocean’s surface. this energy is
previously assumed, and that source is biological material from
used for the generation of power.
economic and environmental living or recently living organisms,
v. scientist are conducting model- such as wood, waste, (hydrogen)
costs may be brought down to
scale energy testing to improve gas and alcohol fuels. Biomass is
competitive levels.
the performance of wave-energy commonly plant matter grown to
iv. France is currently the only converters (or WECs) with the generate electricity or produce
country that has significantly goal of improving the economic
harnessed tidal energy and has heat. In this sense, living biomass
viability of these devices. can also be included, as plants can
the largest tidal power station in
Geothermal Energy also generate electricity while still
the world.
i) Geothermal energy is the earth’s alive.
v. According to the estimates of the
natural heat available inside the ii) Biomass is carbon, hydrogen and
Indian government, the country
earth. This thermal energy oxygen based. Nitrogen and small
has a potential of 8,000 MW of
contained in the rock and fluid quantities of other atoms,
tidal energy. This includes about
that filled up fractures and pores including alkali, alkaline earth and
7,000 MW in the Gulf of
in the earth’s crust can profitably heavy metals can be found as
Cambay in Gujarat, 1,200 MW in
be used for various purposes. well. Metals are often found in
the Gulf of Kutch and 100 MW in
Heat from the Earth, or functional molecules such as the
the Gangetic delta in
geothermal — Geo (Earth) + porphyrins which include
the Sunderbans region of West
Bengal. thermal (heat) — energy can be chlorophyll which contains
and is accessed by drilling water magnesium.
Wave Energy
or steam wells in a process similar iii) Biomass does not add carbon
i. Ocean wave energy is due to the to drilling for oil. dioxide to the atmosphere as it
periodic to-and-fro, up-and-down
ii) This geothermal energy originates absorbs the same amount of
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 59
carbon in growing as it releases launched Jawaharlal Nehru Kutch in the state of Gujarat, Gulf
when consumed as a fuel. Its National Solar Mission in 2009 to of Munnar in Ramil Nadu and
advantage is that it can be used generate up to 20,000 MW solar Gangetic Delta in the Sunderbans
to generate electricity with the power. The government has region of West Bengal.
same equipment that is now commissioned a 50MW Solar xi) Nuclear energy is an important
being used for burning fossil fuels. Project at Phalodhi, Rajasthan in alternative to fossil fuels and will
Self - Sufficiency March 2013. help in reducing global warming.
i) Self-sufficiency in power or vi) Wind energy is the most efficient With the establishment of Baba
energy plays pivotal role in alternative source of energy and Atomic Research Centre in 1967,
contributing to the growth and is absolutely pollution free. India Nuclear energy has gained
development of a nation. We has potential for wind power in importance. Some important
have always noticed that Gujarat, Rajasthan, and nuclear power project is at
developed countries have Maharashtra because of the Tarapur, Maharashtra and

achieved greater self-sufficiency topography. India has the fifth Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. However,
of energy compared to largest installed wind power one of the main drawbacks of
developing countries that are still capacity in the world. The wind nuclear energy is the generation
dependent on developed power plant at lamba in Gujarat of nuclear waste and the difficulty
countries to meet their energy is the largest in Asia. to manage them as they take
requirements. vii) Being a country consisting of many years to lose its radioactivity
ii) India shifted from agrarian various types of water bodies, and is dangerous to human
economy to industrialization India has huge potential for hydro health.
which led to increased power. However this kind of xii) Green Energy Revolution in India
dependence on energy. Even energy has hazardous issues on is thus taking place. India’s slow
though India has huge sources of the environment as seen in transition from being a country
non-conventional energy, it had Uttarakhand recently. dependent on conventional
always been dependent on viii) With increase in population and energy sources is gravitating
conventional energy sources. This industrialization in India, there towards using non-conventional
was because India lacked will be increase in the amount of energy sources.
technology to harness these waste that our country will Conclusion
resources. But this scenario generate. The biological products i. The new generation industrial
changed after the change of from agriculture, industrial plants installed in India have
economic policies in 1991. residues, and municipal waste can excellent energy efficiency norms
iii) Since then the concept of be used for biomass production or comparable with the best and
Alternative energy gain bio-energy. Biomass will help most energy efficient plants in the
momentum in India due to two India in reducing pressure on fuel world. This shows the deep
important reasons: food. The government has penetration of advanced energy
a) Considering, fossil fuels are launched National Program on efficient technologies in many of
exhaustible India felt the need to Energy Recovery from Urban, the Indian industrial plants.
reserve them for future use and Municipal and Industrial wastes
ii. In the modern world, energy
to avoid the wastage of such for promoting biomass energy.
consumption plays a vital part in
resources. ix) Recently India is giving life and if we reduce energy
b) The concept of sustainable significance to bio-fuel consumption, we can avoid
development demanded a development for reducing its construction of new power plants
healthy ecological balance and as dependence on coal and and other negative energy
such the green house gases that petroleum. This is possible by impacts. Please keep in mind that
are emitted by burning of fossil cultivation and processing of as you save energy, in other words
fuel (the worst environment Jatropha plant seeds. The you save money.
pollutant) needs to be prevented. Jatropha plant can grow in
iii. It is clear that there is a strong
iv) Thus India realized the need for wastelands across India requires
need to integrate more renewable
exploring non-conventional energy very less water and the oil from
energy sources into the grid of the
sources and set-up a Ministry of New these seeds are considered to be
future. These kind of energy
and Renewable Energy. an excellent source of bio-diesel.
sources, when coupled with
v) India has huge potential for x) The long coastline of energy storage, can greatly
harnessing solar energy in the approximately 7500 km makes benefit the grid by offering a
western part of India i.e. Gujarat India potential for tidal and wave variety of ancilliary services and
and Rajasthan. The Government energy especially in the Gulf of daily peak load reductions.
3 
         

    (CFEFS)
    

 

         
     (HEMRL)

    

   
       
  
    (CVRDE)
  
 

DRDO  (R

& DE)
   
 DRDO    
   

  
(TDEs)    

(DTDP)   (CAIR)

   
    
   
  
(DLRL)
 
 DRDO   
      
   
   (DESIDOC)
   

   
     
          
      
  
DRDO  (DEBEL)
  
    

   
 
    (DIPAS)
 
  (ADE),  
    (DIPR)
   (ADRDE) 
 
           
    (CABS), (DMRL)
     
           
    (ARDE) (DMSRDE)
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 61
       
        
(DRDL)     
   
    
 
(ISSA)   

 (ITR) 
  DRDO   
 G.
  
 

 G - FAST      
(NRB)   -1 

      -2 
  
-3 
  
 
    
I 
    
NRB   II 
NRB   III 
  IV 
 
 V 
  
     VI 
   

       
   IGMDP 
      
IRBW 
 
  
         
    
     
 
      
    
  
  
        
  
     

      
  

   
    I   
   
 II 

        
  DRDL    II 
          
   

      III  
 IGMDP    
(ARDB)     
       
 (ARDB)   
  IGMDP    III 
     
      IV    
     
  IV     -III      
     
 VI       
  
        
    
     
    

       
 
     


      

     
   
       
   
 
  
 

          
     
   
   
 

    
 
    
        
   
    
 DRDO       
  
  

       

IAF  
  
     
 
     
   

 
     
    

 PADE   
   
  
   
 
    
   
     
  
     

  

     
     
    
  

 
 -I   
      
     
    
 II         
   DRDO   
     
  
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 63
       (EVD) 
     
       LCA 
     
     
    
   

      
 
     

 

      
  

    
    
     

     LTE(HAL)
       
 (LCA) 
   LCA  
     LTA   
         
       
      
    
       
  LCA     
      
  LCA  
   
      
 
   
     
       
 LCA 
      
  
   
  
  

      
 

 
    
     LCA  
     

  
    
 

     (MMR)    
      (LDP)     
 (FLIR)    
       
  
 
    
       (DTA) 
            
      

  DRDO  
  RPV     
        
  
       
       
     
  Dr.  
    
         
    

     

    
  Dr.     
  
    

    
 
    Dr.  

   

 
MBT
  II       
 
DRDO   

      
  
Dr.A.P.J.     
 
 

   MBT  Dr.   (Leh)   
 Dr. 
   
 MBT 
      
   
   
  
        (Smiling 
  Buddha)      
       
    
  
   
     
   DRDO       
   ‘Opera-    (DRDO)
   tion shakthi’     Dr.A.P.J. 
    
  MBT       
     
   
   
      
   
   
  
    
 
 
 
  
    
          
      
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 65
DEFENCE RESEARCH
3 ORGANISATIONS
Defence Technology in India hicles, engineering systems, in- Developmetn Establishment

strumentation, missiles, advanced (ADRDE), Agra
1. India’a defence policy aims at pro-
computing and simulation, spe-

moting and sustaining durable 3. Centre for Air Borne Systems
cial materials, naval systems, life
peace in the sub-continent and (CABS), Bangalore.
sciences, training, information
equipping the defence forces ad-
systems and agriculture. Armaments
equately to safeguard against ag-
gression. 4. The Organisation is backed by 1. Armamnets Research and Devel-
over 5000 scientists and about opment Establishemnt (ARDE),
2. No nation is safe from foreign ag-
25,000 other scientific, technical Pune
gression and invention. India’a
and supporting personnel. 2. Centre for Fire, Explosive and
one with China and for wars with
Pakistan including recent Kargil 5. Several major projects for the de- Environemtn Safety (CFEFS), Delhi
conflicts are some of the ex- velopment of missiles, arma- 3. High Energy Materials Research
amples. ments, light combat aircrafts, ra- Labarotary (HEMRL), Pune
dars, electric warfare systems etc
3. Any country with inadequate de- Combat Vehicles and Engineering
are on hand and significant
fence preparedness is an easy vic-
achievements have already been 1. Combat Vehicles Research and
tim. It pays the price for its weak-
made in several such technolo- Development Estt. (CVRDE),
ness.
gies. Chennai
Institutional Structure
6. Now G.Sathish Reddy is the 2. Research and Development
1. DRDO was formed in 1958 from Chiaiman of DRDO. Establishement (R &DE), Pune
the amalgamation of the Techni-
Mission of the DRDO Electronics and Computer Sciences
cal Development Establishement
(TDEs) fo the Indian Army and the 1. Design develop and lead to pro- 1. Centre for Artificial Intelligence
Directorate of Technical Develop- duction state-of-the-art asensors, and Robotics (CAIR), Bangalore.
ment and Production (DTDP) with weapon systems, platforms and
2. Defence Electronics Research
the Defence Science Organisaiton allied equipment for our Defence
Labaratory (DLRL), Hyderabad.
(DSO). Services.
3. Defence Scientific Infomation and
2. DRDO was then a small 2. Provide technological solutions to
Documentation Centre
organisaiton with 10 establish- the Services to optimise combat
(DESIDOC), Delhi
ments or laboratories. Over the effectiveness and to promote
years, it has grown multi- well-being of the troops. Life Sciences
directionally in terms of the vari-
3. Develope infrastructure and com- 1. Defence Bio-Engineering and
ety of subject disciplines, number
mitted quality manpower and Electro Medical Labaratory
of laboratories, achievements and
build strong indigenous technol- (DEBEL), Bangalore.
stature and has become one of
ogy base.
the largest agencies in the coun- 2. Defence Institute of Physiology
try. Important Laborataries under and Allied Sciences (DIPAS), Delhi
the DRDO
3. Today it is a network of 51 3. Defence Institute of Pschological
laboratoroes which are deeply Aeronautical Research (DIPR), Delhi
engaged in developing defence 1. Aeronautical Development Estab- Materials
technologies covering various dis- lishment (ADE), Bangalore.
ciplines, like aeronautics, arma- 1. Defenec Metalurgical Research
ments, electronics, combat ve- 2. Aerial Delivery Research and Labaratory (DMRL), Hyderabad

2. Defence Materials and Stores Re- and apply that knowldege for Na- trusted with two other projects:
search and Development Estab- val purposes. Project Valiant, which involved
lishment (DMSRDE), Kanpur Aeronautical Research and the development of a long-range
Missiles Development Board (ARDB) ballistic missile; and Project Devil,
which was aimed at reverse engi-
1. Defence Research and Develop- 1. The Aeronautical Research and
neering the Soviet SA-2 surface -
ment Laboratory (DRDL), Development Board (ARDB) was
to-air missile.
Hyderabad set up by the Government of In-
dia to coordinate, provide funds 3. Both projects were considered
2. Institute of Systems Studies and
and sensitize futuristic, scientific failures; Project Valiant was termi-
Analysis (ISSA), Delhi
technological areas having poten- nated in 1974 and Project Devil
3. Integratd Test Range (ITR), met the same fate in 1980.
tial applications for aeronautical
Balasore.
systems, at academic institutions 4. However, by this time, DRDL had
Associated Technologies and national scientific laborato- developed the infrastructure and
1. G-FAST, Delhi ries. facilities to undertake the design
Naval Research Board (NRB) Armament Research Board and development of missiles.
1. The NRB was set up in August (ARMREB) 5. In 1983, under the leadership of
1996 to encourage basic research 1. The Armament Research Board Dr.APJ Kalam, the IGMDP was
in the field of marine technologies (ARMREB) was constituted in launched to indigenuosly design,
and to strengthen and deepen the 1997 to promote innovative develop and deploy a whole fam-
knowledge base related to the na- resarch in scientific field useful for ily of missiles for the country’s
val environemnt. armant discipline. tactical and strategic needs.
The objectives of the NRB are 2. The Board was set up to enhance 6. The purpose behind the IGMDP is
the intellectual, physical infra- to make India self-sufficient in the
1. To encourage and provide
structure and scientific under- design and production of a full
funds for basic research in
standing in the field of armaments range of missles.
pertinent scientific disciplines
to met the future challenge. 7. There were a number of failures
of broad rlevance to our fu-
The Objectievs of ARMREB are and successs, which led to an ex-
ture Navy by enabing and
pansion of the program in the
supporting emerging talent, 1. The foster knowledge-based
1990s, to develop the long range
most particularly in academic growth of armament discipline in
Agni missile, a ballistic missile
institutions. the country, strengthnening and
(codenamed Sagarika), which
2. To create and evolve a knowl- integration of national resources
would be the naval version f the
edge-base potentially appli- of knowledge, know how, experi-
Prithivi, and an inger-continental-
cable to the Navy. ence, facilities and infrastructure.
ballistic-missile (condenamed
2. The Board focuses on the genera- 2. To launch and coordinate research Surya).
tion of the applocable knowledge- in specified areas of armament
Indian Ballistic and cruise missiles
base through innovative research discipline in academic institu-
tions. Name Range
work leading to the exploitation
of the sea for military purpose in 3. To adopt synergic approach to- Prithvi -1 150 km
areas like underwater communi- wards nagional needs mand pri- Prithvi-2 250 km
cation, ranging and imaging sys- orities in the field of armaments,
Dhanush/Prithvi-3 350 km
tems, marine bioactive resources, yet keeping in focus the global ad-
environmental hazards and op- vancements, in order to develope Agni-Technology 1,200-1,500 km
erations, generic technology de- competence in key areas. Demonstrator(TD)
velopment including design tools DRDLC (Defence Research and Agni-I 700-800 km
and understanding of human fac- Development Laborataries)
Agni-II 2,000-2,500 km
tors in the Navy. 1. In the 1970s, the Indian govern-
3. The Board supports basic research ment decided to manufacture Agni-III 3,000-4,000 km
that will generate new knowledge anti-tank missiles under license Agni-IV 4000-5000 km
potentially useful to the Navy and from France.
Agni-V 5000-8000 km
to train young minds to generate 2. At the same time, DRDL was en-
Agni VI 8000-10,000 km
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 67
Surface to surface Army version and 25 m for the Air 3. Akash missiles can be carried in a
Agni Missile System Force version. battle tank. The missiles can take
6. The DRDO has increased the pay- off in different directions and de-
1. The Agni missile is an IRBM devel-
load of the IAF version to 1000 kg, stroy multiple targets.
oped under the IGMDP. It was
tested at the Interim Test Range by using higher performance liq- 4. Akash can be deployed by rail,
in Chandpur in 1989, and is ca- uid propellants to generate more road or air. The first test flight of
pable of carrying a conventional thrust-to-weight ratio. Aksh missile targets handling in
payload of 1000 kg or a nuclear 7. The missile can carry both nuclear 1990.
warhead. warheads and a variety of con- 5. The IAF has initiated the process
2. It consissts of one (short range ventional payloads. to induct the Akash missiles.
version) or two stages (interme- 8. If it is deployed in states like Kash-
Trishul Missile System

diate range). mir, Punjab and Gujarat which
1. Trishul is the name of a short
3. It is rail and road mobile. It is pow- border Pakistan, it would place
range surface to air missile devel-
ered by solid and/or liquid propel- the capital of Islamabad, as well
oped by India as a part of the In-
lants. as the major cities of Lahore and
tegrated Guided Missile Develop-
Karchi in range, as well as many
4. Agni I has range of 700-800 km ment Program.
while Agni-II as a range of 2,000- of Pakistan’s strategic military in-
stallations. 2. It has a range of 9 km and is fitted
2,500 km. Agni-II can only reach
with a 5.5 kg warhead.
some parts of western China. Variants of Prithvi
Nag Missile System
5. Agni-III is expected to be India’s 1. The Prithvi missile project encom-
nuclear deterretn against China. passed developing three variants 1. Nag is India’s third generation
It can hit strategic targets deep infor use by the Indian Army, Indian “Fire and forget” anti-tank missile.
side China, including Shanghai Air Force and the Indian Navy. It is an all weather, top attack mis-
and Beijing with a strike range of 1. Prithvi I- Army Version (150kn sile with a range of 4 to 7 km.
3,500 km. range with a payload of 1,000 2. Nag can be mounted on an infan-
6. An operational Agni-III was tested kg) try vehicle; a helicopter launched
on July 9,2006 from Wheeler Is- 2. Prithvi II- Air Force Version version will also be available with
land. (250 km range with a payload integration work being carried out
7. Agni IV was launched in April 19, of 500 kg) with the HAL Dhruv.
2012. 3. Prithvi III- Naval versiob (350 Astra Missile System
8. Agni V was launched in Septem- km range with a payload of 1. The Astra missile is an air to air
ber 15, 2013. 500 kg) (AA), beyodn visual range (BVR)
9. Agni VI in Under progress. 2. Sagarika will be a nuclear ca- missille under development by In-
Prithvi Missile System pable, cruise missile, capable of dia under IGMDP.
being mounted in ships or subma- 2. This is the first indigeneous air to
1. The Prithvi missile is a tactical sur-
rines. air missile deveoped by India. The
face-to-surface short-range ballis-
tic missile. 3. Sagarika will be inducted into the range of this missile is 80 km in
Advanced Technology Vessel be- head on chase and 15 km in tail
2. Prithvi was India’s first indig-
ing developed for Indian NAvy. chase.
enously developed ballistic mis-
sile. Surface to air Missile System 3. This missile was successfully
3. Development of the Prithvi began Akash tested without control and guid-
in 1983, and it was first test-fired 1. Akash is a medium range surface ance systems on May 9 to May 12,
on Febraury 25, 1988. It has a to air missile developed as part of 2003. The missile was again suc-
range of up t 150 to 300 km. IGMDP to achieve self sufficiency cessfully tested on 25 March
in the area of surface to air mis- 2007.
4. The liquid propellant also has bet-
ter performance than solid pro- siles. Fire and Forget Missiles
pellants, giving the Prithvi a high 2. With an intercept range of 30 km. 1. Fire and forget is a third genera-
payload for its size and range. Akash flies at supersonic speed, tion method of missile guidance.
5. The inertial navigation system has reaching around 2.5 Mach. It can The means that the user such a
an accuracy of about 15 m for the reach an altitude of 18 km. missile merely has to fire it, and

then forget all about it and yet it 4. BRAHMOS is a Supersonic Cruise 5. Higher destructive capability
will correctly strike the target. Missile than can be launched aided by the larger kinetic energy
2. The term is used for a type of mis- from Submarone, ship, aircraft of imapct
sile which does not require fur- and land based Mobile Autono- 6. Low Radar Signature
ther guidance after launch and mous Lanchers (MAL).
Tests and Developemnt
can hit irts target without the 5. Primarily BRAHMOS is an anti- of BRAHMOS
lancher being in line of slight of ship missile. The missile can be
1. The firtst flight-test of the
the target. launched either in vertical or in-
BRAHMOS missile was conducted
Development of Anti-missile clined position and will cover 360
on 12 June 2001 at the Interium
systems degrees.
Test Range, in Orissa.
1. India has an active ABM develop- 6. Today Brahmos is the first super-
Light Aircraft
ment effort using local derivatives sonic operational cruise missile in
Tejas Loght Combat Aircraft (LCA)
of the belta Green Pien radars the world, which can be launched
from multiple platforms such as 1. The LCA program was launched in
(obtained from Israel) and locally
ships, submarines, road mobnile 1985.
designed missiles.
and soil. 2. The difficiency in combat force
2. In November 2006, India success-
7. The supersonic speed of Brahmos levels of the Air Force and the gap
fully conducted the PADE (Prithvi
is achieved by a liquid ramjet en- in indigeneous design and devel-
air Defence Exercise) in which an opment capability in the aeronau-
gine and the guidance is achieved
Anti-ballistic missile, called the tical field was proposed top be
througn powerful software
Exatmospheric interceptor sys- met through the development of
embeded in the on-board avion-
tem (PAD) intercepted a Prithvi-II an advanced multirole LCA.
ics integrated with high perfor-
ballistic missile
mance sensors. 3. The first prototype of LCA was
3. India become the fourth nation in rolled out on 17 November 1995.
8. The unique feature of the
the world acquire such a capabil-
BRAHMOS are high level of Key features of LCA
ity and the third nation to develop
reliabiloty, ease of operation, abil- 1. It is a small, ligt weight, multi-role
it through indigenous effort.
ity to conduct multiple launches combat aircraft.
Brahmos cruise missiles simultaneously against multiple
2. The LCA is constructed of alu-
1. In 1998, the Government of India, targets, long shelf life with mini-
minium-lithium alloys, carbon-fi-
signed an agreement with Russia mum maintenance.
bre composites, and titanium.
to design, develop, manufacture Features and Advantages
Avionics
and market a Supersonic Anti- of Brahmos
Ship Cruise Missile System 1. The avionics system enhances the
1. The Brahmos is designed to attack
BrahMos role of Light Combat Aircraft as an
surface targets at altitudes as low
effective weapon platform
Brahmos Aerospace Private Limited as 10 m. The ship, ground- and air
Radar
1. Brahmos was established in India launched veriosn have a range of
as a Joint Venture through an In- 300 km, while the air-lainched 1. A state of the art multi mode ra-
ter Governmental Agreement be- version has a range of 50 km. dar (MMR), laser designator pod
tween India and Russia signed in (LDP) forward looking infra-red
2. The Brahmos carries a 200 kg pay-
Febraury 1998. (FLIR) and other opto-electronic
load.
sensors provide accurate target
2. The BRAHMOS missile is also Key features summary
information.
available for except to friendly 1. Long flight range with supersonic
countries. Electronics and communications
speed all through the flight.
3. The foundation of the Joint Ven- 1. An advanced electronic warfare
2. Shorter flight times leading to
ture Brahmos is an example of in- (EW) suite enhances the aircraft
lower target dispersion and
tegration and promotion of jointly survivability during deep penetra-
quicjker engagement.
developed high technology mili- tion and combat.
3. Varieties of flight trajectors.
tary products to the world mar- Test Flights of LCA
ket. 4. Fire and forget principle of opera-
1. The flight was successful and met
tion
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 69
all test parameters set for the inducted by Indian Air Force and 5. Weighing in at 58.5 tons, it is sig-
flight. Subsequently there have Indian Navy. nificantly heavier than the T-series
been over 700 test flights of the Nishant RPV tanks used presently by the Indian
two Technology Demonstrators. Army.
1. India has completed work on the
2. On April 2007, the first Limited 6. The production facility set up at
Nishant, a remotely piloted ve-
Series Production Tejas Light heavy Vehicle Factory in Avadi has
hicle for battle field surveillance
Combat Aircraft (LCA) made its started to produce the tank after
and reconnaissance.
maiden flight from the Hindustan the technology was transferred by
Aeronautics Ltd (HAL) facility at 2. Nishant the Remotely piloted Ve- the DRDO.
Bangalore Airport. hicle conceived, designed and de-
veloped by the Aeronautical De- Dr APJ Kalam and India’s
Saras Light Transport Aircraft (LTA) Missile Program

velopment Establishment, is used
1. Saras, the Light Transport Aircraft for reconnaissance target acqui- 1. The Project managed to put
(LTA), is able to carry between sition, target designation, damage Rohini, a scientific satellite, into
eight and 14 passengers and ex- assessment and electronic sur- orbit on July 1980. He was
tendable to an 18-passengers veillance. honoured with a Padma Bhushan
variant in multiple modes of op- in 1981.
3. It was launched in 2012 initially 13
eration.
pieces were made. 2. After 10 years in DRDL, Dr Kalam
2. SARAS will be well suited to fulfil took iover as Scientific Advisior to
4. It can go maximum speed of 18
a variety of other roles such as the Defence Misniter.
km/hr, maximum range 160 km
executive trasnport light package
and maximum ceiling 3.6 km. 3. In 1999, Dr Kalam was appointed
carrier, remote sending and aerial
Arjun MBT Principal Scientific Advisior to the
research service, coast guard, bor-
Government of India
der patrol, air ambulance and 1. At the end of the 1971 war, the
other some unity services. Indian army realised the limita- 4. On July 25, 2002, Dr Kalam was
tions of thei tank fleet in the harsh sworn in as the 11th President of
3. PT6A-66 engine is of modular con-
structive and thus easy to main- desert conditions of Rajasthan, a India a fitting recognition for a life-
tain. north western Indian state bor- time of service to the nation in the
dering Pakistan, so they initiated technological sphere.
Dhruv Advanced Light
Helicopter (ALH) their own MBT design. Pokhran Nuclear Test
1. It has flown extensively in diverse 2. The Main Battle Tank (MBT) oc- 1. The Pokhran-II tests were a series
terrains ranging from hot tropical cupies a pivotal role in the present of five nuclear bomb test
deserts to the great Himalayan day battle field on account of its explosions conducted by DRDO in
ranges. ability to provide accurate fire May 1998. Under the chief
power with cross country mobil- guidance of DR.A.P.J Abdul
2. It is designed and developed by ity, reasonable protection from kalam, the co-scientist working in
hindustan Aeronautics Limited
conventional and nuclear threats pohran II are DR. Rajagopala
(HAL)
and flexible response to changing Chidambaram and DR.
3. A total of 228 Helicopter was pro- battle situations. Sandhanam.
duced in 2017.
3. The first Arjun (named after a 2. It was the second instance of
Lakshaya myhical Hindu warrior prince) nuclear testing conducted by
1. Lakshaya is a high subsonic reus- comncept was laid out in 1974 by India; the first test, code-
able aereal target system, re- the Combat Vehicles Research named Smiling Buddha, was
motely piloted from ground. It and Development Establishment conducted in May 1974.
provides training to the gun/mis- (CVRDE) of the DRDO 3. Pokhran-II consisted of five
sile crew and to air defence pilots 4. The Arjun (Mk I) was developed detonations, the first of which
for weapon engagement. after three decades of identifying was a fusion bomb while the
2. By April 2002 the Pilotless Target requirements, design, evaluation, remaining four were fission
Aircraft (PTA) Lakshaya had been redesign process. bombs.

4. The tests were initiated on 11 May nuclear programme as a threat, 3. Helmet mounted sights and
1998, under the assigned code Defence Research and targeting system to give the pilots
name Operation Shakti, and Development Organisation lightening quick ability to shoot
the Indian government led (DRDO) chief APJ Abdul Kalam, in off weapons.
by Prime Minister Atal Bihari a press conference, clearly 4. Ability to taken off from high
Vajpayee shortly convened a mentioned that the nuclear altitude airbases like Leh on a
press conference to declare India weapons were for “national ‘cold start’ - for quick reaction
a full-fledged nuclear state. security”. deployment
5. The tests resulted in a variety of Rafale Fighter Jet 5. A radar warning receiver to
sanctions against India by a 1. India in September 2016 inked a identify hostile tracking systems
number of major states, including direct deal with the French

Japan and the United States. 6. A towed decoy system to thwart
government to purchase 36 new incoming missile.
6. US senator Richard Shelby Rafale fighter jets in a 7.87 billion
articulated that the CIA’s failure euro deal that is likely to bring Defence is only for the security
to identify that these tests were major work to the Indian private of a nation. Peace and Harmony
going to take place was “the sector in terms of offsets under is the basic requirement of any
biggest failure of our intelligence the make in India policy. nation. The citizens of a country
gathering agencies in the past ten feel safe and secure and can
2. The Rafale deal caters to specific prosper only if a peaceful
years or more”. Indian air force needs. The special environment is maintained.
7. Foreign countries viewed India’s features of the fighter jet includes
Jai hind
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 71
4 
    

       
  
   

           
        
       
       
   
    
   
      
   
 

           
           
  
     
    
    
  
   
  
       
   
    

(living and non-living)       

   
  
     
    
   
   
     
  
        

      
  
      
  
     “”
     
(NCMRWF)      

     
   
   
  
  
 
    

      
    
       
   “”    
     “ ”      
      
        
      
        
     

         
      
   
    
   
   


    
 NCAOR    
         
     
    NCAOR       
         
 (ORV)  (ORV) 

         
  (FORV) 
                
     
           
 (R & D)        (EEZ) 
    
    
    
NCAOR
       
  
     
   
    
  
    
  
       
  
   

     

    
      
      
    
         
        
       FORV  
       
 NCAOR (National Centre for      
Antartic and Ocean)    (PMN)
       
 
     
     
    
     
       
    
       
      
        
 
NCAOR (R&D)   
    
   
      

 

- 250 C          
       
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 73
       
     
        
    
    
   
   

    
   
      200m
     
    200m   
    
 
  R&D       UNCLOS  
     (ICMAM) 
  
      
(Tide gauges)
   
  
 GIS   
 
     

  
   
  
   
    
  (GIS)
    
   
       
   
   200M
     

(Coastal Ocean Monitoring and pre-     
 
diction system) 
     UNCLOS    
   
     
    
     NIOT (Na-   
 tional Institute of Ocean technol-    
  ogy) Chennai.    
     

     

    
United National Convention on the
  
Law of the Sea (UNCLLOS)
     
 
      
          
     
   
   

    

OCEAN RESEARCH &

4
DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
 India’s coastline sprawls over a programmes relating to long term  Twenty five such expeditions have
distance more than 7,500 km long, economic and technological been undertaken, including one to
and its territory includes 1,256 development. the weddell Sea and and another
islands. Its exclusive economic  The expanded Ministry of Earth one to the Southern Ocean for krill
zone covers about an area of 20 Sciences aims to create a exploration.
lakh sq. km and the continental framework for understanding the  “MAITRI”, the Indian station is
shelf stretches up to 350 nautical complex interactions among key situated on the rocky mountainous
miles from the coast. elements of the Earth System, region called “Schirmacher Oasis”.
 The domain for the development namely ocean, atmosphere and  It has all modern facilities to carry
of oceanic resources and solid earth, by encompassing out research in various disciplines
preservation of the marine national programmes in Ocean such as Biology, Earth Sciences,
environment extends from the science, meteorology, climate, Glaciology, Atmospheric Sciences,
coastal land and islands to the environment and seismology. Meteorology, Cold region
Indian Ocean.  The Ministry of Earth Sciences Engineering, Communication,
 The Government of India provides the nation with services Human Physiology and Medicine.
established the Department of in forecasting the monsoons and  It has a capacity to accommodate
Ocean Development in 1981, to other weather/climate 25 people for winter. By virtue of
promote and coordinate the many parameters, ocean state, India’s sustained interest and
endeavours required to earthquakes, tsunamis and other demonstrative capabilities in the
accomplish the task, as well as to phenomena related to earth domain of polar science, our
develop the emerging frontier of systems through well integrated country has achieved several
Antarctic research and deep programme. milestones.
seabed mining.  In addition, the Ministry also deals  First Wintering was conducted in
 The Ministry of Earth Sciences was with science and technology for the permanent station Dakshin
created on 12th July 2006 after exploration and exploitation of Gangotri built in 1983.
merger of India Meteorological ocean resources (living and non-
 India was admitted to the
Department (IMD); National living), and play a nodal role for
Antarctic Treaty on the 19 th
Centre for Medium Range Antarctic/Arctic and Southern
August, 1983 and soon thereafter
Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF); Ocean research.
obtained Consultative Status on
Indian Institute of Trobical INDIAN ANTARCTIC RESEARCH the 12th September 1983.
Meteorology (IITM), Pune and PROGRAM
Earth Risk Evaluation Centre  India was admitted as a member
 India’s Antarctic Programme of the Scientific Committee on
(EREC) with the Ministry of Ocean
began in December 1981, when Antarctic Research (SCAR) on the
Development.
the first Indian Expedition was 1st October 1984.
 The Ministry’s mandate is to look flagged off from Goa.
after Atmospheric Sciences,  India became a member of
 Subsequently, annual Antarctic Convention on the Conservation of
Ocean Science and Technology and
expeditions are being sent under Antarctic Marine Living
Seismology in an integrated
the aegis of the Department of Resources (CCAMLR) in 1986.
manner. The major responsibilities
Ocean Development/ National
of the Ministry are formulation  India ratified the Environment
Centre for Antarctic and Ocean
and implementation of Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty
Research.
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 75
in 1997, thus upholding its India’s permanent station in sea, Bay of Bengal and Indian
commitment to preserve the Antarctica Ocean.
pristine continent.  Maitri was established in 1989 and  The vessel has contributed
 India built its second permanent allows Indian scientists to conduct extensively for understanding the
station ‘Maitri’ during 1988-89 critical studies across all areas of seas around the Indian sub-
 International bilateral co- polar research. This is a modern continent during the last
operations in various domains of station that has comfortable seventeen years.
polar science are being pursued accommodation, a well –  NCAOR research is dedicated to
with various Treaty nations. equipped library and a state of the adding global value, by extending
art laboratory and the frontiers of science. It also
 The main scientific programmes
communication system.
participates in global
launched by India focus on:
 At NCAOR the scientific mandate experiments, hosts international
 ice ocean atmosphere system in is multidisciplinary. Operating in a conferences and provides
Antarctica and global complex matrix, which has as its leadership to international
environment; focal theme, research in those committees concerned with this
 Antarctic lithosphere and areas of the polar science endeavor.
Gondwanaland reconstruction, currently not being undertaken by National Institute of Oceanography
framework for delineating plate any other institution in India.
 The National Institue of
tectonic processes and  India’s commitment to continue Oceanography was established in
assessment of mineral resources research in Antarctica and also to 1966. The Principal Objective of
hydrocarbons; preserve the pristine environment the Institute is to develop
 Antarctic ecosystems and was given a concrete shape with sufficient knowledge related to
environmental physiology; the establishment of the first polar physical, chemical, biological,
 solar terrestrial processes; and R & D lab at NCAIR. geological and engineering
 innovative technologies for  For the first time in the country, a aspects of the seas around India
support system; low temperature laboratory through:
complex at – 25C has been  study of physical process in the
 environmental impact
established for the preservation ocean including the monsoon
assessment; and
and analysis of ice core and show
generation and structuring of  exploration of living resources of
 samples, not only from Antarctica
databases (geological the sea
but also from Himalayas.
topographic, thematic mapping  sea-farming technology
 In addition, an ultra clean
and ecosystems changes, laboratory has been established to  bio-active substances from marine
environmental parameters and study the ice samples in a pristine plants and animals
health care. environment.  development of offshore oilfields
National Centre for Antarctic and  NCAOR is also establishing a  deep-sea exploration for minerals
Ocean Research National Antarctic Data Centre  coastal zone and harbor
 The National Centre for Antarctic and a Polar Museum. development
and Ocean Research (NCAOR) was  Another important mandate given  studies for effective control of
established as an autonomous R to NCAOR is the management of marine pollution
&D Institution of the Department Oceanic Research Vessel (ORV)
of Ocean Development (DOD) on  ocean modelling
Sagar Kanya-a multidisciplinary
the 25th May 1998. Among the key Oceano-graphic Research Vessel  processing of satellite imagery
features of the centre are: dedicated to the survey and data
 the centre is designated as the exploration of high seas.  acoustic topography
nodal organization for the co-  Commissioned in 1983, Sagar  The Institute is also involved in
ordination and implementation of Kanya has been the flagship of the research and development
the Indian Antarctic programme, country for multi – agency projects for exploration and
including the maintenanace of oceanographic studies in Arabian utilization of natural resources of

the seas. identify first generation mine sites. parameters relating to physical,
 The Marine Biotechnology Sampling of about 200 stations has chemical and biological
Information Centre at the already been completed and the characteristics of water and
Institute has developed a data balance stations would also be sediments.
base on marine life of India sampled.  Based on the data collected
providing information on  With a view to protecting and through this project, the areas of
taxonomy, biology, ecology, preserving marine environment, concern have been identified and
biogeography, commercial uses the quality of coastal waters is steps are being taken to prevent
collection techniques etc. being assessed continuously at and control the causes of pollution
Ocean Research many locations along the coastline by supplying the information to
of the country including areas of
 The two major vessels viz the State Pollution Control

concern like Mumbai. Kochi, Boards.
Oceanographic Research Vessel
Veraval, Veli, Tuticorin, Cuddalore,
(ORV)- Sagar Kanya and Fisheries  The need for strengthening this
Chennai, Kakinada and
oceanographic Research Vessel long term programme arises in
Visakhapatnam.
(FORV)- Sagar Sampada have been wake of the expanding areas of
carrying out oceanographic  The results have indicated that work relating to environmental
surveys and surveys for the the pollution levels have remained concern, for example, hazard ous
exploration of non-living and living constant over the years. No substances, management of the
resources under the Exclusive decrease of pollution has been
marine environment including the
Economic Zone (EEZ) (Indian found in the waters off Mumbai
risk assessment and
Ocean Region) since 1984. except at Versova.
environmental impact assessment
 These vessels are being utilized for  The two indigenously built coastal etc. and emerging areas like
multi-disciplinary research on the vessels ‘Sagar Purvi’ and ‘Sagar mitigation strategies, regulatory
physical, chemical, geological and Paschimi’ of the Ministry of Earth toxicology, eutrophication and
biological aspects of the Indian Sciences (MoES) are being utilized hypoxia, organics, etc.
Ocean. for continuous monitoring of
Integrated Coastal and Marine Area
pollution levels in the coastal
 The vessels will also be utilized in Management (ICMAM)
areas to assess the health of the
campaigns for validating satellite The programme has two
coastal waters of India. 
oceanographic data, assessment components, namely
of marine (living) resources and for  These vessels are equipped with
various technology demonstration appropriate and modern  Capacity building and
activities. technological equipment.  Development of Infrastructure for
 Dedicated cruises were also  Tide gauges have also been R &D, Survey and Training for
undertaken for summer monsoon indigenously produced and an ICMAM.
and winter monsoon coverage of American patent on tide gauge The second component covers
the Bay of Bengal. has been received. four activities,
 The Andaman Sea was also  Integrated coastal and marine  Development of GIS based
surveyed through dedicated area management plans information system for 11 critical
cruises. A centralized FORV Data developed for Chennai, Goa and habitats in the coastal and Marine
and Referral Centre has been set Gulf of Kachchh demonstrated the Areas in India,
up at the Centre for Marine Living use of GIS, remote sensing and
 Determination of Waste
Resources and Ecology, Kochi. mathematical modeling in
Assimilation Capacity at selected
developing integrated
 Survey and exploration for estuaries along coastal areas of
management solutions.
polymetallic nodules (PMN) is also India
being carried out in about Coastal Ocean Monitoring and
Prediction System (COMAPS)  Development of Guidelines for
100blocks out of about 500
Environmental Impact
retained blocks at a closer grid  The COMAPS programme has
Assessment,
interval of 6.25km, to refine been in operation at 82 locations
resource estimation further and to for collection and analysis of 25  Preparation of Model Integrated
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 77
Coastal and Marine Area  UNCLOS includes provisions for breadth of the territorial sea is
Management Plans. establishing various maritime measured, where the outer edge
 Under the component on zones of a coastal state such as of the continental margin does not
infrastructure, training, the Territorial sea, the Exclusive extend up to that distance.
Economic Zone (EEZ) of 200M and
laboratory and other facilities  Article 76 of UNCLOS defines the
the Outer Limits of the
have been established in the NIOT scientific and technical criteria for
Continental Shelf beyond 200M.
Campus, Chennai. the delineation of the continental
The Continental Shelf and Article 76 shelf by a coastal state where the
United Nation Convention on the
of UNCLOS outer edge of its continental
law of the sea (UNCLOS)
 The continental shelf of a coastal margin extends beyond 200
Adopted on 30th April 1982 and

state comprises of the seabed and nautical miles.
entered into force on the 16 th
the subsoil of the submarine areas
November 1994 with the requisite  The delineation of the continental
that extend beyond its territorial
60 ratifications, the convention is shelf has important implications
sea throughout the natural
in essence a legal, scientific and for a coastal nation in terms of
prolongation of its land territory
technical instrument that to the outer edge of the ensuring international recognition
attempts to provide for the first continental margin (comprising of sovereign rights and jurisdiction
time, a comprehensive framework the physiographic shelf, slope and in the marine realm over a
of governance of the world rise), or to a distance of 200M substantial area beyond the limits
oceans. from the baselines from which the of the Exclusive Economic Zone.

5


1 
     

     
     
      
 
 
     
    

  
         

  
  
   
             
        
  
    
     
         
    i 

 ii 

 iii 
 
        
    
  

       
 

      
   
     GAKU 
   
TENSORU  
 IBMIBM 701        
            
  ‘UNIMATE’     
      
 FUMULUS     i  
   HONDA      
ii 
ASIMO   
 iii 
   
     iv 
       
 
 
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 79
     
  
    iv        
      
i   
ii    v         
  
iii      
 i     
      GO1 
    

i    ii   UAV  
   
 Daksh

ii        
iii    
 
   
iii     
   
iv  
iv      
 

v DARPA-    

   
 ASIMO SDR - 3x,  

4x   
vi     
   
 
 SDR - 4x   
vii     

     
   
 

        
viii 
   
  

  
  
 
  
i 
  

  
ii   
    
iii &   
       
  
    
  
i 
 

       
   
ii     
 
    
        
      
    
iii       
  
   

2  (AI)
  

        
    iii   
        
     
     
  iv    
 AI           
    

waymo of google & model x, v   
  
model 15.   

       
AIAI
  
AI  vi   
      
  

DRDO-      
       
       
  
    

  
     
     

i   
  
  
     

   
     
ii   
  
      microsoft project adam,

 Google’s google brain.

iii   
    
   
  
  

iv    


AI    

v    
        

   
AIVA  
    

   
    
    
   CAIR 
    
    AINCO - 

   
 
     
   i  
 AI      
   ii    
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 81
            
    
         
     
  
   


  
    
     

     
  
 

      
   

   i. 
               
     J.E. E.  
 J.H.    
    
          
    
     
 
 ii.   
 
     
 
   
  
     i. 
 ii.    

      
    

  
   

  i.   
 H2S - 203 K 
 

  ii.   
 
    
 
  
   
    i. 
   

 ii.    
 
 
    iii.   
      

 
    
   
   i. 

 
 
 ii. 
 
 iii.     
 

  
 
    i. 
   
    ii. 
  
     iii. 
   
   iv. IC 

  I (1988 - 1991) - 65      
       IIT, CSIR, DAE  
      
     II (1992 - 1995)SQUID  
     BHEL.

    
     
   
   
77K

3 
LASER (Light Amplification by    

Stimulated Emission of Radiation)   
  
          
   ‘ 
’.  
         
 
     
           
 VAG     
     

 
   
   
      
   

    
 
   
  
 

   J.   
H. N.   

    
    
    P-n    
  MDSBR   
    
      
   YAG 
       
  
 YAG   
    CD   

   LASIK : 
  
  
    
   He : Ne  
       
      
    
        

1. LIDAR. 
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 83
    
      

   (He - Ne)   
 
    
 CD  
          
   
 GASP
     
 GAASP      
    
  
    
    

  

 LIDAR :     
  
     
      

       
    
 UDARUVIR
   
 
   
     
      

     
     
    
         USB     
   
     
  LIDAR     
        
 LIDAR       
   
    
        
 
 
         
 
  IR 
   
     
Vs 
  
   


    
 BSF   

   
      
  
     

 
  DRDO 10 KW
        
    
    
 
    

   
    

4  
         

        
     CNT    
      
           
  (Nanoscience)       
         

    CNT   
     
         
   CNT    
    
         
   
       
   
   
  
      

(nm)10-9 
(C-60)
     nm    
         
 7000 nm       
    
      (C60)1 nm/
   
     
  
   
  
     
 
 
  
    (CNTS)   
   
CNT -     
    C60 
    
   “ ” 
  
    
  
  
 CNT    

  
    
  C60     
     
        
  
 (10-6 m)     
 
 

    
 CNT        
      
       
   “”   
      
 (Dendrimer)   
          
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 85
       
  
        
   
          
    
       
          
2nm     
        
     
 
CVD 
    
  
 
       
  
   
   
   MRI  
  
 
  
         
        
  
       
    
 
  
 (lipsticks)   
  
     (Neuro Weapons)
 CNT      
     
   
        
(Antistatic Packaging)     
   “”
  
       
       
    
        
       

5 (RS)
(RS)
    
            
      
   
 

       
    
   (Radiometer)    
   
           
     

   
      
      
      
   
       
     
  

         
      
      
       
   
   
   
  
 
RS   

     
RS -    
         
   
 (Spectrum) 

     
       
      
 
     

   
       
 
 
       
  
  
 
     
 (scanning)       
    
    

 1 m
     

       
  
  
  
     
  
     
   

  
     Rs   
   
     
   
    
  
          
  
(Light Detection and Ranging)  
   
      

       

       
       
       
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 87
    
       
          
  (Stereoscopic) 
     
  
    


        
     
  
     
    
   

    
    

  
     
  
   

         
       

 
6     
   
   
   
        
   
   
     
   
 
   
         

    
  
    

     
    (MSc)
    
  
      
  
 
   
    
(MSc)    
    
  
     

      
  
   
  
  
 
      
  
       
  
     

    
 
    
   
       
 
(‘    
 
’     
  
  

     PCNC (Personal Communi-  
   cation Network). 
       4G LTE, 
        
       AMPS , NMT   
    
          
      
   GSM, CDMA    
     TDMA    

    TDMA (Time Division Multiple Ac-    
    cess)  
      
        
          
    
          
   GSM PDA 
         
  
          
       
      
         
     
      PDA  
         
    PDA
    
    
     
           
     
     (PDA)   
       
     
     
  
 TACS       
  CT - 2 , NMT (Nordic   LCD, OLED, AMOLED, LED   
Mobile Telephone), AMPS (Ad-   
vance Mobile Phone system)      
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 89
       
    
      
  
    

      
 
    
 HD 
 IOS 

OS      
        HD
   

     PPi 
     

         
      
 (Bluetooth)
   
    
 
  
     

      
          
  
            
      

   
    
  ““
 
     IBM 

GPS        

     
     
      

 
 
   
  
  
    
         
 4G        

    
  3G   
      
 Wi-fi  
       
   
  
     

 QWERTY      
    

     
HTC Dream (Tmobile G) 
    
    
 QWERTY    

     i)    
  ii)   
   iii)
    GPS 
 iv) 
   2.4 GHz  
        
     
    
 (Wi-Fi)               
       
Wi-fi Wi-    

fi    
    
      
            A 
    GPS
   IEEE    
    Wi-Fi   
    
         
PCs,    “ 
         
      
  
           
  Wi-Fi       
   
   
 PC     GPS (Global postioning System)  
      (MIS )
    
       (AMTS) 
        (IMTS)
     Push to takl (PTT)
       
       
   GPS      
 (Gi-Fi)    
    GiFi      
      
      
     
   
Gi Fi   
       (FDMA)   
   
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 91
  (GPRS)        
        GSM  TDMA
          
         GPRS 
   
      GPRS   
   GSM    
   TDMA    
          
      
            

       
  
  MMS        
     PCS
         
          
       
  
           
        
    
        
  IP       
      
         
     TCP 
          
    
       
         
    
       
       
       
     HTTP, SMTP     
       
 SNMP  
  GPRS (2.5G)      
       GPRS  
         
       
      
      
     
      GPRS      3G IMT 2000  

TDMA   CDMA         
      
     
    
    G 
       
       

   
  G     1 TU  
W - CDMA, GSM, EDGE, UMTS,  
   

    DECT, WiMax CDMA 2000 
        
 ITU     

      
      3D
  
 

       
  Kbits   
 
  mbit/sec 
 ATGT        G 

  
 ITU  
  
  
    WIMAX

    
  
  
  
    
  
 (LTE)   

    
  G 
     5G  
     USIM   
     
        4G /
(CDMA, TDMA    IMT  
 IMT - DS (DMA    
IMT-MC         4G  5G 
  IMT-SC    
     
 FDMA        
     CDMA   5G
IMT - FC     IMTMC  
    
      
    GSM   
   
              
  
 DETC  
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 93
   
    IEEE MAN  4G LTE  
    LTE 

    4G LTE 
    
    5 - 12

  WIMAX  Mbps  
         
  
 LTE      ITPU  LTE 100 Mbps  
     

WIMAX (Worldwide Interperability       
for Microwave Access)
    4G LTE 
 
    

 
    
  Li-Fi Light Fidelity    
WIMAX.     
      
         
            
   (Wi-Fi)  
         Google 
      
       
    
   ORDM RF (Wi- 
  Fi     
      Wi-Fi   
MIMD         
 WIMAX        
    
       
          
        

Gbit        
/s     
 “WIMAX“      

     
         
       

 WIMAX        
   LTE 
 (Long Term Evolution) 
5 ADVANCEMENT IN IT FIELD
1 ROBOTICS
History 1. By 2013-2014 - Agricultural robots 4. Actuator - Converts energy

1. 1980-Karl capek play Rossum’s 2. 2013-2017 robots care for elderly extrached out of fluid, current to
universal Robots indicated the ori- people mechanical work - moving (or) con-
gin of superior race. 3. 2017 - Medical robots to perform trol system.
2. Issac Asimor - launched his robots surgery 5. Controller - act as brain of robot
3. Father of robotics - Eric 4. 2017-2019 - Household robots 6. Sensors - contact - physical con-
elenberger 5. 2035 - Robots for battle field tact, Non contoct, detector, sen-
Definition sor e.g : proximity - vision semors.
Components of Robots
1. According to Robort institute of Robotic language
Structure
America (1979) “robot can be de- 1. Classified into first generation, sec-
1. Field - kinematics - geometry of
fined as reprogramable, multi- ond generation, world modelling
motion, chainformed lines, joins.
function able manipulator de- & task oriented object level.
signed to move parts, tools, ma- 2. Robots used as manipulators have
2. Basic modes
terial (or) specialised devices end effectors mounted on last link
used as welding device. i. Monitor mode
through various programmed mo-
tion. Essential Components ii. Execute
Laws of Robotics 1. Hand - end effectors, Arm - ma- iii. Editor
1. First lat - Robot must not harm a nipulators, Actuators - robot 3. Robot languages have been devel-
human being (or) through inac- muscles. oped to control motion of robots.
tion, allow one to any harm Planning, Controls & Seming Robot operating Septem
2. Second law - It must be obey hu-  Planning 4 control - planning, self 1. It is a collection of software frame-
man being collision, detection, aviodance. work for robot software
3. Third law - It must protect itself 1. Prorlimitry semors used in mea- 2. It provides standard operating sys-
from harm. surement of relative distance. tem services such as implementa-
History of Robotics 2. Exterocaptive semor interact with tion of commonly used
1. 1928 - Japanese Robot GAKU outer world by providing informs functionalities
TENSORU to robots about surrondings. i. Message passing
2. 1952 - IBM’s first commercial 3. Proprioceptive semor sensing hu- ii. Hardware abstraction
computer IBM 701 manoid robots position. iii. Low level device
3. 1954 - George CDerol in- Robotics - Anatomy iv. Package management
vented first truly digital Robot 1. Base - fixed (or) mobile - without 3. It is possible to integrate robotic
UNIMATE. wheel robot is fixed operating system with real time
4. 1973 - FUMULUS - Germany 2. Manipulator Arm - they help to code due to reactinity & low la-
5. 2000 - HONDA built humanoid place the end effector at desired tency.
ASIMO which walks like human location. Three rotational free- Ros ecosystem into 3 groups
Robotics in India dom of wrist.
i. Language platform
 Developments related to robotics
3. End - effectors gripper of end arm
ii. Rosclient liberary implemen-
- NISTEP (National Institute of Sci- tooling mounted on wrist of robot
tation
ence of Technology) manipulator.
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iii. Package containing applica- 3. Micro air vehicles - at the time of Daksh
tion like related code. huge explosion establishing emer- 1. Electrically powered and remotely
Application of Robotics gency wireles network. controlled robot.
1. Defence 4. Earth quake (or) tsunami, robots 2. Used for locating, handling &
i. It could make decisions to fire quickly find trapped victims and destrolying hazardous objects.
upon target. send their image to rescuers.
Disadvantages
ii. Supporting military operation Humaniod Robots
1. Time taken for adoptation & learn-
through land, sea, air. 1. Development of ASIMO and Sony’s ing the job.
iii. Detection of anti ship miner in lit- SDR - 3x, 4x - resemblance of hu-
2. Huge amount of money.
toral waters, coasted waters. man.
3. Utilisation of robots make in-
2. SDR 4x - advanced features such
iv. Bigdogenable soldier for creased unempolyment.

transporatation of heavy equip- as ability to remember, facial rec-
ognition, voice and speech recog- 4. Costly production & purchasing
ments.
nition. 5. Human become physically lazy
v. DARPA - Sir legged robots capabil-
ity of passing intelligence from for Agriculture Robot 6. Robots have no emotion
fluing. 1. It can became admirable agricul- Biotic man
vi. Robot - Powered exoskeletons - ture aid for farmers. 1. Rex Biotic limited is the global
human soldiers. 2. Aviod wastage of previous seeds. technology leader in robotic exo
vii. Highlevel of intelligence robot to 3. Increase percentage of germina- skeletons.
differentiate robot a enemy or a tions. 2. Provides independent mobility
friend. 4. Reduced procers time wheel chair uses.
viii. Robotic soldier - front end in battle 5. Cost effective 3. Biotic man walks & has a beating
field & human to assist him Robotics for environmental moni- heart.
Manufacturing toring 4. He is not a human and has
1. More efficient & consume less 1. Volcanologists are empowering compelete set of artificial organs.
time by assembling product. for the better understanding & Sophia
2. Reduce physical size of technology investigating the precursor of erup- 1. Humanoid artificially intelligent
machirery, heavy lifting. tion. Robot.
3. Most innovative technology & 2. Estimate wind speed & direction 2. Developed by Hanson robotics.
nano technologies demand for high 3. In capturing the temporal & spa- 3. Saudi Arabia granted its citizen-
human precision. tial dynamics like harmful cyano ship
Medicine bacterial blooms. 4. She is renowed for its realistic ap-
1. Used to remove gallbladers, re- Challenges of Robotics in India pearance & facial expresion.
pairing knee ligaments. 1. High capital cost Bio Robotics
2. Smaller incision wounds and 2. Talent availability 1. Engineers can develop biologically
shorters duration under anaesthe- inspired robotics.
3. Procurement of hardware compo-
sia reduced infection risk, less loss
nents 2. It has great mobility & flexibility
of blood, lesserpain.
4. Scarcity of skilled faculties. 3. Used to measure state of diseases.
3. Remote surgery, rural patients
operated by doctors reduce cost India’s Advancement in Robotics 4. Speed up recovery from injury (or)
of transportation. 1. R&D organisation initiated with smoke.
4. Medical robotic immune person- development of minirobots.
nel - bioterrorist attack 2. 101 - master slave manipulators
5. Robotic surgery helpful to provide were made till April 1989.
medical care. Supporhed institutes
Diaster, Response & Relief 1. Bhaba Atomic research centre
1. Supply the required relief mate- 2. Department of electronics of GoI
rial quickly to disaster prone area. 3. Bharat heavy electronics limited
2. At the time of bio-terrorist, UAV 4. National institute of science and
deliver face mask for pilot. technology

2 ARTIFICAL INTELLIGENCE
Concept edge from content to make deci- voice recognition technology.
1. AI generally implies machine ex- sion.
5. Imitates human gestures &
hibits traits of human intelligence 4. Application : driverless cars, facial expresion & if also able
include observing, taking imputs, drones, fraud detection to answer certain questions.
reasoning rationalising, decision E.g : waymo of google S, model x, 6. She has seven robot as siblings
making, manipulations, communi- model 13 created by Hamon.
cating perform task to achieve 5. Robotics - Potential to AI in India
goals & targets. revolutionise area of medicines,
1. India ranks third (or) fourth (de-

2. Popular research of AI - machine manufacturing, defense personal pends on china’s position in size of
learning, Autonomous system na- assistants, hospitality, industry, AI cluster.
tional processing, robotics, personal uses.
artifical creativity. 2. India is budget in 2018 pushed
Role of DRDO : develop a robot development of machine learning
Strong AI & Weak AI called Daksh - can destroy life and artificial intelligence.
Strong AI (or) full AI threatening objects.
3. NITI AYOG - to prepare a road map
1. It is capable of performing all in- 6. Machine Learning : learn & adapt for nation wide programme in AI
telligence tasks that a human be- new data without human interfer- includes research of development.
ing can perform. ence. It have an inbuilt source
4. Governmen can take step in the
2. It is also known as “artificial gen- code of algorithm which can cre-
sectors of banking, insurance, edu-
eral intelligence”. It can be tested ate a model that built predictions
cation, health, retail & transpor-
by turing test, coffee test etc. around data.
tation.
Research Areas eg : microsoft project Adam,
5. Department of services technol-
Google’s google brain
i. Machine learning ogy is pushe investments in re-
7. Deep learning : machines learn search, training & skilling in robot-
Computers can leam without
using imitation of human being in ics, Artificial Intelligence, digital
explicity programmed.
processing data and creating pat- manufacturing, big data analysis.
ii. Autonomous system tern foruse in decision making.
6. Centre for artificial intelligence
System learns on its own to per- 8. Natural language processing : en- and Robotic - DRDO has devel-
form task. able human, machine interaction oped a number of produces pow-
iii. Language processing using speech & pattern recogni- ered by AI.
Interaction between machine & tion
7. Products in area of robotics, au-
human language. First Humanoid Robot tonomous system intelligent sys-
iv. Robotics i. First humanold robot - sophia de- tem.
It is field of AI powered robots. veloped by Hong Kong based com- CAIR Products Under Development
pany - Hanson Robotics. 1. AINCO - AI for net entrict opera-
v. Artificial creativity
ii. Ability - display more than 62 fa- tion for technologies to create,
Creativity using computer eg.
cial expression. knowledge base, information
AIVA, magenta
iii. Citizenship - In October 2017 base, inferencing and event cor-
From General Intelligence to AI
sophia was given citizenship of relation.
1. AI research in US is developing ma- Saudi Arabia. 2. Knowledge resource & intelligent
chines to translate from Russia to
iv. Functions Decision analaysis (KRIDA) can
English and vice versa.
1. Uses AI for issual data process- manage large-seate military more
2. The focus of AI for solving particu- by using knowledge base to data
ing & facial recognision.
lar problems by developing an ar- handling.
tificial brain would behave like 2. Camera within sophia eyes
combined with computer algo- 3. Robosen - mobile robot system
human brain maximum attention
rithm allows her to see. that would patrol, conduct recce,
is given to machine learning, ro-
surveillance for armad force, para-
botics, autonomous systems & 3. She can follow faces, maintain military force & police.
natural language processing. eye contact & recognise.
4. Miniature unmanned ground ve-
3. Autonomous system can create 4. Able to procens speech by us- hicle - man portable robotics sys-
content, interpret, develop knowl- ing Alphabet’s google chrome tem it support 4-6 degs.
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5. Snake robot - used in search & res- Classification of Super Conductivity 3. Electric Power
cue operation during natural ca- 1. By their Critical temperature i. used in power cables - due to Zero
lamities. i. Low Temperature Super conduc- resistivity
Advantages tors - Critical temperature below ii. used in generators, motors, trans-
1. Used for complex & stressed work 30k eg : Liquid helium formers, current limiters.
2. Machine finish the task sooner ii. High Temperature Super conduc- 4. Physics
than human tors - critical temperature above i. used in research of Plasma mate-
3. Used in unknown land scape & 30k eg : H2S - 203k rial
outer space 2. By their Magnetic Properties ii. Prepare thermometer from micro
4. Assistance to visually & hearing i. Type - I Super Conductor calorimeter photon detector
impaired  One critical field - HC. It can
iii. Magnets & particle accelerators.
5. Understand complex software change Suddenly when they reach
5. Transportation
6. Less number of error & defects from one state to another. e.g :
Silicon carbide i. to make marine propulsion in mo-
7. Minimise resource & time
ii. Type - II Super conductor tors
Disadvantage
 Two Critical field - HC, HC2. It be
ii. used in magnetically levitated
1. lacks human sensation.
haves like mixed State. trains
2. Ability to replace human job.
1. Low critical field - Semi conductor  faster than other trains, they float
3. Can replace human capabilites &
promote inferioriy complex. 2. above critical field - non-conduc- 4 inch above track.
4. Malfunction in AI & reverse hap- tor 6. Electronics
pening as they programmed. e.g : Niobium, Vandium i. used in sensors
5. Younger generation maybe cor- Critical Temperature ii. build SQUID - most sensitive mag-
rupted.  The temperature of a material at netometer
6. No information filteration. & above which vapour of element iii. used in quantum & high spead
7. Misuse of technology. can be liquefied computing
SUPER CONDUCTIVITY Critical field iv. construction of IC
Introduction  The temperature, at which mag- Super conductivity in India
 Super conductivity is a netic field remains super conduct- 1. The importance of promoting re-
phenomonenon of having null elec- ing is called critical field search & development in super
trical resistance & expulsion of Properties conductivity an apex body -
magnetic flux when cooled below i. Zero resistance Programme management Board
critical temperature. ii. Temperature is lower than Criti- was constituted - 1987
 It used in the field q medicine - MRI cal temperature 2. 1991, Feb - National Super con-
Machines for the reduction in ex- iii. Super conductivity : External Mag- ductivity science & Technology
ploratory surgery. netic field is bigger than critical Board was formed replacing re-
Other field Magnetic field. placing PMB.
 Power sector, electronics, mili- iv. Meissner effect : expulsion of mag- 3. Phase - I (1988 - 91) - 65 projects
tary, transporatation netic field from Super conductors started in IIT, CSIR, DAE
History during transition to super conduct-
Phase - II (act 1992 - 1995) - SQUID,
Discovery of Super conductor ing state.
Critical density, Magnetic
i. 1911 - Heike Kamerlingh onnes Applications
Seperators, workability of tritum,
(dutch) 1. Medical sectors
bismith
Experiments i. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
4. National Physical Lab - in delhi -
 Material used : Mercury  used to image anatomy and Physi-
New SQUID at liquid nitrogen
 Working : electrical resistivity of ological Process of body.
temperature - 77k
mercury disappeared supercon-  used in passive non invasive mea-
surement mapping and evaluate 5. Super conductivity projects -
ductive material was obtained
weak biomagnetic field from or- kedarmukh, zirconium processing
 Awards : Noble prize - 1913
gan. - Indian Race earth, process of
ii. 1960 - By practical superconduc-
ii. Super conducting Quantum Inter- blue dusk at National mineral De-
tivity devices - J.E. kunzler,
ference Device velopment Cooperation.
E.Buehler & J.H. Wemrick discov-
ered compound of 3 : 1 niobium &  used as detectors 6. High gradient Magnetic operator
4 tin. 2. Industrial Sectors - BHEL
iii. 1972 - Bar deer, cooper & i. used in magnetic seperation 7. India’s first super conducting gen-
Schrieffer won Nobel Prize for ii. used for magnetic shielding, trans- erator - Andrapradesh power grid
theory of Super conductivity. ducers & sensors. (200 KWA).

3 LASER
Introduction Liquid Laser 2. Silicon chips used for Photo litho

1. Laid foundation by Albert Einstein 1. It is formed by solutions of certain graphy
- 1917. “Stimulated emission of dyer dissolves in liquid such as wa- Nuclear Energy
radiation theory. ter, alcohol. i. Laser of fors low cost & Pollution
2. First operational LASER by 2. Dye lasers are high gain compared free energy in nuclear fusion.
Theodore maiman - 1960 to solid lasers eg : Polymethene, ii. glass laser for amplifying medium
3. used to drill metals, destroy satel- Xanthenes dye, Coumorian dye in nuclear fission - u - 288
lites, read & send data, cool at- Gas Laser Medicine
oms, trigger fusion. 1. Low density gain media i. laser surgery in cosmetic surgery
History 2. It is further divided into atomic ii. dermatology are ruby & YAG lasar
i. It is generation of light, based on laser ionic laser & molecular laser. iii. YAG laser - open eye surgery
amplification by stimulated radia-
Some other lasers LASIK
tions of atoms (or) molecutes.
1. Semi conductor laser i. refractive surgery - correct com-
ii. 1952 - Townes, J.Gordon &
H.Zeiger, N.Basor & Pookhoror  designed P-n junction diode emits mon vision problem
Suggest theory of generating & radiation. Defence
amplification of microwave leads  Two types : Hetro junction, homo i. used in ranging & description of
to MASER. junction. target
iii. First gas laster by Jaran, Bennett,  Advantage - Portable & easily con- ii. used in measurement of distances.
Harriok trolled source of coherent radia- iii. detection of distant objects.
iv. First semiconductor laser - by Hall tion.
Consumer electronic industry
- 1962.  Used - CD audio players, optical
i. used in barcode
Properties reading
ii. A lowpower (He - Ne) - defect the
1. Coherent 2. Helium - Neon laser
code
2. Monochromaticity i. first developed in 1961
iii. CD similar to phonograph to record
3. Convergence ii. atomic laser - 10 : 1 = He : Ne appearance
4. Intensity iii. used in Lab for barcode reading Optical Communication
Laser Types laser printing, surveying
1. In Gasp laser general radiation
1. 1960 - first laser by Maiman Application of laser
2. INGaASP - advantage of window
2. Edible & Drinkable laser by 1. LIDAR transmission
Schalow 2. raman spectroscopy 3. Radio frequency transmission.
3. Solid state, gas laser, Semiconduc- 3. remote sensing & holographic LIDAR
tor laster, chemical laser, dye, free techniques 1. used in high resolution map
electron laser & Raman laser. 4. Seismology & geology 2. used to measure distance (or)
5. Medical, military, scientific, other property
commerical. 3. UV & IR used in HDAR
Material 4. used in geometrics, archaelogy,
1. laser cutting technology is used to geolosy, geography, seismology,
cut material forestry
2. laser welding Used in Agriculture
Solid Laser 3. Navy uses lasers to weld huge 1. steering farmers in directing re-
1. First well known laser & belong to metal parks - Shipbuilding source - high yield
high density gain medium Electronic Indistry 2. develop topological field maps
e.g : Ruby laser, Glaslaser, 1. Making electric connection for Used in Archaeology
fibulaser, YAG thick film hybrid circuit. 1. used in oceanography
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2. Capability for creation of high reso- Disadvantages emits light in narrow foequency.
lution digital electron. 1. Power consumption  antilaser - takes laser light &
3. disclosing micro topography 2. Laser can damage to cornea, transform it into heat energy.
4. DiAL - range resolve measurement retina. lens Application of Anti laser
in air. 3. It may cause Kerato conjuctivity. i. used in computing
5. Raman LIDAR - accessing & con- 4. laser cause homestatis balance ii. used in optical swiches, detectors
centration of atmospheric gases
5. Can damage arterial wall iii. by using principle of chirped pube
6. Doppler LDAR - Measure wind amplification could target electro-
6. In defence, use of laser targeting
speed along with beam magnetic radiation in small region
the eyes increase possibility of
Optical computer blindness. for therapeutic purpose
 It is used to perform digital com- 7. Optical disc are replaced with USB iv. It is used to image a tumour
putations flashdrives growth in humans
 Current flow at only about 10% of Antilaser v. used to delivering a burst of en-
speed of light ergy within living tissue
Basics
 visible light & IR beam can easily vi. used as photovoltaic device to cre-
1. Scientists of yale university invents
part through each other. ate signal in photo detector
world’s fast antilaser
Uses in India vii. used as filters for laser based sen-
2. Antilasert. It is adevice that almost
 India plans to cover vulnerable sors for biological agents or pol-
perfeerly absorbs incoming beams
unfenced stretches along pakistan lutants
of coherent light & converts into
border internal energy. viii. It can be used to shield in medical
Developed by BSF - to eliminate applicatants to fire unwanted tis-
 3. It is also called as coherent per-
breach of border by terrorist sues like tumors at greater accu-
fect Absorber.
racy
 used in treatment of cancer 4. The current & CPA can absorb
Limitation
 2016 - DRDO is making DEW of 99.4% of light & infrared light
10kw - target with establishment 1. It cannot be used for solar power
Laser vs Antilaser
of critical technologies of precision (or) stealth technology
 Working principle : 1. the light is
tracking 2. Antilasers work in cohrent light but
pushed into gain medium, like
Advantages sunlight is not cohrent
semi conductor gallium, arsenide
1. Cutting materials to produce plenty of electrons in Light energy transmission
2. used for welding, cutting (or) scrib- exited energy states. i. It is similar to energy transmission
ing  electron moves into excited lower via microwate technology
3. used in robotic machinery energy states energy which move ii. Power source is converted into an
to (or) from in laser cavity. emitter (or) an emitter array that
4. laser produces less radioactive
Electron in higher excited state, generate electro magnetic radia-
nuclear waste materials. 
maintain coherent light beam of tion & transforms into electricity
5. used to reducing curving radius
particular wavelength emerging iii. Advantage monochromaticity.
6. used in medicine - retina detach- one end.
ment, laser treatment is more
Working Principle of antilaser
accurate than standard surgical
tools 1. time - reversal symmetry related
to electromagnetic theory.
7. Laser can measure enormorus dis-
tance with greater accuracy 2. two specific frequency lasers
(speed of laser = speed of light). beam will cross through specifi-
cally designed optical cavity made
8. Consumer - electronic industry -
up of silicon
bar code reader used for
fastmoving & fast selling 3. It traps incoming beam of light &
force them to bounce around all
9. Laser communication system -
until all their energy is dissipated.
smaller antenna size, lower,
weight, lowerpower & mineral Difference
inlegration.  laser - takes electrical energy &
4 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY
 Nanoscience is the study of semiconductor or metallic). All of Environmental clean-up could be

phenomena and manipulation of these remarkable properties give assisted by dendrimers as they can
materials at atomic, molecular CNTs a range of potential trap metal ions, which could then
and macromolecular scales, applications: for example, in be filtered out of water with ultra-
where properties differ reinforced composites, sensors, filtration techniques.
significantly from those at a larger nanoelectronics and display Quantum Dots
scale. devices.
 Nanoparticles of semiconductors
 Nanotechnologies, on the other Fullerenes (Carbon 60) (quantum dots) were theorized in
hand, are the design,  In the mid- 1980s a new class of the 1970s and initially created in
characterization, production and carbon material was discovered the early 1980s. If semiconductor
application of structures, devices called carbon 60 (C60). These are particles are made small enough,
and systems by controlling shape spherical molecules about 1nm in quantum effects come into play,
and size at nanometer scale. diameter, comprising 60 carbon which limit the energies at which
 The prefix ‘nano’ is derived from atoms arranged as 20 hexagons electrons and holes (the absence
the Greek word for dwarf. One and 12 pentagons: the of an electron) can exist in the
nanometer (nm) is equal to one- configuration of a football. The particles. As energy is related to
billionth of a metre, 10 -9 m. A C60 species was named wavelength (or colour), this means
human hair is approximately ‘Buckminsterfullerene’ in that the optical properties of the
80,000nm wide, and a red blood recognition of the architect particle can be finely tuned
cell approximately 7000nm wide. Buckminster Fuller, who was well- depending on its size. Thus,
Atoms are below a nanometer in known for building geodesic particles can be made to emit or
size, whereas many molecules, domes, and the term fullerenes absorb specific wavelengths
including some proteins, range was then given to any closed (colours) of light, merely by
from a nanometre upwards. carbon cage. In 1990, a technique controlling their size. Recently,
Carbon Nanotubes to produce larger quantities of C60 quantum dots have found
was developed by resistively applications in composites, solar
 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were
heating graphite rods in a helium cells (Gratzel cells) and fluorescent
first observed by Sumio Iijima in
atmosphere. Several applications biological labels (for example to
1991. CNTs are extended tubes of
are envisaged for fullerenes, such trace a biological molecule) which
rolled graphene sheets. There are
as miniature ‘ball bearings’ to use both the small particle size
two types of CNT: single-walled
lubricate surfaces, drug delivery and tuneable energy levels.
(one tube) or multi-walled (several
vehicles and in electronic circuits. Recent advances in chemistry
concentric tubes). Both of these
Dendrimers have resulted in the preparation
are typically a few nanometers in
of monolayer-protected, high-
diameter and several  Dendrimers are spherical
quality, monodispersed,
micrometers (10 m)
-6
to polymeric molecules, formed
crystalline quantum dots as small
centimeters long. CNTs have through a nanoscale hierarchical
as 2nm in diameter which can be
assumed an important role in the self-assembly process. There are
conveniently treated and
context of nonmaterials, because many types of dendrimer; the
processed as a typical chemical
of their novel chemical and smallest is several nanometers in
reagent.
physical properties. size. Dendrimers are used in
conventional applications such as Applications of Nanotechnology
 They are mechanically very strong
(their Young’s modulus is over 1 coatings and inks, but they also  Nanoparticles and nanomaterials
terapascal, making CNTs as stiff as have a range of interesting are used in the production of
diamond). Flexible (about their properties which could lead to certain goods, such as carbon
axis), and can conduct electricity useful applications. For example, nanotube based tennis rackets,
extremely well (the helicity of the dendrimers can act as nanoscale burn dressings and dental fillings.
graphene sheet determines carrier molecules and as such  Nanosized titanium dioxide and
whether the CNT is a could be used in drug delivery. zinc oxide are currently used in
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some sunscreens, as they absorb titanium dioxide, engineered to be  “living robots” whose movements
and reflect ultraviolet (UV) rays highly hydrophobic (water could be controlled via brain
and yet are transparent to visible repellent) and antibacterial, and implants. This technology has
light and so are more appealing coatings based on nanoparticulate already been tested successfully
to the consumer. oxides that catalytically destroy on “roborats” and could lead to
 Nanosized iron oxide is present in chemical agents. animals remotely directed for
some lipsticks as a pigment.  Wear and scratch-resistant hard mine clearance, or even to
coatings are significantly remotely controlled soldiers.
 Carbon fibers and bundles of multi-
walled CNTs are used in polymers improved by nanoscale  “Cognitive feedback helmets” that
to control or enhance conductivity, intermediate layers between the allow remote monitoring of
with applications such as antistatic hard outer layer and the substrate soldiers” mental state.
packaging. material. The intermediate layers  MRI technologies (“brain

give good bonding and graded fingerprinting ”) for use in
 A particular type of
matching of elastic and thermal interrogation or airport screening
nanocomposite is where
properties, thus improving for terrorists. Quite apart from
nanoparticles act as fillers in a
adhesion. questions about their error rate,
matrix; for example, carbon black
used as a filler to reinforce car  A range of enhanced textiles, such such technologies would raise the
tyres. as breathable, waterproof and issue of whether involuntary brain
stain resistant fabrics, have been scans violate the Fifth Amendment
 Clays containing naturally
enabled by the improved control right against self-incrimination.
occurring nanoparticles have long
of porosity at the nanoscale and  Pulse weapons or other
been important as construction
surface roughness in a variety of neurodisruptors that play havoc
materials and are undergoing
polymers and inorganics. with enemy soldiers’ thought
continuous improvement. Clay
particle based composites- The Militarisation of Neuroscience processes.
containing plastics and nano-sized  There is considerable scope for  “Neuroweapons” that use
flakes of clay – are also finding nanotechnology to be applied to biological agents to excite the
applications such as use in car military purposes. According to release of neurotoxins. (The
bumpers. Jonathan Moreno’s new book, Biological and Toxin Weapons
Mind Wars: Brain Research and Convention bans the stockpiling of
 Coatings with thickness controlled
national Defense, the US Defense such weapons for offensive
at the nano-or atomic scale have
Advanced Research Projects purpose, but not “defensive”
been in routine production for
Agency (DARPA) has been funding research into their mechanisms of
some time, for example in MBE or
research in the following areas: action.
metal oxide CVD for
optoelectronic devices, or in  Mind – machine interfaces  New drugs that would enable
catalytically active and chemically (“neural prosthetics”) that will soldiers to go without sleep for
functionalized surfaces. enable pilots and soldiers to days, to excise traumatic
control high-tech weapons by memories, to suppress fear, or to
 Self-cleaning window, which is
thought alone. repress psychological inhibitions
coated in highly activated
against killing.
5 REMOTE SENSING
 Remote sensing is a technique ronment of Earth. They can also sensing instruments passive and
used to gather information be used to explore other planets. active.
about an object without  The devices used for this purpose Passive Instruments
actually coming into contact are instruments that observe and  Passive instruments detect natu-
with it. record information from a dis- ral energy that is reflected or emit-
tance. ted from the observed scene.
 Remote sensing systems are com-
monly used to survey, map, and Types  Passive instruments sense only ra-
monitor the resources and envi-  There are two types of remote diation emitted by the object be-
ing viewed or reflected by the ob-
ject from a source other than the  Active instruments provide their atmospher.
instrument. own energy (electromagnetic ra- Laser Altimeter
Reflected sunlight is the most diation) to illuminate the object or
  A laser altimeter uses a lidar to
common external source of radia- scene they observe.
measure the height of the instru-
tion sensed by passive instru-  They send a pulse of energy from ment plat form above the surface.
ments. Scientists use a variety of the sensor to the object and then  By independently knowing the
passive remote sensors. receive the radiation that is re- height of the platform with re-
Passive RS Instruments flected or backscattered from that spect to the mean Earth’s surface,
Radiometer object. Scientists use several types the topography of the underlying
of active remote sensors. surface can be determined.
 An instrument that quantitatively
Active instruments for RS
measures the intensity of electro- Other Applications

magnetic radiation in some band Radar (Radio Detection and Rang-
 A variety of platforms can be used
of wavelengths in the spectrum. ing)
for remote sensing including bal-
Usually a radiometer is further  A radar use a transmiter operat- loons, helicopters, buoy, or ship,
identified by the portion of the ing at either radio or microwave aircrafts and satellites.
spectrum is covers; for example; frequencies to emit electromag-
 Of these satellites have become
visible, infrared, or microwave. netic radiation and a directional
the most important because of
Imaging Radiometer antenna or receiver to measure
their synoptic coverage as well as
A radiometer that includes a scan- the tiem of arrival of reflected or
 exactly repetitive cycles (repeated
ning capability to provide a two- backscattered pulses of radiation
coverage of an area allowing tem-
dimensional array of pixels from from distant objects. Distance to
poral comparisons).
which an image may be produced the object can be determined
since electromagnetic radiation  Another important advantage of
is called an imaging radiometer.
propagates at the speed of light. satellite images is their multi-
Scanning can be performed me-
spectrality, i.e. these images have
chanically or electronically by us- Scatterometer
several zones of electromagnetic
ing an array of detectors.  A scatterometer is a high fre- radiation, as e.g. visible spectrum,
Spectrometer quency microwave radar designed near infrared radiation, etc.
A device designed to detect, mea- specifically to measure
  Satellite image records also have
sure, and analyze the spectral con- backscattered radiation.
relatively high spatial resolution,
tent of the incident electromag-  Over ocean surfaces, measure-
ranging from 1m to 30m.
netic radiation is called a spec- ments of backscattered radiation
 Remote sensing from space has
trometer. in the microwave spectral region
can be used to derive maps of sur- been used for science, national
 Conventional, imaging spectrom- security, and recently for commer-
eters use gratings or prisms to dis- face wind speed and direction.
cial purposes also.
perse the radiation for spectral Lidar (light Detection and Ranging)
 RS data are used for applications
discrimination.  A lidar uses a laser (light amplifi-
such as mapping land use, man-
Spectradiometer cation by stimulated emission of
aging forested land, estimating
A radiometer that can measure radiation) to transmit a light pulse
 crop production, monitoring graz-
the intensity of radiation in mul- and receiver with sensitive detec-
ing conditions, assessing water
tors to measure the backscattered
tiple wavelength bands quality, and protecting wildlife.
or reflected light.
(i.e.multispectral).  Remote sensing also helps scien-
 Distance to the object is deter-
 Often the bands are of a high spec- tists understand how human ac-
mined by recording the time be-
tral resolution designed for the re- tivity affects the environment.
tween the transmitted and
mote sensing of specific param-  For example, sensors monitor the
backscattered pulses and using the
eters such as sea surface tempera- health of forests threatened by
speed of light to calculate the dis-
ture, cloud characteristics, ocean pollution, map the destruction of
tance traveled.
color, vegetation, trace chemical tropical rain forests, and measure
species in the atmosphere, etc.  Lidars can determine atmospheric
the warming of the earth’s atmo-
profiles of aerosols, clouds, and
Active Instruments sphere known as the greenhouse
other constituents of the
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effect. towards objects and record how a small short - range local antenna
 We can even learn about past en- they reflect these waves. that allows any cell phone within
vironments. Scientists use infrared  Unlike other sensors, microwave a few metres to function properly.
images to determine the condi- sensors can collect information When the mobile phone or data
tion of vegetation, survey tem- about an area through clouds. By device is turned on, it registers
perature changes in bodies of wa- with the mobile telephone ex-
scanning an area with radar and
ter, locate damage in under- change, or switch, with its unique
processing the data by computer,
ground pipelines, and map certain identifiers, and can then be
scientists can create radar maps.
geographic features above and alerted by the mobile switch when
below ground.  Geographers are using remote -
there is an incoming telephone
They also produce stereoscopic im- sensing devices to identify and
 call.
ages useful for topographic study hard- to-reach or very large
 The handset constantly listens for
mapppping. Images from satellites physical features. Earth -observ-
the strongest signal being re-
are used in the search for mineral ing satellites have been launched
ceived from the surrounding base
and petroleum deposists. by the USA, European Space
stations, and is able to swtich be-
Agency, Japan, Russia, India, and
 Microwave sensors, such as radar, tween sites. As the user moves
other nations.
transmit electromagnetic waves around the network, the device is
helped to switch sites without in-
terrupting the call.
6 MOBILE COMMUNICATION  Cell sites have relatively low-
power (often only one or two
Mobile Telephony the transreceiver of the next cell watts) radio transmitters which
without a break in the call. broadcast their presence and re-
 The science of mobile telephony is
based on high frequency electro-  The mobile switching centre (MSC) lay communications between the
magnetic radio waves. These are links the cell together through a mobile handsets and the switch.
the medium of transportation, computer. Microwave or digital The switch connects the call to an-
carrying information at the speed land links connect the cells to the other subscriber of the same wire-
of light from the mobile phone to MSC which is also linked to the less service provider or to the pub-
the closest base station. Speech public telephone network. lic telephone network, which in-
and data are digitised, broken into  Mobile phones send and receive cludes the networks of other wire-
small units and transformed into radio signals with any number of less carriers.
radio waves before they can be cell site base stations fitted with  Pocket - size mobile telephone sets
transmitted. microwave antennas. These sites are now available because of
 The cardless telephone was the are usually mounted on a tower, miniaturisation and high power
first step in giving mobility to the pole or building, located through- components . Cellular technology
telephone but the range was out populated areas, then con- allows the same frequencies to be
strictly limited. Now cellular mo- nected to a cabled communcation reused in more than one cell by
bile telecommunication technol- network and switching system. skilfully manipulating the location
ogy has been developed. In this The phones have a low - power and size of the cells. The cellular
system, the total area of opera- transceiver that transmits voice technology started as analog de-
tion is divided into a network of and data to the nearest cell sites, sign but gradually, digital transmis-
small areas called cells, varying in normally not more than 8 to 13 sion has increased the utilisation
size. Each cell has a transreceiver km away. In areas of low cover- potential of frequency spectrum
(called the ‘cell site’ or the ‘radio age, a cellular repeater may be up to seven times that allowed by
base station’ to transmit and reused, which uses a long distance analog transmission.
ceive calls within that cell. A sub- high gain dish antenna or yagi an-  The dialogue between the hand-
scriber moving from one cell to tenna to communicate with a cell set and the cell site is a stream of
another has his call transferred to tower far outside of normal range, digital data that includes digitised
and a repeater to rebroadcast on audio (except for the first genera-
tion analog networks) . AMOLED, LED or similar screen. - that allows it to run applications.
 There are several technologies Smartphones became widespread  While almost all cell phones in-
available for mobile telephones : in the 21st century and most of clude some sort of software (such
TACS (Total Access Communication those produced from 2012 on- as an address book or some sort of
System ), CT -2, NMT (Nordic Mo- wards have high speed mobile contact manager), a smart phone
bile Telephone), AMPS (Advance broadband 4G LTE, motion sen- may allow you to create and edit
Mobile Phone System), and PCN sors, and mobile payment. Microsoft Office documents, or at
(Personal Communication Net-  A smart phone is different from a least view the files.
work). The first generation sys- cell phone. A smart phone is a de-  It may allow you to download
tems started in 1979 with Japan, vice that not only lets you make apps, such as personal and busi-
are all analog and include AMPS telephone calls, but also adds fea- ness finanace mangers. Or it may
and NMT. tures that, in the past, would have allow you to edit photos, get driv-
 Second generation systems, been found only on a personal digi- ing directions via GPS, and create
started in 1979 with Japan, are all tal assistant (PDA) or a computer a playlist of digital tunes.
analog and include AMPS and - such as the ability to send and
 Smart phones can generally ac-
NMT. Second - generation sys- receive e-mail and edit Office
cess the Web at higher speeds, due
tems, started in 1991 in Finaland, documents, for example.
to the growth of 4G and 3G data
are all digital and include GSM,  A PDA could store contact infor- networks, as well as the addition
CDMA and TDMA. mation and a to - do list, and could of Wi-Fi support to many handsets.
 Time division multiple access synchronise with a personal com- While many cell phones now have
(TDMA) is the base of transmis- puter. Over time, PDAs gained full QWERTY keyboards, this is a
sion. It enables various users to wireless connectivity and were basic requirement for smart
share a transmission channel as able to send and receive e-mail. phones. (On a QWERTY keyboard
equal amount of different time Cell phones, meanwhile, gained the keys are laid out in the same
slots can be allotted periodically messaging capabilities. PDAs then manner they would be on your
and sequentially. The GSM tech- added cellular phone features, computer keyboard - not in alpha-
nology allows data service and pro- while cell phones added more PDA betical order on top of a numerica
tection against eavesdropping, -lime (and even computer - like) keypad.) The Keyboard can be
besides future expansion of the features. The result was the smart hardware (physical keys that you
network. phone. Early smartphones com- type on) or software (on a touch
bined the features of a mobile screen, as on the iPhone).While all
SMART PHONE
phone with those of another popu- cell phones can send and receive
 A smartphone is a mobile phone
lar consumer device, such as a text messages, a smart phone is
with an advanced mobile operat-
PDA, a media player, a digital cam- different because of its handling
ing system which combines fea-
era, and /or a GPS navigation unit. of e-mail. A smart phone can sync
tures of a personal computer op-
Later smart phones include all of with your personal and, most likely
erating system with other features
those plus the features of a your professional e-mail account.
useful for mobile or handheld
touchscreen computer, including Some smart phones can support
use.It typically combines the fea-
web browwing , Wi-Fi, 3rd party multiple e-mail accounts.
tures of a cell phone with those of
apps, motion sensor and mobile
other popular mobile devices,  Others include access to the popu-
payment.
such as personal digital assistant lar instant messaging services. A
 Though there is no standard defi- smart phone is really like a minia-
(PDA), media player, GPS naviga-
nition for th term ‘smart phone’ ture computer that can also place
tion unit and digital camera. Most
across the industry, some features and receive calls.
smartphones can access the
are possible to identify. A smart
internet and can run third - party  ‘Simon’ was the first smart phone,
phone will be based on an operat-
apps. and IBM designed it in 1992.It
ing system - the Apple iOS,
 They have a touchscreen user in- came nearly twenty years after the
BlackBerry OS, Google’s Android
terface, with LCD, OLED, first cell phone was demonstrated.
OS or Microsoft’s Windows Phone
In 2007, Apple Inc. introduced the
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iPhone, one of the first mobile sion Multiple Access (FDMA). capacity of GSM and mitigate
phones to use a multi-touch inter- 2G (Second Generation) some of its limitations. GPRs adds
face. packet - switched capa - bilities to
 Second generation (2G) telephone
 The iPhone was notable for its use technology is based on GSM or in existing GSM and TDMA net-
of a large touchscreen for direct other words global system for works. Working on the basis of
finger input as its main means of mobilicommunication. Second emails, it sends tex and graphics
interaction, instead of a stylus, generation was launched in Fin- rich data as packets at very fast
keyboard, or keypad typical for land in the year 1991. speed. The circuit-switched tech-
smart phones at the time. nology has a long and successful
Uses of 2G
 In 2008, the first phone to use An- history but it is inefficient for short
2G network allows for much

droid was released, called the HTC data transactions and always -
greater penetration intensity. 2G
Dream (also known as the T-Mo- onservice.
technologies enabled the various
bile G1). Android is an open-source
mobile phone networks to provide  The packet switched technology
platform founded by Andy Rubin
the services such as text messages, has grown in importance with the
and backed by Google.
picture messages and MMS (multi rise of the Internet and Internet
 Although Android’s adoption was media messages). protocol (IP) . But as IP too has its
relatively slow at first, it later
 2G technology is more efficient. own weaknesses, circuit -
gained popularity. In early 2014,
2G technology holds sufficient se- switched services are not going to
smart phones were beginning to
curity for both the sender and the disappear.
use Quad HD. Quad HD is used in
receive. All text messages are digi-
advanced televisions and com-  Transmission control protocol
tally encrypted. This digital en-
puter monitors , but with 110 ppi (TCP) provides a virtual end-to-end
cryption allows for the transfer of
or less on such larger displays. connection for reliability. Although
data in such a way that only the
Mobile Network Generations intended receiver can receive and Telnet is still used as a standard
1 G (First Generation) read it. protocol for remote access to
computer hosts, the main proto-
 1G, which stands for “first genera-  Benefits of 2G technology (Second
tion, “ refers to the first genera- Generation) is the voice clarity and cols in use today are HTTP for Web
tion of wireless telecommunica- reduces noise in the line. Digital servers, SMTP for e-mail, and
tion technology more popularly signals are considered environ- SNMP for network management.
known as cellphones. ment friendly. The use of digital The GPRS (2.5G) core network and
 A set of wireless standards devel- data service assists mobile net- service characteristics.
oped in the 1980’s, 1G technology work operators to introduce short  Although GPRS is an extension to
replaced 0G technology, which message service over the cellular the radio access network, it re-
featured mobile radio telephones phones. quires whole new packetbased IP
and such technologies as Mobile  Digital encryption has provided se- data links, servers, and gateways
Telephone System (MTS) , Ad- crecy and safety to the data and in the core network. Thus GPRS
vanced Mobile Telephone System voice calls. The use of 2G technol- adds several new components be-
(AMTS), Improved Mobile Tele- ogy requires strong digital signals sides changing the existing GSM
phone Service (IMTS) and Push to to help mobilephones work. If or TDMA network.
Talk (PTT). Unlike its successor, 2G, there is no network coverage in
 GPRS is important because it helps
which made use of digital signals, any specific area, digital signals operators, vendors, content
1G wireless networks used analog would be weak.
radio signals. Through 1G, a voice providers,and users prepare for
2.5 Generation 3G, as many concepts of GPRS live
call gets modulated to a higher
frequency of about 150 MHz and  The mobile technology using gen- on in 3G , and we will need these
up as it is transmitted between eral packet radio service (GPRS) enhancements to 2G networks for
radio towers. This is done using a standard has been termed as 2.5G. ten years or more. At the mo-
technique called Frequency - Divi- 2.5G systems enhance the data ment, wireless network technolo-
gies are somewhere between 2G ITU 200 is still making decision to devices. EDGE allows for faster
and 2.5G. fix the data rates. data transfer than existing GSM,
 The second generation of mobile  It is expected that 2mbit/sec for EDGE was introduced by ATGT in
communication technology was all stationary users, while 348 kbits 2003.
about digital PCS. The problem, when moving or travelling . ITU  EDGE has increased the GSM cov-
however, was that much of pro- sell various frequency rates in or- erage up to three times more.
prietary networking equipment. der to make use of broadband EDGE is a 3G Technology (Third
Taken together , 2G and 2.5G technologies. Network authenti- Generation Technology); there-
technologies are far from seam- cation has won the trust of users, fore it can be used for packet
less. because the user can rely on its switched systems. Universal mo-
3 Generation network as a reliable source of bile telecommunications systems.

transferring data. 3G technology UMTS conforms to ITU IMT 2000
 If you want augmented band-
is much flexible,because it is able standard. It is complex network
width, multiple mobile applica-
to support the 5 major radio tech- and allows for covering radio ac-
tions and clarity of digital signals,
nologies. cess, core network and USIM (sub-
then 3G (Third Generation Tech-
These radio technologies operate scriber identity module). It is a
nology) is your gateway . 
under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA. relatively expensive technology for
 GSM technology was able to
CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct the network operators because it
transfer circuit switched data over
spread), IMT-MC (multi carrier). requires new and separate infra-
the network. The use of 3G tech-
TDMA accounts for IMT-TC (time structure for its coverage .
nology is also able to transmit
code), IMT-SC (single carrier).  The GSM is the base of this
packet switch data efficiently at
FDMA has only one radio interface technolgoy. CDMA is also referred
better and increased bandwidth.
known as IMT-FC or frequency to as IMT-MC this technology is
 3G mobile technologies proffers
code. Third generation technology close to 2G technology GSM be-
more advanced services to mobile
is really affordable due to the cause it is also backward compat-
users. It can help many multime-
agreement of industry. ible. Digital enhanced cordless
dia services to function.
 This agreement took place in or- telecommunications (DECT) is an-
 The spectral efficiency of 3G tech- other 3G Technology (Third Gen-
der to increase its adoption by the
nology is better than 2G technolo- eration Technology). DETC was
users. 3G (Third Generation Tech-
gies. Spectral efficiency is the developed by European telecom-
nology) system is compatible to
measurement of rate of informa- munications standards institute;
work with the 2G technologies.
tion transfer over any communi- however it is now widely popular
 3G (Third Generation Technology)
cation system . in the other countries of the world
technologies holds the vision that
 3G is also known as IMT 2000.3G as well.
they should be expandable on de-
technologies make use of TDMA 4Generation
mand. The aim of the 3G (Third
and CDMA . 3G (Third Generation
Generation Technology) is to allow  4G, short for fourth generation ,
Technology) technologies make
for more coverae and growth with is the fourth generation of mobile
use of value added services like
minimum investment. telecommunications technology
mobile television, GPS (Global Po-
 There are many 3G technologies succeeding 3G.
sitioning System) and video
as W-CDMA, GSM, EDGE, UMTS,  A 4G system must provide capa-
conferencing. The basic feature of
DECT, WiMax and CDMA 2000. bilities defined by ITU in IMT Ad-
3G Technology (Third Generation
Enhanced data rates for GSM evo- vanced. Potential and current ap-
Technology) is fast data transfer
lution or EDGE is termed to as a plications include amended mobile
rates.
backward digital technology, be- web access, IP telephony, gaming
 However this feature is not cur-
cause it can operate with older services, high definition mobile TV,
rently working properly because,
video conferencing, 3D television,
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and cloud computing. so devices close to one another ii) Wireless router receives and de-
 TWO 4G candidate systems are could exchange data. By close, we codes the signal. Also, it helps to
commercially deployed : the Mo- mean within about 10 metres of send the information to Internet
bile WiMAX standard (first used in one another even if there is a wall using physical and Ethernet con-
South Korea in 2007) , and the first in - between. But most often nection.
-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) bluetooth is used within a metre Gigabit Wireless (Gi-Fi)
standard (in Oslo, Norway, and or so such as pairing a mobile in-
 Gigabit Wireless also known popu-
Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). side a car.
larly by the names GiFi or Gi-Fi is a
5 Generation  One advantage with Bluetooth wireless communication providing
working within a short range is
 5G (5th generation mobile net- a data rate of gigabits per second

that it only needs a tiny amount of Some features of GiFi - the latest,
works or 5th generation wireless
radio power to work, less than a emerging wireless technologies
sytems ) denotes the next major
thousandth; of a Watt. A torch are :
phase of mobile telecommunica-
light uses about 1 Watt to light the
tions standards beyond the cur- i) Low power consumption
bulb, so you can appreciate this is
rent 4G/IMT -Advanced stan- ii) Better transfer rates
a tiny amount of power. This
dards. 5G has speeds beyond what
means it is ideal for battery oper- iii) Cost efficient
the current 4G can offer.
ated devices such as mobile iv) Secure
The Next Generation Mobile Net-
phones. ZigBee
works Alliance defines the following
 Another advantage of Bluetooth  Z igBee works in 2.4GHz fre-
requirements for 5G networks
is that it is completely automatic - quency. Basically it uses mesh, star
 Data rates of tens of megabits per
every Bluetooth enabled device and cluster topologies. They are
second should be supported for
will sense the presence of another inexpensive, general purpose,
tens of thousands of users.
device within range. They can do self-organizing and a robust wire-
 1 gigabit per second to be offered this because they share a ‘network less technology. Usually, ZigBee
simultaneously to many workers protocol’ that allows them to networks need a host and a coor-
on the same office floor share data. The protocol can re- dinator for its operation. ZigBee
 Several hundreds of thousands of duce interference from other is based on IEEE 802. 15.4 stan-
simultaneous connections to be Bluetooth devices that are also dard. To achieve low power con-
supported for massive sensor de- exchanging data nearby. sumption, transmission distance is
ployments. Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) limited to 10 -100 m distance. Also
 Spectral efficiency should be sig-  Wireless Fidelity also known popu- to transmit the data over long dis-
nificantly enhanced compared to larly by the names Wi-Fi or Wifi is tances, we normally pass the data
4G a local area wireless technology through mesh network of interme-
 Coverage should be improved which helps an electronic device diate devices. commonly ZigBee
to transfer data and connect is used in applications that have
 Signalling efficiency should be en-
internet using the radio waves. long battery life and network se-
hanced
Many electronic devices use Wi-Fi curity.
 Latency should be reduced signifi-
like PCs, video-games, cameras, WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability
cantly compared to LTE.
and digital audio players. Wireless for Microwave Access)
SOME WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
Router and Wireless Adapter help  A latest innovation in the latest,
FOR DATA TRANSFER
in the Wi-Fi operation . Theire func- emerging wireless technologies is
BLUETOOTH
tions are : WiMAX. This type of wireless tech-
 Bluetooth is a type of radio com- i) Wireless adapter of a PC translates nology is gaining more popularity
munication and networking pro- because it is faster and does not
data to radio signal and transmits
tocol combined. It was developed require any sort of wired connec-
it using antenna.
tions. This wireless technology communication and a subset of op- There are also some popular An-
provides 30 to 40 megabit-per-sec- tical wireless communications droid tablets as well.
ond data rates. It uses the OFDM (OWC) and could be a complement  Android is a Linux - based software
(Orthogonal Frequency Division to RF communication (Wi-Fi or system, and similar to Linux, is free
Multiplexing) and MIMO (Multiple Cellular network), or even a re- and open source software.
Input Multiple Output) technology placement in contexts of data
 This means that other companies
for its function. broadcasting.
can use the Andoid operating sys-
 WiMAX (Worldwide  It is so far measured to be about tem developed by Google and use
Interoperability for Microwave 100 times faster than some Wi-Fi it in their mobile devices (more on
Access) is a family of wireless com- implementations, reaching
that later).
munications standards initailly speeds of 224 gigabits per second.
 The distinguishing factor of this
designed to provide 30 to 40 It is wireless and uses visible light
brand is a kennel. Android hosts a
megabit-per-second data rates, communication or infra-red and
central core, which essentially is a
with the 2011 update providing up near ultraviolet (instead of radio
strip code that helps the software
to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The frequency waves) spectrum, part
operate.
name “WiMAX” was created by of optical wireless communica-
GPS
the WiMAX Forum, which was tions technology, which carries
formed in June 2001 to promote much more information , and has  The Global Postioning System
conformity and interoperability of been proposed as a solution to the (GPS) is a space based navigation
the standard. RF-bandwidth limitations. system that provides location and
the information in all weather con-
 The forum describes WiMAX as “a LTE
ditions, anywhere on or near the
standards - based technology en-  LTE stands for long term evolution,
Earth where there is an unob-
abling the delivery of last mile wire- so 4G LTE stands for fourth gen-
structed line of sight to four or
less broadband access as an alter- eration long term evolution. LTE
more GPS satellites. The system
native to cable and DSL”. IEEE and 4G LTE are often used inter-
provides critical capabilities to
802.16 m or Wireless MAN-Ad- changeably , but essentially it’s a
military, civil, and commercial us-
vanced is a candidate for the 4G, mobile technology with typical
ers around theworld. The United
in competition with the LTE Ad- download speeds of 5 - 12 Mbps.
States government created the
vanced standard
 LTE doesn’t generally come close system, maintains it, and makes it
Uses of WiMAX to 100 Mbps then, but it can theo- freely accessible to anyone with a
 Provides mobile broadband con- retically reach those speeds, so it’s GPS receiver.
nectivity. allowed to be called 4G LTE.
 The US began the GPS project in
 Telecommunications, Data and  But it really is a long term evolu- 1973 to overcome the limitations
ITPV services. tion, in that it’s working towards of previous navigation systems,
 Used as a source of Internet con- those speeds rather than achiev- integrating ideas from several pre-
nectivity. ing them now. decessors, including a number of
 Better for Metering and Smart ANDROID classified engineering design stud-
grids.  Android is the mobile operating ies from the 1960s.
Li-Fi system. Android began its life as a  The U.S. Department of Defense
Palo Alto based startup company, (DoD) developed the system,
 Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is a bidirec-
founded in 2003. That company which originally used 24 satellites.
tional , high speed and fully net-
was subsequently acquired by It became fully operational
worked wireless communication
Google in 2005. Essentially, in1995. Roger L. Easton, Ivan A.
technology similar to Wi-Fi.
Google produces the software Getting and Bradford Parkinson
 The term was coined by Harald
that runs almost every other mo- are credited with inventing it.
Haas and is a form of visible light
bile phone besides Apple’s iPhone.
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         
       
          
        
  
         
  
    
  
      

   
    
      
       

       

    
 
       

   
    
 A, B, C, B6, B9
 
  B12, 
      
  
      
 

    

   
       
   

     
    
        
      
  
       
  
    
  
   
 
   

   
        
    
      
   
      
     
           
      
      
         
    
   
     
  
   
     
 
  
         

    
 
  
       
     
     
 
 
      
   
    
     
    
     
     
       
     
          

     

          
       
        
       
         
      
      
      
       
        
       
     
       
   
 
  
      
   
   
  
  

  
        
     
     
 
       
  
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 111

   
 B1   
  CO2 
B2   FAD FMN 
   
  NAD+ NADP+  
  
B6   
    
  A  



   
 
 

B12   
  
   
  
 - C   
   
  

 

   
(ca)   
  
(P)   
  
(s)   
(k)   
  
(cl)   


(Mg)   
(Rg)   
  

(F)   
(Zn)   
 

(cu)   
  

(Mn)   
 

(I)   

(Co)  B12 B12
(se)   

 

(cr)   
  
(Mo)   
 
    

       
   
      
   
         
        
 
  
     (Trioses, C3H6O3 )   
    
  
     
  
   
 
   
  

     
 (Pentoses, C5H10O5)
 

        
   RNA,
   DNA   
       
   
   (Hexoses,
      
C6 H 12 O 6 )  
 

 

    
  
  
     
       
     
 [(CH 2 O)n]    
    ATP (Adenosine   
  Triphosphate)    
    
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 113
      
        
         
  
       
        
       
    ICMR-     
  WHO   
         (PUFA)  
     
  

      
   
       
         
        
      
  
          
      
         
      
     
           
     
    
        A, B, C, D, E,
     K 
        B, C 
      
    
    
       
        A, D, E, K-
    
      
   
 

         D  
      
      
   
   

          
 

 
   
  
  
   A  
    
D  
     
  
  
 E  
  
  B2
K  
 B   

    
  
 
B6
B1   
B   

  
  
B2     
   C

 
B3  

 
    
  
  
B4 



B5   
     
  
B6    
   
B7  
H) 
 
B9 
   
   
  
     
B12  (DNA)   
    
   
C   
      
    
 
  
     
   E  
     
    A
B 1    B 12    

  
E
      
   
    K 
  
  C   
  
     D  
  
 E   

  
 B1 
 
AB2       
   D  
     
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 115
       
       
      
          
   
 
   
      
          
      
     
        
     
    

(Intracellular fluid)  
(Extra cellular fluid)        
    
         
       
 
       
   

      
  N.I-     
     
    Dr. 
       
    
    
 
  
  
 
   C    
       

   
  
     
        
    
  
    
 
        
   
      

    
       
      
 
    
    
 
  
      
     
       
    (Mode of nutrition)
   
 
 
 (Autotrophic nutrition)
           
  
           
       
      
     
      
   
 
   
 
 
  
 (Viscum)
 
   (Parasitic plants) 
       (Insectivorous plants)
       
    

          
       
        
      
       
      
 (Host)    
      
       
     
    
      (Drosera) 
      
  
 
       
(Heterotrophic nutrition) (Haustoria)   (Sundew plant)
  
   
     

    
  
   
  
   Tentacles)  
 
      
  
   

 
  
    
  
   
   
    

   
    
(Saprophytic plants)   
 
    
  
      
 
   

       
      
       
     
      
(Monotropa)      
         
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 117
          
   
     
     
 
   
     

    
     
    
   

  
  
        

      
      
      
          
     
      

     
      
       
        
      
(Beggiatoa)   
         
      
          
      
      
 

  H2S  
     
 
   
   1oC
   
  
  
         
    (ICMR)(Nutrition
    Expert Committee) (1968)
     
 
 (Indian Regerence Man
 
 - IRM) (Indian Ref-
 
    erence Woman - IRW)
   
    
  
      (IRM) 
     
       
 
    (IRW)  
        
     
  
  IRM, IRW 
     

  

IRM     
     
    
       
 
      
      
  



   



 (Obesity)
     
  
   
IRW 
   
         


      




    
   
(Body mass index - BMI)


    
    
 BMI
  
       
BMI 21.6 (70/1.82)
         BMI  
       
   
   BMI 
 
    
 
   
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6 HEALTH & HYGIENE
Nutritional Requirements  Humans and other animals need  9 calories in a gram of fat
 The nutritional requirements are a minimum intake of food energy These nutrients also differ in how

based on the requirements for to sustain their metabolism and quickly they supply energy.
different population groups to drive their muscles. Foods are Carbohydrates are the quickest,
specified by age, sex, weight and composed chiefly of and fats are the slowest.
physical activity. The average carbohydrates, fats, proteins, Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
requirements are a weighted water, vitamins, and minerals. are digested in the intestine,
average by using the size of each Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, where they are broken down into
age-sex group as weights. This and water represent virtually all their basic units.
includes specific needs for the weight of food, with vitamins
and minerals making up only a  Carbohydrates into sugars
pregnant and lactating women.
These requirements are not the small percentage of the weight.  Proteins into amino acids
individual requirements of a (Carbohydrates, fats, and  Fats into fatty acids and glycerol
particular individual, but an proteins comprise ninety percent  The body uses these basic units to
average for a group that is of the dry weight of foods).
build substances it needs for
representative of the population Organisms derive food energy
growth, maintenance, and
in a developing country. Food aid from carbohydrates, fats and
activity (including other
programming guidelines usually proteins as well as from organic
carbohydrates, proteins, and
give specific suggestions for acids, polygons, and ethanol
fats).
adjustments based on climate, present in the diet. Some diet
components that provide little or Carbohydrates
abnormal demographic
distributions and specific no food energy, such as water,  An average American adult eats
nutritional needs of the minerals, vitamins, cholesterol, about half a pound of
beneficiary population. and fiber, may still be necessary carbohydrate each day. Some of
 Nutritional requirements for an to health and survival for other our most common foods contain
average individual may lead to reasons. Water, minerals, mostly carbohydrates. Examples
“the apparent contradiction of vitamins, and cholesterol are not are bread, potatoes, pastries,
attempting to meet the broken down (they are used by candy, rice, spaghetti, fruits, and
requirements of populations the body in the form in which vegetable. Many of these foods
based on the diverse and they are absorbed) and so cannot contain both starch, which can be
heterogeneous needs of be completely digested by the digested, and fiber, which the
individuals. It is, in fact, a human body. Ruminants can body cannot digest.
necessary step in providing extract food energy from the  The digestible carbohydrates are
optimal health – a long life, free respiration of cellulose, thanks to broken into simpler molecules by
of physical and mental disability bacteria in their rumens. the enzymes in the saliva, in the
– to all individuals”.  Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats juice produced by the pancreas,
 The indicators include energy and supply 90% of the dry weight of and in the lining of the small
13 nutrients: 2 macronutrients: the diet and 100 percent of its intestine. Starch is digested in two
Fat and Protein: and 11 energy. All three provide energy steps. First, an enzyme in the
micronutrients: Iodine, Iron, (measured in calories), but the saliva and pancreatic juice breaks
Vitamin A, V itamin C, Niacin, amount of energy in 1 gram (1/28 the starch into molecules, called
Thiamine, Riboflavin, Vitamin B6, ounce) differs. maltose; then an enzyme in the
Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid), Vitamin  4 calories in a gram of lining of the small intestine
B12 and Zinc. carbohydrate or protein (maltase) splits the maltose into
glucose molecules that can be from components within the intestinal cavity. The bile acids
absorbed into the blood. Glucose body, but it cannot synthesise 9 produced by the liver act as
is carried through the of the amino acids-called natural detergents to dissolve fat
bloodstream to the liver, where essential amino acids. They must in water and allow the enzymes
it is stored or used to provide be consumed in the diet. to break the large fat molecules
energy for the work of the body. Everyone needs 8 of these amino into smaller molecules, some of
 Table sugar is another acids: isoleucine, leucine, lysine, which are fatty acids and
carbohydrate that must be methionine, phenylalanine, cholesterol. The bile acids
digested to be useful. An enzyme threonine, tryptophan, and combine with the fatty acids and
in the lining of the small intestine valine. Infants also need a 9th one, cholesterol and help these
digests table sugar into glucose histidine. molecules to move into the cells
and fructose, each of which can  The percentage of protein that of the mucosa. In these cells, the
be absorbed from the intestinal the body can use to synthesise small molecules are formed back
cavity into the blood. Milk essential amino acids varies from into large molecules, most of
contains yet another type of protein to protein. The body can which pass into vessels (called
sugar, lactose, which is changed use 100% of the protein in egg lymphatics near the intestine.
into absorbable molecules by an and a high percentage of the These small vessels carry the
enzyme, called lactase, also proteins in milk and meats. The reformed fat to the veins of the
found in the intestinal lining. body can use a little less than half chest, and the blood carries the
of the protein in most vegetables fat to storage depots in different
Protein
and cereals. parts of the body.
 Foods such as meat, eggs, and
 The body needs protein to  Fats are the slowest source of
beans consist of large molecules
maintain and replace tissues and energy but the most energy
of protein that must be digested
to function and grow. Protein is efficient form of food. Each gram
by enzymes before they can be
not usually used for energy. of fat supplies the body with
used to build and repair body
However, if the body is not about 9 calories, more than twice
tissues. An enzyme in the juice of
getting enough calories from that supplied by proteins or
the stomach starts the digestion
other nutrients or from the fat carbohydrates. Because fats are
of swallowed protein. Further
stored in the body, protein is used such an efficient form of energy,
digestion of the protein is
for energy. If more protein is the body stores any excess energy
completed in the small intestine.
consumed than is needed, the as fat. The body deposits excess
Here, several enzymes from the
body breaks the protein down and fat in the abdomen (mental fat)
pancreatic juice and the lining of
stores its components as fat. and under the skin (subcutaneous
the intestine carry out the
fat) to use when it needs more
breakdown of huge protein  The body contains large amounts
energy. The body may also
molecules into small molecules of protein. Protein, the main
deposit excess fat in blood vessels
called amino acids. These small building block in the body, is the
and within organs, where it can
molecules can be absorbed from primary component of most cells.
block blood flow and damage
the hollow of the small intestine For example, muscle, connective
organs, often causing serious
into the blood and then be carried tissues, and skin are all built of
disorders.
to all parts of the body to build protein.
the walls and other parts of cells.  There are different kinds of fat:
 Adults need to eat about 60g of
 Proteins consist of units called protein per day (0.8 grams per  Monounsaturated
amino acids. Strung together in kilogram of weight or 10 to 15%  Polyunsaturated
complex formations, Because of total calories). Adults who are  Saturated
proteins are complex molecules, trying to build muscle need
 In general, saturated fats are
the body takes longer to break slightly more. Children also need
more likely to increase
them down. As a result, they are more because they are growing.
cholesterol levels and increase
a much slower and longer-lasting Fats the risk of atherosclerosis. Foods
source of energy than
 Fat molecules are a rich source of derived from animals commonly
carbohydrates.
energy for the body. The first step contain saturated fats, which
 There are 20 amino acids. The in digestion of a fat is to dissolve tend to be solid at room
body synthesizes some of them it into the watery content of the temperature. Fats derived from
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plants commonly contain present in many commercially substituted for saturated fats and
monounsaturated or prepared foods. Consuming trans trans fats.
polyunsaturated fatty acids, fats may adversely affect  People with high cholesterol
which tend to be liquid at room cholesterol levels in the body and levels may need to reduce their
temperature. Palm and coconut may contribute to the risk of total fat intake even more. When
oil are exceptions. They contain atherosclerosis. fat intake is reduced to 10 percent
more saturated fats than other Fat in the diet or less of daily total calories,
plant oils. Authorities generally recommend cholesterol levels tend to
 Trans fats (trans fatty acids) are a that decrease dramatically.
different category of fat. They Vitamins
 Fat should be limited to less than
are man-made, formed by adding
about 30 percent of daily total Another important part of our

hydrogen atoms (hydrogenation)
calories (or fewer than 90 grams food that is absorbed from the
to monounsaturated or
per day) small intestine is the class of
polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fats
 Saturated fats should be limited chemicals we call vitamins. There
may be partially or fully
to less than 10 percent. are two different types of
hydrogenated (or saturated with
vitamins, classified by the fluid in
hydrogen atoms). In the United  Eliminating trans fats in the diets
which they can be dissolved:
States, the main dietary source is recommended. When possible,
water – soluble vitamins (all the
of trans fats is partially monounsaturated fats and
B vitamins and vitamin C) and fat-
hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyunsaturated fats, particularly
soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D,
omega-3 fats, should be
and K)
Vitamin Requirements of Humans: Water – Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin Major Dietary Sources Some Major Functions Possible Symptoms of Deficiency of
in the Body Extreme Excess
Vitamin B1 Pork, legumes, peanuts, Coenzyme used in removing CO2 Beriberi (nerve disorders, emaciation,
(thiamine) whole grains from organic compounds anaemia)
Vitamin B2 Dairy products, meats, Components of coenzymes FAD Skin lesions such as cracks at corners
(riboflavin) enriched grains, vegetable and FMN of mouth
Niacin Nuts, meats, grains Component of coenzymes NAD+ Skin and gastrointestinal lesions,
and NADP+ nervous disorders Flushing of face and
hands, liver damage
Vitamin B6 Meats, vegetable, whole Coenzyme used in amino acid Irritability, convulsions, muscular
(pyridoxine) metabolism twitching, anaemia, Unstable gait num
feet, poor coordination
Pantothenic Most food: meats, dairy Component of coenzyme A Fatigue, numbbess, tingling of hand
acid products, whole grains, etc and feet
Folic acid Green vegetable, oranges, Coenzyme in nucleic acid and Anaemia, gastrointestinal problems May
(folacin) nuts, legumes, whole metabolism mask deficiency of vitamin B
grains (also made by colon
bacteria)
Vitamin B12 Meats, eggs, diary Coenzyme in nucleic acid Anaemia, nervous system disorders
products metabolism; needed for
maturation of red blood cells
Biotin Legumes, other vegetables Coenzyme in synthesis of fat, Scaly skin inflammation, neuro-
meats glycogen, and amino acids muscular disorders
Vitamin C Fruits and vegetable, Used in collagen synthesis (e.g., Scurvy (degeneration of skin, teeth,
(ascorbic especially citrus fruits, for bone, cartilage, gums); blood vessels), weakness, delayed
acid) broccoli, cabbage, antioxidant; aids in detoxification wound healing, imparied immunity
tomatoes green peppers improves iron absorption Gastrointestinal upset
Water and Salt: Most of the material absorbed from the cavity of the small intestine is water in which salt is dissolved.
The salt and water come from the food and liquid we swallow and the juices secreted by the many digestive glands. In
a healthy adult, more than a gallon of water containing over an ounce of salt is absorbed from the intestine every 24
hours.
Mineral Requirements of Humans
Mineral MajorDietary Sources Some Major Functions in the Body Possible Symptoms of
Deficiency
Calcium (Ca) Dairy products, dark green Bone and tooth formation, blood Retarded growth, possibly loss
vegetables, legumes clotting, nerve and muscle functions of bone mass

Phosphorus(P) Dairy products, meats, Bone and tooth formation, acid-base Weakness, loss of minerals from
grains balance, nucleotide synthesis bone, calcium loss
Sulfur (S) Proteins from many Components of certain amino acids Symptoms of protein deficiency
sources
Potassium (K) Meats, dairy products, Acid-base balance, water balance, Muscular weakness, paralysis,
many fruits and nerve function nausea, heart failure
vegetables, grains
Chlorine(CI) Table salt Acid-base balance, formation of gastric Muscle cramps, reduced
juice, nerve function, osmotic balance appetite
Sodium (Na) Table salt Acid-base balance, water balance, Muscle cramps, reduced
nerve function appetite
Magnesium Whole grains, green leafy Cofactor; ATP bioenergetics Nervous system disturbances
(Mg)
Iron (fe) Meats, eggs, legumes, Components of hemoglobin and of iron-deficiency anemia,
whole grains, green leafy electron - carriers in energy weakness, impaired immunity
vegetables metabolism; enzyme cofactor
Fluorine(F) Drinking water, tea, Maintenance of tooth (and probably Higher frequency of tooth decay
seafood bone) structure
Zinc (Zn) Meats, seafood, grains Component of certain digestive Grwoth failure, scaly skin
enzymes and other proteins inflammation, reproductive
failure, impaired immunity
Copper (Cu) Seafood, nuts, legumes, Enzyme cofactor in iron metabolism, Anaemia bone and
organ meats melanin synthesis, electron transport cardiovascular changes
Manganese Nuts, grains, vegetables, Enzyme cofactor Abnormal bone and cartilage
(Mn) fruits, tea
Iodine (I) Seafood, dairy products, Component of thyroid hormones Goiter (enlarged thyroid)
iodized salt
Cobalt (Co) Meats and dairy products Component of vitamin B 12 None, except as B12 deficiency
Selenium (se) Seafood, meats, whole Enzyme cofactor, antioxidant Muscle pain, possibly heart
grains functioning in close association with muscle deterioration
vitamin E
Chromium (Cr) Brewer’s yeast, liver, Involved in glucose and energy Impaired glucose metabolism
seafood, meats, some metabolism
vegetables
Molybedenum Legumes, grains, some Enzyme cofactor Disorder in excretion of
(Mo) nitrogencontaining compounds
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Nutrition molecules. The Hexoses (C6H12O6) Proteins(Polypeptides)
 The survival of all living organisms such as glucose, fructose and  Proteins are nitrogenous
is due to several types of nutritive galactose are food components compounds being made up of
processes. The process of nutrition commonly consumed. carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
involves ingestion digestion,  Carbohydrates are commonly nitrogen. Proteins also contain
absorption and assimilation of food employed by the cells for providing sulphur.
materials. energy. The energy metabolism  In living systems proteins play an
happens through glycolytic important role in the structural
 The composition of nutrients vary
processes involving oxidative, organisation eg., cell membrane,
in different types of feeding.
citric acid cycle. The energy hairs, nails and muscles. Many of
However, for all living organisms,
liberated is stored in the form of the proteins serve as enzymes.
the nutrient comprises the

ATPs (Adenosine triphosphate). They are named as functional
following organic and inorganic
 Each gram of carbohydrate is proteins.
components.
capable of yeilding energy  The building blocks of proteins are
 They are carbohydrates, proteins, equivalent of 4.1 calories. aminoacids. There are
lipids, vitamins, minerals and approximately twenty different
Disaccharides
water. Each component has a types of amino acids, such as
 These are the carbohydrates
specific functional role. glycine, alanine, serine, valine,
formed by condensation of two
 A well proportioned intake of monosaccharide monomers. leucin, proline etc.
nutrients depends on several These are found in common food  The amino acids are classified as
factors such as stage of growth, substances such as milk and sugar. essential and non essential amino
sex, health condition, bodily acids. Essential amino acids can
 There are three common
activities and environmental not be synthesised in our body.
disaccharides namely maltose,
situations. Hence they should be made
sucrose and lactose. They have the
Carbohydrates (Poly available through food.
following composition.
hydroxyaldehydes (or) ketones.)  The essential amino acids are
Maltose - glucose +
 A carbohydrate is composed of arginine, valine, histidine,
(In germinating glucose isoleucine, leucine, lycine,
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in cereals) methionine, phenylalanine,
the ratio of 1:2:1 (CH2O)n. They Sucrose - glucose + threonine and tryptophan.
are of three types namely (cane sugar) fructose
monosaccharides, disaccharides  The nonessential amino acids can be
Lactose - glucose + synthesized in our body from other
and polysaccharides
(milk) galactose compounds.Such amino acids need
Monosaccharides: not be added in the diet.
Polysaccharides
 These are the simplest form of A protein (or) a polypetide chain is
 These are complex carbohydrates 
carbohydrates being comprised of formed by polymerisation of a formed of several amino acids
a single organic molecule. large number of linked with each other by peptide
Depending on the number of monosaccharides. Nature bonds. This linear arrangement is
carbon atoms they are classified abundantly produces various types termed as primary organisation of
into trioses, tetroses, pentoses, of polysaccharides. a protein.
and hexoses.  Several of them are structural  However in most of the proteins,
 The trioses (C3H6O3) are common components in the living world eg. the straight chain structure gets
intermediary products in chitin, cellulose. Starch molecules complicated, into secondary,
carbohydrate metabolic serve as storage food materials tertiary or quaternary stages.
processes. They play an important trapping enormous amount of These levels are due to several
role in inter conversion of energy. other chemical bonds.
biomolecules (eg.  In food grains, starch is available  The complicated nature of a
glyceraldehydes). as pectin and amylopectin particular protein is specifically
 Pentoses (C5H10O5) like ribose and molecules. Glycogen, a required for its prescribed
deoxyribose are the integral polysaccharide is found in liver and function. The amino-acids
muscles. sequence and level of ogranisation
components of RNA and DNA
is determined genetically.
 Hence the genome gets its unsaturated fatty acids(PUFA) are processes. The identified vitamins
importance due to its capability to favoured for persons having high are classified as A,B,C,D,E and K.
produce, specific types of protein blood pressure and other related Of these, vitamin B and C are
for bringing out genetical ailments. water soluble in nature.
characteristics.  These fatty acids are abundant in  Vegetables and fruits containing
 The daily requirement of protein, sunflower oil and safflower oil. these vitamins if washed in water
according to the Nutrition experts Each gram of lipid is capable of as cut pieces would loose them
committee of ICMR (Indian yielding 9.3 calories of energy. It easily. Vitamin A,D,E and K, if
Council for Medical Research) and is suggested that 25% to 30% of consumed beyond required level
WHO (World Health Organisation) total calories should come from may cause defects, commonly
is 1 gm per kg body weight. fat. referred to as vitaminosis.
 Reduction in the intake of protein Vitamins  Of the various vitamins, vitamin D

leads to protein malnutritions,  V itamins are complex organic or calciferol on exposure to
such as marasmus and compounds, whose presence in sunlight can be synthesised by our
kwashiorkar. In marasmas the trace amount in the food is body through the lipid compound
child loses weight and it also causes essential for growth and other called ergosterol, found below our
severe diarrhoea and the body physiological activities. skin. Hence it is known as ‘sunshine
muscles get wasted. vitamin’.
 Vitamins do not have any energy
 It will appear as though the bones value. However they are essential  The most important functions of
are covered by the skin. In for controlling energy yielding vitamins include.
kwashiorkar there is a wastage of
muscles. Face and feet will have Fat soluble vitamins
oedema. The belly region will Vitamins Functions
appear enlarged.
Vitamin A (Retinol)/ Plays a vital role in visual perception.
Lipids
Antixerophthalmic Maintenance and growth of
 Lipids are important cellular epithelial tissue.
constituents. They are energy rich
compounds. They form the most Vitamin D (Calciferol)/ Promotes intestinal absorption of
important storage food in the Antirachitic calcium and phosphorus. Formation
body. In our body, it serves as an of teeth and bones.
insulating material. Vitamin E (Tocopherol) / Antioxidant It keeps the skin healthy
 Cosmetically, the presence of Antisterility by reduces the process of ageing.
limited amount of fat beneath the VitaminK Anti 1. Required for the synthesis
skin adds to beauty. Further, haemorrahagic of prothrombin in the liver.
steroidal hormones are produced
from certain lipids. Water soluble vitamins
 The most common type of lipids Vitamins Functions
are the simple lipids (or)
B1 (Thiamine) Involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
triglycerides. They are naturally
occurring substances (vegetable Act as a coenzyme
oils). B2 (Riboflavin) Acts as coenzyme in oxidation and
 In animals it is a main constituent the reduction reactions
of adipose tissue. Chemically a
B3 (Pantothenic acid) Acts as coenzyme A and is essential
triglyceride is formed of glycerol
and fatty acids. for the metabolism of fats and
 Fatty acids are of two types carbohydrates
namely saturated and
B4 (choline) Precursor for acetylcholine
unsaturated fatty acids.  The
unsaturated fatty acids are B5 (Niacin / Nicotinic acid) Derivatives of coenzymes
capable of easier oxidative
B6 (Pyridoxine) Haemoglobin formation,brain, heart
breakdown, hence poly
and liver activities
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B7 (Biotin) /Vit.H Acts as a coenzyme in synthesis  Trace elements and other minerals
are useful in physiological activities
of fat, glycogen and amino acids
such as oxygen transport (Iron),
B9 (Folic acid) It acts as a co-enzyme for hormone synthesis (Iodine) and
synthesis of nucleic acid intermediary metabolism
and essential for growth and (Manganese, Copper, Zinc).
formation of RBC  Some of the elements remain as
B12 (Cobalamine) Promotes DNA synthesis. constituents of the body fluids
(Chlorine, Sodium and Potassium).
Necessary for maturation of
Presence of certain minerals is
RBC and formation of myelin sheath. essential for neuro-muscular
C (Ascorbic acid) Acts as an antioxidant. irritability(Magnesium, Sodium

Strengthens the immune system. and Potassium), blood clotting
Necessary for healthy gums (Calcium),cardiac functions
and teeth. (Potassium and Calcium).
Water
1. Physiological processes enzyme and is essential for  Water is a major constituent in the
oxidation-reduction reactions. body of all mammals. The
 Vitamin A plays a very important proportion of water in the lean
role in visual perception. Vitamin  Normal metabolism of amino acids
body mass (mass of the body - fat
E might ensure fertility in animals. and fat are due to vitamin B6.
content) is constant at around 71
The clotting of blood is aided by Biotin (vitamin B) serves as a co-
to 78 % in animals including human
vitamin K. Vitamin C provides enzyme and co-factor in oxidative
beings.
immunity against infections and it metabolism. Vitamin C activates
may also support processes of certain intra-cellular enzymes.  The total body water content
growth. Minerals varies with age, sex and body
weight. In a new born child it is 85
2. Maintenance of body tissues  Along with complex organic to 90 % of body weight. In young
substances, such as carbohydrates adults it ranges from 55 - 60 %.
 The pithelial tissues of the body are
proteins and lipids, our body needs
maintained by vitamin A and B2. Of the total body water, about 2/
substances such as minerals, 
The growth of bones is ensured by 3 is found as intra-cellular fluid (ICF)
vitamins and water as accessory
vitamin D. Vitamin E plays a role and 1/3 as extra-cellular fluid (ECF).
food factors.
in the rejuvenation of tissues. About 25% of ECF is the plasma of
 Of the minerals certain elements
 Nourishment to nerve cells is blood.
are found in greater
provided by vitamin B 1 . The concentration. They are sodium,  The body water content is kept
process of maturation of calcium, potassium, magnesium, constant by maintaining a proper
erythrocytes is due to vitamin B12. phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine. balance between water intake
3. Metabolic processes  Certain other minerals are and loss. Intake of water happens
required in slightly lower through drinking of water and
 The process of calcium and
concentration for performing beverages, water in the food
phosphorus metabolism happens
useful functions. These include, consumed and water generated
due to the presence of vitamin D.
iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, during metabolism.
Vitamin E remains an antioxidant.
manganese, iodine and  The average water intake is
 V itamin B 1 remains as a co- fluorine(trace elements). around 2500 ml/ day (as water
enzyme in tissue metabolism and
 Of these minerals, larger portion 1400 ml).
it is found useful in the process of
of certain minerals are concerned Water loss happens through four
oxidation of glucose in CNS. 
with body building activities such
routes. They are
 V itamin B 2 is essential for as formation of bones and teeth
carbohydrate metabolism. Niacin (Calcium, Magnesium and 1. Urine (about 1400ml)
(vitamin B) plays a role as a co- Phosphorus). 2. Expiration (400ml)
3. Through skin (600ml) Caloric value of carbohydrates, fuel value of one gram of protein
proteins and fats are 5.65 Kcal and 4 Kcal
4. Loss in faeces (100ml)
 We obtain 50% energy from respectively. According to ICMR
Role of water (Indian Council of Medical
carbohydrates 35% from fats and
1. It is an essential constituent of all 15% from proteins. We require Research and WHO (World Health
the cells of the body. about 400 to 500 gm of Organization), the daily
carbohydrates, 60 to 70 gm of fats requirement of protein for an
2. It serves as a transport medium
and 65 to 75 gm of proteins per day. average Indian is 1gm per 1 kg
for nutrients and excretory
body weight.
products.  Balanced diet of each individual will
vary according to their age, gender, Balanced diet
3. It serves as a site for chemical
reactions. level of physical activity and others  A balanced diet must have all food
conditions such as pregnancy and supplements in needed

4. It is a valuable solvent for
lactation. Carbohydrates are sugar proportion. It should be preferred
electrolytes, enzymes, hormones
and starch. in such a way that normal growth.
and vitamins.
 These are the major source of working capability, nitrogen
5. It plays a vital role in the balance and full calorie
cellular fuel which provides
maintenance of body requirement can be maintained.
energy. The caloric value of
temperature.
carbohydrate is 4.1 calories per  While planning a balanced diet,
6. It helps to maintain form and gram and its physiological fuel the total calorie requirement of
texture of tissues. value is 4 Kcal per gram. the individual is calculated and
Minerals  Lipids are fats and derivatives of then the different components of
fats, are also the best reserved the food are selected.
 These are the inorganic chemical
elements, i.e., Ca, Fe, I, K, Mg, food stored in our body which is  Normally the calorie content of
Na, P, S, etc needed for regulation used for production of energy. Fat the food is fixed with an
of various physiological functions. has a caloric value of 9.45 Kcal and understanding that 10 -15 % of
a physiological fuel value of 9 Kcal calories are to be obtained from
 These can be classified into major
per gram. proteins, 25 - 30% from fats and
minerals (Na, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Cl)
Many research findings have the rest from carbohydrates.
and others are trace minerals such 
as Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn, I, and fluo- proven that usage of chemical Calorie values
rine. Sodium ions are more abun- preservatives and artificial  In nutrition and dietics a calorie
dant than any other cation in the enhancers lead to highly harmful means the amount of heat
body fluids. effects. required to raise 1 Kg water by
 N.I. Lunin discovered vitamins but  It includes heart ailments, 10oC. As per the Nutrition Expert
the name vitamin was given by Dr. hypertension, infertility, Committee of ICMR (1968) the
Funk (1912). The first vitamin iso- gastrointestinal disorders, early calorie requirements are
lated was B1 by Dr. Funk. puberty in girls, weakening of prescribed for Indian Reference
bones, damage in organs like Man (IRM) and Woman (IRW).
 The first vitamin produced by fer-
kidney and liver, chronic The IRM and IRW have following
mentation process using,
obstructive pulmonary diseases, characteristics.
Acetobacter bacteria is Vitamin C.
headache, allergies, asthma, skin IRM
 Food adulterants cause harmful ef- rashes and even cancer.
fects in the form of headaches, Remember that nothing will beat  25 years of age, 1.62 sq.mt of body
palpitations, allergies, cancers and and overtake the taste and safety surface, 55 kg body weight and
in addition reduces the quality of of homemade foods. “East or west remains healthy.
food. home preparation is the best.” IRW
 Common adulterants are addition  Proteins are source of amino acids  25 years of age, 1.4 sq.mt of body
of citric acid to lemon juice, pa- required for growth and repair of surface, 45 kg body weight and
paya seeds to pepper, melamine body cells. They are stored in the remains healthy.
to milk, vanillin for natural vanil- body only to a certain extent; large
lin, red dyes to chillis, lead chro-  The calorie requirement for IRM
quantities are excreted as
mate and lead tetraoxide to tur- and IRW depending on their
nitrogenous waste.
meric powder, etc., nature of work is prescribed as
 The caloric value and physiological follows.
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 127
IRM weight, health and working
Daily activities Sedantary Moderate Heavy conditions. Final prescription of
work work work food is provided based on the
calorie value of each item of food.
Basal metabolism 460 calories 460 calories 460 calories
 Due attention is given also for
(BMR) (8 Hrs of
palatability and social food habit.
Sleep) Balanced diet for Indian adult male
Non occupational 1220 calories 1220 calories 1220 calories and female doing moderate work.
activities (8 Hrs) Obesity
Occupational 750 calories 1100 calories 2200 calories  Obesity is the storage of excess of
activities (8 Hrs) body fat resulting in a significant
Total 2430 calories 2780 calories 3880 calories impairment of health from a
variety of diseases, notably
IRW
hypertension, atherosclerotic
Daily activities Sedantary Moderate Heavy heart disease and diabetes. A level
work work work of 10% above the standard
Basal metabolism 354 calories 354calories 354 calories weight, for subjects of same age
(8 Hrs of sleep) and sex, is considered as obese.
Non occupational 826 calories 826calories 826 calories  The degree of obesity is assessed
activities (8 Hrs) by the body mass index (BMI). It is
Occupational 610 calories 900calories 1800 calories calculated as weight in Kg divided
activities by the square of height in meters.
(8 Hrs)  For example, a 70 Kg person with
Total 1790calories 2080calories 2980calories a height of 180 cms would have a
BMI of 21.6 (70/1.82). Normal
BMI range for adults is 19 - 25.
 While formulating and planning This assessment is based on the
Men and women having BMI
the diet for a person, his/her requirement of IRM and IRW.
values above this range are
calorie requirement is assessed.  It is adjusted according to age, considered obese.
7 
        

   
(Nutritional and digestive disorders)
  
        
       
   
  
 
   
         
       
 
      

   

     
      
    

     (Nausea)
 (protein Energy malnutrition _ PEM)

        

 
 (Jaundice)
  
          
        
  (Kwashiorkor)   
   
   
     
  
     
    
  
       

     

     

 
  
    
   (Liver cirrhosis)
   
   
  
  
   
   
    
 
    
   
      

   
      
 
  
        
   
    
  
     

     

   


 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 129
(Gall stones)        BMI
            
      
  
         
       
      
   BMI 
      
          
      BMI = 50/
   1.62 = 19.5

   (Appendicitis) 
   (Oral rehy- 
    dration)      
         
      
        
      
    (Peptic ulcer)   
   
    
(Peritonitis)   
  
  
 (Hiatus hernia) 
   
(Diaphrag-     
  
matic hernia)   

       
    
   
        
          
  (Robin Warren)  
          (Barry Marshall)
     
      
      
    
   
(Disorders of Respiratory system)
   
 
   (Obesity)
  
         
         
   
         
   (Artherosclerotic heart dis-    
   ease)    
    (Asthma)
      
  
      
(Diarrhoea)      
        
      
   
    (BMI)    
  
    
        (varicose
(Allergens)    veins) :   
(Emphysema)      (varicose

    veins)   
     
          
     (fibrosis) 
       

       
  
       
   
      


  haemorrhoids), 
     
  
     (silicosis) 
     (asbesto-   (Embolism) 
   sis)     
      
    
  
(Bronchitis)      
   (protective 
   masks)  
        
       
 

      (Aneurysm)
Angioplasty)
     
  
   
    

      
  
(Pneumonia)     
           
         
        
     
      
      (By pass surgery)
         
      
(Tuberculosis)     (plaque)
   (My-    
cobacterium tuberculae)       
     
           
          
       
        
        
   
  
(Occupational respiratory disorders)         
     
          
    
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 131
        
         
     
           
       
           
     
       
    (Defibrillation) (Renal failure/ kidney failure
     
   
     

    (electric shock)  

   
    
  
 
  
(Heart Transplantation)    
           (Acute failure)
       
     (Chronic failure)  
      
             
       
     
            
     
 Dr. 
   
 AIIMS 
          
    
      

 
(Disorders related to the Excretory   
  
system)   
   
      
 (Urinary tract infection) 
        (Uremia):
 (Urethra)      
    
(Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation -    
CPR)      
      
 (James Elam) 
 
  (Peter Safer) 
           
  
     
  
    
    
     (Urethritis) 
       
     
        
     (Pyelitis)    
       
  (Dys-   
    uria),  (Uri-   
  nary urgency),      
          
      thenia gravis) 
        
    
     
     
  
 (Kidney Transplantation) 
       
 
(Glomerulonephritis   
   
 ‘ ’(Bright’s     
disease)    
       

      
  
        
  
    
  
 
(Haematuria),     
     
(Proteinuria) 
    
   
 (Oligouria)      
    (Tissue re- (Muscle fatigue)
(Pulmonury oedema)  jection)   
   
    
   

(Haemodialysis)   
    
  
       
  
        
        
     
 (Dialysing ma-    
chine)    
 
   
           
      
         
    
       
         
        
       
    (Muscle pull )
   
        
       
       
        
         
          
      
 
     
  
(Disorders of muscular 
  
and skeletal system) 
  
    (Muscular dystrophy)
      (Myas-    
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 133
        
  D   
      
     
     

      
(Duchene Muscular Dystro-
    
phy - DMD)   
   
    
 
 
   
(Disorders of skeletal system)     

     
       
    
 (Arthritis)        
      
      
      (Strength

 Exercises)     

  
 
     
   
    

     
  
  
  
  
    DTI ( Diffusion Tensor Imagin) :

   
 
 (Rheumatoid
arthritis)   
 (synovial)        (cancer) 
       
        
     
          
     

  (Gout arthritis or gout)     
         
    
     
      
   
 
  
  (Osteoporosis)     
       (oncology)
    
     (onchos)   
     
      
  
   
  
        
   (Malignant)
      
   
  
     
 
      
          
          
    
          
      
   (carcinogen-
    esis)
    
        
(Percivell pott)         
     (invarion)
    (metastasis)

     
            
        
       
       
 (shale oil) (mono-    
    clonal)  
      
 (radio active ore)       
        
     
  (Beta-       
napthalamine)        
     
   
   
  
   (cigarettes)     
  
  

       
   
 

 
   
          
     
T      (proto-oncogenes)
HTLV-1     DNA  
  
       DNA
      
(Retinoblas-      
toma)      
          
          
      
 

  

 (hox) (acute - T-cell Leuckemia) 
 B-2(Erb)  
 L-(Myc)  
 (ret)  DNA
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 135
       DNA 
(ampli-    
fication)        
   
    (suppresor)        
       
   
      
   
 
       
     
  

  

   
    

APC 
  
BRCA 1    
1NK 4  
    
Rb    
PTEN  

       
    (lymphoma)  
       
   
 (Leukemia)
   

       
   
  
     
       
    
         
      
         
     
        
        
     
          
       
        
    
          
      
 (sarcoma)      
        
    
 
  
   
  (carcinoma) 
   X-     
    
 
  
 DNA     
        
         
        
         
     
    
    

  X- 
    
   
    
      
        

     
     
   
      
         
    
   
  
     
       
        
     
  
    
  
        
        
   
    
    
   
           
     
        
           
        
      
    
A
   
          
       
       
       (Xerosis) 
   
  (Xeropthalmia)
 (Roentgen) X -
  (Bitot’s spot)
  
  
  
 (Curries)   

  (Keratomalacia)
        
 (Nycta-
   
    lopia)

   D

 X   
     
   
 
    
       
        
    
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 137
E    
        
     
  
        
K   
  
     
   

   
   
 

B1 
  
  B 1      

      
   
      
      
     
     
B2 
  
         
        
 

     


     
   
  
      
  
   
   
B6 

     
 
   


      

     
B12   

         
     
     
 

C    
 

       
           
  
        
        
   
    
      
   
 
   
        
       
      
  
    
        
      
  
      
     
   
      
  
 
  
  
 
  
     

  
 
 
        
       
   

 
 A (H 1 N 1 )  
        
     
  
“”
 
   
  

  
    
     
      
   
 
  

  

  
  
    
     
      

     
   
(Urinary Tract Infection-      ‘’
UTI)    
     


   
 
  
 
     

    
   
     
  
    
     
        
    
(TB),     
    BCG  
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 139
     
      
    
 
    
     
    
    

     
   
           
     
   
      

   

   
   
     
         
    
    
       
       
     
     
  
       
   
      
    

     (allergy) 
   
   (hyper
    sensitivity)
    
   
    
      
   
     
    
       
 
  
 

     
 
  
    
  
      
     
      
       IgE  
      
       
     

     
     
  

    
 
     

   
       (Anaphylaxis)
      
 (Autoim-     
mune diseases)   
    T  XYY    Y
      
   
    T      
    
         X 
   Y  
      
      
   (reverse transeriptase)   

 (Multiple Sclerosis)  
   HIV  DNA    
(Rheumotoid arthritis)   
       
    
        
         
    
    
  
(Immune deficiency diseases)   
  

    
       T  
    
     
 

  (XO    
        
          
    
          
         
     
     
        
(Severe combined im-    
munodeficiency - SCID)      
  X    
  
     
 
    
   
   X (XX)  (Genetic Diseases)
 Y    (Sickle cell
 SCID   

   anaemia)    
   
 
   
  
      

    Hbs 
 SCID 
 
  (Hbs H b s)  
    
(AIDS) X              
       X (Hb s Hb s )     S 
         
 (44;   Hb A 
 +3 X  
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 141
        
 (Hb s Hb s)     
    
       
  
     
    
      (Huntington’s Chorea)
       
   
   (HbA Hbs)      
       

   (Albinism)  
      
    
       
(Thalasemia)
     
     
     
   
    
  
     
   
    
  
       
 
    
     
   
   
   
      

    
  
     
 
     
   
    
  
       
  
   

   
  
           
      
      (SCID) / (Serve Combined Immuno-
      deficiency Syndrome):
           
     
 ADA    
 
    
 
     
         
         
         
   
    SCID 
       
(Agammaglobulinemia)  
   
      
DOPA (3,4
       
Dihydroxy Phynyl alanine) 
   

    
  
   
      
        
(ICDS)  
           
      (NPHCE)
(ICDS)   (NIDDCP)
 NPHCE,   
     
  
    (NGCP) 
  
   
   
ICDS  MOH      
 FW
“
          
  ”
    
       
        
         
   
        
    
 
 
      
     
    
  
  
  
        
     
      
   
              
       
   
      
          
         
   
   
          
  
       
         
     EGS    
   AIE    
 I - VIII  
   RMNCH+A
        
         
        (Reproduction and Child Health)
  
            
       
       
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 143
        NRHM,  
    
       (RMNCH+A) 
     
    
         
 
     
           
  RCH        
 RCH - II      
  
         

  
 RMNCH+  
      
    
      
  
 
       
  
 

 RMCH+A       
         
       
   (NRHM)  
      
 
     
   
   

      
  
“ ”     

       
    
 NRHM,   
       
   
       
     MMR 
   <
 NRHM 

(EAG)     IMR   
      
      
      
  NMR    


         
     
    TFR 
    
        
         
           
          
     
 RMNCH+A        TB    
     
   <       
     
 JE          
         
      
       
(NUHM)      
    
     
     
   
 
   

    

 
 NUHM  
      
        
       
      
      
     
        
   
          
    
  
    
   
   

 (PMSSY)  

    
    
   

  
   

     

 
  
 NUHM        
   
    

  
     

 
 NUHM,   
  
  
        National tobacoo control Programme
        
         
       
       
  NRHM    
     
    
Universal Immunisation Programme  
            
       
      
       
     
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 145
WHO - Framework convention on   
tobacco control.      
  
        
    B      
          
       
   
           
          
        

        
   
        
    
   (small pox) 
       
     
      
 

 IEC     
 
      WHO  UNICEF
   


     (MNT)

    (Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus)
              
    

(YAWS)   (MNT)
   
     
  
       
 
 

   
     
     
   
   
 
  


  
     
      
      
   
    
      
  
      
  
      
    
7 HUMAN DISEASES
DISEASES NOT CAUSED BY ORGAN- 2. Hereditary diseases or Genetic inadequate carbohydrate and
ISMS - NON COMMUNICABLE DIS- disorders protein. Such children suffer from
EASES  The genetic disorders are caused diarrhoea, body becomes lean and
1. Organic diseases or Metabolic due to defective or mutated weak (emaciated) with reduced
disorders genes. fat and muscle tissue with thin and
 Albinism is an inherited disorder folded skin.
 Healthy body maintains a constant
blood sugar level which is normally of melanin metabolism, charac- Indigestion
80-120 mg / 100 ml of blood un- terized by the absence of melanin  It is a digestive disorder in which
in the skin, hairs and eyes. the food is not properly digested
der, fasting conditions.
 The recessive mutant genes cause leading to a feeling of fullness of
 When large quantities of glucose
this disorder. The clinical symp- stomach.
enter the blood stream, as it hap-
toms of Albinism are milky white  It may be due to inadequate
pens after a meal, the excess glu-
coloured skin and marked photo- enzyme secretion, anxiety, food
cose is converted into insoluble gly-
phobia (high sensitivity to light). poisoning, over eating, and spicy
cogen and stored in liver and
 Haemophilia, sickle cell anaemia, food.
muscles for future use.
Thalassemia, Downis syndrome, Constipation
 Later when required, glycogen is Bubble boy syndrome, etc,. are a
reconverted into glucose and re-  In this condition, the faeces are
few other genetical disorders.
introduced into blood stream. retained within the rectum
Nutritional and digestive disorders
because of irregular bowel
 All these processes are controlled  Intestinal tract is more prone to movement due to poor intake of
by the harmones, Insulin, secreted bacterial, viral and parasitic worm fibre in the diet and lack of physical
by beta cells of Islets of Langer- infections. This infection may activities.
hans of Pancreas. cause inflammation of the inner
Vomiting
 If Insulin is not produced in suffi- lining of colon called colitis. The
cient quantity, excess of sugar can- most common symptoms of colitis  It is reverse peristalsis. Harmful
not be stored and utilized. are rectal bleeding, abdominal substances and contaminated
cramps, and diarrhoea. food from stomach are ejected
 As a result, sugar continues to get
through the mouth. This action is
accumulated in the blood, till it is Protein energy malnutrition: (PEM)
controlled by the vomit centre
lost through urine. This leads to  Growing children require more
located in the medulla oblongata.
other complications and results in amount of protein for their growth
A feeling of nausea precedes
diabetes mellitus. and development. Protein
vomiting.
 Diabetes mellitus is a state of ex- deficient diet during early stage
of children may lead to protein Jaundice
pulsion of excess unused glucose
energy malnutrition such as  It is the condition in which liver is
in the urine due to less production
Marasmus and Kwashiorkor. affected and the defective liver
of insulin.
Symptoms are dry skin, pot-belly, fails to break down haemoglobin
 Diabetes Insipidus, Coronary heart oedema in the legs and face, and to remove bile pigments from
diseases, Renal failure, Hyperten- stunted growth, changes in hair the blood. Deposition of these
sion, Obesity, Alzheimer’s disease, colour, weakness and irritability. pigments changes the colour of
Stoke affecting the functions of Marasmus is an acute form of eye and skin yellow. Sometimes,
the brain, etc, are all caused due protein malnutrition. jaundice is caused due to hepatitis
to metabolic disorders.  This condition is due to a diet with viral infections.
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Liver cirrhosis pain in the centre of the chest due disorders. Degree of obesity is
 Chronic disease of liver results in to the eroding nature of acidity. assessed by body mass index
degeneration and destruction of Diarrhoea (BMI). A normal BMI range for
liver cells resulting in abnormal adult is 19- 25; above 25 is
 It is the most common
blood vessel and bile duct leading considered as obese. BMI is
gastrointestinal disorder
to the formation of fibrosis. calculated as body weight in Kg,
worldwide. It is sometimes caused
divided by the square of body
 It is also called deserted liver or by bacteria or viral infections
height in meters. For example, a
scarred liver. It is caused due to through food or water. When the
50 Kg person with a height of 160
infection, consumption of poison, colon is infected, the lining of the
cms would have a BMI of 19.5.
malnutrition and alcoholism. intestine is damaged by the
pathogens, thereby the colon is  That is BMI = 50/1.62 = 19.5
Gall Stones
unable to absorb fluid. The Disorders of the Respiratory system

 Any alteration in the composition
of the bile can cause the formation abnormal frequency of bowel  Respiratory system is highly
of stones in the gall bladder. The movement and increased liquidity affected by environmental,
stones are mostly formed of of the faecal discharge is known occupational, personal and social
crystallized cholesterol in the bile. as diarrhoea. Unless the condition factors. These factors may be
The gall stone causes obstruction is treated, dehydration can occur. responsible for a number of
in the cystic duct, hepatic duct and Treatment is known as oral respiratory disorders.
also hepato-pancreatic duct hydration therapy. This involves Asthma
causing pain, jaundice and drinking plenty of fluids – sipping
 It is characterized by narrowing
pancreatitis. small amounts of water at a time
and inflammation of bronchi and
to rehydrate the body.
Appendicitis bronchioles and difficulty in
Peptic ulcer breathing.
 It is the inflammation of the
vermiform appendix, leading to  It refers to an eroded area of the  Common allergens for asthma are
severe abdominal pain. tissue lining (mucosa) in the stom- dust, drugs, pollen grains, certain
ach or duodenum. Duodenal ulcer food items like fish, prawn and
 The treatment involves the
occurs in people in the age group certain fruits etc.
removal of appendix by surgery. If
of 25 - 45 years.
treatment is delayed the appendix Emphysema
may rupture and results in  Gastric ulcer is more common in  Emphysema is chronic
infection of the abdomen, called persons above the age of 50 years. breathlessness caused by gradual
peritonitis. Ulcer is mostly due to infections breakdown of the thin walls of the
Hiatus hernia (Diaphragmatic caused by the bacterium alveoli decreasing the total
hernia) Helicobacter pylori. It may also be surface area of a gaseous
caused due to uncontrolled usage exchange. i.e., widening of the
 It is a structural abnormality in
of aspirin or certain antiinflamma- alveoli is called emphysema. The
which superior part of the
tory drugs. Ulcer may also be major cause for this disease is
stomach protrudes slightly above
caused due to smoking, alcohol, cigarette smoking, which reduces
the diaphragm. The exact cause
caffeine and psychological stress. the respiratory surface of the
of hiatus hernias is not known. In
some people, injury or other  Nobel Prize for the year 2005 was alveolar walls.
damage may weaken muscle awarded to Robin Warren and Bronchitis
tissue, by applying too much Barry Marshall for the discovery
 The bronchi when it gets inflated
pressure (repeatedly) on the of Helicobacter pylori which
due to pollution smoke and
muscles around the stomach while causes peptic ulcer.
cigarette smoking, causes
coughing, vomiting, and straining Obesity bronchitis. The symptoms are
during bowel movement and  It is caused due to the storage of cough, shortness of breath and
lifting heavy object. excess of body fat in adipose sputum in the lungs.
 Heart burn is also common in those tissue. It may induce hypertension, Pneumonia
with a hiatus hernia. In this atherosclerotic heart disease and
 Inflammation of the lungs due to
condition, stomach contents diabetes. Obesity may be genetic
infection caused by bacteria or
travel back into the oesophagus or due to excess intake of food,
virus is called pneumonia. The
or even into oral cavity and causes endocrine and metabolic
common symptoms are sputum
production, nasal congestion, The veins lose their elasticity and treatments have failed.
shortness of breath, sore throat, become congested. Common sites  The most common procedure is to
etc. are legs, rectal-anal regions take a functioning heart from a
Tuberculosis (haemorrhoids), the oesophagus brain dead person (organ donor)
and the spermatic cord. and is transplanted in a person
 Tuberculosis is caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculae. This  Embolism is the obstruction of the with a damaged heart. After the
infection mainly occurs in the blood vessel by abnormal mass of heart transplant the average life
lungs and bones. Collection of fluid materials such as fragment of the span of the person increases.
between the lungs and the chest blood clot, bone fragment or an Cardio pulmonary resuscitation
wall is the main complication of air bubble. (CPR)
this disease.  Embolus may lodge in the lungs, In 1956, James Elam and Peter

Occupational respiratory disorders coronary artery or liver and leads Safar were the first to use mouth
to death. to mouth resuscitation.
 The disorders due to one’s
occupation of working in industries  Aneurysm The weakened regions  CPR is a life saving procedure that
like grinding or stone breaking, of the wall of the artery or veins is done at the time of emergency
construction sites, cotton bulges to form a balloon like sac. conditions such as when a person’s
industries, etc. Dust produced Unruptured aneurysm may exert breath or heart beat has stopped
affects the respiratory tracts. pressure on the adjacent tissues abruptly in case of drowning,
or may burst causing massive electric shock or heart attack.
 Long exposure can give rise to
haemorrhage.
inflammation leading to fibrosis.  CPR includes rescue of breath,
Silicosis and asbestosis are Bypass Surgery which is achieved by mouth to
occupational respiratory diseases  When the arteries that bring blood mouth breathing, to deliver
resulting from inhalation of to the heart muscles (coronary oxygen to the victim’s lungs by
particle of silica from sand grinding artery) are blocked by plaque (ac- external chest compressions
and asbestos into the respiratory cumulation of fat, cholesterol and which helps to circulate blood to
tract. Workers, working in such other substances) the person is the vital organs.
industries must wear protective advised to undergo Bypass surgery.  CPR must be performed within 4
masks.  After the surgery the blood flow to 6 minutes after cessation of
Angioplasty to coronary artery is increased and breath to prevent brain damage
 Angioplasty is the stretching of an the person is relieved from chest or death. Along with CPR,
artery that is narrowed due to ath- pain. This is a major surgery where defibrillation is also done.
erosclerosis. The risk involved in damaged blood vessel is replaced Defibrillation means a brief
this procedure is minimal. During by the healthy one taken from dif- electric shock is given to the heart
an angioplasty a small long balloon ferent part of the body. Mostly it to recover the function of the
catheter is threaded through the is taken from legs. heart.
blocked artery. A deflated balloon  During this surgery patients blood  First heart transplantation was
is attached to the catheter and system is connected with a pump performed in the year 1959.
the balloon is inflated to widen the oxygenator (heart lung machine). Human heart transplant was
arterial wall.  After the completion of the sur- performed by Prof. Christian
 Then the tube and the balloon are gery the blood vessel is connected Bernard in South Africa in the year
removed. to normal the circulation and the 1967, December 3 at Groote
blood flows freely. Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. Dr
 A small metal scaffold called stent
Anangipalli Venugopal was the
is left in place. This scaffolding Heart Transplantation
first to perform heart transplant
keeps the blood vessel open and  A heart transplant is a surgical at AIIMS, India on August 3, 1994.
allows free flow of blood. Slow retransplantation procedure which
leasing stents are now available Disorders related to the Excretory
is done to replace a diseased or a
that can release chemicals to pre- System
damaged heart. This procedure is
vent further block of the artery. performed on a patient with end Urinary tract infection
Varicose veins stage heart failure or severe  Female’s urethra is very short and
 The veins are so dilated that the coronary artery disease, when its external opening is close to the
valves prevent back flow of blood. other medical ailments or surgical anal opening, hence improper
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toilet habits can easily carry faecal renal tubules of renal pelvis. It is Kidney Transplantation
bacteria into the urethra. mainly due to the accumulation of  It is the ultimate method for
 The urethral mucosa is continuous soluble crystals of salts of sodium correction of a acute renal failures.
with the urinary tract and the oxalates and certain phosphates. This involves transfer of healthy
inflammation of the urethra This result in severe pain called kidney from one person (donor) to
(urethritis) can ascend the tract “renal colic pain” and can cause another person with kidney
to cause bladder inflammation scars in the kidneys. Renal stones failure.
(cystitis) or even renal can be removed by techniques like
 The donated kidney may be taken
inflammation (pyelitis or pyleothotomy or lithotripsy.
from a healthy person who is
pyelonephritis).  Glomerulonephritis- It is also declared brain dead or from sibling
 Symptoms include dysuria (painful called Bright’s disease and is or close relatives to minimise the
urination), urinary urgency, fever characterized by inflammation of chances of rejection by the

and sometimes cloudy or blood the glomeruli of both kidneys and immune system of the host.
tinged urine. When the kidneys are is usually due to post-streptococcal Immuno suppressive drugs are
inflammed, back pain and severe infection that occurs in children. usually administered to the
headache often occur. Symptoms are haematuria, patient to avoid tissue rejection.
 Most urinary tract infections can proteinuria, salt and water
 The world’s first successful human
be treated by antibiotics. Renal retention, oligouria, hypertension
kidney transplantation was
Failure (Kidney Failure)- Failure of and pulmonary oedema.
performed from one twins to
the kidneys to excrete wastes may Haemodialysis another by Joseph E. Murray and
lead to accumulation of urea with
 Malfunctiong of the kidneys can his colleagues at Peter Bent
marked reduction in the urine
lead to accumula of urea and other Brigham Hospital, Boston in 1954.
output.
toxic substances, leading to kidney The first ever human kidney
 Renal failure are of two types, failure. In such patients toxic urea transplant performed in India was
Acute and chronic renal failure. In can be removed from the blood done at the K ing Edward
acute renal failure the kidney by a process called haemodialysis. Memorial Hospital at Mumbai in
stops its function abruptly, but A dialyzing machine or an artificial May 1965, using a cadaver donor
there are chances for recovery of
kidney is connected to the in a nonrenal failure patient who
kidney functions.
patient’s body. had had hypernephroma.
 In chronic renal failure there is a
 A dialyzing machine consists of a  The first successful live donor
progressive loss of function of the
long cellulose tube surrounded by kidney transplant in India was done
nephrons which gradually
the dialysing fluid in a water bath. at Christian Medical College
decreases the function of kidneys.
The patient’s blood is drawn from Hospital, Vellore in January 1971
 Females are prone to recurring a convenient artery and pumped by Dr. Johnny and Dr. Mohan Rao.
urinary tract infections as they into the dialysing unit after adding
have shorter urethras. With age Disorders of muscular
an anticoagulant like heparin.
prostate in males may enlarge and skeletal system
which forces urethra to tighten re-  The tiny pores in the dialysis tube
allows small molecules such as a) Disorders of muscular system
stricting a normal urinary flow.
glucose, salts and urea to enter  Myasthenia gravis: An
 Uremia - Uremia is characterized autoimmune disorder affecting
into the water bath, whereas
by increase in urea and other non- the action of acetylcholine at
blood cells and protein molecules
protein nitrogenous substances
do not enter these pores. This neuromuscular junction leading to
like uric acid and creatinine in
stage is similar to the filtration fatigue, weakening and paralysis
blood. Normal urea level in human
process in the glomerulus. of skeletal muscles.
blood is about 17-30mg/100mL of
blood. The urea concentration  The dialysing liquid in the water  Acetylcholine receptors on the
rises as 10 times of normal levels bath consists of solution of salt and sarcolemma are blocked by
during chronic renal failure. sugar in correct proportion in antibodies leading to weakness of
order to prevent loss of glucose muscles. When the disease
 Renal calculi- Renal calculi, also
called renal stone or kidney stone and essential salts from the blood. progresses, it can make chewing,
or nephrolithiasis, is the formation The cleared blood is then pumped swallowing, talking and even
of hard stone like masses in the back to the body through a vein. breathing difficult.
 Tetany: Rapid muscle spasms person ages. The joints of knees, joint movements. Regular
occur in the muscles due to hip, fingers and vertebral column exercises can produce the
deficiency of parathyroid hormone are affected. following beneficial physiological
resulting in reduced calcium levels  Rheumatoid arthritis : The changes:
in the body. synovial membranes become  The muscles used in exercise grow
 Muscle fatigue: Muscle fatigue is inflamed and there is an larger and stronger.
the inability of a muscle to accumulation of fluid in the joints.  The resting heart rate goes down.
contract after repeated muscle The joints swell and become
 More enzymes are synthesized in
contractions. This is due to lack of extremely painful. It can begin at
the muscle fibre.
ATP and accumulation of lactic any age but symptoms usually
acid by anaerobic breakdown of emerge before the age of fifty.  Ligaments and tendons become
glucose stronger.
 Gouty arthritis or gout:
 Atrophy: A decline or cessation of Inflammation of joints due to  Joints become more flexible.
muscular activity results in the accumulation of uric acid crystals  Protection from heart attack.
condition called atrophy which or inability to excrete it. It gets  Influences hormonal activity.
results in the reduction in the size deposited in synovial joints.  Improves cognitive functions.
of the muscle and makes the  Osteoporosis: It occurs due to
muscle to become weak, which  Prevents Obesity.
deficiency of vitamin D and
occurs with lack of usage as in  Promotes confidence, esteem.
hormonal imbalance. The bone
chronic bedridden patients. becomes soft and fragile. It causes  Aesthetically better with good
 Muscle pull: Muscle pull is actually rickets in children and physique.
a muscle tear. A traumatic pulling osteomalacia in adult females. It  Over all well-being with good
of the fibres produces a tear can be minimized with adequate quality of life.
known as sprain. This can occur calcium intake, vitamin D intake  Prevents depression, stress and
due to sudden stretching of muscle and regular physical activities. anxiety. During muscular exercise,
beyond the point of elasticity. Back
Benefits of regular Exercise there is an increase in
pain is a common problem caused
 Exercise and physical activity fall metabolism. The O2 need of the
by muscle pull due to improper
into four basic categories. muscles is increased. This
posture with static sitting for long
Endurance, strength, balance and requirement is met with more
hours.
flexibility. oxygen rich RBCs available to the
 Muscular dystrophy: The group active sites.
of diseases collectively called the  Endurance or aerobic activities
increase the breathing and heart  There is an increase in heart rate
muscular dystrophy are associated
rate. They keep the circulatory and cardiac output. Along with
with the progressive degeneration
system healthy and improve balanced diet, physical activity
of skeletal muscle fibres,
overall fitness. plays a significant role in
weakening the muscles and
leading to death from lung or  Strength exercises make the strengthening the muscles and
heart failure. The most common muscles stronger. They help to stay bones.
form of muscular dystrophy is independent and carry out Cancer biology
called Duchene Muscular everyday activities such as  Cancer is a proliferation of cells
Dystrophy (DMD). climbing stairs and carrying bags. which grow in an uncontrolled
b) Disorders of skeletal system  DTI – Diffusion Tensor Imaging : manner, invading local tissues and
 Arthritis and osteoporosis are the is applied to study skeletal muscle spreading widely through the
major disorders of skeletal system. physiology, anatomy and pathol- blood or lymphatics to produce
ogy. secondary deposits, or me-
1. Arthritis: Arthritis is an
 Balance exercises help to prevent tastases in distant parts of the
inflammatory (or) degenerative
falls which is a common problem body.
disease that damages the joints.
There are several types of in older adults. Many  The word ‘cancer’ comes from
arthritis. strengthening exercises also Latin, meaning a crab. A tumour
improves balance. wascalled a cancer because of
 Osteoarthritis: The bone ends of
Flexibility exercises help to stretch swollen veins around the area re-
the knees and other freely 
movable joints wear away as a body muscles for more freedom of sembling a crab’s limbs. The
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study of cancer is called Oncology. stand the development of cancer rounding tissues.
Oncology is a word derivedfrom at the cellular or molecular level.  The sequence of events that con-
the Greek, onchos, a lump, or tu- The available information is not vert a normal cell into a cancer
mour. The abnormal tissue sufficient for satisfactory treat- cell is called carcinogenesis. The
growth is called neoplasm. If a ment of cancer. process of carcinogenesis in-
neoplasm can cause harm by  During normal development and cludes, initiation, growth, promo-
spreading, it is said to be malig- growth the cells in our body di- tion, conversion, propagation
nant. vide mitotically and get differen- and progression. Progression in-
 Cancer was known to ancient civi- tiated to specialized cells of the cludes the processes of invasion
lizations. However the disease as tissues. The processes of cell mi- and metastasis.
it would be defined today was es- tosis, growth and differentiation  Mature cancers have relatively
tablished as an entity by German are controlled by cellular genes. uncontrolled growth, behaviour.
pathologists of 19th century. They Cancer is caused due to mutation As other normal cells they do not
described cellular nature of can- or abnormal activation of such show any of the normal intracel-
cer and classified cancer. At the genes. such a mutation can hap- lular and extracellular growth
beginning of the 20th century, pen in a single cell. Thus it may be control mechanisms. Initially the
most major forms of cancer had monoclonal in origin. With further cancer cells have an exponential
been described. Further, atten- growth of cancer, additional mu- growth. Gradually their growth
tion was focused on finding the tations may occur in the daugh- surpasses blood vascular supply.
cause and intro-ducing treat- ter cells giving rise to subclones. This results in slowing down of
ment. In 1775, Pott recognised The mutated cells may remain as growth.
cancer in chimney sweeps. He heterogeneous cancer cells.
Molecular biology of cancer
associated soot with cancer. From Among these subclones some
this time onwards environmental may have greater capacity and  Techniques in molecular biology
and occupational hazards were metastasize to distant tissues. have helped in understanding the
recognised as follows : They may also remain more re- most intimate structure of the
sistant to damage from various cancer cell. It has been found that
shale oil skin cancer in
anticancer treatments. at molecular level two mecha-
workers
nisms operate.
radio active lung cancer in  The cancer cells have character-
istic properties. They can be dif-  1. The parts of genome involved
ores miners
ferentiated from normal cells un- in cell growth become activated.
beta- bladder cancer in These are called the ‘proto-
der microscopic observation.
naphthylamine rubber industry oncogenes’. These strands of DNA
These cells have large nuclei. In
workers induce malignant growth
each cancer cell, the ratio of
cigarettes lung cancer nucleus to cytoplasm is high. They tranformation in the cells. The
 Later it was discovered that cer- have prominent nucleoli. The cells conversion of proto-oncogenes
tain viruses can also cause can- can grow indefinitely in culture into oncogenes can happen due
cer.One of the earliest virus, caus- medium. As component cell of a to ‘point mutations’ on DNA. Fur-
ing cancer, described was Rous tissue they remain less differenti- ther such cancer cells display chro-
sarcoma virus. ated. Even after getting mosomal abnormalites such as
organised into tissues unlike duplication, deletions and trans-
Recently, human T-cell leukaemia
other cells they do not lose their locations. Thus such alterations in
has been found to be due to the
replicative capacity. Cancer cells gene arrangement can lead to
virus HTLV-1.
have the ability to invade sur- generation of oncogenes.
 Some forms of cancer can also be
inherited. A rare eye tumour, re-
tinoblastoma is inherited. It is a Oncogenes of human tumours
dominant character showing
Mendelian inheritance. Oncogene Type of cancer Activation mechanism
Cancer biology hox11 Acute T-cell leukemia Translocation
 The knowledge of cancer biology erbB-2 Breast and ovarian carcinomas Amplification
is growing rapidly. Researches are L-myc Lung carcinoma Amplification
being conducted to fully under- ret Thyroid carcinoma DNA rearrangement.
 A distinct mechanism by which Types of cancer Cancer and death
oncogenes are activated in hu-  Cancers are named according to  A severe onset of cancer ends in
man tumors is amplification. It the tissues from which they arise. the death of a person. It is be-
results in elevated gene expres- 1. Sarcoma - Malignancy in cause of the unique characteris-
sion. Gene amplification is very structural tissues Ex: Osteosa- tics of the cancer cells. The
common in cancer cells. It occurs rcoma (bones), liposarcoma growth of normal cells is con-
a thousand times more frequently (fa). trolled by certain factors. How-
than in normal cells. Molecular ever the cancer cells do not re-
2. Carcinoma - Epithelial can-
biologists are now working on the quire the growth factors. Hence
cers. Ex : Lung carcinoma,
products of oncogenes. these cells do not respect usual
breast carcinoma.
2. The growth of normal cells is cellular growth limits.
3. Lymphoma - Lymphatic tissues

controlled by suppressor genes.  Normal cells have a nature of re-
4. Leukemia - White blood cells. maining together in tissues. But
In cancer, parts of the genome
functioning as the suppressor Causes for Cancer (Etiology) the cancer cells are less adhesive
gene are either lost or inacti-  Majority of the cancers are to each other. Hence they wan-
vated. Hence, negative regula- caused by living habits and envi- der through the tissues and en-
tors of cell proliferation are re- ronmental factors. ter the blood. They can be trans-
moved. It contributes to the ab- ported to all parts of the body and
1. Tobacco :- Nearly 35% of all can-
normal proliferation of cells. cause new cancer growths.
cer deaths are due to usage of
Gene Type of cancer tobacco in some form. Atleast  The cancer cells rapidly multiply.
90% of lung cancer deaths are Some cancers also produce angio
APC Colon / rectum genic factors that cause many
due to smoking. Smoking can also
carcinoma new blood vessels to grow into
affect gastro-intestinal tract,
BRCA 1 Breast and ovarian pancreas, genito-urinary tract the cancer. Thus these cells will
carcinoma and upper respiratory passage. drain all the nutrients and normal
1 NK 4 Melanoma, lung Snuff and chewing tobacco can cells get deprived of food. Ulti-
carcinoma, brain affect mouth and respiratory mately the normal cells and tis-
tumors, leukemias, tracts. Smoke inhaled by non- sues suffer nutritive death.
lymphoma smokers (passive smoke) can also Management of cancer
Rb Retinoblastoma cause lung cancer and blood can-  The treatment or management
cer. of cancer depends on an accurate
PTEN Brain tumors, kidney
and lung carcinomas. 2. Exposure to ionising radiations diagnosis. Diagnosis is made
such as x-rays, gamma rays, uv through microscopic
 The protein products of the tu-
rays can produce cancer. These observations(tissue biopsy), study
mor suppressor genes normally of markers on the surface of cells,
radiations rupture DNA strands,
inhibit cell proliferation. Inactiva- cytochemical methods, cytoge-
causing mutations. Solar radia-
tion of such genes therefore leads netics and various scanning and
tions can cause skin cancers.
to tumor development. ‘x’ ray diagnostic methods.
3. Physical irritants, such as contin-
 The complete sequence of events ued abrasion of the linings of the  In order to compare results and
required for the development of intestinal tract by some types of for communicating treatment
any human cancer is not yet food can also lead to cancer. Di- programme among medical per-
known. But it is clear that both etary substances such as fat, high sonnel staging systems are essen-
the activation of oncogenes and calorie intake of animal proteins, tial (Ex:stage1, stage2) staging
the inactivation of tumor sup- salted or smoked food can cause defines tumours as either con-
pressor genes are critical steps in cancer in Breast, Colon, Stomach fined to the tissue of origin or hav-
tumor initiation and progression. and Oesophagus. ing spread to local tissues and or-
Simultaneous effect on both the gans and finally as having metas-
4. Certain drugs if taken without
genes 80 will result in multiple tasized.
medical advice can cause cancer.
genetic defect. It results in the  After diagnosis, treatment of
5. Viruses and parasitic organisms
increased proliferation, invasive- cancer involves surgery, chemo-
like schistosoma, liverfluke can
ness and metastatic potential of therapy, radiotherapy and hor-
also affect.
cancer cells. monal treatments.
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 Till last century, surgery was the treatment. 70% to 80% of cancers Vitamin E
only effective method of treat- result from environmental causes.  Rare in human, sterility in
ment. Even to-day through sur- Hence public awareness towards experimental animals.
gery biopsy can be effected for environmental issues is a need.
Vitamin K
diagnosis. If the tumour is re- 33% of cancers in India are to-
stricted to the primary site, bacco related. Hence smoking 1. Lack of vitamin K leads to defect
through surgery it can be re- cessation and other measures to in blood coagulation.
moved. In latest treatment pro- reduce tobacco usage are to be 2. In humans, vitamins K deficiency
cedures surgery is restricted to insisted upon. Consumption of fi- leads to haemorrhagic
affected region, rather than am- brous food and avoidance of fatty manifestations.
putation or removal of the entire food will avoid tumours related to Vitamin B1
organ. alimentary canal.  Gross deficiency of vitamins B1,

 Radiotherapy :- Discovery of x-  Thus it is apparent that fight leads to a condition known as beri
rays by Roentgen(1895) and of against cancer will be successful beri. Beriberi affects nervous and
radioactivity by Curies in 1899 with early detection and appro- cardiovascular systems.In children
opened new ways of treating can- priate education for avoidance. and infants the onset is acute.
cer. In Radiotherapy high energy 3. Nutritional Deficiency Diseases Vitamin B2
ionising radiations are used. The
 A diet which contains all essen-  Loss of appetite and other gastro-
radiations used are x-rays and
tial nutrients in correct propor- intestinal symptoms, soreness and
gamma rays or subatomic par-
tion, is indispensable for main- burning of lips, mouth and tongue.
ticles such as beta particles, high
taining good health. Fissures appear at edges of the
energy electrons and neutrons or
charged particles like helium ions.  Deficiency in certain food con- mouth.
Ionising radiations can penetrate stituents, causes various kinds of Vitamin Niacin
tissues. They can damage DNA diseases.
 Its deficiency leads to pellagra.
leading to cell death and mu-  Protein deficiency causes Maras- The principal symptoms of
tagenesis. The basis of radiation mus and Kwashiorkar. pellagra include mental changes,
therapy depends on the differen-  In Marasmus, the child loses (dementia) dermatitis and
tial sensitivity of the tumour tis- weight and suffers severe diar- stomatitis. The tongue becomes
sue and the normal tissue. Hence rhoea and it will appear as though smooth, red and painful.
the aim of radiotherapy is to pre- bones are covered by the skin. Vitamin B6: (Pyridoxine)
scribe sufficient radiation dose to Vitamin Deficiency Ailments.  In human pyridoxine deficiency
the tumour, sparing as much of
Vitamin A causes dermatitis around eyes,
the normal tissue as possible.
1. Atrophy of lacrymal glands of the nose and behind the ears. Fissures
 Chemotherapy :- The purpose of appear above the lips and angles
eye and reduction in tear
chemotherapy is to prevent can- of the mouth.
secretion
cer cells from multiplying, invad-
2. Corneal epithilium becomes red Vitamin B12
ing and metastasizing. The
chemicals used in treatment af- and dry (xerosis). It may also  Its deficiency causes pernicious
fect cell multiplication and tu- become wrinkled and Keratinised anaemia, typical sore tongue and
mour growth. Several drugs are (xeropthalmia). Appearance of several neurological problems
now available for usage. They can Bitot’s spot in the cornea might related to the spinal cord.
used singly or in combination. happen. Vitamin C
Some cancers like breast cancer 3. Cornea may get necrosed and get
 Its deficiency in the body leads to
are hormone dependent. Hence infected (keratomalacia).
scurvy, a diseases characterised by
hormones are used in their man- 4. May cause night blindness bleeding gums, loosening and
agement. (nyctalopia). falling out of teeth and intra
 Inspite of all advances in diagnos- Vitamin D muscular haemorrages. In the
tics and treatment, the death rate  Defective calcification of bone, absence of this vitamin the
due to cancer is greater. Primary deficiency of vitamin-D, causes collagen and connective tissue
prevention of cancer will be a bet- rickets in growing children and proteins are not synthesised
ter alternative to diagnosis and osteomalacia in adults. properly.
 In Kwashiorkar the child develops  Some bacterial diseases in man are  It lowers the resistance of the
an enlarged belly with swelling in Tuberculosis, Leprosy, Cholera, Ty- body, leading to a number of sec-
the face and feet. phoid, Diphtheria, Tetanus, ondary infections like pneumonia,
Disease caused by organisms Plague, Pneumonia, Syphilis, Gon- bronchitis, etc,.
orrhoea, etc. Transmission
 Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur
were the first to establish the 3. Fungi and Fungal Diseases  It spreads mostly through the drop-
Germ theory of diseases.  Fungi are non green saprophytic lets discharged from the nose and
 A germ or microbe gains entry or parasitic plants living on dead the mouth of the patient in the
into the host, such as man, multi- and decaying organic matter or process of talking, laughing, sneez-
living organisms. ing, etc,.
plies so fast that it can increase in
Certain species of fungi are para-
large numbers, produce poisonous   It may also spread through close

substance called Toxins and inter- sitic on man and cause Ringworm inanimate objects like handker-
fere with the host metabolism and attacking the keratinized layer of chief, bedding, clothes, utensils,
produce a characteristic set of skin, destroying it in circular toilet articles, etc,. (called fo-
symptoms by which the disease patches. mites)
can be diagnosed.  Dandruff, Athlete’s foot are some Control and Prevention
Parasitic Micro-organism other fungal diseases in man.  There are no effective measures
 The causative organism of a large Protozoan and Protozoan Diseases to control common cold.
number of diseases in man, are mi-  Protozoans are unicellular animal-  However, a good nourishing food,
cro-organisms belonging to differ- cules, some parasitize man and avoiding contact with patients and
ent groups. cause diseases such as malaria, wearing suitable clothing are sug-
amoebic dysentery, sleeping sick- gested, to keep away from com-
 They are viruses, bacteria, fungi
ness, etc. mon cold.
and protozoans.
 Parasitic macro-organisms Influenza
1. Viruses and viral diseases in
man  Infestations of the body with tape-  It was a dreadful disease once and
worm, liver fluke, round worm, fi- worldwide in distribution (pan-
 Viruses are living substances inside
larial worm, etc,. cause diseases demic) in 1970s.
the host cell and behave as dead
in man like Taeniasis, Ascariasis,
particles outside the host cell.  Causative agent: A(H1N1) Virus,
Filariasis, etc,.
is spherical in shape and highly
 The Viral body consists of a nucleic DISEASES CAUSED BY MICROBES contagious, causing influenza.
acid, DNA or RNA and a protein AND PREVENTION
cover. Symptoms
 A disease caused by a parasitic or-
 All the known viruses are parasitic  Sudden onset of fever accompa-
ganism and transmitted from one
and some of them cause deadly nied by aches and pains in the back
person to another by the transfer
diseases such as polio, rabies, and limbs.
of the parasite is known as infec-
hepatitis, meningitis, encephalitis tious disease. Transmission
(brain fever), etc.  It spreads through nasal and
Viral diseases
2. Bacteria and Bacterial Diseases mouth droplets of patients and
Common Cold
 Bacteria are unicellular prokary- enters into the respiratory tract
 More than hundred strains of vi- of normal man. It also spreads
otes and visible under Compound ruses are responsible, for causing
Microscope. through fomites.
common cold in man.
 Though many bacteria are harm- Prevention
 Children are more susceptible to
less, some are parasitic and pro- i) Avoid contact with the patients.
common cold than adults.
duce diseases. ii) Avoid crowding.
Symptoms
 Bacteria can enter the host body Bacterial diseases
1. Inflammation of upper respiratory
through the mouth, nostrils or cuts  Bacteria are prokaryotic organ-
passage - nasal epithelium.
and bruises on the skin. isms. Some of the bacteria are
2. Flow of mucous.
 They multiply rapidly, producing parasitic in man, causing diseases
3. Headache, slight rise in tempera- like TB, Cholera, Typhoid, dysentry
toxins in high concentration to af-
ture, etc,. etc.,
fect health.
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Prevention and control
Human diseases caused by Bacteria
 Isolation of the patient, control of
S.No Name of the disease Name of the pathogen files, hygienic food habits, proper
1. Cholera Vibrio cholerae public sanitary measures are ef-
fective means of prevention of this
2. Typhoid Salmonella typhi
disease.
3. Tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis
 Artificial immunization with ty-
4. Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae phoid vaccine is advised.
5. Pneumonia Diplococcus pneumoniea
 A recovery from typhoid usually
6. Plague Yersinia pestis confers a permanent immunity.
7. Diphtheria Corynebacterium diptheriae PROTOZOAN DISEASES

8. Tetanus Clostridium tetani  some of the unicellular protozo-
9. Food poisoning Clostridium botulinum ans are parasitic pathogens and
10. Syphilis Treponema pallidum cause diseases in man.
Malaria
Note : The dust arising from the sputum  Causative agent: A tiny proto-
 Bacteria forms Biofilms and leads may also contain viable germs. zoan - Plasmodium is responsible
to dental caries and Urinary tract  The waxy cell wall of the tubercu- for causing malaria.
infection (UTI) Ralstonia synthe-
losis bacillus prevents it from dry-  Four different species of Plasmo-
size PHB (Poly-ß-hydroxyl bu-
ing up and so it can remain viable dium namely, P.vivax, P.malariae,
tyrate) a microbial plastic which is
outside the body for a long period. P.falciparum and P.ovale occur in
biodegradable.
 The germs suspended in the air India causing malaria.
Tuberculosis
may be inhaled by a healthy per-  Of these, the malignant and fatal
 It is an airborne disease affecting malaria, caused by Plasmodium
son.
the lungs and also parts of our falciparum is the most serious one.
body such as bones, joints, lymph Prevention
Transmission
glands, alimentary tract, liver, kid-  Immunization with BCG vaccine is
ney, etc,. an effective measure to prevent  Through the vector - the female
this disease. Anopheles mosquito.
 Causative agent: Mycobacte-
rium tuberculosis, a rod shaped Typhoid Symptoms
bacterium causes tuberculosis  Causative agent: A short rod i) Malaria is characterized by chill-
(TB). ness and rise in temperature. This
shaped bacterium with numerous
Symptoms: is followed by perspiration and
flagella - Salmonella typhi causes
i) The affected parts develop lesions lowered body temperature. The
typhoid.
in the form of small nodules called person feels normal for some time
Symptoms but the fever recurs at regular in-
tubercles from which the disease
gets its name. i) Continuous fever. tervals.
ii) Persistant cough ii) Inflammation and ulceration of in- ii) Successive attacks of malaria re-
testine. sult in the distension of spleen and
iii) Loss of body weight.
iii) Enlargement of spleen and a char- destruction of liver tissues.
Transmission
acteristic red spot eruption on the Prevention and control
 Tuberculosis is transmitted
abdomen. i) Sanitary measures include ground
through air. Large number of bac-
Transmission fogging with disinfectants.
teria leave the patients through
the droplets of sputum expelled by  Transmission of typhoid is through ii) Closure of stagnant pools of wa-
the patients while eating, sneez- food and water contaminated ter and covering ditches is sug-
ing, talking, laughing and so on by with the germs, the personal congested.
the patients. tact with patients and carriers.  Sri. Ronald Ross (1857-1932), a
 The droplets may remain sus- Files are also important transmit- British-Indian physician was born
pended in the air for a long time. ting agents of this disease. in Almora, India.
 He had his school education and Symptoms: Transmission by animals:
higher studies in medicine in En-  The above fungi live on the dead  Various animals such as ticks,
gland. cells of outer layer of skin in man mites, birds, insects and mammals
 Later he was posted at the Presi- and cause superficial infections in transmit diseases like cholera, ma-
dency General Hospital, Calcutta. skin, hair, nail, etc; and form laria, rabies, etc;
Ross studied about malaria be- patches and Itching
 IMMUNOLOGY
tween 1882 and 1899. As he was Transmission:
Immune system disorders
working in Bangalore, he noticed  By direct contact or through fo-
the connection between water as  The immune system is a
mites such as towels, combs, etc.
breeding ground of mosquitoes multicomponent interactive
MODES OF TRANSMISSION OF
and the spread of malaria. system. It effectively protects the
INFECTIOUS GERMS
host from various infections. But

 He discovered the presence of ma-  The transfer of a disease causing an improper functioning of the
larial parasites in the female germ from an infected person to immune system can cause
Anopheles mosquito when he was a normal healthy person through
working on malaria at discomfort, disease or even death.
certain agents or direct contact is
Secunderabad. called transmission of the disease.  The improper functions fall into
He demonstrated that malaria is the following major groups :
  The transmission can take place
transmitted from infected indi- in one of the following ways; 1. Hypersensitivity or allergy
vidual to a healthy person by the  Direct Transmission: By direct 2. Auto-immune diseases, and
bite of mosquito. transfer of germs from the patient 3. Immunodeficiency.
 In 1902, he was awarded the to normal healthy person through Hypersensitivity
Nobel Prize for his work on ma- close contact, the diseases like
laria.  Allergies result from an
diphtheria, pneumonia, cholera,
typhoid, measles, mumps, etc,. are inappropriate and excessive
AMOEBIC DYSENTRY (AMOEBIASIS)
transmitted. immune response to common
 Causative agent: Entamoeba antigens. Substances that cause
histolytica - a protozoan parasite  During sneezing, coughing and
allergies are called allergens ; they
in the large intestine of man talking, the droplets from the pa-
include dust, moulds, pollen,
causes Amoebiasis. tients are discharged from the
mouth and the nose and enter the certain foods, and some medicines
Symptoms (such as penicillin).
air.
i) Fever  Allergy involves mainly IgE
 While a normal person is inhaling
ii) Constipation and abdominal pain such air, laden with the droplets, antibodies and histamine. Mast
and cramps. he gets infected. cells secrete the histamine. A
iii) Stools with excess mucous and  Through the umblical cord, the common manifestation of allergy
blood clot. germs are transferred from the in- is asthma. Sometimes an allergen
Transmission fected mother to the child at the may cause a sudden, violent and
 It is a water and food borne dis- time of childbirth by the direct con- fatal reaction in a sensititive
ease. House flies act as mechani- tact method. individual ; this is called
cal carrier and serve to transmit Indirect transmission through anaphylaxis.
the parasite from the faces of in- fomites: Autoimmune diseases
fected persons to the food -  Some germs may remain viable  Autoimmune diseases result when
thereby contaminating the food outside the body of the hosts and the immune system attacks and
and water. may be transferred indirectly destroys “self” cells and
Fungal diseases in man through close inanimate objects molecules. This condition can
 Some of the fungi are parasitic on used by the patients like clothing, cause chronic and serious diseases.
man and cause diseases. bedding, handkerchief, toilet ar-  Examples of autoimmune diseases
ticles, utensils, drinking cups and
Ringworm are insulin-dependent diabetes,
glasses that are freshly soiled with
 Three different genera of fungi multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid
the germs present in the dis-
namely, Epidermophyton, Mi- arthritis, etc. Multiple sclerosis is
charges of the patients. Such con-
crosporum and Trichophyton caused by antibodies that attack
taminated objects are called fo-
cause ringworm. mites. the myelin sheath of nerve cells.
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Immunodeficiency diseases are sterile and have short stat- it causes the production of an
 Immunodeficiency Diseases result ure. They have webbed neck, abnormal haemoglobin called
from a defect in one or more broad shield-shaped chest, low in- haemoglobin S.
components of the innate or telligence, under developed  The normal haemolobin is
adaptive immunity. Affected breasts and poorly developed designated as HbA (HbAHbA). Sickle
individuals are susceptible to ovaries. These conditions result cell persons with the genotype
diseases that normally would not due to the presence of 44 auto-
Hb sHb s suffer from a fatal
bother most people. somes and only one X chromo-
haemolytic anaemia.
some in her body cells. This ab-
 Immunodeficiency may result  The patient dies due to damaged
normality is known as Turner’s
from gene mutations, infections, heart, kidney, spleen and brain as
syndrome.
malnutrition or accidents. a result of clogged blood vessels
2. Klinefelter’s syndrome :-
a. Severe combined immunod- or vascular obstruction. Persons
eficiency (SCID)  This syndrome is caused due to with heterozygous genotype HbA
the presence of an extra X chro-
 Results from one of many genetic Hbs are said to be carriers and they
mosome in males. This happens
defects; one such genetic defect survive.
when an abnormal egg with XX
leads to adenosine deaminase 2. Thalassemia
chromosome is fertilized by a
deficiency. SCID is characterized by
sperm carrying Y chromosome.  Thalassemia is an erythroblastic
a very low number of circulating
The zygote will have three sex anaemia due to homozygous
thymocytes. Affected individuals
chromosomes (XXY). The result- recessive gene expression in
usually die at an early age.
ing young one is an abnormal children. Two types of this disease
b. AIDS sterile male. The symptoms of this viz., thalassemia major and
 Acquired Immuno Deficiency syndrome are the presence of thalassemia minor exist. The
Syndrome is another example for small testicles, mental retarda- former is the severe form while
immunodeficiency disease. It is tion, longer arms and high pitched the latter is its milder form. The
caused by a retrovirus, known as voice. homozygotes suffer from severe
human immunodeficiency virus 3. Super females :- thalassemia while all
(HIV). heterozygotes suffer from milder
 These females are also known as
 Retroviruses have RNA genomes Poly X females. They possess an thalassemia.
that are replicated via DNA extra X-chromosome (44 auto-  The clinical manifestations of
copies. HIV, selectively infects and somes +3 x chromosomes). The thalassemia include I) decrease in
kills T-helper cells. The depletion poly X females are mentally re- the bone marrow activity, ii)
of T-helper cells weakens the tarded and sterile. peripheral haemolysis, iii)
acquired immune response and
4. XYY males :- splenomegaly (enlarged spleen)
may even abolish it completely.
 Such males will have an extra Y and hepatomegaly, (enlarged
 The viral RNA genome is
chromosome (XYY). This condition liver) etc. The thalassemic children
converted into DNA copy by the
results in mental retardation and die at the age of seventeen.
viral enzyme reverse
criminal attitudes. 3. Agammaglobulinemia
transcriptase. The DNA copy of
HIV becomes inserted into the 5. Hermaphroditism :-  Agammaglobulinaemia is a
human chromosome and  A hermaphroditic person will recessive gene disease, wherein r-
replicates with the cell DNA. It have one extra X and Y chromo- globulin synthesis fails to occur.
may be transcribed to produce some. The person will have both  In this disease, the patient shows
RNA copies of the viral genome. ovarian and testicular tissues. The a great deficiency or total absence
 The RNA copies are packaged and external genitalia will not be well of plasma cells and unusual lymph
liberated as virus particles. The defined. nodes with fewer lymphocytes
infected cell is lysed in this process, Genetic Diseases than normal.
and the released virus particles 1. Sickle cell anaemia  The failure of antibody synthesis
infect new T-helper cells
 Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic in this disease, makes the subjects
Sex anomalies in Human beings syndrome caused by an autosomal more prone to viral and bacterial
1. Turner’s syndrome (XO Females) : mutant allele Hbs. infections especially of the chest.
 In this abnormality the females  In homozygous condition (Hb Hb),  This disease mostly affects boys.
4. Albinism deterioration. Huntington’s departments at the state that
 It is an inherited disorder of disease was the first completely may be Tribal Welfare, Rural
melanin metabolism character- dominant human genetic disease Development, Health and Family
ized by the absence of melanin in to come to light. Welfare or Women, Social Welfare
the skin, hairs and eyes.  The affected gene is located on and Child Development.
 The clinical characteristics of this chromosome 4. Other Beneficiaries
disease are the milk-white characteristics of this disease are  Children below 6 years
coloured skin and marked deterioration of intellectual  Adolescent girls in selected blocks
photophobia. faculty, depression, occasional
 Women in the group of 15 - 44
 Albinism is an inborn error hallucination and delusions and years
metabolic disease, In this, the other psychological problems. This
 Pregnant and lactating women

genes by undergoing mutation do disease is incurable.
not produce particular enzymes, Objectives
6. Severe Combined Immuno-
which take part in the metabolic  Improvement in the nutrition and
deficiency (SCID) :
pathways. the health status of children in the
 The metabolism of one amino acid  This is an extremely rare inherited age group of 0-6 years.
phenylalanine proceeds in chains disease affecting children. The  Laying the foundation for proper
of enzyme-mediated reactions. gene for the disease called ADA social, Psychological and physical
 The change or absence of enzyme (Adenine deaminase) is located on development of the child.
due to defective genes, results in chromosome 20.  Effectively coordinating and
physiological abnormalities.  The children suffering from the implementing of policy among the
 In albinism, complete lack of syndrome completely lack the various departments
melanin pigment (a dark brown immune defense mechanism  Enhancement in the capability of
pigment) causes the albino to against infection due to rapid the mother to take care of the
suffer. The incidence of albinism death of all white blood cells. nutrition needs and normal health
in human has been reported to be through proper nutrition and
 SCID is also called Bubble Boy
from 1:5000 to 1:25000. health education.
Syndrome. The child is kept in a
 The albinism may be generalized National Iodine Deficiency
sterile bubble. Unless given bone
albinism, localized albinism of the Disorders Control Programme
marrow transplant, the child’s life
eye (ocular albinism) or partial
span is short lived.  Iodine is an essential
albinism (skin and hair).
micronutrient with an average
 The recessive genes ‘aa’ do not National Nutritional Programmes daily requirement of 100-150
produce the tyrosinase enzyme, Integrated Child Development micrograms for normal human
which converts DOPA (3,4 – Services (ICDS) growth and development.
dihydroxy phenyl alanine) into Deficiency of Iodine can cause
 On 02 October 1975, (5th five year
melanin in the melanocytes. physical and mental retardation,
plan), the Integrated Child
5. Huntington’s chorea : Development Service (ICDS) cretinism, abortion, still-birth,
 This is a fatal disease caused by an scheme was launched. It was deaf mutism, and squint, besides
autosomal dominant gene in launched in pursuance of the goiter. The government is
human. National Policy for Children in 33 implementing National Iodine
 The onset of the disease is experimental blocks. Now, the deficiency Disorders Control
between 35 and 40 years of age. goal is to universalise ICDS Programme (NIDDCP), formerly
throughout the country. The known as the National Goiter
 It is characterized by uncontrolled
Department of Women and Child Control Programme (NGCP), since
jerking of the body due to
Development, Ministry of Human 1962. The MoH and FW has
involuntary twitching of voluntary
Resources Development banned the sale of non-iodised salt
muscles.
(MHRD), at the centre, bear the for Food Adulteration Act, 1954,
 It leads to progressive primary responsibility for with effect from May 2006.
degeneration of the central implementing this programme. Mid-Day Meal Programme
nervous system accompanied by Other agencies involved in its
gradual mental and physical  The Mid-day Meal Scheme
implementation include the nodal involves provision of lunch at free
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of cost to schoolchildren on all of “The Maintenance and Welfare contracting sexually transmitted
working days. Its key objectives of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, diseases. On 1 April 2005, within
include: Protecting children from 2007” that deals with the the overall umbrella of reducing
classroom hunger, Increasing provisions of medical care of infant, child and maternal
school enrolment and senior citizens. mortality, the second phase of
attendance; Improved  The programme has envisaged RCH programme, that is RCH-II
socialization among children providing the promotional, was launched.
belonging to all castes; and preventive, curative and  The main objective of the
Addressing malnutrition, and rehabilitative services for the programme was to bring a
social empowerment through Elderly in various government change in mainly three critical
provision of employment to health facilities, in an integrated health indicators, that is,
women. manner. Health promotion, reduction in total fertility rate,

 The scheme has a long history, preventive services, diagnosis as infant mortality rate and
especially in Tamil Nadu and well as management of geriatric maternal mortality rate with a
Gujarat, and has been expanded medical problems (out and in- view to realize the outcomes that
to all parts of India after a patient), rehabilitative services, are envisioned in the Millennium
landmark direction by the day care services, as well as Development Goals.
Supreme Court of India on 28 home-based care as per  RMCH+A approach has been
November 2001. requirement are major types of launched in 2013 and the
 Tamil Nadu had become the first services that are included under essentially address the major
state to implement this this. Districts will be linked to causes of mortality among
programme. Regional Geriatric Centres to women and children. Besides, it
provides tertiary level care. also looks to address the delays
Objectives
Objectives encountered while accessing and
 Improvement in the nutritional
 Main objective is providing utilizing healthcare and services.
status of children in classes I-VIII
preventive, curative and The strategic approach of
in Government, Local Body and
rehabilitative services for the RMNCH+A has been developed so
Government –aided schools, as
elderly persons at different level as to provide an understanding of
well as EGS and AIE centres.
of health care delivery system of ‘continuum of care’. This can
 Encouraging poor children, who ensure equal focus on various life
the country.
belong to disadvantaged stages. Further inclusion is priority
sections, to attend school more  Other objectives are
interventions for each thematic
regularly and help them in strengthening the referral
area to ensure that the linkages
concentrating on classroom system, development of
between them are
activities. specialized manpower and
contextualized to the same as
promoting research in the field of
 Providing nutritional support to well as consecutive life stage. Also,
diseases related to old age.
the children of primary stage in new initiatives like the use of Score
drought-affected areas. RMNCH+A Card to track the performance;
OTHERS  On 15 October 1997, the National Iron + Initiative have
Reproductive and Child Health been introduced by it, to address
National programme of Health Care
(RCH) Programme was launched the issue of anemia across all age
for the Elderly (NPHCE)
throughout the country. It aims groups and Comprehensive
 An articulation of the to achieve a status that can enable Screening and Early interventions
international and national the women to regulate their during defects at birth,
commitments of the Government fertility and go through their deficiencies and diseases among
is known as the NPHCE, as pregnancy and childbirth safely. the children and adolescents. The
envisaged under the UN Even the outcome of pregnancies RMNCH+A directs the States,
Convention on the Rights of will be successful, thus leading to appropriately, to focus their
Persons with Disabilities survival and the well being of the efforts on the most vulnerable
(UNCRPD), and National Policy on mother as well as the child. It also section of population and
Older Persons (NPOP) that was enables the couples to have their disadvantaged groups of the
adopted by the Government of sexual relation free from fear of country. It also emphasizes on the
India in 1999 as well as Section 20 pregnancy as well as of necessity to reinforce efforts in
poor performing districts, which approach. It recognizes the of the National Health Mission
have already been identified as inextricable linkages between (NHM), has been approved by the
high-focus districts. adolescent health, family Cabinet on 1 May 2013. NUHM
Objectives planning, maternal health and envisages to meet health care
child survival. Moreover, the needs of the urban population
 The 12th Five Year Plan has defined
linking of community and facility- with the focus on urban poor, by
the national health outcomes and
based care and strengthening making essential primary health
the 3 goals, relevant to RMNCH+A
referrals between various levels care services available to them
strategic approach as follows:
of health care system to create a and reducing their out-of-pocket
 To reduce Infant Mortality Rate continuous care pathway is also expenses for treatment. This will
(IMR) to 25 per 1,000 live births to be focused. be achieved by strengthening the
by 2017.
Objectives existing health care service

 To reduce Maternal Mortality delivery system, targeting the
 During the 12 th Five Year Plan
Ratio (MMR) to 100 per 100,000 people living in slums and
period, efforts to consolidate the
live births by 2017. converging with various schemes
gains and build on the successes
 To reduce Total Fertility Rate relating to wider determinants of
of the mission will be made to
(TFR) to 2.1 by 2017. health like drinking water,
provide accessible, affordable as
sanitation, school education, etc.,
The National Rural Health Mission well as quality universal health
implemented by the Ministries of
(NRHM) care, both preventive and
Urban Development, Housing and
 The National Rural Health Mission curative, that would include all
Urban Poverty Alleviation, Human
(NRHM) was launched on 12 April aspects of a set of healthcare
Resource Development and
2005, to provide accessible, entitlements, which are clearly
Women and Child Development.
affordable and quality health care defined and include preventive,
primary and secondary health  NUHM seeks to improve the
to the rural population, especially
services. health status of the urban
the vulnerable groups.
population, particularly slum
 NRHM seeks to provide equitable, At the national level, the targets
dwellers and other vulnerable
affordable and quality health care are as under:
sections, by facilitating access to
to the rural population, especially  Reducing MMR (Maternal quality primary health care.
the vulnerable groups. Under Mortality Rate) to < 100 per NUHM would cover all state
NRHM, the Empowered Action 1,00,000 live births capitals, district headquarters
Group (EAG) States as well as  Reducing IMR (Infant Mortality and other cities/ towns with a
North Eastern States, Jammu and Rate) to < 27 per 1000 live births population of 50,000 and above
Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh (as per census 2011) in a phased
 Reducing NMR (Neonatal
have been given special focus. The manner. Cities and towns with
Mortality Rate) to < 18 per 1000
thrust of the mission is on population below 50,000 will be
live births
establishing a fully functional, covered under NRHM.
community-owned, decentralized  Reducing TFR to 2.1
Universal Immunisation
health delivery system with  Eliminating Filaria in all 250
Programme (UIP)
intersect oral convergence at all districts; Kalaajar in all 514 Blocks
levels, to ensure simultaneous and Leprosy in all districts  Universal Immunisation
action on a wide range of Programme is the name given to
 Reducing TB prevalence and
determinants of health such as the vaccination programme,
mortality by 50 per cent
water, sanitation, education, which was launched by the
 Reducing Annual Malaria Government of India in 1985. In
nutrition, social and gender
incidence to <1/1000 pop 1992, it became a part of Child
equality.
 Reduced in JE mortality by 50 per Survival and safe Motherhood
 NRHM focuses on Reproductive,
cent Sustained case fatality rate Programme and is currently
Maternal, Newborn, Child Health
of less than 1 per cent for Dengue. serving as one of the key areas
and Adolescent (RMNCH+A)
National Urban Health Mission under the National Rural Health
Services. The emphasis here is on
(NUHM) Mission (NRHM) since 2005.
strategies for improving maternal
and child health through a  The National Urban Health  The programme consists of
continuum of care and life cycle Mission (NUHM), as a sub-mission vaccination for 9 diseases: In 2007,
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addition of TB, Diphtheria, transportation from home to India is the second largest
Pertussis ?(Whooping cough), institution, between facilities in producer and consumer of
Poliomyelitis, Diarrhoea, case of a referral and drop back tobacco in India and thus, there
Japanese Encephalitis, Measles, home. Similar entitlements have exists a unique variety of forms of
Tetanus, Hepatitis B, and been put in place for all sick new- tobacco use in India. Besides the
Pneumonia. Hepatitis B was done borns accessing public health smoked forms, which include
to the UIP. Therefore, UIP has nine institutions for treatment till 30 cigarettes and cigars, there are a
vaccinepreventable diseases days after birth. number of smokeless forms of
under this programme. Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya consumption in the country.
 In 2014, it was announced that Karyakram (RKSK)  The national tobacco-control
four vaccines would be added to legislation, that is, “The Cigarettes
 The Union Ministry of Health and

the programme, namely Family Welfare (MoHFW) has and other Tobacco Products
Rotavirus, Rubella and Japanese launched Rashtriya Kishor (Prohibition of Advertisement and
Encephalitis, as well as Injectable Swasthya Karakorum (RKSK) to Regulation of Trade and
Polio Vaccine. address the health problems of Commerce, Production, supply
Pradhan Mantri Swasthya adolescents in a comprehensive and Distribution) Act, 2003,” was
Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) manner. RKSK has been enacted by the Government of
introduced under the National India in May 2003. Also, the WHO-
 The Pradhan Mantri Swasthya
Rural Health Mission. RKSK is Framework Convention on
Suraksha Yojana (PMSSY) is with a
based on the fact that Tobacco control (WHO-FCTC) was
primary objective of correcting
adolescence is the most ratified by India in February 2004.
the imbalances that exist in the
important stage of the life cycle Further, for facilitating the
availability of affordable
for health interventions. effective implementation of the
healthcare facilities in various
Adolescents aged 10 to 19 years Tobacco Control Law, and to bring
parts of the country in general,
constitute about one-fifth of about greater awareness
and also augmenting facilities, in
India’s population and young regarding the harmful effects of
particular, for quality medical
people (aged 10-24 years) about tobacco as well as fulfilling the
education in the under-served
one-third of the population. The obligations under the WHO-FCTC,
States. The scheme got approved
large and increasing share of the Ministry of Health and Family
in March 2006.
adolescents and youth in India’s Welfare, Government of India,
Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
population can translate into a launched the National Tobacco
(JSSK)
demographic dividend only if Control Programme (NTCP) in
 The Janani Shishu Suraksha 2007-08 in 42 districts of 21
policies and programmers focus on
Karyakram (JSSK) was launched States/ Union Territories of the
the health and wellbeing of this
on 1 June 2011. This scheme country.
243 million strong, yet very
supplements the cash assistance
vulnerable adolescent population. Objectives
given to a pregnant woman under
Objectives  To bring greater awareness about
Janani Suraksha Yojana and is
Improved nutrition the harmful effects of use of
aimed at mitigating the burden 
tobacco and Tobacco control
of out-of-pocket expenses  Improving sexual and
Laws.
incurred by pregnant women and reproductive health
sick new-borns. The initiative  To facilitate effective
 Enhancing mental health
entitles the following to all implementation of the Tabacco
 Preventing injuries and violence
pregnant women delivering in control Laws.
 Preventing substance misuse
public health institutions:  To control tobacco consumption
Absolutely free and no-expense National Tobacco Control and minimize the deaths caused
delivery, including caesarean Programme (NTCP) by it.
section; Free drugs and  Tobacco use is among the major National Nutrition Mission
consumable; Free diet up to 3 risk factors for a number of
 National Nutrition Mission was
days during normal delivery and chronic disease, including cancer,
introduced by the Ministry of
up to 7 days for C-section; Free cardiovascular and lungs diseases.
Women and Child Development,
Government of India, to create adoption (in 2012) of the 2025 Tuberculosis and Measles. In
awareness relating to global targets for maternal, infant some states, vaccination against
malnutrition among pregnant and development goals, which Japanese Encephalitis and
women and lactating mothers centre-stage the ending of all Haemophilus Influenza Type B are
through reduction of the incidence forms of malnutrition for all also included. In 2016, Rubells,
of anemia among young children, people by 2030, to name a few. Japanese Encephalitis, Inject able
adolescent girls and women. India’s progress clearly lags Polio Vaccine and Rotavirus
 In Global Nutrition Report 2016, behind what is needed to vaccine also become part of this
India’s progress is slow in eliminate malnutrition by 2030. mission. Pneumonia vaccine was
addressing chronic malnutrition, Mission Indradhanush also added to this Mission in 2017.
manifest in stunting (low weight India eradicated many diseases in
 Mission Indradhanush was 

for age), wasting (low weight for launched by the Ministry of Health recent past Small pox, Rinderpest,
height), micronutrient and Family Welfare, Government Polio, Yaws, Maternal and
deficiencies and overweight. of India, on 25 December 2014. Neonatal Tetanus.
India stands at 114 out of 132 During 2009-2013, immunization  Small pox: it is a viral disease
countries. Even Bangladesh and coverage has increased from 61 eradicated in 1980.
Nepal are marginally better than to 65 per cent, indicating only 1  Rinderpest: It affects cattle and
India. per cent increase in coverage ruminants. India became free
 The poor nutritional status of every year. To accelerate the from Rinderpest in October 2010.
adolescent girls, combined with process of immunization by
 Polio: In March 2014, South –East
child marriage and multiple covering 5 per cent and more
Asia Region was certified as polio-
pregnancies even before children every year, Indradhanush
free. For the last time, it was
becoming an adult is another mission has been adopted to
recorded in West Bengal in 2011.
reason that leads to 30 per cent achieve the target of full coverage
 Yaws: It is a bacterial infection,
of all children being born with low by 2020.
which mostly affects tribal
birth-weight. Objective
population. It targets skin, bones
 Under –nutrition (at both level of Mission Indradhanush aims to
 and joints and was eliminated
malnutrition and micronutrient cover all those children under the from India in September 2006 but
deficiencies) among nearly 70 per age of 2 years by 2020, who are certified by WHO and UNICEF in
cent of school-going children either unvaccinated, or are July 2016.
challenges the capacity for partially vaccinated against
 Maternal and Neonatal Tetanus
physical growth and cognitive vaccine-preventable diseases. It
(MNT): This disease spreads in
development. will also cover all pregnant
unhygienic circumstances where
 The past decade has seen a steady women against seven
mothers and babies become
build-up of momentum around preventable diseases: Diptheria,
vulnerable to MNT and die. In
nutrition with the setting up of Hepatitis B, Whooping cought,
August 2015, this disease was
UN; the World Health Assembly Tetanus, Poliomyelitis,
completely eliminated.
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8 

1 
         

       
      
          
     
 
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  
   
  DNA   

 

     RNA DNA 

  DNA 
  
      
       

DNA RNA 
DNA 
      
  
   
DNA 
    
  
   
     
     
     
   

    
  
  
  
  
    RNA  

   DNA 
      
   DNA    
      
    
  
 


    
 
   DNA   
 
 DNA 
     
    
 DNA -        
  DNA  
       
   
   
     
   
   
 
     
           
  
          
         

   
    
   HGH
  
      



    

 CSIR   
     
       
 
     

    

        VIII 
4. DNA 
   
      
   
  DNA   
   
    

    
  
    
 CSIR 
     HIV 
  
 
  
      

  
      
  
   
 
 CSIR 
     
   
  
      
         
  
DNA  

       
       
  
         

 
   
    
     
  
   RNA  
          
         A  
       
          
    DNA      
    
  DNA
   
  
  
     
      DNA  
     
      
          
       
     
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 165
          A  
   
    
 GMO        
      
          
          
      
      
       
   
    BT    

DNA     
   
  
  
      
   
  
  
   BT   
   
 

 
    
     bt 
    (GMO)      
     
   
   
   Bt    

    
      
   
    DNA   
   
     

     
      
 
   
     
  GM 
   
  Bt 
   Bt    
 DNA DNA     
   
     
  
   
    
   
      
     

       
   
  
      
   (PG)    
       
    
             
        
    
    
   
         

A    
   
  
   
      

      
        
   
 
    
 
   
    

  

     IV 
   

2 
          
      
    
     

     
    
    
     
  
  
        

   
     
 
      
   
   
   
         
  
    

      
       

          
       
          
      
  
     
  

     

    
       
    


    

    
      

   
   

     
        
    
     
   
   
   
   
   

     
  
    
 
 
   
     
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 167
      

  
     I    
  
   
   
     II  
  
    

    

      III   
    
   
     
  
   

   
   

    IV 
    

 
    

      
 
        
  
      

      
  
   

      
  
 
        
 

 DNA    

      
 DNA           
       
    
   
   
   

        
   
   

 
  
3 
        
       
   
        
      
      
        
 

       
 
    
  
      
  
    

   
   

     
       
          
    
       
            
         
    
    
  b) 
        

  
  
    
DNA 
DNA       
    DNA  
  
      

    
   
  
  
    
 
    
          
     
    
   
  
   
  
         
       

 DNA 
    
  
          
         
          
    
        
 
  
        
   
   
       
      
    
     
   
   
     
      
     
  
     
  
  
    DNA  

      
      
    

  
 DNA     a) 
       
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 169
    

         
        
         
        
 
  
    
 
         

       
   
 
       

  
    

   

    
  
   

    
  

  
  
 
  

  
  

    
  

 
 
 
 
 

    
  
   
  
     
   
  
       
     
   
  
 
   IPSC   

           
     
      
       
      
    
   
  
   
 

     
   
     
  

   

    
  
   
  
   
      
 
   
  
  
  DNA 
  
      
     
   
  

       
      
    
 
   
      

      
  
 
  
  
     
  
 
  
     
       
   
        
       
    
      RNA 
   
  
   mRNA, tRNA, rRNA. 

 RNA 
 
   

    

  IPSC   DNA  
    
     RNA  
     
  DNA  
      
   
   
  DNA 
    
  
 
   
  IPSC 
      RNA 
  
     
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 171
       

      
     
     
 
   
   
   
rRNA     
   
  
   
   
      
  
 
    

    
  
  
  
  
  
    

      

        

     

       

   
           
          
       
      
  
4 
       
   
   

    
  
    
  
      
 
 
 

   
     
   
    
   
   WTO 

TRIPS 
    

   
           
       
      
      
  
    
  
 
  
       

    
    

    c) 
  
  
      
  
  
  
    
  
 
   g) 
   

     
a)   (or)      

       
   
    
     
   
 
   
  
   h) 
 
  
       
  
   
  DNA
      
 
   

    

     
  
    
 
 

   
   d) 

 GMO 
      
 
     
  
   
  
  
    
  
    
    
  
 
        

     
 e)     
 
        
  
     

    
 i) 
   
 f)     

b)    
 
  
      
  
   
  
      
  
      
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 173
      

      
    
   

 
j)  
 
      
     
n) 
   
     
 
    

 
 
  

o)   
   
        
     
K) 
   
        
    
 
    DNA 
      
  
   
  
     
  
   
Co2
    
  
   
  
   
      

      
  Co 2    
      
 
 
 
l)   HIV 
 
         
B   
 
   
    

     
   
   
   
   
         
         
      
  
m)         
 
  
GENETIC ENGINEERING & STEM

8 CELL TECHNOLOGY
1 GENETIC ENGINEERING
 Genetic engineering is a tech- human beings. tosine, Thymine and Uracil)

nique of manipulating the 5. Even in a single species, genetic GENOME
organism’s genome with the help engineering could lead to elimina-  A genome is an entire set of DNA
of biotechnology to add one or tion of varieties; if some new dis- of an organism, which contains
more traits that are not found in ease comes up. the entire species hereditary information.
the organism naturally. The tech- may be wiped out.  It consists of both the DNA or RNA
nique is also called gene manipu- PART - (B) GENE, GENOME ANDBIO genes and the non-coding se-
lation/ genetic modification. TECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS quences.
 This process takes a number of GENE  Prokaryotes usually store their
steps : the first of which is the  Gene is hereditary unit of living genomes on a single chromosome
constitution of DNA segment organism. It is a small segment and eukaryotes store their ge-
from nucleic acid molecules in a of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or nome on one or more chromo-
test tube. The DNA so made is RNA (ribonucleic acid) located on somes.
inserted into a vector (vector chromosome, which code for a  The “genome” of any given indi-
could virus or some other suitable protein with specific function in vidual (except for identical twins
organism) that can serve as a the organism. This information and cloned organisms) is unique.
molecular ferry to carry it into the passes through genetic traits to Genome that can chemically be
host organism. The inserted DNA the off-spring. An allele is an al- synthesised in lab is known as ar-
molecule expresses itself and also ternate form of gene, present on tificial or synthetic genome.
multiplies. homologous chromosome. The Specific Applications of Genome Re-
 Genetic engineering enhances gene (specific base pair sequence search
that plant and animal food proof DNA) undergoes transcription,
 Some current and potential appli-
duction, diagnosis of diseases, a process to produce messenger
cations of genome research in-
improvement of medical treat- RNA. This mRNA, through trans-
lation process, synthesizes pro- clude:
ment, and produces vaccines and
other useful drugs. teins. Transcription and transla- 1. Medicine
 Various techniques are involved in tion together constitute central 2. Evolutionary biology and anthro-
genetic engineering, like isolation dogma. So the gene is processed pology
of genes, synthesis of genes, re- ultimately to produce protein.
3. Energy and environmental appli-
combinant DNA and gene cloning, DNA STRUCTURE AND ITS COMPO-
SITION cations.
etc.
Hazards of Genetic Engineering  The genes are encoded in long 4. DNA forensics
1. If a wrong DNA segment is in- strands of DNA for majority of liv- 5. Agriculture
serted and if it gets expressed, it ing being. DNA consists of a
double helical chain made of four i) Medicine
can cause new diseases in human
beings. types of nucleotide subunits [ad-  Improved diagnosis of disease
2. It can be used in biological war- enine (A), guanine (G), cytosine and earlier detection of genetic
fare. (C), and thymine (T)], sugar (deox- predispositions to disease
3. Genetic modification of existing yribose), and a phosphate group.  Rational drug design
species/ recreation of extinct spe-  Nucleotide = Nucleoside + Phos-
cies can lead to disasters. phoric acid  Gene therapy
4. Scientists are prone to making  Nucleoside = Nitrogenous base +  Assess health damage and risks
mistakes - new strains of bacte- Sugar due to exposure of radiation, ex-
ria, fauna, etc., can come out of  Nitrogenous Base : Purine (Ad- posure to mutagenic chemicals
labs, which could be hostile to enine, Guanine), Pyrimidine (Cy- and cancer-causing toxins.
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 Reduce the possibility of heritable present human DNA.  Recombinant DNA technology is
mutations. Project Goals the define protocol or method
ii) Evolutionary biology and anthro- deployed to introduce foreign
1. Identification of approximately
pology DNA segment (DNA of other spe-
20,000 - 25,000 human DNA
cies) into herspecies. The process
 Study of evolution genes,
followed in gene cloning in all
 Study of migration of different 2. Determining the 3 billion chemi- called recombinant DNA technol-
human population groups cal base pairs (300 Mega base ogy. Recombination DNA repre-
iii) Energy and environmental appli- pairs / 3 *109 base pair) se- sents DNA from a foreign source.
cations quences consisting of human Applications of recombinant DNA
Creating new sources of energy DNA, technology r-DNA technology

(bio-fuels). 3. Information storage in databases Every biological technology, west-
 Use microbial genomics for creat- 4. Improving tools for analysis of ern pharmacy doctor’s or
ing environmental monitoring data veterinarian’s office, medical testing
techniques for the detection of 5. Transfer related technologies to laboratory, and biological research
pollutants, safe and efficient en- the private sector laboratory using this technology. The
vironmental remediation, and products of r-DNA technology include
6. Addressing of the ethical, legal,
carbon sequestration. Recombinant proteins. r-DNA serves
and social issues (ELSI) arising
 Detect bacteria and other organ- as a tool for identification, mapping
from the project.
isms that may pollute air, water, and sequencing of genes, subse-
Indian Human Genome Project quently determining their functions.
soil, and food.
 CSIR scientists at the Institute of Various application of r-DNA technol-
iv) DNA forensics
Genomics and Integrative Biology ogy are given below.
 Identification of possible suspects
(IGIB), Delhi, have sequenced the  Recombinant human insulin :
whose DNA may match proof re-
anonymous healthy Indian citizen Insuling dependent diabetes has
mained at crime scenes
Human Genome. seen major breakthrough in its
 Acquitting those persons who are treatment with the production
 The first Human Genome Se-
falsely accused in crime recombinant insulin. It is cheaper
quence effort took more than a
 Identification of victims of crime decade and huge capital that is and easily available as compared
and catastrophe During trans- around billion US dollars, CSIR sci- to insulin obtained from animal
plantation, matching organ do- entists at IGIB accomplished com- sources.
nors with recipients plete sequencing and assembly in  Recombinant human growth
v) Agriculture a comparatively much shorter hormone : The patients with pi-
 Development of productive, and time. tuitary glands generating insuffi-
disease insect and drought-resis-  CSIR was able to achieve this feat cient quantity of hormone for
tant crops (GM crops) through the adoption of latest normal growth and development,
it proves to be a boon. Recombi-
 Developing healthier, more pro- technologies and through
nant HGH solved this issue, and
ductive disease-resistant farm sucessfully combining its high es-
is now used therapeutically.
animals (Transgenic) timating abilites.
Some athletes have been found
 Foods with higher nutritional con-  The genetic diversity of the Indian misusing it as a performance-en-
tent (GM foods) population had been successfully hancing drug.
Human Genome Project (HGP) completed by CSIR along with the
Recombinant blood clotting fac-

genome sequence of a fish vari-
 The Human Genome Project tor VIII : A blood-clotting protein
ety, called Zebra fish, popularly
(HGP) was a 13 - year effort, that helps in curing patients with
used by the scientific community
which formally began in 1990 and bleeding disorder, haemophilia,
as an organism for modelling hu-
completect in 2003 as an global due to inability to produce factor
man diseases.
project of scientific research. The VIII in insufficient amount that
Recombinant DNA Technology can support normal blood coagu-
main goal was to determining the
sequence of the genes those (R-DNA Technology) lation. Earlier, when it was not
developed, the protein in large
quantities of human blood was plast fusion, and ballistic DNA in- imporved product shelf life, and
obtained from multiple donors. jections are usually deployed. increased nutritional value, etc.,
And hence, there was a high risk  The genetic code is similar for all transgenic plants are being devel-
of transmission of blood-borne organisms and hence, there is ex- oped. In 1996, the first commer-
infectious diseases like HIV and pression of foreign genes by a cial cultivation of genetically
hepatitis B. modified plants was performed,
transgenic organisms.
 Recombinant hepatitis B vac- post which many modifications
Transgenic microbes
cine: Recombinant hepatitis B are done such as tolerance to the
vaccine can control infection of  The first laboratory modified or- herbicides, glufosinate and
hepatitis B, which carries a form ganism was bacteria. They are glyphosate, resistance to virus
of the hepatitis B virus surface now used for several purposes, damage as in Ring spot, virus-re-
antigen, produced in yeast cells. specifically in the production of sistance GM papaya, which is
Hepatitis B virus, unlike other large amounts of pure human grown in Hawaii, and the produc-
common viruses like polio virus, proteins for various functions in tion of Bt toxin, an insecticide that
cannot be grown in vitro, it marks medicine. Insulin protein treat- is nontoxic to mammals.
to be an important and necessary ing, clotting factors to treat
Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)
development. haemophilia, and human growth
 A genetically Modified Organism
 Golden rice : It is a recombinant hormone for treatment of various
(GMO) or Genetically Engineered
variety of rice expressing the en- forms of dwarfism are the result
Organism (GEO) is an organism
zymes responsible for  -caro- of transgenic microbes.
with altered genetic material due
tene biosynthesis. It is advanta- TRANSGENIC ANIMALS to application of RDT/genetic en-
geous, being capable to reduce Through alternation of DNA or in-
 gineering techniques.
the deficiency of vitamin A in the sertion of DNA to an animal
world’s population. Golden rice  The desirable DNA segment from
(sheep, pigs, and rats), certain different sources, are combined
is not currently in use, due to
proteins’ useful medical treat- into one molecule and this cre-
pending resolution of intellectual
ment, can be produced. For in- ates a new set of genes.
property, environmental and nu-
stance, Human-alpha-1antit-
tritional issues.  This DNA is then transferred into
rypsin, developed in sheep, treats
 Herbicide and Insect-resistant an organism, consequently modi-
humans with this deficiency and
crops : Commercial varieties of fying the genome of the organ-
transgenic pigs with human histo-
important agricultural crops (like ism.
compatability have been studied
soyabean, maize/corn, sorghum,  An organism so developed is con-
with the primary objective to
canola and cotton) have been de- sidered to be a genetically modi-
check if organs will be suitable for
veloped. Such varieties integrate fied organism.
transplant with low chances of
a recombinant gene that cause Genetically Modified Plants
the resistance to the herbicide rejection.
A knockout mouse is a genetically Flavr Savr Tomato
glyphosate, and also simplifies 
weed control by glyphosate appli- engineered mouse, in which an  It was the first commercially
cation. Several countries use existing gene has been knocked grown genetically modified (GM)
these crops commercially. out or removed by replacing it or food to be granted human con-
Transgenesis distupting it with an artificial sumption license. It was devel-
piece of DNA. The manipulation oped by the Californian company
 It a subset of GMOs - Organisms
in the gene results in changes in a “Calgene”, with the aim to slower
that have inserted DNA that origi-
mouse’s phenotype, which in- the process of ripening in tomato
nated in a different species.
clude appearance, behaviour and and thus prevent it from soften-
Transgenesis is the process in
other observable physical and ing. It also enables the tomato to
which an exogenous gene (exter-
biochemical characteristics. retain its natural colour, making
nal gene) is introduced, called a
Transgenic plants as safe as tomatoes bred by con-
transgene, into a living organism.
 To implant desirable traits, like ventional mean Polygalactur-
 To facilitate transgenisis, lipo- onase (PG) is an enzyme produce
somes, plasmid vectors, viral vec- resistance to pests, herbicides, or
harsh environmental conditions, in plants, which controls the rip-
tors, pronuclear injection, proto-
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ening process and restricts the  It has been observed that the due a growth medium (blastocyst
attack of certain bacteria and fung to the Bt-crop seeds, there is stag- stage) and is then transferred to
which play a role during rotting nant yield, which led to new pest the same or another women’s
process. attacks and disease these days. uterus, with the intent to estab-
Gloden Rice  Appromimately 50-60 percent of lish a successful pregnancy.
 Beta carotene ((Pro-vitamin-A) is the honey is produced in India Benefits

required as source of Vitamin A. through mustard crop. Its GM  It can help overcome female in-
So, golden rice is a precurs of Vi- crop will harm honeybees. fertility caused due to problems
tamin-A. Golden rice is a geneti- Bt-Brinjal Ban in India with the fallopian tubes (it is a
cally modified plant, which can be  Bt-Brinjal plant has a resistance natural place inside mother body
used in those areas where Vita- against lepidopteron insects like where fertilisation occurs), which
min A deficiency is common, so it the Brinjal Fruit and Shoot Borer makes fertilisation difficult.
prever ningh blindness. Some sci- and Fruit Borer. The ingestion of  It can also serve to be useful in
entists are against golds rice, as the Bt toxin by the insect, dis- cases of male infertility caused
they think it will crossbreed with rupted the digestive processes, due to defect in sperm quality.
the with rice and destroy natural which ultimately leads to the  It helps infertile couples so that
variety. The dark yellow colour death of the insect. In India, Bt- they can have a baby of their own
shows more  -carotene. Brinjal is being developed in by (with their own eggs and sperm).
Many Reason Behind the Protest of M/s Mahyco [Maharashtra Hybrid Without using donor egg or do-
Genetically Modified Plants in India Seeds Company]. nor sperm, DNA of the zygote will
IVF (Invitro Fertilisation And Test be of intended parents only.
 Consumption of Bt-crop de-
creases immunity of human be- Tube Baby)  This treatment is a good option
ings, so it is not safe for human Invitro Fertilisation for those who are facing either of
health and it alos affects sur-  In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF) is the the following mentioned prob-
rounding diversity due to loss of fertilisation of an egg and sperm lems:
some other important insect pol- outside the mother’s body. 1. Blocked Fallopian Tubes
linators those also die due to con-  The process involves stimulating 2. Low sperm numbers or motility
sumption of Bt-crop. a women’s adulatory process, re- 3. Infrequent or absent
 According to reasearch, it is ob- moval of egg or eggs from her 4. Endometriosis
served that there are 33 side ef- ovaries and letting the sperm
5. Unexplained infertility
fects of Bt-Brinjal on human body fertilism them in a liquid in a labo-
ratory and hence requires effi- 6. Age-related infertility
and that is why it is now banned
in India (earlier it was banned in cient monitoring. The resultant 7. Failure of other fertility treatment
USA, UK, Canada, Australia). Zygote is cultured for 2-6 days in such as IVI
TEST TUBE BABY
2 TEST TUBE BABY
 Test Tube Baby (also called in vitro  Now, they are allowed to divide than one egg is fertilised and
fertilisation) is a revolutionary until the Blastula stage (64 - 128 transferred to a uterus, chances
treatment which enables couples cell structure), which usually of success increases.
with different types of infertilities, takes 3-4 days, which is then 3 - 4 Complications in IVF/Test Tube Baby
to conceive a baby. days, which is then transferred to 1. Multiple Births : To increase the
 Test tube baby refers to a child, the mother’s or a surrogate’s chances of success, doctors
conceived outside the women’s uterus to develop normally. fertilise more than one Zygote
body. Drugs are induced to the patient’s and after they reach Blastula
 Eggs removed from the mother’s ovaries to grow several mature stage, all the fertilised ones are
ovary are incubated with the eggs rather than a single one that attached to the uterus. So there
sperm from the father. develops each month. If more is a huge chance of twin births.
2. Spread of infectious disease : Dis- child born with the help of surro- mother to child due to cytoplasm
eases can be transferred, which gacy. It is of two types. inheritance (all male and female
are present in the genes. Sperm  Traditional surrogacy is a preg- receive mothers cytoplasm and
washing decreases the risk of nancy condition where the surro- egg nucleus + father sperm
chronic diseases in male affecting gate is linked genetically to the nucleus, inside zygote).
the female or off-spring. baby and becomes pregnant with  Mutations in the 37 genes in the
3. Ovaries Hyper Stimulation Syn- the help of artificial insemination. mitochondria can produce fatal
drome : Stimulations done to pro- It used to be common, but today, inherited diseases. There is no
duce more than one egg cell can host surrogacy is most prevalent. cure or effective treatment for
cause side effects like swollen, Host surrogacy is done through many of the mitochondrial dis-
painful ovaries. IVF, either through the usage of eases.
the supposed mother’s eggs or Procedure of Mitochondrial Gene

4. Birth Defects : Test Tube Bodies
with donor eggs. Thus, the sur- Therapy Where can we produce
have relatively higher risks of
rogate mother does not make the three-parent baby
birth defects than naturally con-
use of her own eggs and is geneti-  Clinics in Britain can now apply to
ceived babies. cally not linked to the baby. There
create three parent babies after
5. Mix Ups : In some cases, due to are three stages in host surrogacy,
the fertility final approval for the
laboratory mix ups, legal action which are as follows : procedure.
against IVF provider and complex  Egg extraction : The intended par-
paternity suits have been caused.  The British scientists created a
ent (female) undergoes a special fertility technique, which assists
6. Pre-implantation of Genetic procedure the extract a number
the doctors in replacing an egg’s
Screening : There is a concern of eggs.
defective mitochondrial DNA with
that people will look into the con-  Fertilisation : The eggs are a female donor’s healthy DNA.
cept of Designer Baby. It can be fertilised with sperm in the labo- This will prevent children from
used to alter some physical and ratory, resulting in embryos. suffering debilitating condutions
health attributes to create an  Embryo Transfer : Transfer of such as muscular dystrophy.
ideal human, which raises ethical embryo into the womb of the sur-  They said that procedure could go
questions. rogate mother. ahead when options like screen-
7. Profit Diseases of companies : Three Parents Baby/Mitochondrial ing and others have proved futile.
There have been instances, Gene Therapy Many pros and cons in mitochondrial
where industry has been accused  In the concept of a three-parents gene therapy
of making unscientific claims and baby, a baby is conceived using  However, critics said the tech-
distorting facts relating to infer- genetic material from three nique was “dangerous,” “need-
tility, in an attempt to get as many people in which mitochondrial less”, and “ethically reckless”.
couples to go for this option, re- DNA (a small part in a cell that
 Dr. David king, director of the
ducing the experience to a simple helps your baby to turn food in to
secular prochoice watchdog
biological practice. energy) from a female is used to
group, Human Genetics Alert said
8. Same-sex couples, single parents replace faulty material mitochon-
“This decision to approve experi-
and live-in partners can opt for dria and thus prevent inherited
ments on babies, using this dan-
such practices, which raises ethi- diseases.
gerous and medically unneces-
cal concerns.  In this technique, doctors will re- sary technology risks all our
9. Donors are anonymous in some place an egg’s defective mito- children’s futures.
chondrial DNA (those are present
cases, leading to troubles know-  It opens the door to designer ba-
in egg cytoplasm) with a female
ing the original person. bies.
donor’s healthy DNA. This will
Surrogate Mother Throughout the process, the cam-
prevent children from suffering 
 In this, a woman carries a baby for from debilitating conditions such paigners for approval of this tech-
a couple who are not able to con- as muscular dystrophy, etc., which nology have relied on shameless
ceive or carry a child themselves are inherited through cytoplasm. emotional blackmail.
because of medical or physical
 Mitochondria is one of the cell Tissue Culture
reasons. The supposed parents
organelles that are passed from
become the legal parent(s) of a  Tissue culture is a method used
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 179
to produce plants under sterile Stage IV : Establishment in soil (or

conditions also known as micro other apprope growing medium).
propagation. In this technique, a Animal Tissue Culture
plant explants (plant parts) or  It is the biological technique in
seeds are used, which have been which scientists a piece of tissue
sterilised before. They are put in from an animal speciment, go and
containers with a growing me- maintain the cells from that tissue
dium (usually a gel) with some in an in- or artificial environment.
nutrients added.  Stem cell technology also con-
sider under tissue culture.
 Contaminant free laboratory con-

ditions should be maintaine
mimic the original environment.
Stage I : Prepare an aseptic (sterile)  It grows in a for containing me-

culture. dia, which is enriched with nutri-
Stage II : The multiplication of tion and growth factors to provide
propagules (any of a plant used to nutrition, which kept in incuba-
make or become new plant. tors that regulate temperature
Stage III : Preparation for successful humidity.
transfer propagules to soil, for suc-
 Mimicking the environment in the
cessful transfer to (rooting and “hard-
allows the scientists to study
ening” (acclimating) outside sterile
them in control conditions.
conditions in regular growing media).
GENE THERAPY
3 GENE THERAPY
 In the process, genetic material is gene therapy is the insertion of many jurisdictions forbid the use
transferred in person’s cells to functional genes to replace a of this application, in human be-
provide immunity against disea mutated gene, and in some cases, ings, at least for the present, due
Gene therapy is an extremely use- directly correcting the mutation to numerous technical and ethi-
ful tool numerous diseases, like or modifying normal gene to cure cal reasons.
severe combined immune defi- the diseases, such as cystic fibro- Somatic gene therapy
ciencies, haemophilia, Parkinson’s sis, haemophilia, muscular dys-  The therapeutic genes are intro-
diseas cancer, etc., and a carrier trophy and sickle cell anemia. duced into the somatic cells of a
known as a “vector” used to de- Gene therapy can be classified as patient, in this gene therapy. Any
liver a gene in to a cell. Viruses follows : modifications will be restricted to
are most common type of vectors I. Germ line gene therapy individual patient only, without
used in gene therapy. Before us- any chances of being inherited by
In this type of therapy, Germ cells,

ing in therapy, vectors should be the next generations of the pa-
(i.e., sperm or eggs), are modified
alter to make them safe, although tient.
by the insertion of functional
some risks still end with gene
genes, which are added into their Problems and ethics of gene therapy
therapy.
genomes. The change occuring in  Short - lived nature of therapy :
 Gene therapy is the method of the genome due to therapy would The therapeutic DNA transferred
introduction, manipulation, or be heritable and would be pased into target cells must remain func-
deletion of genes within an on to later generations. This new tional and the cell containing
individual’s cells or biological tis- technique is highly effective to fix therapeutic DNA need to be
sues for the treatment of dis- teh genetic disorders and heredi- stable and long lived. Problems
eases. Most common form of tary diseases. On the other side,
with inserting therapeutic DNA genes. visions in it. The cell is then al-
into the genome and the fast di- 2. Cellular cloning : This type of lowed to develop into a foetus
viding nature of amny cells check cloning is usage in stem cell re- that is genetically identical to the
gene therapy from achieving any search, where a population iden- donor of the original nucleus.
long-term benefits; as a result, tical cells form a single cell. b) Therapeutic cloning : The egg is
patients undergo for multiple kept in a Petridish for developing
3. Organism cloning : In this pro-
rounds of gene therapy. into embryonic stem cells, show-
cess, a new multicellular organ-
 Immune response : Whenever a ing potentials for treating several
ism is created, which genetically
foreign entity is introduced into ailments.
identical to other organism. It an
human body (cell or tissues), the Uses of Therapeutic Cloning
asexual method of reproduction.
immune system attacks the in- 1. Overcomes the problem of im-
Scientific have made some major
vader. When a foreign segment mune rejection, which is a major

achievements in to area, which
of DNA is introduced in the body concern in tissue transplantation
includes the asexual reproduction
for gene therapy, there is always or organ transplantation as pa-
sheep and cows. There is a lot of
a possibility of risk that immnue tients’ own cells are used (immu-
ethical debt over using cloning.
system reduces the gene nosuppressant will not be used
Dolly sheep is an example of or-
therapy’s effectiveness. Besides anymore then).
ganism cloning.
this, the immune system has also
In February 1997, Ian Wilmut and 2. Cells, which are removed (Pluri-
improved the response against 
his colleag at the Roslin Institute, potent), can give rise to all cells
invaders that it has seen before
successfully cloned a she from the in the body except embryo, i.e.,
and thus, it becomes difficult for
it can treat diseases by replacing
gene therapy to be repeated in mammary glands of an adult fe-
damaged cells.
patients. male. Dolly was the first mammal
(although the first clones were 3. It can help in studying of stem
 Problems with viral vectors : Vi-
frogs) to be effectively cloned from cells and future medical impor-
ruses are the carrier of choice in
an adult cell. She was cloned at tance to treat common diseases
most gene therapy studies. When
Scotland’s Roslin Institute and like diabetes, heart disease and
we choose virus as a vector for
stayed there since her birth in Parkinson’s diseases.
gene therapy, it shows many
problems to the patient, such as 1996 until her death in 2003. 4. It can help in understanding the
toxicity, immnity and inflamma-  Scientists at India’s National Dairy process of ageing and ways to
tory responses, and gene control, Reasearch Institute (NDRI), Karnal postpone it.
etc. There is always the probabil- (Haryana), produced the first 5. It can help in understanding the
ity that the viral, inside the pa- cloned buffalo in February 2009, process of cancer formation.
tient, may recover its ability to using DNA from the ear of an 6. It can help in plastic, reconstruc-
cause disease. adult female. Unfortunately, it tive and cosmetic surgeries.
 Chance of inducing a tumour : If died of pneumonia soon after its Breast ‘implant surgery’ is pos-
the DNA segment is introduced in birth. sible through Therapeutic Clon-
the incorrect place in the ge-  In genetics and developmental ing.
nome, for instance in a tumour biology, Somatic Cell Nuclear Stem Cells
suppresor gene, a tumour can be Transfer (SCNT) is a method for
 Stem cells are those having the
induced. the creation of a clonal embryo,
with the usage of an ovum with a ability to continuously divide and
Cloning differentiate (develop) into vari-
donor nucleus (see process be-
 Cloning represents a copy of pro- low). This application has lot of ous other kind(s) of cells/tissues
duction of cell or completely de- applicaion in embryonic stem cell Properties of Stem Cells
sired organisms. Vegetative an research and in regenerative  Stem cells differ from other kinds
asexual reproductions are colonal medicine, where it is sometimes of cells in the body. All stem cells,
propagate because they produce referred to as “therapeutic clon- no matters what their source is,
a same organism with simple ing”. This was the first step in the show three general properties :
genotype and phenotype. There reproductive cloning process.
1. These are unspecialised cells
are different level of cloning : There are two types of cloning (Blank cells)
1. Gene/molecular cloning : This a) Reproductive cloning : In this 2. They have the ability of prolifera-
cloning is amplification of DNA type of cloning, the egg cell is tion and renewal (These are ca-
fragments that contain whole placed into a uterus after few di-
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pable of dividing and renewing 2. Embryonic germ cells are pro- Stages of Embryogenesis
themselves for long periods of duced from a human embryo part  Embryonic stem cell lines are de-
time) or a foetus, which results in the rived during embryogenesis pro-
3. Have the potential to give rise to formation of eggs or sperms (ga- cess. After fusion of sperm and
specialised cell types (Differentia- metes). egg, the zygote cell starts to di-
tion) 3. Adult stem cells are similar cells vide mitotically in different em-
found in between specific or dis- bryonic stages - Marula stage (4-
Types of Stem Cells
tinguished cells in a tissue or an 16 cell structure - 2 days),
1. Embryonic stem cells arrives from
organ after birth. On the basis of Blastula/ blastocyst stage at which
an embryo, which is five-to-six
pluripotent embryonic stem cell
recent researches, they seem to

days old. Virtually, they got the
be having a more constrained ca- lines are generated. After blasto-
ability to produce any type of cell cyst stage, the tissues of the em-
pability in self-renewal and pro-
found in the human body. bryo further grow and the cells
ducing different types of cells.
become multipotent in nature.
Derivation and use of Embryonic
Stem cell Type Description
Example Stem Cell Lines
 The linner cell mass (the part that
would form the foetus) of the
embryo is separated and dis-
rupted to form embryonic cell
lines. In this process, embryo die.
These cells are put under specific
culture medium, to differentiate
in different cell types. These dif-
ferentiated cells have a lot of ad-
vantages : for repairing or replac-
ing defective cells or tissues in
human beings.
 As per their potential to differen-
tiate into other types of cells,
stem cells are of various types :
 Toti potent
 Multi potent
 Pluri potent
 Oligo potent
Stem cell Type Description Example  Uni potent
Totipotent Each cell can develop Cells from early  Toti potent : These types of stem
(1-3 days) embryos cells have the ability to develop a
complete organism. The fertilised
Pluripotent Cells can form any Some cells of blastocyst egg (zygote) and the cells pro-
(over 200) cell types / Inner cell mass - ICM duced by the first few divisions of
(5 to 14 days) the fertilised egg cells, all are toti-
potent in nature.
Multipotent Cells differentiated, Foetal tissue, cord Pluripotent : These types of stem

but can form a blood, and adult stem cells
cells can differentiate into nearly
number of other tissues all cells, i.e., Blastocyst - based
stem cell / Inner cell mass (ICM)
 Multi Potent : These stem cells pected that treatment of iPSCs structures. The Human Genome
can differentiate into many types would avoid any immunogenic Project has increased importance
of cells that are closely related responses. of Bioinformatics. The research
cells, i.e., bone marrow, hemato- 3. Adult stem cells will help develop and succeed in
poietic stem cells, adipose tissue, sequence alignment, prediction
 These are the undifferentiated
etc. of protein structure, gene expres-
cells, found all over the body af-
 Oligo potent : Stem cells can dif- ter the development of embryo, sion and protein - protein inter-
ferentiate into only a few cells like multiplying by cell division for reaction, genome - wise relation-
lymphoid or myeloid stem cells, plenishing the dying cells and re- ship studies and other areas.
squamous epithelium. generating the damaged tissues.  Bioinformatics differs significantly
 Uni Potent : These cells can dif- They are also called as somatic from biological computation and
ferentiate into only one cell type, stem cells, and are present in ju- computational biolgoy. Bio - en-
but have the properly of self - re- venile as well as adult animals and gineering and biology is used by
newal, distinguishing them from humans. These are multipotent in biological computation to build
non - stem cells, though it is un- nature. biological computers. On the
clear if they actually exist or not, 4. Amniotic Stem Cells other hand, bioinformatics uses
i.e., muscle stem cells. computation to understand biol-
 Amniotic stem cells are
Types of Stem Cells multipotent and can differentiate ogy in a better manner.
1. Embryonic stem cells (EC cells) in cells of adipogenic, osteogenic, Bioinformatics undertakes the
 They are pluripotent stem cells, myogenic, endothelial, hepatic organising and analysing of basic
which are derived from the Inner and also neuronal lines. Since the biological data, whereas compu-
cell mass of the blastocyst (an stem cells can be used from am- tational biology produces theo-
early - stage embryo). The blas- niotic fluid, the ethical objections retical biological systems models.
tocyst stage, in human embryo is to use human embryos as a Applications
reached 4 - 5 days post - source of cells are currently not
1. Storage of DNA sequences
fertilisation, when it consists of 50 an issue.
2. It helps track evolution of organ-
- 150 cells. Isolating the embryo Bioinformatics
isms by measuring changes in
from blastocyst or inner cell mass  Bioinformatics is an inter - disci-
DNA.
(ICM) results in destruction of the plinary approach, which includes
fertilised human embryo, which 3. Through sequence analysis, we
application of computer science
raises ethical issues. Embryonic are obtaining enough sequence
and information technology
stem cells are Pluripotent types. data to map genes of complex dis-
within the field of molecular bi-
eases such as diabetes, infertility
2. Induced pluripotent stem cells ology. The term was given by or Alzheimer’s disease.
(iPSCs) Pauline Hogeweg in 1979. It is the
4. Helps in analysis of mutation in
 They are a type of pluripotent development of databases, algo-
cancer.
stem cells, which are artificially rithms, computational and statis-
5. Expression of genes determined
derived from a non - pluripotent tical observations for solving for-
by measuring mRNA levels.
cell, typically an adult somatic mal and practical problems that
cell, via induction of “forced” ex- TRANSCRIPTOME
are faced during the managing
pression of specific genes. First, and analysis of biological data. It  A gene is a specific DNA base -
iPSCs were produced in 2006 pair sequence. During a character
is a mathematical and computing
from mouse cells and in 2007, (Protein) synthesis, it transcribed
approach used to understand bio-
from human cells. This may allow into RNA (i.e., transcription) and
logical processes.
then translates into protein syn-
researchers to obtain pluripotent
 Commonly, bioinformatics pro- thesis (i.e., translation).
stem cells, important in research
cess consists of the study and  There are three types of RNA -
and potentially have therapeutic
mapping of DNA and protein se- messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer
uses, without the controversial
quences, various DNA and protein RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA
use of embryos. Because iPSCs
sequences alignment for com- (rRNA). All RNAs play a significant
are developed from a patient’s
parative study and screening and role in producing proteins within
own somatic cells, it was ex-
formation of 3D models of protein the cytoplasm. At the time of this
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process, some DNA can be trans- search Institute (NHGRI) in India chemical, bacteriological, and ra-
formed into other types of RNA has participated in two dioactive parameters.
that are not coded protein but still transcriptome - based projects  In biosparging, air and nutrients
may influence cell structure and that created various resources for are inserted into the soil layers for
regulating genes. researchers around the world. increasing the biological action of
 Analysis of the entire collection of 1. Mammalian Gene Collection the naturally occuring microor-
RNA sequences in a cell is called initiative ganisms. These microorganisms
transcriptome. Transcriptome is 2. Mouse Transcriptome Project digest the pollutants as food and
also an integral part of hence decrease their concentra-
 The Mammalian Gene Collection
bioinformatics. Scientist can de- tions. Its usage is undertaken for
initiative will setup a free, public
termine on and off of a gene to reducing the concentrations of
library of human, mouse and rat
know its expression in living be- petroleum components, which

mRNA sequences.
ings. Even in human beings, every dispersed in groundwater and the
Biosparging layers of soil.
cell has the same gene but ex-
pression in different cell varies. By  Biosparging is a technolgoy for  However, it was recently discov-
the study of transcriptome, we fighting ground water pollution by ered that the microorganisms
using naturally occuring microor- used in biosparging can suffer
can understand various normal
ganisms to biodegrade pollutants from the high temperature
and abnormal characters in hu-
in soil layers above groundwater caused by their own metabolic
man beings that can also reflect
aquifers. Biosparging is a ground- activities. This can slow down the
or contribute in any disease.
water remediation technique. cleanup of the groundwater and
Transcriptome data gives re-
Groundwater remediation en- even lead to continuation of the
searchers a good place to start
ables extraction in which ground- spread of contamination. It has
searching for a newly found
water pollution is to be filtered. sparked a rethink on the way
gene’s function.
Contaminants found in ground- groundwater remediation sys-
 National Human Genome Re- water cover the entire variety of tems are designed.
physical, inorganic and organic
BIOTECHNOLOGY IN
INDIA
4 BIO TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
 From ancient times, people used infrastructural facilities are di- ing the industry financial support
microorganisms in various appli- rectly or indirectly based on this and also establishing a ventrue
cations and uses - improves vari- field. The department has con- capital fund for supporting small
ety of plants, fermentation prod- tributed significantly to the and medium enterprises.
uct, curd formation, etc. With growth and application of bio-  For the approval of Genetically
time, gradually, the scope of biotechnology in the areas of agricul- Modified (GM) crops and recom-
technology expanded. ture, health care, animal sciences, binant DNA products, good regu-
 It also enabled to develop crops environment and industry. latory framework has been set up.
that can withstand in the harsh Initiatives and efforts of Central Gov-  In order to make the Drugs and
weather conditions. ernment of India in Biotechnology Cosmetics Act more compatible
Department of Biotechnology (DBI)  Even at the early stage, the Gov- with international standards, the
 In 1986, a separate Department ernment of India realised the cali- government has decided to make
of Biotechnology (DBT) was estab- bre and benefits of this industry changes in the Act.
lished under the Ministry of Sci- and hence, the Department of  The country’s Patents Bill, passed
ence and Technology to promote Biotechnology was established in by the Parliament, allows a 20 -
the development of the field of 1986. year patent term, which is in line
modern biology and biotechnol-  Following are some important with the WTO and TRIPS provi-
ogy in the country. Several re- steps taken by the Government of sions.
search and development projects, India : A widely acknowledged frame-

demonstrations and creation of Enhancing the expenditure in giv- work of biosafety guidelines for
performing evaluating, monitor- ditions, in knwon artificial nutri- cessful in this regard in their ex-
ing and releasing genetically en- ent medium in laboratory condi- periments.
gineered organisms. Currently, tions, for producing new plants. g) Bio-technology and Mining
there are more than 106 institu-
c) Monoclonal Antibody (MAb)  Specific bacteria work on the par-
tional bio - safety committees.
 The monoclonal antibodies are ticular metallic compounds found
APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
particular protein - type mol- inside the earth. Hence, some
 Biotechnology has vast applica- bacteria are being currently em-
ecules formed in the laboratory.
tions but the major areas are ployed in the extraction of differ-
These are a kind of defence work-
medical, agricultural, industrial ent metals such as copper, zinc,
ers, which protect us from differ-
and environmental. The specific lead and other metals. They also
ent types of diseases. Our body
applications including general ap-

produces them naturally when serve during the isolation of re-
plications of bio-technology can
invaded by any bacteria of virus. spective metals.
be categorised as follows :
Many diagnostic tests for bacte- h) Cloning
a) Genetic Engineering :
ria and viruses also use them, be-  Cloning is application of biotech-
 Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
sides their application for fighting nology to produce cells or organ-
(1973) conducted an experiment,
against cancer. Interferon is a spe- isms being originally derived from
where they removed a particular
gene from a bacterium and cific protein synthesised from a single organism or cell through
placed the same gene into an- genetically engineered bacterial asexual method in laboratory con-
other bacterium. This led to the species E.coli. The human body ditions. The organisms formed at
evolution of Recombinant DNA produces them naturally to fight the time of cloning have similar
technology, which is also called as proteins for opposing viral infec-
genes and are termed as clones.
Genetic Engineering. The organ- tions. The biologically created in-
A clone is an individual cell or or-
isms so formed with altered ge- terferon has been tested and
ganism developed by a single cell
netic makeup, with the help of found successful.
DNA recombinant technology or of body and is genetically similar
d) Synthesis of Enzymes
genetic engineering, are known to its parental cell. In 1950s, sci-
as Genetically Modified Organ-  The various enzymes synthesised entists initiated the cloning of
isms or GMOs. Transgenic Organ- via biotechnology are used in vari- frogs and until the 1980s, mice
ism is an organism in which a for- ous processes such as stains re- were cloned. In the year 1996, Ian
eign gene has been inserted. Such moving, fabric softening, digest-
Wilmot was successful for the first
an organism could be a plant, an ible food preparation, meat pro-
time in the cloning of an adult
animal, bacteria or fungi. Foreign cessing and, cancer treatment.
sheep. He succeeded with his
genes have also been injected e) Synthesis of Biodegradable Plas-
team of researchers and the clone
into the embryo or the fertilised tics / Bioplastics
was named as Dolly.
egg of an organism.  Biodegradable plastic, unlike
i) Food and beverage
IMPORTANCE OF GENETIC other plastics, can be broken
ENGINEERING down into simpler substances by  A huge numbers of food products
microorganisms. are manufactured industrially
 Successful alterations in the ge-
f) Blood Substitute through application of fermenta-
netic makeup of an organism.
tion techology. Some popular ex-
 Valuable tool for increasing food  Biotechnologists are trying to
synthesise artificial blood. This amples of those products include
production from plants and ani-
can bridge the gap between the wine, yoghurt, cheese, bread, etc.
mals
need of blood for transfusion and Not only this, biotechnology also
 Diagnoses of diseases and im-
available blood during accidents enabled production of different
provements in medical treatment
and disease outbreak. vitamins, amino acids and vinegar.
b) Plant Tissue Culture Biotechnologists like Mary L. j) Pharmaceuticals :
 It represents the method of grow- Nucci and Abraham Abuchowski
 Important examples are as fol-
ing tissues of plants in sterile con- (1998) are expected to be suc-
lows:
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 Human insulin produced from Pseudomonas sp., Flavobacte- ripen slowly during transport.
non-human sources Produc- rium, Azotobacter, E. Coli, etc.,  Use of organic material to pro-
tion of Interferon, Cytokinin, can degrade different pesticides. duce biodegradable plastics, fuel,
Steroids and human growth These microorganisms are geneti- fertilizer.
hormones cally created for degrading a large
 In - vitro fertilisation of farm ani-
Gene - therapy to prevent number of pesticides.
 mals using selected sperm and
and control diseases n) Bioremediation eggs.
 Vaccines and antibodies de-  Bioremediation is defined as the  Use of recombinant growth hor-
velopment reclamation of environment mone to increase milk and meat
k) Pollution Control through application of biotic production.

agents like microorganism.
 The aerobic and anaerobic bacte-  Genetically modified crops with
ria and being used for making o) Industrial Applications better nutritional qualities
manure from crop residues and  Industrial processes like produc- 3. Marine biotechnology
animal wastes, in order to com- tion of stain remover, detergents,
 Fish farming (aquaculture)
bat the problem of organic solid bread, biotech - polyester, vita-
 Seaweed farming to produce fatty
waste. The species of bacteria mins, stone - washed denims,
acids, etc
such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bleached paper, etc., all deploy
is capable of eating away the oil biotechnology. The enzyme cellu-  Production of adhesives from
spilled on the sea surface. Solid lose is used for fading denims. mussels and barnacles
wastes such as crop residues can ACHIEVEMENTS OF BIOTECHNOL-  Use of enzymes from thermophile
from biogas, being the most ap- OGY IN DIFFERENT FIELDS bacteria (usually living in dark,
propriate rural energy source. In sulphurous, have environments in
I. Biomedical
environment, the atmospheric the deep sea) for waste removal,
 Diagnosis and therapy account for
carbon dioxide is controlled by or in sequencing DNA.
68 percent of the biotechnology
green plants during photosynthe- 4. Environmental Biotechnology
industry in the USA, 43.7 percent
sis. Therefore, fast - growing spe-  Fighting pollution using enzymes
in Canada and about 43 percent
cies of trees developed through on microbes (e.g. oil spills)
in Europe. For example :
biotechnology will be an impor-
 Recombinant drugs, like hu-  Use of plants to remove contami-
tant tool to control the rising CO2
man insulin, growth hor- nation by heavy metals
level.
mone, interferon, erythropoi-  Water treatment
l) Waste Water Treatment
etin.  Treatment of air pollution.
 The complex organic and nitrog-
 Recombinant diagnostic kits 5. Forestry
enous waste can be degraded
(e.g. testing HIV, or preg-  Production of tree clones from tis-
through bio-technology by em-
nancy) sue culture
ploying bacteria, fungi, algae, etc.
The process involves passing of  Recombinant vaccines (e.g.  Production of wood pulp for the
the effluent through a microbial aganist Hepatitis B and AIDS) paper industry
slime layer. The layer contains  Production of medicines by 6. Other Applications
microbes, which help in the deg- transgenic plants or animals
 Production of energy from biom-
radation of the organic and ni- (in milk or urine)
ass
trogenous waste, releasing car- 2. Agriculture
 Biological sensors and switches
bon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.  Genetically modified crops that for electronic processes
m) Degradation of pesticides are resistant to pests, viruses,
 Conservation of endangered spe-
 Bacteria species such as drought, etc.
cies using cloning.
Genetically modified crops that

9 
1 
   

 
    Zonal
     Transplant Coordination Centre
      (ZTCC)
     NOC 
       
   
 
      
 
    
 
 
   
       
  
     
  
      
  
   
  
 

         
      
      
   
    

      
    
  
 

   
        
     
    
  
    
  
   

    

      
    
  

       
      
 
   
         
       
      
       
        
    
        
    
         
 
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 186
       
       
       
      
   
        
        
       
   
    

  
    
     

    
     
       
    
   
       
    
     

   

  
   
   
     
  
    

      
       

      
       
        
      
        
    
       
          
     
     
   
     
   
  
   
     

   

      
      

    
  
      

      
    
   

    
   
   
   
   
    
  
     
    
        
    
  
        
         
       
    
        
       
         
     
     
 
    
 
   
  



  
     
    
        
    
   
      
   
    
     

     
 
   
       THOA  
  
    
    

    
    
  
      
 
 
THOA  
     
  
     

    THOA 
     
    

       
     
     
    
 
         
     
      
       
     (THOA)  
 
    THOA
 
     THOA   
          
      
       
       
       

   
    

 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 188
       
   (ROTTO) 
           
     (SOTTO)    
  
        
      
      
     
    
   
    
   
    
 

    

         
         
         
    
    
 
   ORbo
  
        
  
     
  
    
 
      

      
 
    

  
     
 
(NOTTO) 
   
          
 (NOTTO)   
       
 
     
    
  
  
   
 NOTTO     
   
  
  

      
    
   
    

     

     
   
     
 
    
 
 
 
         
        
        
         
       
       
   
  
   
    
         
     
      
       
          
       
      
         
    
          
     
  IEC     
        
        
   

        
      
  
  
  A.     
      D.   
       
    
   B     
       
      
       
 C.      
      
       
     
       
    
    (AA)
     
       
  E.    
          
       
        
       
          
       
     F. 
    
   
 
      

   
 
    
  
   
  ICU
    
  
   
   
          
     
   
      
       
     
 
  
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 190
 J.  
     
      
  K.       
ICU       
      www.notto.nic.in  
       
         
       
   
    
    
   
    

    
 
         
         
    
    
 
   
  
   
  
I.         
     
   
     
    
      
   
   
  
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2 
   
     
    
   
  
    “ 
    ”  
    
     
     
   
 
      
  
   
    
  
      
 
  
        
      
     
      
 
  
      
  
      
    
    
   
     
     
     
        
    
   
 
    
  
      
        
    
    
   

       
        
       
          
      
    
        
   
          
      
     
 IMRT /    
  IGRT     
      
     
   
   
  
       
  
    

     
  
  
  
     
      
    
  
    
       
  
  

    
  
     
  
  
       

  
  
      

 

  
    
  
   
 
    
   

   
   
    

  
    
     

   
    

    
    
        
      
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 192
          
         
    
     
      
    
          
      
       
      
  
       

         
     
       
     
     
   
    
  
     
  
   

      

 
   
      
  
    
 
    

   
 

 
        
      
    
 
  
        
                    
     
   
     
  
      
 
    

    

    
     
   
    
    

   
  
   
   
       
       
 
   
           
    
    
      
         
     
    
    
 (QCI)   
         
    
   
 
       
(CGHS)     
         
        Moolchand 
   
(NABH).  NOIDA 
 
 
    

      
        
       
  (JCI)    
   PD 

    
   
 
   
         
     
(NABL)   
   
      
 
   
  
   
       
         
   
NABL
     
       
    
         
      BM 
   
(ILAC) 
     

     
    
 
  
      
       
   
              
    
 
   
  

     

     
 
 
 
      MIOT 
   
 
  

  
 
     

      
 
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 194
          
    
      
             
    “
 
   ”  
           
       
     
  
    
          
  
 
   “”  
    M  
 
  
    
     GDP    
        
       
 
      
   (FRRO) 
  
      
   
 
      
     FRRO 
     
   
    
     “M-”
      
      / FRROS
        
    
  
     “M-V isa”  
      
         (FRO)
    FRRO 
    
           
       
     
      “”
     
  “MX-Visa” 
    
    
      

     
   

  
    
  
             
  
 “MX-”
      
 FRROs /
 
FRO-  
    
  
    
 
        
   
    
     
   
    
     

     
  
    
  
   
  
    

     
  
  
 
  
  
(MDA),  
    

     
  
JCI  
 
 NABH    
 
   
          
     
 
   

   
   
     
 
     
   
     

     
 
(NABH) 
   
     

  
       
  
   
   

       
  
   
  
      
  
     
  
    

     
  

    
  
NABG  
 
JCI   

 
 
  
   

     
   
     
   
     
  
      

    
    
      
  
      
 
     

   
   
  
    

   

     
  
 Missionsay 
        

    
 
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 196
      
      
        
         
    
   CII  
        
       
     
         
       
     
   
 
       
    
    

    
  
    
   
         
    
    
  
 
 
  
  
   
  
    

    
   
    
   
  

      
  
    
  
 
  
      

     
   
   
   
     
  
    

     
  

     
      

    

  
     
  
    

    
   
   
  
    

 
  
ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
9 & MEDICAL TOURISM
1 ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
 Organ transplantation is a medical

from donors who die of circulatory
procedure in which an organ is from the recipient. When possible,
death, as well as of brain death –
removed from one body and transplant rejection can be
up to 24 hours past the cessation
placed in the body of a recipient, reduced through serotyping to
of heartbeat. Unlike organs, most
to replace a damaged or missing determine the most appropriate
tissues (with the exception of
organ. The donor and recipient donor-recipient match and
corneas) can be preserved and
may be at the same location, or through the use of
stored for up to five years,
organs may be transported from immunosuppressant drugs
meaning they can be “banked”.
a donor site to another
Transplantation raises a number Types of transplant
location. Organs and/or tissues
of bioethical issues, including the
that are transplanted within the Autograft
definition of death, when and how
same person’s body are  Autografts are the transplant of
consent should be given for an
called autografts. Transplants that tissue to the same person.
organ to be transplanted, and
are recently performed between Sometimes this is done with
payment for organs for
two subjects of the same species surplus tissue, tissue that can
transplantation.
are called allografts. Allografts regenerate, or tissues more
can either be from a living or  Other ethical issues include
desperately needed elsewhere
cadaveric source. transplantation tourism (medical
(examples include skin grafts, vein
tourism) and more broadly the
 Organs that have been extraction for CABG, etc.).
socio-economic context in which
successfully transplanted include Sometimes an autograft is done
organ procurement or
the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, to remove the tissue and then
transplantation may occur. A
pancreas, intestine, and thymus. treat it or the person before
particular problem is organ
Tissues include bones, tendons returning it (examples include
trafficking. There is also the ethical
(both referred to as stem cell autograft and storing
issue of not holding out false hope
musculoskeletal grafts), corneae, blood in advance of surgery). In
to patients.
skin, heart valves, nerves and a rotationplasty, a distal joint is
veins. Worldwide, the kidneys are  Transplantation medicine is one of used to replace a more proximal
the most commonly transplanted the most challenging and complex one; typically a foot or ankle joint
organs, followed by the liver and areas of modern medicine. Some is used to replace a knee joint. The
then the heart. Corneae and of the key areas for medical person’s foot is severed and
musculoskeletal grafts are the management are the problems reversed, the knee removed, and
most commonly transplanted of transplant rejection, during the tibia joined with the femur.
tissues; these outnumber organ which the body has an immune
Allograft and allotransplantation
transplants by more than tenfold. response to the transplanted
organ, possibly leading to  An allograft is a transplant of an
 Organ donors may be living, brain organ or tissue between two
transplant failure and the need to
dead, or dead via circulatory genetically non-identical
immediately remove the organ
death. Tissue may be recovered
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members of the same species. transplantation into human then be transplanted into an older
Most human tissue and organ patients to address the shortage person for whom the effects of the
transplants are allografts. Due to of donor organs.[7] disease will not necessarily
the genetic difference between contribute significantly to
Domino transplants
the organ and the recipient, the mortality.
recipient’s immune system will  In people with cystic fibrosis (CF),
where both lungs need to be  This term also refers to a series of
identify the organ as foreign and
replaced, it is a technically easier living donor transplants in which
attempt to destroy it, causing
operation with a higher rate of one donor donates to the highest
transplant rejection. The risk of
success to replace both the heart recipient on the waiting list and
transplant rejection can be
the transplant center utilizes that
estimated by measuring the Panel and lungs of the recipient with

those of the donor. As the donation to facilitate multiple
reactive antibody level.
recipient’s original heart is usually transplants. These other
Isograft transplants are otherwise
healthy, it can then be
 A subset of allografts in which transplanted into a second impossible due to blood type or
organs or tissues are transplanted recipient in need of a heart antibody barriers to
from a donor to a genetically transplant, thus making the transplantation.
identical recipient (such as an person with CF a living heart  The “Good Samaritan” kidney is
identical twin). Isografts are
donor. transplanted into one of the other
differentiated from other types of
 In a 2016 case at Stanford Medical recipients, whose donor in turn
transplants because while they are
Center, a woman who was donates his or her kidney to an
anatomically identical to
needing a heart-lung transplant unrelated recipient. Depending on
allografts, they do not trigger
had cystic fibrosis which had led the person on the waiting list, this
an immune response.
to one lung expanding and the has sometimes been repeated for
Xenograft and xenotransplantation up to six pairs, with the final donor
other shrinking thereby displacing
 A transplant of organs or tissue her heart. The second patient who donating to the person at the top
from one species to another. An in turn received her heart was a of the list. This method allows all
example is porcine heart valve woman with right ventricular organ recipients to get a
transplant, which is quite common dysplasia which had led to a transplant even if their living donor
and successful. Another example dangerously abnormal rhythm. is not a match to them.
is attempted piscine-primate  This further benefits people below
 The dual operations actually
(fish to non-human primate) any of these recipients on waiting
required three surgical teams
transplant of islet (i.e. pancreatic lists, as they move closer to the
including one to remove the heart
or insular tissue) tissue. The latter top of the list for a deceased-donor
and lungs from a recently
research study was intended to organ. Johns Hopkins Medical
deceased initial donor. The two
pave the way for potential human Center in Baltimore and
living recipients did well and in fact
use if successful. However, Northwestern University’s North
had an opportunity to meet six
xenotransplantion is often an western Memorial Hospital have
weeks after their simultaneous
extremely dangerous type of received significant attention for
operations.
transplant because of the pioneering transplants of this kind.
increased risk of non-  Another example of this situation In February 2012, the last link in a
compatibility, rejection, and occurs with a special form of liver record 60-person domino chain of
disease carried in the tissue. In an transplant in which the recipient 30 kidney transplants was
opposite twist, Ganogen suffers from familial amyloidotic completed.
Research Institute CEO Eugene polyneuropathy, a disease where
the liver slowly produces ABO-incompatible transplants
Gu is studying how to transplant
human fetal hearts and kidneys a protein that damages other  Because very young children
into animals for future organs. The recipient’s liver can (generally under 12 months, but
often as old as 24 months) do not Transplantation in obese individuals donors (formerly non-heart-
have a well-developed immune beating donors) to increase the
 Until recently, people labeled
system, it is possible for them to potential pool of donors as
as obese were not considered demand for transplants continues
receive organs from otherwise appropriate candidates for renal to grow.
incompatible donors. This is known transplantation. In 2009, the
as ABO-incompatible (ABO i)  Prior to the recognition of brain
physicians at the University of
transplantation. Graft survival death in the 1980s, all deceased
Illinois Medical Center performed organ donors had died of
and people’s mortality is the first robotic renal circulatory death. These organs
approximately the same between transplantation in an obese have inferior outcomes to organs
ABOi and ABO-compatible (ABOc) recipient and have continued to from a brain-dead donor. For
recipients. While focus has been transplant people with Body Mass instance, patients who underwent
on infant heart transplants, the Index (BMI)’s over 35 using liver transplantation using
principles generally apply to other robotic surgery. As of January donation-after-circulatory- death
forms of solid organ 2014, over 100 people that would (DCD) allografts have been shown
transplantation. otherwise be turned down to have significantly lower graft
 The most important factors are because of their weight have survival than those from donation-
that the recipient not have after-brain-death (DBD) allografts
successfully been transplanted.
due to biliary complications and
produced isohemagglutinins, and Types of donor PNF. However, given the scarcity
that they have low levels of T cell-
Living donor of suitable organs and the number
independent antigens.United
of people who die waiting, any
Network for Organ Sharing  In living donors, the donor remains potentially suitable organ must be
(UNOS) regulations allow for ABOi alive and donates a renewable considered.
transplantation in children under tissue, cell, or fluid (e.g., blood,
 In 2016, a woman who was born
two years of age if skin), or donates an organ or part
without a uterus had a uterus
isohemagglutinin titers are 1:4 or of an organ in which the remaining
successfully transplanted from a
below, and if there is no matching organ can regenerate or take on deceased donor. The donated
ABOc recipient. Studies have the workload of the rest of the uterus successfully sustained a
shown that the period under which organ (primarily single kidney pregnancy
a recipient may undergo ABO donation, partial donation of liver,
Reasons for donation and ethical
transplantation may be prolonged lung lobe, small bowel).
issues
by exposure to nonself A and B Regenerative medicine may one
antigens. Furthermore, should the day allow for laboratory-grown Living related donors
recipient (for example, type B- organs, using person’s own cells  Living related donors donate to
positive with a type AB-positive via stem cells, or healthy cells family members or friends in
graft) require eventual extracted from the failing organs. whom they have an emotional
retransplantation, the recipient investment. The risk of surgery is
Deceased donor
may receive a new organ of either offset by the psychological benefit
blood type.  Deceased donors (formerly of not losing someone related to
cadaveric) are people who have them, or not seeing them suffer
 Limited success has been achieved the ill effects of waiting on a list.
been declared brain-dead and
in ABO-incompatible heart
whose organs are kept viable Good Samaritan
transplants in adults, though this
by ventilators or other mechanical
requires that the adult recipients  Good Samaritan or “altruistic”
mechanisms until they can be
have low levels of anti-A or anti-B donation is giving a donation to
excised for transplantation. Apart
antibodies. Renal transplantation someone not well-known to the
from brain-stem dead donors, who
is more successful, with similar donor. Some people choose to do
have formed the majority of
this out of a need to donate. Some
long-term graft survival rates to deceased donors for the last 20
donate to the next person on the
ABOc transplants. years, there is increasing use of
donation-after-circulatory-death- list; others use some method of
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 200
choosing a recipient based on Financial compensation countries have expressed their
criteria important to them. Web support.
 Now monetary compensation for
sites are being developed that organ donors is being legalized in  In compensated donation, donors
facilitate such donation. It has Australia, and strictly only in the get money or other compensation
been featured in recent television case of kidney transplant in the in exchange for their organs. This
journalism that over half of the case of Singapore (minimal practice is common in some parts
members of the Jesus Christians, reimbursement is offered in the of the world, whether legal or not,
an Australian religious group, have case of other forms of organ and is one of the many factors
donated kidneys in such a fashion. harvesting by Singapore). Kidney driving medical tourism
disease organizations in both
2 MEDICAL TOURISM
Introduction international borders to obtain competition with neighbors.

healthcare. Insurance back up and match
 Medical tourism is an important
element in tourism industry. It is  Health tourism relates to travel between local and global
also known as medical travel or associated with medical healthcare demand.
health tourism. As costs of the treatment, rejuvenation and India: A Premier Healthcare
treatment has increased people wellness therapies. Though mainly Destination
have started to travel or health focusing on cross border travel it
 Over the years, India has grown
tourism. also focuses on interstate travel
to become a top-notch
for the purpose of health care. The
 As costs of the treatment has destination for medical value
health tourism market, which is
increased people have started to travel because it scores high over
estimated to be 67billion and
travel from various parts of India a range of factors that determines
growing at a rate of 20% can
for attaining treatments. the overall quality of care.
broadly be divided into three
Travelling for medical purposes has Imagine a complex surgical
 segments orthopedic, cardiac and
become an important part of procedure being done in a world
other surgeries, plastic or
global economy. The physical, class global hospital by acclaimed
cosmetic surgery and health spas,
economic and cultural borders medical specialists at a fifth to
yoga therapy etc.
that once separated the nations tenth of what it normally takes!
 Private hospitals are in forefront That’s India.
from one another are wearing
of the health care industry. The
away as international travel, mass  From quality of therapy, range of
health care industry can broadly
communication, and more lenient procedural and treatment options,
be classified into alternative
trade policies make it possible for infrastructure and skilled
healthcare services provided
those with modest means to enjoy manpower to perform any
through yoga, naturopathy,
world class medical treatments. medical procedure with zero
Ayurveda, yunani medicine,
Medical tourism can be broadly waiting time, the list of benefits
 meditation and kerala health
defined as enjoy world class of travelling for medical treatment
retreat and corporate healthcare
medical treatments. Medical in India are many.
services provided through
tourism can be broadly defined as competent private hospitals like The basics for successful healthcare
provision of cost effective private Apollo and Fortis. solutions:
medical care in collaboration with
 The health care industry faces a) Facilities
tourism industry for patients
challenges like infrastructural The high-end healthcare system in
needing surgical and other forms 
facilities, expectations of the India is as good as the best in the
of specialized treatment. It is a
foreign patients regarding the world. India maintains not only a
term initially coined by travel
quality of medical services robust accreditation system but
agencies and medical care to
provided to them, accessibility of also a large number of accredited
describe the rapidly growing
Indian market to the foreigners, facilities (about 275 such facilities
practice of travelling across
that match any global forms. There are about 0.8 million heart surgery, kidney care, cancer
infrastructure). India has a good formally trained Ayurvedic treatment, neuro-spinal
number (22) of JCI (Joint doctors. With a large number of procedure, knee/hip/joint
Commission International) doctors, there is a high level of replacements, dental, cosmetic
accredited hospitals and compares competency and capability in surgeries, weight loss surgery etc.
well with other countries in Asia. adoption of newer technologies
e) Feeling the pulse
These set of approved hospitals in and innovation and fresh
India can provide care at par or treatment methods.  For greater understanding
above global standards. between patients and healthcare
 It is a wonderful example of higher
personnel, the warmth and
b) Frontier technologies quantity leading to higher quality hospitality of Indian hospitals is a
 Cutting edge technology to and vice versa. Communicate, talk big factor in choosing India as a
support medical diagnostics and to the doctors in the accredited healthcare destination.
medical procedures are employed facilities prior to your visit and they
will study your needs and  Among the top medical
by specialists in medical facilities. destinations of the world, India
customize the treatment
 All recognized hospitals have has the highest percentage of
invested a lot in supportive d) Financial Savings English language speaking people.
technology and operative  Quality of care is what attracts Amidst the variety of culture and
techniques. Complicated heart people. However, quality services traditions, if there is one thing that
surgeries, cancer care and should not be beyond the is common in India, that is the
surgeries, neuro and even general affordability of the patient who English language.
surgeries require high-end requires it. If quality comes at an  If other language options are
technology to continually better affordable cost it is an unbeatable essential, there are expert
outcomes, minimize advantage. This confluence of interpreters who will be arranged
complications, enable faster highest quality and cost advantage by the hospitals. All leading to
recovery and reduce length of is unique for India.
reassuring hospitality and great
hospital stay.  The benefit is unimaginable when after care
 The recent advancements in it comes to major treatments such 3. Healthcare Industry Overview
robotic surgeries, radiation as for leukemia where the
surgery or radio therapies with difference in cost is 10 to 20 times.  India’s health expenditure was
cyberknife stereotactic options, For other treatments, it could be about 5.2 per cent of GDP in 2008-
IMRT / IGRT, transplant support anything from a fifth to a tenth 09 . IOt is estimated to reach 8
systems, advanced neuro and when compared to Western per cent by 2019.
spinal options are all available in countries and 80 to 90 per cent of  Traditionally, the healthcare
India. India’s medical what is charged in other South market has been highly dependent
management and acclaimed Asian medical destinations. on government delivery
specialists are quite comfortable  The estimated 600,000 people mechanism and referrals from
in challenging themselves to new who step into India from other localised private practitioners.
frontiers to provide solutions, countries do not do so for cheap  Since the 1990 s, the Indian
always building on their expertise. healthcare but for quality healthcare services industry has
c) Finest doctors healthcare at an affordable cost. undergone a structural change
 India has not only hospitals with They are not compromised at any and is increasingly a mix of public
world-class facilities but skilled level, but regain health at a and private sectors.
world-class doctors and medical fraction of the cost.
 Non - government organisations
personnel too. The country has the Fast Track – Zero Waiting Time and civil society have also started
largest pool of doctors and  Quick and immediate attention palying greater role.
paramedics in South Asia.
for surgeries an appointment for  There is a perceptible shift
 Many of them have established bypass surgery or a planned towards corporatiosation of
their credentials as leaders around angioplasty in certain countries healthcare delivery.
the world. India’s medical history takes almost 3-6 months. And
 Privately owned corporate
spans thousands of years through there these treatments are very
hospirals are increasing their
Ayurvedic and alternate medicine costly too. It’s zero waiting time
presence actorss the country.
in India for any procedure, be it
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 The organised private sector is treatment to local and foreign  Strong value proposition on cost,
gaining significant position in patients almost free of cost. quality of treatment and services.
medical education and training,
medical technology and  Traditional treatment methods  Diverse geography with
diagnostics, pharmaceuticals developed from Ayurveda, Yoga, numerous tourism destinations to
manufacturing and sale, hospiral Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy suit the patient’s schedule and
construction and ancillary (AYUSH) styles of medicines and health.
services. practices.
 No waiting period for international
 Today, over 75 per cent oif the
Market Dynamics patients – key constraint for
human resources and advanced
The Indian healthcare industry surgical procedures in home
medical technology, 68 per cent 
of hospitals and 37 per cent of was estimated to be valued at country.

hospital beds in the country are about US$45 billion in 2010.  Unavailabiligy or reliable cure or
owned by the private sector. facilities for treatment in home
 Health tourism is a key growth
Private hospitals, private country.
 sector of the Indian healthcare
practitioners and local polyclinics delivery industry. Presently , the  Emergence of ,multi – specialty
have an 80 per cent share in India’s market size is pegged at abouty hospitals in major Indian cities.
health expenditure. US$600 million. It is projected to  Favourable exchange rates and
 With the emergence of private reach US$ 1.6 billion in 2018 cheaper international air – travel.
sector and introduction of  A robust pharamaceuticals  Widespread use of English
technology in medicine, there is industry, growing insurance interpreter services also available.
greater access to medical care for market, development of excellent
the Indian public and a growing private and public sector  Use of alternative medicine,
international patient – base. healthcare delivery centres close wellness and rejuvenation
to tourism destinations, programmes for complete
 The World Health Statistics, 2010,
increasingly make India a healing.
indicates that countries with
greater dependence on health preferred health tourism  Growing local insurance market
insurance and government destination. and tie – ups with international
support have higher per capita  Promotion of traditional natural medical/ travel insurance
healthcare expenditures and medicines and, emphasis on providers. Poor coverage in home
lower private expenditures. wellness and rejuvenation have country.
History of India’s Health Tourism further added to India’s appeal in  International banking and
Industry the sector. widespread use of plastic money.
 India has historically been a Factors Driving Health Tourism in  Modern hospital and hotel
regional healthcare hub for India facilities, good air and surface
neighbouring countries such as  Skilled physicians and specialists, transport, developed
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, many with Indian and telecommunications network and
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and the international experience. improving tourism infrastructure.
Middle – East.  Abundant and easily available
 High quality nursing capability
 Evidence of ancient hospitals providing high or equivalent information on Indian and ,
offering healthcare facilities standards of medical care as in hospitals and tourism industries.
funded by local kings and patient’s home country. Accreditations and Standards
monarchs can be found in foreign
 Use of modern medical  The Ministry of Health and Family
travelers accounts as well as
technology. High – quality Welfare recommends
medieval scripts.
implants and internationally accreditations for healthcare
 Most ancient and medieval accepted medical supplies. institutions.
healthcare centres provided
 For empanelment by the Central  They may be government or Gurgaon
Government Health Scheme privately owned.  Artemis
(CGHS), the ministry of Health and  These hospitals and institutes
Family welfare now mandates  Fortis Healthcare
broadly fall under two categories.
physical inspections of hospitals  Max Healthcare
that have applied for  Well-established institutions with
a reputation for providing  Medanta – Medicity
empanelment by the Quality
Council of India (QCI) through the specialized treatment and  Paras Hospitals
National Accreditaion Board for undertaking rare surgeries.
New Delhi
Hospital and Healthcare Providers  Ultra-modern and new hospitals
 All India Institute of Medical
(NABH). set up in cities with good

Sciences
 More and more hospitals are infrastructure and proximity to
key tourist centres.  Apollo Hospital
seeking accreditations ; Hospitals
providing healthcare services to  In both categories of hospitals, the  Fortis Escorts Heart Institute
foreign traveler seek consulting physicians and  Fortis Healthcare
accreditations from the Joint specialists are highly skilled, many
 Indian Spinal Injuries Centre
Commission International (JCI) , a with Indian and western
non – profit, US- based education as well as experience.  Max Healthcare
independent accreditation These physicians provide  Moolchand Hospital
agency. consultations at multiple locations
 NOIDA Medicare
 National Accreditation Board for of a hospital chain or at different
hospitals.  Sir Ganga Ram Hospital
Testing and Calibration
Laboratories (NABL) Offers  Popular surgeries and treatment Mumbai
accreditation to testing, sought by international patients  Fortis Healthcare
calibration and clinical are in cardiology, paediatrics,
 Hiranandani Hospital
laboratories. gastroenterology, orthopaedics
and joint replacement. Oncology,  PD Hinduja Hospital
 NABL has adopted the
International Criteria for minimal access surgeries  Tata Memorial Centre
laboratory accreditation set by the (especially bariatric Surgery),
Goa
International Organization of Cosmetic, dentistry, gynaecology,
ophthalmology and obstetrics.  Apollo victor
Standardization (ISO).
 Alternative medicine and holistic  Wockhardt Hospital
 NABL has also entered into a
mutual recognition arrangement treatment with Yoga, Ayurveda, Bengaluru
with Asia Pacific Laboratory skincare and other indigenous
 Apollo Hospital
Accreditation Cooperation methods are also becoming
popular in wellness and  Global Hospitals
(APLAC) and is a signatory to the
International Laboratory rejuvenation programmes. Trivandrum
Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC)  Some international patients seek  Kerala Institute of Medical
arrangement. facilities for complex surgeries and Sciences
Indian Hospitals offering treatment of rare disorders.
Kolkata
International Patient Services  Key healthcare centres offering
 Apollo Hospital
 There are several hospitals and international patient services are
located near major tourism  BM Birla Heart Research Centre
health institutes which offer
healthcare services to circuits and international airports.  Fortis Healthcare
international patients. Select Hospitals offering  Global Hospitals
International Patient Services
 Peerless Hospitals
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Hyderabad and Turkey are among the most  India attracts international
favoured destinations for health patients from over 50 countries
 Apollo Hospital including Afghanistan, Argentina,
tourism.
 Global Hospitals Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
 Globally, health tourists fall under Canada, France, Germany,
Chennai several categories, broadly as Holland, Hong kong, Malaya,
 Apollo Hospital follows. Maldives, Mauritius, Middle –
 Those who seek medical care and East, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria,
 Christian Medical College, Vellore Pakistan, Scotland, Senegal,
inpatient services outside their
 Fortis Healthcare Sychelles, Spain, Sri Lanka,
home country
Tanzania, UK, USA and Vietnam.
 Global Hospitals
Those who travel to another

 Good reputation of Indian doctors
 Institute of Cardiovascular country and have to seek
in the UK and US has helped
Diseases emergency medical care in the develop confidence in the level of
MIOT Hospitals host country.
 medical care provided in India .
Sankara Nethralaya Eye Hospital  Expatriates seeking medical care
 Government Support to Indian
in host country. Health Tourism Industry
List of Treatment
 While these categories may  The Indian Government’s Ministry
 Cardiology, cardiothoracic and together account for over
vascular surgery of Tourism website regularly
200,000 international patients in updates the list of travel agents
 Interventional surgery India, those coming to the country
recognized by it.
especially for health tourism as
 orthopaedics, bone, hip and knee The Indian Embassy or consulate
inpatients may be around 85,000. 
joint, and spine surgeries or local Indian mission office, the
 India received an estimated
 Gastric surgery Indian Medical Travel Association,
350,000 medical tourists in 2017 ,
the Ministry of Tourism and the
 Cancer treatment surgery not including travellers seeking
“International Patient Services” of
emergency care and expatriates.
 Neuroscience and brain surgery hospital websites are the places
 It is estimated that in 2015 . about to seek information and guidance
 Nephrology, urology, liver and 650,000 US citizens sought health on initiating health tourism in
kidney transplant tourism over local care ; Mexico , India.
 Aesthetic and cosmetic surgery Thailand, Costa Rica, India and  The Government of India issues
Singapore were their most
Minimal access Surgeries medical or “M-visas” to health
 preferred destinations. tourists. The M – visas are valid
 Bariatric surgery  High – per capita GDP countries for a year.
Eye treatment and surgery with strong tourism and
  It can be extended for a another
immigration destinations and , year by the State Government/
Gynaecology & obstetrics
branded medical – research
Foreigner Regional Registration
 paediatric surgery industry attract the most
Offices (FRRO) on the basis of
 Alternative and holistic medicine discerning and loyal customers. medical certificate or advice from
 Mid-range GDP and fairly the reputed or recognized
 Rare diseases and surgery
industrialized countries with hospitals in the country.
Dentistry
clinically focused hospitals attract
 Any further extension is granted
Global Health Tourism Market the discerning health tourists with
wider preference. by the Ministry of Home Affairs
 Thailand and India are the most only on the recommendations of
popular destinations in Asia.  The value – for – money health
the State Government/ FRROs
tourists are more willing to seek
 Of the over 50 countries offering low-per capita GDP countries with supported by appropriate medical
health tourism services, Brazil, low cost healthcare labour force documents.
Costa Rica, Hungary, India, and clinically focused hospitals.  “M-visas” are valid for maximum
Malaysia, Mexico, Panama, India’s Competitive Environment in three entries during one year.
Singapore, South Korea, Thailand Health Tourism State Government/ FRROS may
permit one additional entry , if with participation from the sightseeing tours, organized by
required. Department of AYUSH, Ministry of the hospitals.
 Foreigners coming on “M-visa” are Health and Family Welfare and  Most of these reputed hospitals
required to get themselves National Accrediatation Board for maintain a separate wing for
registered mandatorily within 14 Hospitals and Healthcare Services international patients.
days of arrival with the local FRRO (NABH). Ramachandra Hospital at Porur in
of Foreigner Registration Office  Delegates representing the Chennai receives about 100
(FRO). wellness industry are from international patients each day.
 Attendant or family members of Aurveda wellness centres, spas,  Similarly, Fortis Malar receives
skincare centres, cosmetic care
the patient coming to India for about 20 overseas patients each

medical treatment are granted centres, gymnasiums, fitness day. Cardiac, orthopedics,
miscellaneous visa co-terminus centres, preventive healthcare
neurosurgery, and oncology are
with the “M-Visa” of the patient. centres, Yoga centres, etc. The the main branches in which
It is called “MX-V isa” and is emphasis is on NABG or JCI
medical treatment is being sought
granted to the spouse and / or accreditations and service by these foreign patients.
children or those who have blood improvement.
 Hospitals like Madras Medical
relations with the patient.  The Ministry is developing Missions have tie-ups with foreign
 Up to two attendants are allowed Haridwar – Rishikesh as well as governments. The last named
at a time for grant of Puducherry as wellness centres, to hospital receives about 20 medical
miscellaneous visa.”MX-visa” give visitors a complete experience tourists from East African
holders are also required to which is physically healing, countries, mainly for cardiac
register with the local FRROs / spiritually enriching and mentally surgeries and kidney ailments
FROs well within 14 days from the rejuvenating. including kidney transplants.
date of arrival.  A 2007 notice of the Ministry of  Several private hospitals in
The Ministry of Tourism has Health and Family Welfare has
 Chennai have tied up with govern-
initiated several measures to allowed medical practitioners ments of other countries. Repre-
promote Medical and Health from several countries including
sentatives of Madras Medical Mis-
Tourism, which include promotion Australia, Canada, the UK, the US sion say that every month, 14 per-
in overseas markets and and New Zealand to work in
sons from abroad, mainly from
production of publicity materials Indian hospitals. This step is East African nations, come to the
of publicity materials such as expected to bring in knowledge
hospital as medical tourists.
brochure, CDs and films, etc., and sharing and enhanced capabilities
in the overall industry.  The hospital is preferred by inter-
their distribution in target national patients for kidney trans-
markets. 4. Medical Tourism in Chennai plants and cardiac surgeries. Be-
 Under the Market Development  The South Indian city of Chennai sides overseas patients, a sizeable
Assistance Scheme (MDA), has become the hub of medical number of patients come from
financial support is provided only tourism in India. Patients from all within India.
to approved Medical Tourism over the country (the North
 The increase in overseas patients’
Service Providers, i.e., Eastern states) and abroad come visit to the city has paved way for
representatives of hospitals to the city for medical treatment.
companies to facilitate medical
accredited by JCI and NABH, and  Patients from Africa, Nigeria, tourism.
Medical Tourism facilitators
Kenya, and Congo), Bangladesh,  Medical tourism in the 21st cen-
approved by Ministry of Tourism. and the Middle East frequent the tury has become a major earner
 Ministry of Tourism organizes city for quality medical care. The of foreign exchange for many na-
country- level workshop on recuperating patients and their tions. Many places in Chennai
promotion of Wellness Tourism companions then go on
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have started depending on medi- in carving a niche for itself in this Chennai continuing to be the
cal tourists arrival to various parts field. Medical tourism in Chennai, favorite destination, said CII
of Chennai. The medical hospitals a stellar role to play in the officials.
in Chennai has rich medical pro- burgeoning medical tourism  The city receives up to 200 foreign
fessionals and well developed pri- industry. patients every day owing to the
vate hospitals which offers a high quality of healthcare, said S
 Chennai is pioneer in providing the
quality medical care and with eco- Chandrakumar, convener of the
best healthcare. Ultra modern CII healthcare panel, at the
nomical treatments. corporate hospitals, talented international conference and
 Medical tourism in India is medical professionals, battalions exhibition on health tourism in
synonymous with Chennai, the of paramedics and best practices Chennai Trade Centre on Friday.
state plays a vital role in the of government hospitals in the  International patients seeking
expanding medical tourism state, have attached people to the urgent medical care, in a different
industry. The state is pioneer in city, have attracted people to the country became an attractive
providing the health care. city to receive excellent industry worldwide by the turn of
21st century. The ease and lower
Ultra modern corporate hospitals, treatments convalesce in
 cost of travel catapulted the
talented medical professionals enhancing locales, and
industry into limelight.
and battalions of paramedics and recuperate swiftly.
 Patients undertook travel for
the best practices of government  The government medical college treatment for varied reasons.
hospitals have attracted people to is well known for its People travel from other places to
the state to receive excellent gastrointestinal procedures. Also Chennai mainly for the purpose
treatment, recover in enchanting government led general hospitals getting best treatments this is due
to the lack of facility and cost
locales and recuperate swiftly. is well known for providing
advantage in their own country.
 Hospitals in Chennai cater to the servicesupto 7,000 in patients
alone. The investment in public  Estimates indicated that the
treatment of various diseases like number of foreign patients was
MIOT for orthopaedics and sector hospitals is substantial,
growing 30% each year in
traumatology, Shankar Netralaya which they are able to offer state Chennai.
for ophthalmology, Christian of the art operation theatres and
 The health care services in Chennai
medical college for open heart technology at cost effective prices.
are provided both by private and
surgery, Madras Medical Mission  The medical tourism has been government hospitals. Chennai at-
for heart surgery, Kovai medical promoted by the government by tracts more number of patients
centre and hospital for identifying 25 city hospitals to help from abroad for its best available
treatments provided at lower
arthoscopic, Laproscopic and showcase medical tourism as well
costs.
thoracoscopic surgeries, and as inaugurated an exclusive
 The survey is done through pri-
Apollo for hip and total-Knee medical tourism desk at the
mary sources which is are the in-
replacement, liver, multi organ Chennai tourism complex.
formations collected from various
and cord blood transplants Health  The medical desk would be hospitals in Chennai. A personal
care in Chennai has earned a good visit to famous hospitals in Chennai
manned by trained staff to help
reputation from other countries tap the vast potential of tourism. is done and an oral discussion with
from which foreign tourists arrive many surgeons of the hospital is
Chennai attracts about 40% of the
to seek medical treatments. carried out to get general idea
country’s medical tourists and about the purpose of visit of for-
 Hospitals in Chennai are famous more than six lakh tourists visit the eign patients.
because both private and state every year, according to a
 Medical tourism is fundamentally
government hospitals are so study by Confederation of Indian different from the traditional
professional. Envisioning the Industries (CII). model of international medical
potential of medical tourism in the travel where patients generally
 The inflow of medical tourists to
city. Chennai has come a long way journey less developed nations to
India has increased by 23%, with
major medical centres in highly is approved in their country or not.  India’s medical tourism sector was
developed countries for medical Even within Europe, although expected to experience an annual
treatment that is available in their therapy protocols might be growth rate of 30% from 2012,
own country. approved by the European making it a $2 billion industry by
 The term medical tourism does Medical Agency (EMA), several
2015. As medical treatment costs
not accurately reflect the reality countries have their own review
in the developed world balloon—
of the patient situation or the ad- organizations (i.e. NICE by the
vanced medical care provided in NHS) in order to evaluate whether with the United States leading the
these destinations. the same therapy protocol would way—more and more Westerners
be “cost-effective”, so that are finding the prospect of
 Stem cell therapy for any number
of problems may be available or patients face differences in the international travel for medical
restricted in industrialized coun- therapy protocols, particularly in care increasingly appealing. An

tries, but may be much more avail- the access of these drugs, which estimated 150,000 of these travel
able in Chennai. The exotic loca- might be partially explained by the to India for low-priced healthcare
tions and vacation in affordable financial strength of the particular procedures every year. Cosmetic
luxurious surroundings. Health System.
surgery, bariatric surgery, knee
 The primary reason for medical  Medical tourism most often is cap replacements, liver
centres in Chennai able to for surgeries (cosmetic or transplants, and cancer
healthcare services inexpensively otherwise) or similar treatments, treatments are some of the most
is directly related to nation’s eco-
though people also travel sought out medical tourism
nomic status. The prices charged
in Chennai are able to provide for dental tourism or fertility procedures chosen by foreigners.
healthcare services inexpensively tourism.People with rare
Attractions
is directly related to the nation’s conditions may travel to countries
economic status. where the treatment is better  Advantages of medical treatment
understood. However, almost all in India include reduced costs, the
 Medical tourism, the available in-
formation suggests that a sub- types of health care are available, availability of latest medical
stantial number of patients travel including psychiatry, alternative technologies, and a growing
to developing nations for health medicine, convalescent care, and compliance on international
care. In 2016 more than 80% of quality standards, Doctors trained
even burial services.
the population of the foreign pain western countries including US
tients have travelled to Chennai.  Health tourism is a wider term for
and UK, as well as English speaking
Medical tourism refers to people travel that focuses on medical
 personnel, due to which foreigners
traveling to a country other than treatments and the use of
are less likely to face language
their own to obtain medical healthcare services. It covers a
barrier in India.
treatment. In the past, this usually wide field of health-oriented,
referred to those who traveled tourism ranging from preventive Advantages
from less-developed countries to and health-conductive treatment  Costs of medical procedures in
major medical centers in highly to rehabilitational and curative developed countries suc hip
developed countries for forms of travel. Wellness replacement. India is known in
treatment unavailable at home.
tourism is a related field. particular for heart surgery, hip
 However, in recent years it may resurfacing and other areas of
In india
equally refer to those from advanced medicine.
developed countries who travel to  Medical tourism is a growing
developing countries for lower- sector in India. India is becoming Quality of care
priced medical treatments. The the 2nd medical tourism  India has 33 JCI accredited
motivation may be also for medical destination after Thailand. hospitals. However, for a patient
services unavailable or non-
Chennai is regarded as “India’s traveling to India, it is important
licensed in the home country:
Health City” as it attracts 45% of to find the optimal Doctor-
There are differences between
health tourists visiting India and Hospital combination. After the
the medical agencies (FDA, EMA
etc.) world-wide, whether a drug 40% of domestic health tourists.
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 208
patient has been treated, the Korea and Nigeria availed the come to the city for advanced
patient has the option of either most medical visas. medical care.
recuperating in the hospital or at
Language  About 150 Maldivian patients
a paid accommodation nearby.
arrive at the city every day for
Many hospitals also give the option  Despite India’s diversity of
medical treatment, which
of continuing the treatment languages, English is an official
resulted in Maldivian Airlines
through telemedicine. language and is widely spoken by launching a thrice-a-week direct
 The city of Chennai has been most people and almost flight from Male to Chennai.
termed “India’s health universally by medical However, there are no
capital”. Multi- and super- professionals. In Noida, which is
consolidated statistics about the

specialty hospitals across the city fast emerging as a hotspot for number of foreign patients that
bring in an estimated 150 medical tourism, a number of the city receives. Most leading
international patients every hospitals, which receive a steady
hospitals have hired language
day. Chennai attracts about 45 stream of patients from other
translators to make patients from
percent of health tourists from states of India and abroad every
Balkan and African countries feel
abroad arriving in the country and day, have separate wings for
more comfortable while at the
30 to 40 percent of domestic international patients. Sri
health tourists. same time helping in the
Ramachandra Medical Centre
facilitation of their treatment
 Factors behind the tourists inflow receives up to 100 overseas
in the city include low costs, little Medical tourism in tamilnadu patients a month. Dr.Kamakshi
to no waiting period, and facilities Memorial Hospital receives 10 to
 With people from across the
offered at the specialty hospitals 15 foreign patients in a
country and abroad preferring to
in the city. The city has an month. Fortis Malar Hospital
get treated in the hospitals in
estimated 12,500 hospital beds, receives 15 to 20 foreign patients
Chennai, the city is increasingly
of which only half is used by the a month. Madras Medical
city’s population with the rest becoming a hub of medical
Missionreceives 14 foreign
being shared by patients from tourism. According to a study by
medical tourists every month,
other states of the country and Confederation of Indian Industries mainly from East African nations.
foreigners. Dental clinics have (CII), Chennai attracts about 40 Sankara Nethralaya receives
attracted dental care tourism to percent of the country’s medical nearly 500 overseas patients a
Chennai. tourists. As of 2013, the city month. MIOT Hospitals receives
Ease of travel receives up to 200 foreign patients nearly 300 foreign patients every
every day. month
 The government has removed visa
restrictions on tourist visas that  The Coromandel Express, which  In 2014, the Indian government
plies between Kolkata and decided to establish a regional
required a two-month gap
Chennai, is nicknamed ‘Ambulance centre for organ transplant in
between consecutive visits for
Express’ in Howrah since it Chennai, which would be one of
people from Gulf countries which
the five regional centres in the
is likely to boost medical regularly ferries a chunk of
country. The regional centres
tourism. A visa-on-arrival scheme patients from the eastern region
would collect data and send it to
for tourists from select countries for medical treatment at hospitals
the national registry. The Chennai
has been instituted which allows in Chennai. Foreigners, especially
centre would cover the southern
foreign nationals to stay in India those from developing and states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra
for 30 days for medical reasons. In underdeveloped countries such as Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,
2016, citizens of Bangladesh, Nigeria, Kenya, Burundi, Pondicherry, and Andaman and
Afghanistan, Maldives, Republic of Congo, Bangladesh, Oman and Iraq, Nicobar and Lakshadweep islands.

10 
      (Nano tech-

    nology)   
   
     

  
 
  
   
     

   
       
 
      
   
     
  
    

      
    
      
 
(FAO)   
B.T (Bt Cotton)   
   
  
    

        
     
       
    

 
    
      

     
  
  
  
   B.T   

   
        
    
      
   
 (G.M)   
   
    
   
   
   
     
  
        
    
   
   G.M    
   
    

    
  
       B  (CArotene) 
    (Golden    
 rice)  B    
    

    
  Golden rice    
     DNA 

   
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 211
     

       
     
   
   
  
    
 
   
  
        
      
   
   
      
        
       

  
   
        
  
 
  
    
  

     
       
   
   
  

     
  (Poly     
house)   Dryland   
     agriculture  
       
      
    
    
     
  
 
  
   Krishi V igyan Kendras (KVKs)
  
   kw/ha      
     
kw/ha
  

 
  
   
(Combine harvesters)/ 
     
 
      
   
      
 combine harvesters 
   

    
      
   
      
  
    
  
 

      
 
      
  
   

    
    
  
  
 
    
   
     

      

   
     

 

          
      
       
   RFID  
    
   
    

       
 A  B   

 
      
     

 
 

    

  
    
  
   
     
 
  
      
   
  (GE)  
  

      

 
   GE   
 
    
   
 

  
           
    
     
   
   

   VRT
Bt 
      
 
     
 
   
 
 

      
   
         
  
 
  
  

      
 D.N.A  
    

 
   
   
  
       
   
 
    
    
 
       
     
              
 
 
    
       
   
     

 
  
      GDD   
      
   

 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 213
       

     
      
    
       

     
     
    TANSEDA - 
  
 (Tamilnadu State Seed De-
  
     velopment Agency)
  
   
   
       

  
    
 
   TANSEDA 
 
      TANSEDA  TN 
   

TANSEDA 
    

  
  

       

   
   
     
      
     
    
  
 
   
 
       

 

         
     
      
       
          
      
   
   
    
(NFSM)-   
Oilseeds  
 National Mission on Oilseeds and    
Oilpalm (NMOOP)     
   
 
     Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana   
 (PMFBY)   
 NFSM     
NFSM- Oil seeds, Oil palm and (Kharif)     
Tree Borne O il seeds     
    
   
   
 
(Neera)  
 Agricul-
    ture Insurance Company of India     
   Ltd, ICICI Lombard GIC New   
   India Assurance Company LTd.  
       
  (VIII)    
        

    
         
     
    
     
 
    
     
 
     

      
  
      
  
      
  

   
 
        
   (TN- IAM)   
           
    
 
   
  
(PKVY)    
   
   
  
        
 
   (Na-   
 
tional Mission for Sustainable Ag-   
  
riculture)   
  
     

 

 (PGS- Participatory  
Guarantee system)  (NeGP-A)  (per drop more
 crop)
 
     

     
  
   
e- 
       
e- 
   
   
  
 
  
   

    
  
    
  
    

   (Agriculture Reporting
  
 System) 
  
   

 (Dryland)   
 (Collective farming)     
    
  
(STAMIN) (State Agricultural Man-  
  
agement Institute)   

    
   
  

(Amma facilitation    
centre)     
    
     
     
  
  

      
 One stop centre    

 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 215
       

         
    TANHODA 
(PMKSY)      
      
       
         
  (History of Agriculture Engineering
        owned machinery)
    
(NHM) (HTC)  
    

 
     
   
     
  
   


(NADP)   
      
 
   
  
 (Distri-
  
bution of Post Harvest Technology
    (HTC)
and Management machinery)
        
   

  
     
  
    
  
 
  
   

   
   

   
    
  (TANHODA)

      
 
 Submission on Agriculture
       
Mechanisation 
          
         
      
     
       
 AYUSH        
(NAM-VP) (TANHODA) 
       
   (National Horticulture Mis-   
   sion and Bumboo Mission)    
       

      (location specific)
       (Crop specific) 
    
     (AYUSH) 
 

   
         
  IAMWARM     
  TANHODA  
   
   
  
(KVK)   (TN-IAMP)   

       
  (KVK)     
    TNOCD   
         
     
     
  
    TNOCD 

      
       
    
    
   
   

 
     
 
    
 
    


e-Velanmai 

      
      
  
  
  
FCMS  
 
  

      
  
    
   
 
 (PPV & FR)
  
       

   
  
  
        e-NAM 
  (IMSCS) 
  
 (Kisan Call Cen-   
  
tre-KCC)   

     
    
 (KCC)  
   


  (local lan- 
guage)   
 
 
 (TNOCD) 
 
(NPOP)    
     
    
    
  
   
 
  
   (TNODC)  
  
    
  
     
 
 (APEDA)   
 
     
  
  

     

   
      

    
  
  
    
  
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 217
      

     
     
    
    
   
    
    
  
    
  
    
   
  

    
  

   
  
 
      
  
     

        
        
       
           
       
        
     

        
    
  
   
  
    (MID4)   
  
       

 
   
  
(TNSFAC)
   (PMKSY-WD)   
    
 

     

    
 NABARD 
    
  
   (NABARD)


 TNSFAC     
    

             
      
       
    
   

     
 (TAWDEVA)
    NABARD 
    
 

    
  
    

     
   
 

      
    

ADVANCEMENTS IN HORTICULTURE &

10 AGRICULTURE
Agricultural Development  go blind every year because of B-

There is urgent need to embrace
 Agriculture needs technology new technologies carotene deficiency.
like
infusion to accelerate the Nanotechnology
biotechnology, nanotechnology,
production so that food is  Nanotechnology can be used in

high-tech protected cultivation
accessible to the common man. agriculture in many ways. It can
and modern irrigation methods to
 According to ‘The State of Food help in promoting soil fertility and
accelerate agriculture production.
and Agriculture 2013’ of the Food Biotechnology balanced crop nutrition; effective
and Agriculture Organization weed control; enhancing seed
 Use of biotechnological tools in
(FAO) of the United Nations, 12.5 emergence using carbon
agriculture could make food crops
percent of the world’s population nanotubes; delivery of agriculture
high yielding and more robust to
(868 million people) are chemicals, field – sensing systems
biotic and abiotic stresses.
undernourished in terms of energy to monitor the environmental
 This could stabilize and increase
intake. Of these people, 852 stresses and crop conditions and
food supplies, which is important
million were reported to be improvement of plant traits
against the background of
citizens of developing countries. against environmental stresses
increasing food demand, climate
 According to the estimates of the and diseases.
change and land and water
Food and Agricultural scarcity.  Applications within animal
Organization (FAO), agricultural husbandry might include
 In India, genetically modified
production would need to grow improving feeding efficiency and
cotton – Bt cotton was first
globally by 70 per cent by 2050 nutrition of agricultural animals,
commercialized in 2002 and in
and more specifically by almost minimizing losses from animal
2012, over 7 million farmers had
100 per cent in developing diseases, and turning animal by –
adopted this technology on 10.8
countries, to feed the growing products and waste and
million ha area which is equivalent
population alone. environmental concerns into
to 93 per cent of the country’s
 Pace of technology infusion should total cotton area. value-added products.
be fast.  Nanotechnology
 But cotton has certainly increased offers
Productivity considerable opportunities for the
the profitability of the farmers and
 Our country has made progress in development of innovative
simultaneously reduced the use of
agriculture but productivity of our products and applications for
chemical pesticides in this crop
major agricultural and agriculture, water treatment,
drastically. Studies suggest that
horticultural crops is very low in food production, processing,
the introduction of Bt technology
comparison to other countries. preservation and packaging, and
has reduced food insecurity by 15-
 Our agriculture is still technology its use may bring potential
20 per cent among Indian cotton
deficit. Yields per hectare of food growers. benefits to farmers, food industry
grain, fruits and vegetables in our and consumers alike.
 But, now the Central Government
country are far the below global  Nanotechnology – based food and
has allowed the trials of other GM
averages. Our rice yield is one- health food products and food
crops also which will give a
third of China’s and about half of packaging materials are already
momentum for adoption of other
Vietnam’s and Indonesia’s. GM crops. available to consumers in some
 India’s population is expected to  The government has approved 17
countries and additional products
reach 1.5 billion by 2025, making and applications are currently in
GM crops of 8 traits which are of
food security most important the research and development
virus – and bacteria – resistant as
social issue and food production in 2012. stage and some may reach the
will have to be increased  The country has also developed
market soon.
considerably, to meet needs of golden rice which is rich in B-
 In view of such progress, it is
growing population. carotene. This is a great solution
expected that nanotechnology –
Need of Technology derived food products will be
for India as nearly 5,000 children
increasingly available to
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 219
consumers worldwide in the  India has a very high share of  Therefore, it is required that
coming years. labour (55%) with lesser water storage facilities to be
 The use of nano size silver particles contribution to farm increased in the country to 450
as antimicrobial agents has mechanisation (40%). India makes million cubic meter by 2050.
become more common as farming less remunerative and  Dry land agriculture should be the
technology advances, making leads to farmer’s poverty. main focus area as more than 60
their production more  Power is the major crunch in per cent of the cultivated area in
economical. mechanization as only 1.36kw/ ha the country is without irrigation.
 Since silver displays different power is used in India in  The water use efficiency under
modes of inhibitory action to comparison to 8.74 kw/ ha in conventional flood method of
microorganisms, including the Japan. irrigation, which is predominantly
changes in routine functions and  Similarly, our country is far behind practised in Indian agriculture, is
plasma membrane. Nanoparticles Japan with 461.2 number of very low due to substantial
are also effective against insects tractors and 235.9 combine conveyance and distribution
and pests. harvesters per hectare in losses.
 Nanoparticles can be used in the comparison to 15.75 number of  Recognizing the fast decline of
preparation of new formulations tractors and 0.026 combine irrigation water potential and
like pesticides, insecticides and harvesters per hectare. increasing demand for water from
insect repellents.  One of the major bottlenecks in different sectors, a number of
 It can be used to deliver DNA and farm mechanization in India is 138 demand management strategies
other desired chemicals into plant million land holdings which are and programmes have been
tissues for protection of host plants very large in comparison to only 2 introduced to save water and
against insect pests. to 3 per cent of the population increase the existing water use
 Porous hollow silica nanoparticles having landholdings in USA. efficiency in Indian agriculture.
(PHSNs) loaded with validamycin  In spite of rapid farm  Irrigation is crucial to the global
(pesticide) can be used as efficient mechanization (149 million farm food supply as the 18 percent of
delivery system of water – soluble machinery), the Indian farming the world’s food. Still, less than 4
pesticide for its controlled release. employs 263 million farm workers per cent of the world’s irrigated
Protected Cultivation to cover 140 million hectares of land is equipped with micro –
 Protected cultivation or total cultivated land. Farm irrigation systems.
greenhouse cultivation is the most mechanization and use of modern  There is need to adopt modern
promising area where production gadgets / machines / equipments methods of irrigation like drip and
of horticultural crops has / tools for timely and effective sprinkler irrigation.
improved qualitatively and completion of different operation  Irrigation water mist be applied
quantitatively world over in the in agricultural field is one of the at the right time and right
last few decades. most important factors for amount, but climate change will
 Presently, Spain, the Netherlands maximizing profitability. affect the irrigation demand as
and Israel are the leaders in  Smaller machines suitable for well as the quantity and timing of
cultivation of crops in poly houses horticultural operations in the hills water availability, with
and greenhouses. and mountains will also enhance consequences for the
 In India, the area under protected operation effectiveness and farm performance of reservoirs, tube
cultivation is presently around income. wells and other on-farm irrigation
25,000 ha while the greenhouse  Farm mechanization will help to infrastructures.
vegetable cultivation area is enhance the overall productivity Modernize Technology Transfer
about 2,000 ha. and production with the lowest Tools
 India and the Netherlands having cost of production.  Technology transfer in agriculture
more or less same land under Use of Modern Irrigation Methods should focus on key interventions
flower cultivation but in world’s  Availability of water is most critical at different stages of the crop
flower export, the Netherlands’ for increasing the productivity in from sowing of the seed, crop
contribution is 70 per cent and agriculture. In India, around 78 protection and harvesting, post –
India’s contribution is just 1 per per cent water goes to the harvest management to
cent or even less because of agriculture sector, while the marketing.
advanced technology of poly remaining part shared out  Technology transfer needs
houses in the Netherlands. between drinking, industry and effective interactive groups like
Farm Mechanization other usage. Self Help Groups and Farmers
Clubs which should become tools onboard computer system how system of your tractor. Depending
of disseminating information wide a path give piece of on the problem they might be able
about various government equipment will cover he will drive to fix your equipment right from
sponsored schemes and these a short distance setting A & B dealer.
entities will help in liaising withpoints to make a line.  No waiting on a mechanic to drive
various government departments  Then the GPS system will have a out to wherever you might be.
for developmental activities. track to follow and it extrapolates You’re back to work, and the
 As central government has that line into parallel lines set dealer saved a trip too.
ambitious programme of apart by the width of the tool in  Farmers will be able to keep track
connecting every Gram Panchayat use. f what field equipment is in, fuel
of the country with internet  These systems are capable of consumption, operating hours,
facilities. tacking curved lines as well. The and much more.
 These Gram Panchayat should tracking system is tied to the  Tractors can even communicate
become technology transfer hubs tractor’s steering, automatically between themselves. The best
to the farmers. Internet and keeping it on track freeing the example is a combine and a grain
mobile phones are potentital tools operator from driving. cart. Grain carts pull up next to
to Impart knowledge on new  This allows the operator to keep a harvesting equipment so the
developments, improved methods closer eye on other things. harvester can unload on the move
of cultivation / technologies in the
Guidance is great for tillage without stopping to unload.
field of agriculture. because it removes human error Telematics can tell the grain cart
 These tools can also be useful in from overlap, saving fuel and operator when a combine is filling
dissemination of weather data equipment hours. up with grain. Even better is one
and agro climatic conditions, Swath control and variable rate cart is chasing two combines.
latest information on prices oftechnology RFID Tags
agriculture produce to farmers. Building on GPS technology are  RFID tags are a handy device for
Krishi Vighyan Kendras (KVKs) has swath control and Variable Rate livestock management.
been established in each district Technology VRT. This is where  The information kept on a tag
of the country and now these are guidance really beings to show a helps products keep track of
the backbone of technology at the return on investment. Swath individual animals, speeding up
district level which could increasecontrol is just what it sounds like. and making record keeping more
the technology adoption rate.  The farmer is controlling the size precise.
 These KVKs should work as of the swath a give piece of  Data such as moisture and weight
technology umbrella in the districtequipment takes through the can be stored in the tag to be
and should work in an integrated field. This video is a great visual scanned later.
way with state departments of representation of how swath Irrigation via smart phone
Agriculture, Horticulture and control works.  Mobile technology is playing a big
other sister departments in the The savings come from using role in monitoring and controlling
fewer inputs like seed, fertilizer,
district for effective delivery of the crop irrigation systems. With the
technology and inputs in an herbicides, etc. since the size and right equipment a farmer can
effective way. shapes of fields are irregular you control his irrigation systems from
 Village Knowledge Centres and are bound to overlap to some a phone or computer instead of
online Fast technology extent in every application. driving to each field.
 Swath control shuts off sections of  Moisture sensors in the ground
dissemination will certainly reduce
the knowledge deficit with the the applicator as it enters the are able to communicate
farmers and will help in overlap area, saving the farmer information about the level of
accelerating the stagnant growth from applying twice the inputs on moisture present at certain
of agriculture, realizing higher the same piece of ground. depths in the soil.
potential of our land and hard Telematics  This increased flexibility allows for
work of our famers.  Telematics is being touted as the more precise control of water and
Advanced Agricultural Technologies next big thing in agriculture. This other inputs like fertilizer that are
Tractors on autopilot technology allows equipment to applied by irrigation pivots.
 The GPS tractors, combines, talk to farmers, equipment Farmers can also combine this
sprayers and more can accurately dealers, and even other with other tech like VRT
drive themselves through the equipment. mentioned earlier to control the
 With telematics your dealer can
field. After the user has told the rate of water applied.
access the onboard diagnostic
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Sensing of crop feeling can be made to express toxins National Food Security
 This is taking variable rate that control particular pests. Mission for Rice :
technology to the next level.  Many employ Bt toxin that is the  The Mission is implemented with
Instead of making a prescription same toxin found in some organic an objective to increase the
fertilizer map for a field before you pesticides. That means a farmer production of Paddy through area
go out to apply it, crop sensors tell won’t have to make a pass through expansion and productivity
application equipment how much his fields to apply pesticide, which enhancement, enhancing the
to apply in real time. not only saves on pesticide, but farm level economy and to restore
 Optical sensors are able to see how fuel, labor, and wear on the soil fertility and productivity
much fertilizer a plant may need equipment too. at the individual farm level in eight
based on the amount of light Ultrasounds and more for livestock identified districts viz.,
reflected back to the sensor.  They aren’t just for checking on Pudukkottai, T iruvarur,
 It’s fairly new and pretty baby animals in the womb. Nagapattinam,Ramanathapuram,
expensive, but I see huge potential Ultrasounds can be used to Sivagangai, Thanjavur,
here. Crop sensors are going to discover what quality of meat Tiruvannamalai and Cuddalore.
help farmers apply fertilizer in a might be found in an animal before National Food Security
very effective manner, maximizing it goes to market. Mission – Pulses
uptake and reducing potential  DNA testing helps producers  It is implemented to enable the
leaching and runoff into ground indentify animals with good farmers to get more income from
water. pedigrees and other desirable pulse crop in a shorter period, by
Field documentation qualities. This information can providing assistance for improved
 Because of onboard monitors and then be use to improve the quality technologies at a subsidized rate
GPS the ability to document yields, of the hard which helps the farmer in all districts of Tamil Nadu except
application rates, and tillage improve his bottom line. Chennai and The Nilgris.
practices is becoming easier and Mobile Tech National Food Security
more precise every year. In fact  Mobile tech is big in agriculture Mission (NFSM)
farmers are getting to the point and it’s getting bigger all the time.  National Mission on Oilseeds and
where they have so much good Farmers and ranchers are using all O il Palm (NMOOP) has been
data on hand that it can be the social media sites for all types implemented in order to attain
overwhelming to figure out what of reasons. self sufficiency in edible oil
to do with all of it.  Apps can control irrigation and production since 2014-15 till 2017-
 And of course, every farmer’s grain storage systems. Load out 18 in Tamil Nadu. The scheme is
favourite form of documentation Technologies has you covered. merged with NFSM and renamed
is the yield map. It sums up a year’s  GDDs are an index based on as National Food security Mission
worth of planning and hard work temperature that gives a grower - O il seeds, Oil palm and Tree
on a piece of colourful paper. an idea of how mature a crop may borne Oil seeds and implemented
 As harvesting equipments rolls be. from 2018-19 in Tamil Nadu.
through the field it calculates yield Putting up the camera Production of Neera
and moisture as it goes tying it in  Putting up cameras around the  In order to protect the interest of
with GPS coordinates. farm is a trend that’s catching on. the coconut growers,
 When finished a map of the field is We have a rear – facing camera Government of Tamil Nadu has
printed. These maps are often on the back of the combine that accorded permission vide G.O. No
called heat maps. shows up on a monitor in the cab. 41, Home, Prohibition & Excise
 Maps like this can tell a farmer  Livestock managers are wiring up (VIII) Dept Dated 21.12.2017 for
how well a field’s drainage system their barns, feedlots, and pastures the production of Neera from
is working. with cameras that send images coconut tree. The process of
Biotechnology back to a central location like an recommending license to the
 Biotech or genetic engineering office or home computer. Coconut Producers Company and
(GE) isn’t new tech, but it is a very  They can keep a closer eye on further activities related to
important tool with much more animals when they are away or production of Neera is taken up
potential yet to be unleashed. home for the night. Val Wagner by the Department of Agricultural
 The form of GE most people have told me she is setting up cameras marketing and Agri business and
probably heard of is herbicide to monitor cows during calving is discussed in the portion of Agri
resistance. The other would likely season. Business in detail.
be insect resistant traits. Crops TN Government Initiatiives Tamil Nadu Cotton
Cultivation Mission unseasonal rains and inundation in Nitrogen fixing bacteria, rhizobia
 An ambitious Tamil Nadu Cotton isolated farm) which were not in root nodules which fix the
Cultivation Mission was launched covered under National atmospheric Nitrogen (60 to 100
in 2014-15 in the State to increase Agricultural Insurance Scheme kg of N/ha) and increase the
the productivity and production of (NAIS) implemented besides early solubility of lime phosphates, trace
cotton by expansion of cotton payment of compensation to elements etc., through the
area. This mission was launched farmers for their crop loss during activity of the soil micro-organisms
with an objective of bringing 6 mid season adversities. by producing organic acids during
Lakh acres (2.40 Lakh ha) over a Tamil Nadu State Seed decomposition.
period of five years. Development Agency (TANSEDA) Production and Distribution
Farmers’ club  Tamil Nadu State Seed of Pleurotus kits
 Farmers clubs are decision making Development Agency (TANSEDA)  Using compost is an effective way
units that identify common needs was functioning to ensure the to increase healthy plant
of farmers at village Panchayat timely supply of good quality production, reduce the use of
level. certified seeds and to encourage chemical fertilizers and conserve
Establishment of Water the usage of certified seeds natural resources. Pleurotus kits
Harvesting Structures: among the farmers. TANSEDA was are distributed to the farmers at
 For the creation of water registered as a society under TN free of cost to produce compost
harvesting structures such as Field Societies Registration rule from farm waste using Pleurotus.
Bunds, Farm ponds and Deepening 1978.Under the control of  Paramparagat Krishi V ikas
of Ooranies (Ramanathapuram TANSEDA, there are 880 Yojana (PKVY) PKVY is a three year
District) to reduce soil erosion and Agricultural Extension Centres continuous project under National
conserve rain water in farmer’s (Amma sevai Maiyams), 40 State Mission for Sustainable
land and the implementation of Seed Farms functioning for the Agriculture (NMSA) implemented
activities is in progress. production and distribution of from 2015-16 in Tamil Nadu, that
 Custom Hiring Centres were quality seeds of Paddy, Millets, aims at promotion of organic
established for the benefit of Pulses, O ilseeds, Cotton and farming through cluster approach
unemployed rural youth with the Coconut seedlings. under Participatory Guarantee
back ended subsidy of Rs.8 Lakh Soil Health System (PGS) of certification.
per cluster to the Farmers Groups  Soil is the basic medium and Under this scheme, financial
for purchasing Agricultural storehouse of nutrients which assistance is extended for
machinery. determines the suitability of crop mobilization of farmers, capacity
I. Animal Husbandry in turn a key factor responsible for building, procurement of organic
 Cluster for Animal Husbandry crop production and productivity. inputs and establishment of
activities to maintain cattle health Environmental factors coupled organic input production unit,
in 200 clusters with Mineral with crop cultivation may lead to residue analysis, packing, labelling
Mixtures and Medicines for depletion of essential nutrients and branding of organic products
Reproductive health and Udder required for crop growth causing of cluster.
health packages. reduction in production and Farmers Facilitation Centres
 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima productivity. Tamil Nadu, which  Government of Tamil Nadu is
Yojana(PMFBY) is implemented determined to restore the soil rapidly motivating the farming
from Kharif, 2016 onwards in all health of farm holdings, launched community through its 22 Farmers
the districts of Tamil Nadu except “Mission Soil Health Card”. Training Centres (FTC)
Chennai. The districts were Production and Distribution functioning all over the State and
categorised into three clusters of Blue Green Algae imparts training to farmers,
and implemented by three  The utilization of Blue green algae convenors, farm women and rural
Insurance Companies viz., as a biofertilizer for Paddy crop in youths annually on farm
Agriculture Insurance Company of supplementing nitrogen is highly management practices and
India Limited, ICICI Lombard GIC promising. The Blue Green Algae technologies.
and New India Assurance is produced in the State Seed  The State Agricultural Extension
Company Limited scheme covers Farms and distributed to the Management Institute (STAMIN)
risks like failed sowing/ prevented paddy growing farmers. functioning at Kudumianmalai,
sowing/planting, post harvest Procurement and Distribution Pudukkottai district is the main
losses, localized calamities of Green Manure Seeds centre for training of Extension
(Cyclone, hail storm, landslide,  Green manure crops harbours Officers of the department.
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Tamil Nadu State Seed  Modernization [TN-IAM] Project, on priority basis, first of its kind in
Development Agency (TANSEDA) is a seven year project the entire country. Farmers who
 The Department has established implemented with the assistance have registered under Crop
a vibrant seed agency – “Tamil of the World Bank.The World Bank Insurance Scheme may know
Nadu State Seed Development has given approval of Rs.84 Crore their application status till they
Agency (TANSEDA)” for advance for the entire project period receive the compensation amount
seed planning and formulating a starting from 2017-18 to the under crop insurance, information
perspective plan for organised Department of Agriculture with on seed and fertilizer availability
seed production and distribution the objective of enhancing in Government, Private and
and improving farmers’ livelihood productivity and climate resilience Cooperative outlets nearer to
through sustainable, innovative of irrigated agriculture, improve their residence, information on
and market-led seed network, water management and increase Customer Hiring Centre for hiring
procure and distribute adequate market opportunities for farmers farm Machinery, information on
good quality certified seeds/ and agro-entrepreneurs in Tamil prevailing market prices in 277
seedlings of all agricultural crops, Nadu. regulated markets, weather
popularizing new cultivars / National e-governance forecast advisories to take up
varieties, creation of Plan- Agriculture (NeGP - A) appropriate cultivation plan and
infrastructure for seed  Tamil Nadu is the frontier State information on extension
production, processing and in the entire country in delivering officer’s visit to their villages.
storage, imparting training on Agricultural Information services Horticulture Department Activities
seed related aspects besides to farming community through  “Per Drop More Crop” – Pradhan
ensuring timely supply of quality various Information Technology Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana
seed/planting materials at an initiatives. Government of Tamil (PMKSY) Water is a critical input
uniform rate throughout the Nadu has evolved quintessential in agriculture in nearly all its
state. software for online generation of aspect. How much, at what time
AMMA Facilitation Centres Fertiliser license through e-Sevai and how plants are watered has
 Government of Tamil Nadu, a 161 centres, Android based determining effect on the
trend setter for other States in mobile application “Agriculture eventual yield. Micro-Irrigation
strengthening Agriculture Reporting System” for technology is increasingly seen as
Extension delivery system, duly monitoring the water storage a means of addressing the growing
established 880 AMMA level in major reservoirs, daily competition for scarce water
Facilitation Centres at Block level rainfall status and progress on resources. The use of Micro
to provide all Agriculture services flagship programmes such as Crop Irrigation technology results in a
to farmers under one roof. Insurance, Micro irrigation, significant yield improvement over
 The Amma Facilitation Centers Mission on Sustainable Dryland traditional irrigation practices.
are serving as “One Stop Centre” Agriculture and Collective Farming  Periodical and uniform discharge
disseminating innovative for the betterment of the farming of water through Micro Irrigation
technologies and consultation community. system not only helps in enhancing
services on key matters, stocking Farmer Friendly “UZHAVAN” crop productivity and water use
and distributing critical inputs, Android Mobile Application efficiency but also reduces the
agriculture implements, plant  The Hon’ble Chief Minister of labour cost and controls the weed.
protection equipments, providing Tamil Nadu has inaugurated an Being water starved State, the
advisories on all “seed to seed” Exclusive Mobile Application State focuses on massive
activities, act as a point for “Uzhavan” in bilingual (Tamil/ promotion of MI in Agriculture and
implementing formulated English) on 05.04.2018 consisting Horticulture crops particularly in
schemes and policies of the of nine vital personalized high water consuming Sugarcane
Government besides, linking Agricultural Information for the and Banana crops.
farmers to markets, organizing benefit of farming Community in  The scheme is being implemented
Farmers Producer Groups/ the State. under “Per Drop More Crop”
Farmers Producer Organizations  Through this Uzhavan app, component of Pradhan Mantri
to a wide range of service farmers can get complete Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
networks. information on real time basis on with a subsidy sharing pattern of
Tamil Nadu Irrigated all scheme components & subsidy 60:40 between the Central and
Agriculture Modernization pattern of assistance, register State.
(TN-IAM) Project himself to avail scheme benefits  Tamil Nadu is the only state in
the country extending 100%  With the main objective of Agricultural University.
subsidy to Small and Marginal reducing the gap between the Tamil Nadu Horticulture
farmers and 75% subsidy to producer and consumer, ensuring Development Agency (TANHODA)
Other category farmers. supply of quality vegetables at  For implementing various
National Horticulture lesser price to the urban Horticulture Schemes funded by
Mission (NHM) population besides enabling Government of India and
 National Horticulture Mission cluster farmers to derive higher Government of Tamil Nadu a
with the objective of bringing income, Perimetro Programme “Special Purpose Vehicle” Tamil
holistic development of was implemented from 2011-12 Nadu Horticulture Development
Horticulture in the State is being to 2015-16 Agency is functioning since 2004.
implemented from 2005-2006 National AYUSH Mission – It is a registered society under
onwards. Focused attention is Medicinal Plants (NAM-MP) Tamil Nadu Societies Registration
given to increase the production  The objective of the programme Act, 1975.
and productivity of Horticultural is to shift the supply of medicinal  The major schemes operated
crops by adopting strategies such plants from forests to farmer’s through TANHODA are Mission on
as promotion of hybrids, field for long term sustainability. Integrated Development of
diversification of traditional  This scheme is being implemented Horticulture (National
cropping system into Hi-tech with a sharing pattern of 60:40 Horticulture Mission and National
protected cultivation, high density between Centre and State Agroforestry and Bamboo
planting, Rejuvenation of old through Ministry of AYUSH, Mission), Micro Irrigation scheme
senile and unproductive Government of India. under Per Drop More Crop
Plantation/Orchards, supply of  Under this scheme, assistance of component of Pradhan Mantri
quality planting materials, 30% and 50% in the cost of Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, National
encouraging pollination through cultivation is extended for AYUSH Mission - Medicinal Plants,
bee keeping, development of growing medicinal plant species. State Horticulture Farms and
infrastructure for Post Harvest Parks and Gardens Tamil Nadu IAMWARM Project.
Managements, crop specific  The Horticulture Department  TANHODA also serves as a Special
programmes and intervention of maintains 18 Parks in 7 Districts of Purpose Vehicle for procurement
suitable scientific technologies the State. These act as recreation and supply of quality Agricultural
through extension functionaries centers for the visitors and and Horticultural inputs and
etc., National Horticulture tourists. Water Soluble Fertilizers. The
Mission is implemented with fund  It also serves as an educational Governing Council of TANHODA
sharing pattern of 60:40 between center for students and Botanists. acts as an Empowered Committee
the Centre and State from 2015-  The Bryant Park, Kodaikanal was for the Special Purpose Vehicle.
16 as a sub scheme under the established during 1961 Hiring of Agricultural Engineering
Mission for Integrated Horticulture Training Centres (HTC) Department owned machinery
Development of Horticulture  The prime objective of the four  Agricultural Engineering
(MIDH). Horticulture Training Centres Department owns a fleet strength
National Agricultural functioning at Madhavaram in of Land Development and Minor
Development Programme (NADP) Tiruvallur district, Kudumianmalai Irrigation Machinery for hiring to
 With the objective to increase in Pudukkottai district, Thally in the needy farmers at nominal hire
productivity of important crops Krishnagiri district and Ooty in The charges fixed by the Government.
through focused interventions and Nilgiris district is to impart training Distribution of Post Harvest
maximizing returns to farmers, the to farmers in Hi tech Horticulture Technology and Management
National Agricultural crop cultivation technologies. Machinery
Development Programme is  It is proposed to start two years  As a measure to double the
implemented in the State with Diploma in Horticulture at farmers’ income, subsidy
60:40 sharing pattern between Horticulture Research and assistance is provided for the
Central and State Government. Training Centre, Thally,Krishnagiri purchase of Post Harvest
 From 2011-12 to 2017-18was district and centre of Excellence Technology and Management
spent towards the activities like for vegetables- Machinery and Equipments to
Area expansion of Horticulture Reddiyarchathiram in Dindigul facilitate value addition and
crops in District with an intake of 100 scientific way of storage of
Perimetro Vegetable Cluster students annually in each under agricultural produce at farm gate
Development Programme the affiliation of Tamil Nadu level.
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 225
 Assistance is provided to the 1975 and has a subscriber base ofaccordance with the Indian
individual farmers, farmers 12,154. Minimum Seed Certification
groups, FPOs, FPGs and Kisan Call Centre (KCC) Standards (IMSCS).
Entrepreneurs.  It provides services to farmersOrganic Certification
 As per the guidelines of Sub Mission through a toll-free number 1551
 The Tamil Nadu Organic
on Agricultural Mechanisation or 1800-180-1551. The callers canCertification Department
(SMAM). During the year 2018- iteract in their local language with
(TNOCD) is a Certification body
19, it is proposed to implement the experts. This Centre functions
responsible for the inspection and
the scheme of “Distribution of Post on all working days between 7.00 certification of the organic crop
Harvest Technology and am and 10.00 pm. production in compliance with the
Management Machinery” under The Agro Climate Research Centre NPOP (National programme on
National Agriculture  In order to make weather based Organic Production) norms.
Development Programme (NADP) crop decision based on the  The TNOCD is accredited by APEDA
for the produce of Horticulture statistics received from the (Agricultural and Processed Food
crops, Food grains and Oil seeds. Automatic Weather Stations, the Products Export Development
Agricultural Research Agro Climate Research Centre Authority), New Delhi, 321 Ministry
 Under Tamil Nadu Agricultural (ACRC) is making block level of Commerce and Industry,
University, 14 colleges and 39 medium range weather forecast. Government of India.
stations undertake research  Agro advisory bulletins are  The procedures and the quality
across the State on location prepared twice in a week. system followed by the
specific and crop specific Price Forecast and department is on par with the
problems. The University, so far, Market Intelligence standards of the European Union.
has released 826 new crop  In the World Bank Funded sheme TNOCD has the second largest
varieties 166 agricultural number of individual farmers
Tamil Nadu – Irrigated Agriculture
implements and 1,528 Modernization Project (TN - IAMP)among the certification bodies
management technologies. was implemented during 2017-18. functioning in the country. TNOCD
Agricultural Extension Education The price forecasts for 16 major also imparts training to the
Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) agricultural and horticultural registered organic farmers on
 There are 14 Krishi V igyan crops of Tamil Nadu namely; National Standard for Organic
Kendras (KVK) functioning under Maize, Black gram, Green gram, Production (NSOP) and TNOCD
the control of Tamil Nadu Groundnut, Gingelly, Sunflower, standards.
Agricultural University with a Market Committees and
Coconut, Copra, Cotton, Tomato,
mandate of Technology Regulated markets
Bhendi, Brinjal, Onion, Turmeric,
Demonstration and Adoption. Coriander, Chillies and Banana
 In Tamil Nadu, 23 Market
TNAU Agri-tech Portal (Nendran, Poovan and
Committees have been
 The Agri-tech Portal contains Karporavalli) were given as market
established under which 281
about nine lakh pages of advisories prior to sowing and prior
Regulated Markets are
information related to agriculture to harvest to take appropriate functioning as per the provisions
and allied sciences in Tamil and decisions by the farmers. of Tamil Nadu Agricultural
English. About 40 lakhs users Intellectual Property Rights Produce Marketing (Regulation)
visited the site and had used the  Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Act 1987 and Rules 1991.
information. obtained Nine patents and 59 e-National Agriculture Market
‘e-Velanmai’ findings have been filed for (e-NAM)
 An extension approach was obtaining patent. Tamil Nadu  e-National Agriculture Market is
successfully implemented in 13 Agricultural University has also aimed to increase the income of
districts jointly by TNAU and registered 64 crop varieties under
farmers which will also have the
Department of Agriculture. e- Protection of Plant Varieties andincidental benefit of moderating
Velanmai-FCMS App was created. Farmers Rights (PPV&FR) as price raises. The scheme is
Trainings were imparted to extant varieties. implemented in 585 mandis all
farmers and Extension Officers in Seed Certification: over the country. In Tamil Nadu,
100 blocks  Seed Certification wing of the 30 Regulated Markets are being
‘Uzhavarin Valarum Velanmai’ Directorate of Seed Certificationintegrated to e-National
 A monthly Tamil magazine of Tamil and Organic Certification is Agriculture Market in 2 phases.
Nadu Agricultural University, Benefits of e-NAM
involved in certification of seeds
Coimbatore is published since, of notified crop varieties, in
 Farmers have more option for
selling their produce.
 Traders have access to large Virudhunagar, Theni, Dindigul.

to technologies as well as to
national market for secondary Neera markets by providing both forward
trading.  Neera, the sweet sap of the
and backward linkages.
 Bulk buyers, processors, exporters  The TNSFAC is a society
coconut palm, is gaining
have direct participation in local functioning in association with
momentum as a popular drink on
mandis. Government, Private sector,
account of its highly nutritive
 Mandis have opportunity for cooperatives, banks notified by
value, delicious taste and
collection of better fee due to the Reserve Bank of India /
agreeable flavour. Tetrapacked
increased transaction. financial institutions.
Neera can be preserved upto 6
Amendments made in the existing Tamil Nadu Watershed
months in refrigerated condition.
TamilNadu Agricultural Marketing
Development Agency (TAWDEVA)
 In order to benefit the coconut
(Regulation) Act 336 1987 to
 Tamil
farmers in getting remunerative Nadu Watershed
include e-Trading, Single Point
Development Agency was
price through value addition the
Levy of Market Fee and Unified
established in 2002 with objectives
existing prohibition act has been
Single License to implement e-
to conserve water resources and
364 relaxed for enabling Neera
National Agriculture Market.
Agmark Grading promote efficient use of water for
production and value addition.
 Agmark is a quality certification
increasing productivity of the
Department of Agricultural
mark on agricultural products in crops.
Marketing and Agri Business at
India, assuring that they conform  Following are the two watershed
district level has been entrusted
to a set of standards approved by development
with the task of forwarding eligible programmes
the Government of India. Agmark applications from coconutimplemented by Tamil Nadu
is legally enforced 352 by the Watershed Development Agency.
producers companies to get
Agricultural Produce (Grading and 1. Pradhan Mantri Krishi
license from District Collectors for
Marking) Act of 1937 (and tappin Neera. A Steering Sinchayee Yojana –
amended in 1986) by Directorate Committee has been formed withWatershed Development
of Marketing and Inspection, eminent members (PMKSY-WD) and Other
from
Government of India. Presently institutions, Farmer Producer Interventions (Per drop more
Agmark standards cover quality Organizations and Departments crop)
guidelines for 222 commodities. 2. Watershed Development
to finalise the technology for
Uzhavar Sandhai Neera tapping, solve emerging Fund (WDF) assisted by
 Uzhavar Sandhais (Farmers’ NABARD.
issues and to take forward Neera
Market) function to facilitate Watershed Development
tapping in a sustainable manner.
direct marketing between Fund (WDF) assisted by NABARD
Steps are being taken to organize
farmers and consumers without  This scheme is started during
Capacity building trainings for
any interference of middlemen 2004. It is funded by State
farmers of Farmer Producer
thereby enabling remunerative Organizations in reputed Government (with 50% loan) and
price to farmers producing
NABARD (50% grant assistance).
institutions on Neera tapping
vegetables and fruits and to
Works taken up under these
technologies, preservations and
provide fresh fruits and vegetables
value addition. projects are similar to PMKSY –
to consumers at a price less than
Watershed Development works.
 Coconut Neera and its value added
retail prices. At present, 179
Totally 168 Projects have been
products are bound to have an
Uzhavar Sandhais are functioning
sanctioned by Steering Committee
excellent market potential in the
in Tamil Nadu. Facilities such as
of which 63 Projects have been
coming years. Promotion of Neera
shops to farmers, electronic
completed through Tamil Nadu
and value addition will bring
balances, drinking water and
employment generation andWatershed Development Agency
sanitary facilities are provided in
better returns to the coconut
and handed over to NABARD.
Farmers Market at free of cost.
farmers. District Watershed
Ultra and Mega Food Parks
Tamil Nadu Small Development Agency
 Government of Tamil Nadu is
Farmers Agribusiness  The District Watershed
taking steps to create an Ultra and
Consortium (TNSFAC) Development Agency functioning
Mega Food Parks at 10 Districts
in 23 Districts headed by the
 The objective of Tamil Nadu Small
viz. V illupuram, Salem,
District Collector as Chairman and
Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium
Cuddalore, Tiruvannamalai,
the Joint Director of Agriculture
[TNSFAC] is linking Small farmers
Krishnagiri, Erode, Tirunelveli,
as Project Officer.
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 227
11 

     Dr.  

       
       
   

      
         
    
      Dr.A.P.J. 
      A.P.J.
     
    
     
          
          
         
  
     Dr. 
      ISRO   
       SLV 3
           
  
   
       DRDO  
‘’  ‘’ IGMDP  
         
   “ ” 
  
  
       
         
       
  
          
        
          
     
 Dr.        
  
        
        
      
    
        
       
       (DRDO) 
       
   (IIM)    “ ”
     V
        
  
       NASA - 
       
     
    “      
 ” Palaeobotany 
    
 U.R. ISRO        
     
   
   
      

          
     
    
  ‘   ’    
     
   
 ‘ ’    

  ‘     
   
 ’    
  
  “  ” 
(APPLE) 
 
     
     
IRS - 1A 
    
IRS - 1B  
   CSIR     
  
  ‘  ’    
   
     UGL        
  
      
          
       
      (ICAR)
  
    K.N.   A.K. 
           
‘Operation flood’.    
    
    
      
           
       
AMUL ‘’   
        
        
          
    
         
     
       
          
       
      
    
  
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 229
INDIAN SCIENTISTS & THEIR

11 CONTRIBUTION
INDIAN SCIENTIST AND THEIR CON- movement. launched its first satellite,
TRIBUTION  He proved with the help of graphs Aryabhatta.
Srinivasa Ramanujan Aiyangar about the plants circulatory sys-  He established industries like
 He is a famous Indian Mathemati- tem. He has also demonstrated Sarabhai Geigy Ltd., Sarabhai
cian whose efforts on continued through Creso graph that the sap’s Glass, Sarabhai Chemicals,
fractions and series of upward movement in plants is the Sarabhai Merck Ltd. and many
hypergeometry are well known. Irving cells activity. others.
 He discovered many tremendous  He also invented a wireless co-  His efforts saved crores of Indian
methods and new algebraic series. herer (radio signal detector) and rupees by initiating the mission of
He was elected as the fellow in an instrument for indicating the antibiotics and penicillin produc-
1918 at the Trinity College at Cam- refraction of electric waves. tion and military hardware manu-
bridge and the Royal Society. Homi Jahangir Bhabha facturing in India.
Chandrasekhara V.Raman  Bhabha is also known as the Fa-  The credit for establishing various
 He was the first Asian to Conferred ther of Indian Nuclear Science. He reputed institutes in India goes to
with the Nobel Prize in Physics in suggested Sir Dorab Ji Tata for es- Dr. Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai. One
the year 1930. tablishing and institution to lay the such prominent example is Indian
 He secured first rank in the Indian country’s foundation as a world Institutes of Management (IIMs).
Audit and Accounts (IAAS) exami- nuclear power, which led to the  Dr.Sarabhai also served as the
nation. He was elected as a Fel- establishment of Tata Institute of chairman of the Indian National
low of the Royal Society. Fundamental Research (TIFR). Commission for Space Research
 Various experiments were con-  The country’s first atomic re- (INCOSPAR) and the Atomic Energy
ducted and also a research paper search centre, which is Bhabha Commission.
on molecular scattering of light Atomic Research Centre (BARC)  He was the director during the es-
was prepared by him. was set up at Trombay, under his tablishment of the Thumba Equa-
 The debate on the nature of light, expert guidance. torial Rocket Launching Station
whether it is waves or particles  The country’s first atomic reactor (TERLS).
was ended by the ‘Raman Effect’, - Apsara - was established through-  Bhabha was conferred with the
which proved that that light is out his period. Padma Bhushan and the Padma
made up of particles known as  He became the first chairman of Vibhushan and also taken initia-
photons. Atomic Energy Commission, which tive for spreading education with
Jagdish Chandra Bose was established in the year 1948. the help of satellite communica-
 J.C.Bose was knighted for his pa-  He also chaired the International tion to the villages.
per in 1917 on “The Electromag- Conference on peaceful used of A.P.J.Abdul Kalam
netic Radiation and Polarization of Atomic Energy.  Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam was born on
Electric Ray”.  The United Nations also supported 15 October 1931, in the island
 J.C. He became the first Indian sci- this conference. He was a recipi- town of Rameshwaram in Tamil
entist to receive the Fellowship of ent of Padma Bhushan by the Gov- Nadu.
the Royal Society of London in ernment of India. Homi Bhabha  He was the eleventh President of
1920. Prize is given for the special con- India. He was honoured with the
 Dr.Bose invented Cresco graph, tribution in “Theoretical Physics”. highest civilian award of India,
which is used for the recording of Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai Bharat Ratna, in the year 1997 for
even the millionth part of a  Under the expert guidance of Dr. his contributions in the science and
millimetre of plant growth and its Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai, India
engineering field. Project Director for 5,000 km lobby.
 Dr.kalam had served in Indian range Agni-V.  He is one of the greatest support-
Space Research Organisation from  Her outstanding contribution in ers of the cooperative movement
the year 1963 to 1982. Dr.Kalam the field of missile technology for in the world. His work helped in
developed the Satellite Launch Ve- making India self-reliant has made the upliftment of millions of people
hicle (SLV 3) at Vikram Sarabhai her won the Lal Bahadur Shastri out of proverty in India as well as
Space Centre, which placed the National Award. outside.
satellite Rohini into orbit. Udupi Ramachandra Rao Prafulla Chandra Ray
 During his tenure as the Director  U.R.Rao was the former chairman  He was born on 2 August 1861 in
of Defence Research Develop- of Indian Space Research Bengal. He was a renowned chem-
ment Organisation (DRDO), he Organisation. He wa conferred ist who set up the first chemical
was entrusted with the responsi- with the Padma Bhushan in 1976. factory of Inida, “Bengal Chemi-
bility of Integrated Guided Missile  He made a great contribution for cal and Pharmaceutical Works
Development Programme the establishment of Indian satel- Ltd.” in 1901 with an aim to make
(IGMDP) and subsequently he de- lite technology in 1972. chemicals at much cheaper rates,
veloped five defence services  Under his supervision, many sat- by using local raw materials.
projects, namely, Prithvi, Trishul, ellites were designed and Satyendra Nath Bose
Akash, Nag, and Agni. launched with an aim to provide  He was an Indian physicist and
 In his life, A.P.J.Kalam has written communication, remote sensing mathematician, who is best
many books : Target 3 Billion, De- and meteorological service. known for his work with Albert
velopments in Fluid Mechanics and  These include India’s first satellite Einstein on the ‘Bose-Einstein Sta-
Space Technology, India 2020 : “Aryabhatta” in 1975, Bhaskara, tistics’ that has application in in-
 A vision for the New Millennium, APPLE, Rohini, INSAT-1 and INSAT- formation retrieval in present
Envisioning an Empowered Nation, 2 series of multipurpose satellites time.
A Manifesto for Change : A sequel and the IRS-1A and IRS-1B remote  He also works on boson also called
to India You Are Born to Blossom, sensing satellites. God particles, which revolutionise
 Reignited : Scientific Pathways to Venkatraman Ramakrishnan the modern physics. The name bo-
a Brighter Future, Transcendence  He is an Indian-American and Brit- son was given after his name and
My Spiritual Experiences with ish structural biologist of Indian Bose known as the ‘Father of God
Pramukh Swamiji, My Journey: origin. Presently, he is the Presi- Particle’.
Transforming Dreams into actions, dent of the Royal Society. Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar (1894-
Indomitable Spirit, Ignited Minds  He won the Nobel Prize in 2009 in 1955)
: Unleashing the Power With In- Chemistry, “for studies of the struc-  A well-known Indian scientist in
dia, The Luminous Sparks, Mission ture and function of the ribosome”. the field of chemistry, he was the
India, Inspiring Thoughts, Forget Verghese Kurien (1921-2012) first director-general of the Coun-
your Future : Candid, Forthright,  Verghese Kurien is known as the cil of Scientific and Industrial Re-
Inspiring, Turning Points : A jour- “Father of the White Revolution” search (CSIR), and also known as
ney through challenges. in India. He is the person behind the “Father of Research Labora-
Tessy Thomas “Operation Flood”, which was the tories”.
 Tessy Thomas headed the largest agricultural dairy develop-  He was also the first Chairman of
programme on the Agni-IV missile ment programme in the world and the University Grants Commission
of Defence Research and Devel- India the top ranked milk producer (UGC). His biggest and significant
opment Organisation (DRDO), in the world. contributions were in the field of
which was successfully tested in  India’s largest food brand Amul magneto-chemistry, where he ap-
2011. Cooperative was established with plied the concept of magnetism for
 Thomas is also recognised as the help of him. the study of chemical reactions.
India’s “Missile Woman”. In 2009,  He also made India self-sufficient  He invented Bhatnagar - Mathur
the Advanced Systems Laboratory in the production of edible oil, tak- Magnetic Interference Balance
in Hyderabad appointed her as the ing on a powerful, entrenched and jointly with K.N.Mathur in 1928,
violently resistant oil supplying for measuring magnetic proper-
 99445 11344,  98942 41422,  75503 52916,  9843110566 231
ties. He was awarded Padma ate by the London University for  He won the Padma Bhushan in
Bhushan in 1954. his research in the field of 1958 and the Padma Vibhushan
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar palaeobotany. His works include in 1976. With his help, an eco-
(1910-1995) comprehensive studies on Indian nomic ornithology unit was estab-
 He was an astrophysicist. He dis- Conifers and exploring the wealth lished in the Indian Council for Ag-
covered and concluded that mas- of fossil plants from Rajmahal Hills. ricultural Research (ICAR).
sive stars can collapse under their  He attracted worldwide attention A.K.Sharma
own gravity to reach enormous or by instituting a new plant group  His specialisations were in the
even infinite densities. ‘Pentoxyleae’. fields of Cytogenetics, Cytochem-
 Now these collapsed stars are re-  The continental drift theory is sup- istry, and Cell Biology. His contri-
ferred as neutron stars and black ported by his palaeobotanical butions in these fields included -
holes. Small and dense stars go on studies. new techniques for studying the
to become white dwarfs while Salim Ali (1896-1897) physical and chemical nature of
larger stars, after a supernova,  Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali was a chromosomes, adopted all over
can become neutron stars or black prominent Indian ornithologist as the world for plant, animal and
holes. well as a naturalist. He is called human systems, the latest tech-
 He was awarded with the Noble known as the “birdman of India”, nique being orcein banding for re-
prize in physics in 1983 for “theo- because he was among the first petitive DNA, the tissue culture as
retical studies of the physical pro- few Indians who conducted sys- a means for gene variability and
cess of importance to the struc- tematic bird surveys across India conservation endangered species.
ture and evolution of stars’, shar- while also writing several books  Sharma has shown that the chemi-
ing the prize with William Fowler. that helped popularise ornithology cal composition of chromosomes
NASA’s Chandra X-ray observatory in India. varies during organogenesis, dif-
is named after him.  He became the main figure behind ferentiation and reproduction,
Birbal Sahni (1891-1949) the Bombay Natural History Soci- with the basic genetic skeleton be-
 In 1919, he received his doctor- ety after 1947. ing maintained. He had received
the Padma Bhushan in 1983.
தமிழன்தமிழன்
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சுரேஷ் அறிவியல்மதாெழில்நுட்பம் கையேடுT&E196 பக்கங்கள்

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SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

    

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 38

      

       

     

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 42

g     

 2000     

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 46

 iv     

         

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 48

ENERGY - SELF SUFFICIENCY,

Energy Although, commercial energy nearly 8,00,000 MW from the cur-

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 50

Whereas, oil reserves and other

1. Once burned to generate The Advantages of Nuclear Energy

wide variety of places. Although

Common Minimum Programme

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 58

developed countries have Maharashtra because of the Tarapur, Maharashtra and

         

    

(NRB)   -1 

      

  

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 64

    

Defence Technology in India hicles, engineering systems, in- Developmetn Establishment

computing and simulation, spe-

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 66

Trishul Missile System

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 68

Saras Light Transport Aircraft (LTA) Missile Program

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 70

number of major states, including direct deal with the French

    

   

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 72

 (ORV)  (ORV) 

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 74

OCEAN RESEARCH &

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 76

 The two major vessels viz the State Pollution Control

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 78

     

    

  

   

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 82

LASER (Light Amplification by    

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 84

         

         

  

    

Thoothukudi 0461-4000970, Tirunelveli 0462-2560123, Ramanathapuram 75503 52916, Madurai 9843110566 88

     TDMA    

   

     

      

 4G        