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3rd International Conference on Energy and Sustainable Environment IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1054 (2022) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1054/1/012024
Investigation of Passive Cooling Strategies in Selected Shopping

Malls, Southwestern Nigeria
O. O. Izobo-Martins*, B. J. Oyelami, O. O. Agboola, E. A. Ejale

Department of Architecture, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria.
*
Corresponding author’s email: oladunni.izobo-martins@covenantuniversity.edu.ng
Abstract. There is a growing concern about shopping malls' energy consumption, and this has
stimulated responses to the demand for passive features in their design from the building industry.
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems was the main focus of this study. The
study investigated the compliance level of selected shopping malls in southwestern, Nigeria to
passive cooling design strategies. Shopping malls that were built in the last 10 years were selected
for the study. Data for this study was gathered through observation guide and case studies. It was
observed that the selected shopping malls did not fully adopt passive cooling design strategies as it
was observed that most of them still depends on HVAC system. This indicates that passive cooling
design strategies was not considered when the malls were at the design stage. The study recommends
that different passive cooling strategies should be considered when designing future shopping malls
so as to optimize energy efficiency. Furthermore, regulatory authorities and allied professionals
should see to compliance of future shopping malls design at design, planning and approval stage.
Keywords: Passive Cooling Design Strategies, Energy Efficiency, Shopping malls.
1. Introduction
Nigeria, as a developing nation, has experienced rapid growth of shopping malls in recent years. An upsurge
in the spending capacity of citizens and a booming number of expatriate workers, as well as foreigners on
tourism, has directed the attention of investors to the benefits of retail therapy (Chris & Earl, 2015). Anchor
stores and different shops connected with large corridors and walkways, mostly in one building or more,
characterize most shopping centers in Nigeria (Bamidele & Folaranmi, 2018). People go to shopping malls
to purchase goods and commodities for social meetings and enjoy the chilly environment (Ezea, 2017). The
impact of shopping malls in Nigeria cannot be limited to the social well-being of the society, the
environmental influence of these buildings are of major concern (Bamidele & Folaranmi, 2018).
There is a growing concern about shopping malls' energy consumption, and this has stimulated
responses to the demand for passive features in their design from all building sectors. There has, however,
been a slow response from the retail sector to this demand. Therefore, to mitigate high energy consumption,
shopping malls should take responsibility for employing passive design features, especially energy
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efficiency in its design (Yudelson, 2009). Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are
the major causes of the high energy consumption in shopping malls (U.S. Department of Energy, 2008).
A large percentage of shopping malls use HVAC systems to ensure sufficient air exchange to attain
indoor thermal comfort. However, longer operation hours and increased number of opening days have led
to high energy consumption because of HVAC systems (Annamaria & Avantaggiato, 2016). To alleviate
the impact of high energy consumption in the environment, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) has
demanded the retail sector to implement passive cooling systems in the design of new shopping malls
(Yudelson, 2009). This demand is in line with the Sustainable Development Goal 7 (Affordable and Clean
Energy), which has a target of doubling the global rate of energy efficiency in public buildings, including
commercial buildings, by the year 2030. Incorporating passive cooling systems in the architectural design
process of shopping malls requires many considerations at the design stage. This is because enclosed spaces
without passive cooling components can lead to increase in carbon dioxide and temperature levels when
occupied by humans thus leading to discomfort to occupants and pose health hazards as a result of poor
indoor thermal comfort (Netra, Namrata, & Sujata, 2015). The purpose of integrating passive cooling
components at the design stage is to provide an efficient thermal comfort in indoor spaces. An effective
passive system depends mostly on natural and environmental elements like sun, wind, earth, and water. The
integration of passive cooling systems within the design process requires performances affected by building
orientation, materials, height and other characteristics of architecture element (Ahmed, 2019).
According to U.S. Department of Energy (2008), the high rate of energy consumption by shopping
malls has contributed to carbon dioxide emission in the environment. The rise in energy consumption in
these retail buildings is as a result of minimum or no use of natural ventilation (Netra, Namrata, & Sujata,
2015). Futhermore, Bamidele & Folaranmi (2018) observed that many shopping malls are not able to
achieve indoor thermal comfort due to poor exchange of indoor and outdoor air. However, as shopping
malls face the prevalent challenge of high energy usage due to HVAC systems in the course of achieving
indoor thermal comfort, they cannot be ruled out of the modern society. They serve as one of the major
commercial and social component in today’s society. The introduction of passive cooling components at
the design stage will mitigate high energy usage and also lessen the use of HVAC systems faced by
shopping malls.
Little studies have been documented about the use of passive cooling components in the design
stage of shopping malls. There is need to employ passive cooling components to optimize indoor thermal
comfort in the design of shopping malls. This will help to reduce the use of mechanical system that depends
more on fossil fuel-based energy consumption, thus, reducing greenhouse emission to the environment.
This study intends to investigate and apply various passive cooling strategies in order to reduce shopping
malls dependency on HVAC systems.
This study aimed to investigate passive cooling design features in selected shopping malls towards
proposing passive cooling strategies that will reduce the dependency of shopping malls on HVAC system
in south-western Nigeria. The objectives of this study are to; investigate existing passive cooling features
as it exists in selected shopping malls; and identify the existing passive cooling strategies that can be applied
to enhance energy efficiency in shopping malls.
As previously stated, various literatures have discussed the concept of passive cooling components
that can be used in existing shopping malls in order to mitigate high energy consumption. However, there
is a need to implement passive cooling components at the design stage of shopping malls in order to achieve
optimum indoor thermal comfort for users. This will help to reduce the dependency on HVAC systems. In
addition, the use of passive cooling components will reduce the life cycle cost of shopping malls i.e. energy
cost will be reduced in the long term. This study seeks to provide passive cooling design model for shopping
malls at planning and design stage. The study would provide solutions that would reduce expenses on
energy usage to power mechanical systems in shopping malls. Finally, the study will serve as a guide for
2
architects and allied building professionals in the design and approval stage of shopping malls. The study
focuses on applying passive cooling components in the design of a shopping mall with more emphasis on
the indoor spaces of the building. This study is limited to the southwestern part of Nigeria because of the
uniform weather condition in the region (Owolabi & Adebayo, 2013).
2. Literature Review
2.1. Energy Consumption in Shopping Malls

According to Kalyani & Gumaste (2015), a common practice among architects when constructing shopping
malls is to use fully glazed aluminum windows for aesthetic purposes, which results in a significant lack of
natural ventilation in mall spaces. The use of these approaches in mall spaces has resulted in high usgae of
HVAC system resulting in high energy consumption.
According to Koenigsberger et al. (2010), the use of glass facades in modern shopping malls in
western nations that experience severe cold weather throughout the year contributes to the warming of mall
areas, which may be a beneficial concept. However, in tropical locations such as Nigeria, the usage of
bigger glass facades results in excessive heat in interior rooms, producing thermal discomfort for customers.
Yahyah and Sahar (2008) argued in their research that the concept of wide glazed facades was to
satisfy aesthetic requirements and current design trends has had a detrimental effect on indoor thermal
efficiency, which is being addressed through the integration of Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) Systems. According to the research, unwanted heat energy accumulates in mall spaces from a
number of sources, including equipment, interior appliances, kitchenettes, and baking facilities.
When subjected to high ambient temperatures, cement-based materials such as concrete may absorb
heat for a longer period of time when combined with other construction materials, according to Vaclav et
al (2014). Shopping malls are generally constructed of cement-based materials for structural stability;
however, these materials give insufficient time for absorbed heat to be released at night, when backward
radiation cooling is important. As a result, maintaining thermal efficiency indoors requires a significant
amount of energy, resulting in high energy expenses.
Giuseppe (2014) notes that energy usage in commercial buildings such as shopping malls in
European countries varies between 500 and 1000 kWh/m2/yr. This is due to economic expansion, which is
directly related to commercial sector growth. One significant effect of this commercial expansion is
increased energy consumption, which continues to rise as a result of the requirement to satisfy the demands
of daily activities and commercial floor space for the purpose of providing thermal comfort to consumers
and retail owners (Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2016). Shopping malls consume much more
energy than residential and office buildings.
Lam (2003) examined the energy use of four retail malls in Hong Kong's subtropical area. HVAC
systems were determined to account for 50% of total energy usage. Additionally, the United States Energy
Information Administration (EIA) reports that HVAC accounted for 25% of overall energy use at shopping
malls in 2012.
It is self-evident that HVAC systems significantly contribute to the energy consumption of
shopping malls. This is necessary in order to obtain a high level of indoor thermal quality.
2.1.1 Energy Efficiency in Shopping Malls

Special architectural conditions and needs in shopping malls are driven by the following;
x The need to enhance indoor environmental quality and functionality,
x The necessity to improve customers’ experience,
x The need to reduce energy consumption of the mall,
x The obligation to improve building operation and reduce maintenance cost, and
3
x The condition to mitigate environmental and socio-economic impact of the shopping mall (Maximpact
Energy Efficiency Services, 2021).
Because of the environmental implications and the huge financial obligation associated with it,
energy use is a critical condition of all of these requirements. Because of the daily demand for air
conditioning and lighting, energy consumption in shopping malls is huge, necessitating energy
conservation. Shopping mall energy conservation is a major target for the commercial sector around the
world. Investors are becoming more interested in designing, building, and operating environmentally
friendly malls as energy prices rise. Energy efficiency in retail outlets is a method that should be taken into
account during the design stage. However, due to recent practices of retrofitting and renovation, there is a
tremendous opportunity for energy savings for shopping malls that have already been developed. An
energy-efficient shopping mall is a sign of a well-functioning structure (Department of Building, 2012).
The construction industry's ongoing evolution has facilitated the development of environmentally
friendly building materials and components. As a result of this advancement, technical systems such as
lighting, ventilation, and the building envelope have been enhanced. Retrofitting requires an in-depth
analysis of the building's features; however, this may be achieved through the use of building energy
simulators, which assist in determining the influence of building components on natural ventilation and day
lighting. Here are a few examples of various energy-saving strategies:
x To minimize heating and cooling demand, a multi-functional climate sensitive façade system, multi-
purpose coatings and insulation, and applications for strategic vegetation integration are used.
Figure 1: Vegetative integrated façade system Figure 2: Terracotta cladding façade system
Source: Pinterest (2021). for extreme weather conditions
Source: WFM Media (2021).
x To reduce the usage of energy-intensive climate control systems, smart natural ventilation and cooling
are used.
Figure 3: Ventilated cooling in shopping mall

Source: Annamaria & Avantaggiato (2016).
4
x Increasing the amount of natural light available by the use of curtains, skylights, and solar tubes.
Figure 4: Light tube system in a mall

Source: Annamaria & Avantaggiato (2016).
x The integration of solar collectors, photovoltaic panels, and advanced battery systems to help meet a
building's energy demands using renewable energy sources.
x Since the exterior surfaces of most shopping centers are made of steel and glass, a large portion of the
energy savings can come from envelope energy efficiency, as the glass surfaces generate considerable
solar heat (Maximpact Energy Efficiency Services, 2021).
2.2. Passive Cooling Components

Mohammad (2012) found that a passive solar system utilizes natural processes for heating and cooling to
create balanced indoor temperatures. In passive design, energy is transmitted naturally by radiation,
conduction, or convection, without the need of any electrical equipment. Maintaining a pleasant indoor
environment in a hot climate entails reducing the rate of heat input into the structure and increasing heat
removal. The primary premise behind passive cooling is to keep heat out of the building or to remove it
after it has entered. This is reliant upon the presence of a heat sink with a temperature lower than that of the
interior air and the facilitation of heat transfer to the sink. In the environment, the following are examples
of heat sinks:
• Outside air: the majority of heat transmission occurs by convection through apertures.
• Evaporation of water: heat transmission between the inside and exterior of the building envelope.
• Heat transmission by long wave radiation via a building's roof and/or other surrounding surface is
possible through the (night) sky.
• Earth: conduction of heat through the building envelope
Passive cooling techniques can help buildings reduce peak cooling demands, decreasing the size and
energy consumption of air conditioning equipment. The following section discusses several cooling
concepts;
2.2.1. Solar Shading. Solar shading, along with all other solar passive cooling techniques, is critical for
thermal comfort in buildings, particularly in developing countries, due to its low cost and ease of
implementation. When a tree is used as a shading device, the ambient temperature near the outer wall is
reduced by 2°C to 2.5°C. When sun shading techniques are applied, the average room temperature decreases
by six degrees Celsius. Kumar, Garg, and Kaushik (2005) investigated the efficacy of solar passive cooling
strategies such as solar shading, building component insulation, and air exchange rate. According to their
research, solar shading reduces the indoor temperature by approximately 2.5°C to 4.5°C. When the findings
were corrected for insulation and a controlled air exchange rate, the room temperature was decreased by
4.4°C to 6.8°C. Solar shading, the report states, is extremely beneficial in the design of passive cooling
systems because it helps keep indoor room air temperatures lower than they would be in a traditional
building without shade.
5
2.2.2. Shading by Overhangs, Louvers and Awnings etc. Sun management and shading systems that are
well-designed may considerably reduce peak heat gain and cooling requirements while also enhancing the
quality of natural illumination in building interiors. Depending on the amount and placement of
fenestration, annual cooling energy savings of 5% to 15% have been observed. Numerous energy-efficient
building strategies include the use of sun protection and shading devices. Sun control and shade devices are
important in buildings equipped with passive solar heating or daylighting. External window shade is a great
way to minimize excessive solar heat gain while entering a climate-controlled room during the cooling
season. Natural landscaping or architectural elements such as awnings, overhangs, and trellises can offer
shade. Certain shading systems, such as light shelves, can also function as reflectors, refracting natural light
deep into building interiors for daylighting (Prowler, 2016).
Figure 5: Various shading device concept

Source: Mohammad, (2012).
Figure 6: Application of overhangs and fins

Source: Prowler, (2016).
2.2.3. Shading of Roof. The importance of shading the roof when it comes to minimizing heat gain cannot
be overstated. Roofs may be shaded by using a concrete or sheet roof cover, trees, cardboard, or earthen
pots, for example. External shading, such as that created by a roof, does not interfere with night-time
cooling. The roof is protected from direct radiation by a shield made of concrete or galvanized iron sheets.
The disadvantage of this device is that it prevents heat from escaping to the sky at night.
Figure 7: Roof shading techniques

Source: Subramanian & Divya,
6
A more attractive alternative is to cover the space with deciduous trees and creepers. The
temperature of the roof is decreased to a degree below the temperature of the daylight air through
evaporation from the leaf surfaces. It is significantly cooler at night than the temperature of the sky. The
surface area available for radiative emission is enhanced by densely packing inverted earthen pots
throughout the whole surface area, as was done in traditional homes. The insulating cover on the roof keeps
heat out of the building. However, it renders the roof inaccessible and makes maintenance more difficult.
Another affordable and efficient product is a detachable canvas cover put near to the roof. It keeps
heat out during the day and pulls it in at night, resulting in radiative cooling. When the canvas is painted
white, the heat gain from radiative and conductive heat is decreased.
2.2.4. Shading by Trees and Vegetation. Landscaping is one of the most significant aspects of energy
efficiency in buildings (Subramanian & Divya, 2016). Landscaping can be used to shade the building
exterior, lowering the indoor temperature by up to 2.5 degrees Celsius. Evergreen trees provide shade in
the summer and provide sun in the winter. Trees should be planted according to their orientation.
Figure 8: Shading of a building by different type of trees

Source: Zeba et al. (2017).
2.2.5. Shading by Textured Surfaces. The use of a high-textured wall surface reduces heat gain. The color
of the building also aids in the reflection of solar radiation. Light color aids in the reflection of solar
radiation (Subramanian & Divya, 2016).
Figure 9: Shading of a building by cladded facade

Source: (Roth & Rassmussen, 2012).
2.2.6. Insulation. The benefits of insulation include a reduction in heat input and loss. The more insulation
a building's external envelope has, the less heat is transported into or out of the structure as a result of
7
temperature differentials between the interior and exterior. Additionally, insulation reduces draughts caused
by temperature differentials between the walls and the air, while also controlling the internal mean radiant
temperature (MRT) by isolating the interior surfaces from the effects of external conditions. When a
building is mechanically heated or cooled, insulation is important to lowering the facility's space-
conditioning requirements. The thickness and location of the insulation are essential. In hot climates,
insulation is applied to the outside face of the wall or roof (facing the exterior) to ensure that the thermal
mass of the wall is only weakly coupled to the external source and firmly coupled to the inside. Insulating
materials include foam, cellulose, fiberglass, and polystyrene (Subramanian & Divya, 2016).
Figure 10: Insulation of building external wall

Source: (Brinkmann, 2019)
3. Methodology
As initially stated, the aim of the study is to investigate passive cooling design features in selected shopping
malls towards proposing passive cooling strategies that will reduce the dependency of shopping malls on
HVAC system in south-western Nigeria. In order to achieve this aim, several stages were undertaken as to
gather relevant information. Firstly, a thorough literature review on the subject matter was conducted.
Information concerning energy consumption and energy efficiency in shopping malls as well as passive
cooling components have primarily been obtained from research papers and from documents (Maneekum,
2010). The second step was to choose shopping malls purposely based on the year they were commissioned.
The purpose was to get a broad picture of the shopping malls with passive cooling strategies. This is because
the Green Building Council (GBC) was established in South Africa in year 2007 before spreading to other
African countries including Nigeria (Wilkinson, 2016). The GBC is responsible for enforcing Sustainable
building designs in the Sub-Sahara African region. The shopping malls that were built within the last 10
years are believed to have incorporated passive cooling features as a result of the GBC establishment. 4 out
10 identified shopping malls were randomly selected. This is in line with the recommendation by Nwana
(1981) cited in Izobo-Martins (2014), who advocated for 40% of sample size of any study. Two shopping
malls were randomly selected from Lagos state while two was selected from Ogun State and Oyo State
making it a total of four (4) as shown in Table 2. Due to the qualitative approach of the study, data was
gotten through observation guide during the field survey.
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Table 1: List of shopping malls built in the last ten years in Southwest, Nigeria.
S/N Mall Location Year Opened
1. Ikeja City Mall Ikeja, Lagos State 2014
2. Novare Lekki Mall Lekki, Lagos State 2016
3. Palms Shopping Mall Lekki, Lagos State 2005
4. Maryland Mall Maryland, Lagos State 2016
5. Ibadan Mall Ibadan, Oyo State 2014
6. Festival Mall Festac, Lagos State 2015
7. Circle Mall Lekki, Lagos State 2015
8. Jericho Mall Ibadan, Oyo State 2016
9. Heritage Mall Ibadan, Oyo State 2013
10. Ventura Mall Ibadan, Oyo State 2014
11. Shoprite Mall Ota, Ogun State 2016
Source: Kiprop (2019)
Table 2: Sample size.

S/N Mall Location Year Opened
1. Ikeja City Mall Ikeja, Lagos State 2014
2. Maryland Mall Maryland, Lagos State 2016
3. Ventura Mall Ibadan, Oyo State 2014
4. Shoprite Mall Ota, Ogun State 2016
Source: Kiprop (2019).
The observation guide was used to observe passive design features present in the shopping malls
during the field survey. Data gotten from the observation guide was used to address the first objective of
this study which was to investigate existing passive cooling features as it exists in selected shopping malls.
4. Results, Analysis and Discussion

As previously stated, the case studies used for this research are chosen from within a group of shopping
malls located in south-western Nigeria because of the uniform weather condition of the region. An
observation guide (Appendix I) was adopted with a checklist which indicates the presence or absence of
physical features of passive cooling design. This served as a tool for measuring the level of adoption of
passive cooling features in the shopping malls selected. The local cases under study and the inferences
gotten from them were used to draw results that were relevant in achieving the first objective of this research
which is to investigate existing passive cooling features.
4.1. Case Study 1: Maryland Mall, Lagos State
Maryland Mall is a 13,300sqm retail development located on Ikorodu road, in Maryland, Ikeja. The
shopping mall consists of 40 shopping outlets, banks, restaurants, a supermarket, a state of the art 4-screen
cinema located in the building. This section analyzes the passive cooling features present on the mall. The
observation guide shall be used to annotate the degree of compliance of the building to the passive cooling
features.
9
Table 3: Compliance level of Maryland Mall to passive cooling features

S/N Variables Checklist Level Of Application
Absent Low Average High
1. Building Suitability of the
Envelope materials to the climate
Use of external
insulation
Use of light colours
2. Natural Use of openable

Ventilation windows
3. Landscape Use of soft landscape
Design
Use of hard landscape.
4. Building Sun Orientation (East -
Orientation West)
Wind Orientation
(South-West – North-
East)
5. Solar Shading by overhangs,
Shading louvers, awnings, etc.
Shading of roof
6. Insulation Foam, cellulose,

fiberglass and polystyrene
Cavity wall
The exterior of the building consists of plastered concrete masonry units (CMU) painted with black
emulsion paint. The concrete masonry unit is highly suitable for the tropical climate of the region. However,
the building is not insulated externally to prevent heat radiated from exterior from spreading the interior of
the building, hence the need for heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) system achieve thermal comfort
in the shopping mall.
The finishes on the exterior wall which is black emulsion paint contributes to the heat generated in
the interior of the building because black colour is a colour radiating heat. During the sunny day, heat is
trapped in the concrete masonry units and released into the building in the evening leading to a high demand
of HVAC system during those hours. The shopping mall is not naturally ventilated. Furthermore, there are
no window openings on the perimeter wall of the building, hence, the dependency on mechanical cooling
system. The landscape of the building is generally soft and hard landscape. However, the soft landscape is
low compared to the hard landscape. This indicates that consideration was not given to the soft landscape
when the building was designed. In addition, the implication of low soft landscape is that, air flow from
exterior of the building to the interior will not be diffused with soft landscape elements like trees and shrubs
thus, making the interior of the building thermally inconvenient for users.
The shopping mall is well orientated to accommodate sunlight and airflow. However, lack of
openable windows on the perimeter walls of the mall is hindering airflow into the building thus, making
the building orientation ineffective in relation to maximizing the airflow. The shopping mall is averagely
10
shaded from solar radiation as seen in Table 3. The ground floor is shaded by the cantilevered upper floors
thus preventing the perimeter wall of the ground floor from gaining heat. The upper floors were shaded
partially at the right-side elevation of the building with corridors preventing the external walls of the stores
and other retail spaces on the upper floor from solar effects. This indicates that there will be less heat gain
in those spaces. However, the external walls of the left-side and front elevation of the building are not
shaded, thus, causing heat gain in the adjoining spaces of the shopping mall.
The roof of the shopping mall is partly shaded. Part of the roof is covered with aluminum roofing
sheets with buffer in between the roof while part of the roof is covered with reinforced concrete slab painted
with black emulsion paint. This indicates that the shopping mall is moderately shaded i.e. heat from the sun
is trapped in the buffer zone preventing heat from entering the building interior spaces. However, the roof
faces a challenge of not allowing heat gained escape to the sky at night. The shopping mall is not insulated
against solar radiation as indicated in Table 3. The mall was constructed using concrete masonry units
which has low resistance to solar radiation.
Figure 11: Building envelope of Maryland Figure 12: Exterior wall of the building with
Mall no window openings, Maryland Mall
Figure 13: View of the hard landscape, Maryland Figure 14: Shading of interior spaces with
Mall corridors, Maryland Mall
4.2. Case Study 2: The Palms Mall Ota

The Palms Shopping Mall, Ota was built in 2016. The Palms was built to provide a world class retail
environment and set the benchmark for retailing, not only in Nigeria but throughout West Africa. Built by
Persianas Group in 2016, The Palms shopping mall, Sango Ota, is easily accessible and strategically located
at the commercial nerve of the city. It is designed to be a one-point shopping center, providing shoppers
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access to a wide range of local and international brands, products in contemporary and easy to navigate
environment.
Table 4: Compliance level of Palms Mall to passive cooling features

Use of external
insulation

Ventilation windows
Design
Orientation West)
Wind Orientation
East)
Shading of roof

Cavity wall
This section analyzes the passive cooling features present on the mall. The observation guide shall
be used to annotate the degree of compliance of the building to the passive cooling features. The exterior
of the building is painted with light colors. The concrete masonry unit is highly suitable for the tropical
climate of the region as shown in Table 4. However, the building is not insulated externally to prevent heat
radiated from exterior from spreading the interior of the building, hence the need for heating, ventilation
and cooling (HVAC) system achieve thermal comfort in the shopping mall. During the sunny day, heat is
trapped in the concrete masonry units and released into the building in the evening leading to a high demand
of HVAC system during those hours. This indicates that building envelope was not well planned at the
design stage for passive cooling.
The shopping mall is not naturally ventilated. There are no window openings on the perimeter wall
of the building except for curtain glazing which cannot provide natural ventilation in the mall. This connotes
that a failure of the mechanical system of the building will lead to poor air exchange in the building and
that leads to poor indoor thermal comfort.
The landscape of the building is generally soft and hard landscape. However, the soft landscape is
low compared to the hard landscape as seen in Table 3. This indicates that consideration was not given to
12
the soft landscape when the building was designed. In addition, the implication of low soft landscape is
that, air flow from exterior of the building to the interior will not be diffused with soft landscape elements
like trees and shrubs thus, making the interior of the building thermally inconvenient for users.
The shopping mall is not well orientated to accommodate sunlight and airflow as indicated in Table
3. This indicates that passive cooling strategies was not considered in the initial stage of the design of the
mall.
The shopping mall is highly shaded from solar radiation. The approach view of the building is
shaded by covered corridors/walkways and horizontal steel panels to prevent direct sunlight from radiating
heat into the adjacent stores in that area. The left-side view of the building is partly shaded with roof
overhangs reducing solar radiation effect on the adjacent walls.
The roof of the shopping mall is well shaded. The roof is covered with aluminum roofing sheets
with buffer in between the roof while a small area of the roof is covered with reinforced concrete slab
finished with bituminous felt. This indicates that the shopping mall is highly shaded i.e. heat from the sun
is trapped in the buffer zone preventing heat from entering the building interior spaces. However, the roof
faces a challenge of not allowing heat gained escape to the sky at night.
The shopping mall is not insulated against solar radiation. The mall was constructed using concrete
masonry units which has low resistance to solar radiation. Cavity walls should have been used to prevent
heat from entering interior of the mall.
Figure 15: External wall painting of the Figure 16: Glazed openings in the shopping
mall, The Palms Mall mall, The Palms Mall
Figure 17: View of the soft landscape, Figure 18: Shading of walls with roof overhang
The Palms Mall
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4.3. Case Study 3: Ikeja City Mall, Lagos State

Ikeja City Mall (ICM) is located in the heart of Ikeja - Alausa, a Lagos State region that is home to the
Lagos State government and its parastatals, as well as private businesses and residential nodes. ICM is
usually buzzing with commercial activity due to its ample parking and excellent location. It is the country's
busiest mall. ICM runs 100 shops with a broad mix of merchants, delivering a diverse variety of
international and domestic retail brands to its clients. Shoppers will discover a diverse selection of products
and services under one roof, as well as a comfortable, clean, safe, and convenient shopping environment
that incorporates entertainment and leisure. This section analyzes the passive cooling features present on
the mall. The observation guide shall be used to annotate the degree of compliance of the building to the
passive cooling features.
Table 5: Compliance level of Ikeja City Mall to passive cooling features
Use of external
insulation

Ventilation windows
Design

Orientation West)
Wind Orientation
East)
Shading of roof

Cavity wall
As can be observed in Table 5, the building's exterior is painted in light colors. The concrete
masonry unit is well suited to the region's tropical environment. However, the structure is not insulated on
the outside to prevent heat from the outside from seeping into the interior, necessitating the use of a heating,
ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system to provide thermal comfort in the retail mall. Heat is
trapped in the concrete masonry units during the day and released into the building later in the evening,
14
resulting in a significant demand on the HVAC system during those hours. This implies that the building
envelope was not properly designed for passive cooling during the design stage.
The retail center is poorly ventilated. Except for curtain glazing, which cannot offer natural
ventilation in the mall, there are no window openings on the exterior wall of the structure. This means that
if the building's mechanical system fails, it will result in inadequate air exchange, which will result in poor
indoor thermal comfort. The building's landscape is typically soft and hard landscape. The soft landscape,
on the other hand, is really low in comparison to the hard terrain. This shows that the soft terrain was not
taken into account when the structure was planned.
Furthermore, minimal soft landscape has the effect of preventing air movement from the exterior of the
building to the inside of the building from being dispersed by soft landscape components such as trees and
bushes, making the interior of the building thermally uncomfortable for users. The shopping mall is not
well orientated to maximize airflow as indicated in Table 5. This indicates that passive cooling strategies
was not considered in the initial stage of the design of the mall.
The shopping mall is highly shaded from solar radiation. The approach view of the building is shaded
by covered corridors/walkways and horizontal to prevent direct sunlight from radiating heat into the
adjacent stores in that area. However, the left-side and right-side view of the building is not shaded. The
roof of the shopping mall is well shaded as shown in Table 5. The roof is covered with aluminum roofing
sheets with buffer in between the roof while a small area of the roof is covered with reinforced concrete
slab finished with bituminous felt. This indicates that the shopping mall is highly shaded i.e. heat from the
sun is trapped in the buffer zone preventing heat from entering the building interior spaces. However, the
roof faces a challenge of not allowing heat gained escape to the sky at night. Solar radiation is not insulated
in the retail center. The mall was built using concrete masonry units, which have a poor solar radiation
resistance. To prevent heat from entering the mall's interior, cavity walls should have been installed.
Figure 19: Building envelope of the shopping Figure 20: View of the hard and soft landscape,
mall, Ikeja City Mall Ikeja City Mall
4.4. Case Study 4: Ventura Shopping Mall

Ventura Mall is an ultra-modern mall consisting of a shopping complex, children game arcade, film house,
and food court. It is one of the popular places for relaxation and entertainment in Ibadan. The mall provides
a serene environment where customers can play state of the art games, watch the movies, eat good food and
many more.
15
Table 6: Compliance level of Ventura Shopping Mall to passive cooling features

Use of external
insulation

Ventilation windows
Design
Orientation West)
Wind Orientation
East)
Shading of roof

Cavity wall
The building's exterior is painted in red and grey colours. Red colour is the least absorber of heat
indicating that the spaces adjacent to the exterior wall finished with red materials will not be affected by
heat gain. However, the part painted in deep grey will suffer a little amount of heat gain in the interior
spaces because grey colour absorbs and reflect heat at the same time. The concrete masonry unit is well
suited to the region's tropical environment. In addition, the concrete masonry units of the façade are cladded
with AlucoBond. According to Alcan, (2021), AlucoBond is not an insulating panel due to its thin and
homogenous core. This indicates that the structure is not well insulated on the outside to prevent heat gain
in the building interior. The retail center is not well ventilated except for curtain glazing, which cannot offer
natural ventilation in the mall, there are no window openings on the exterior wall of the structure. This
indicates that natural ventilation was not considered at the initial stage of the design.
The building's landscape is typically soft and hard landscape. The soft landscape, on the other hand,
is low in comparison to the hard terrain. This shows that the soft terrain was not taken into account when
the structure was planned. Furthermore, minimal soft landscape has the effect of preventing air movement
from the exterior of the building to the inside of the building from being dispersed by soft landscape
components such as trees and bushes, making the interior of the building thermally uncomfortable for users.
The shopping mall is well orientated to maximize airflow as seen in Table 6. In addition, the shopping mall
is partly shaded from solar radiation. The approach view of the building is shaded by steel mullions and
16
panels to prevent direct sunlight from radiating heat into the adjacent stores in that area. However, the left-
side and right-side view of the building is not shaded.
The roof of the shopping mall is well shaded as shown in Table 6. The roof is covered with
polyfluoroethylene material with buffer in between the roof while a small area of the roof which are above
the stair halls is covered with reinforced concrete slab finished with bituminous felt. This indicates that the
shopping mall is averagely shaded. However, the roof faces a challenge of not allowing heat gained escape
to the sky at night. Solar radiation is not insulated in the retail center. The mall was built using concrete
masonry units, which have a poor solar radiation resistance. To prevent heat from entering the mall's
interior, cavity walls should have been installed.
4.5. Discussion
The outcome of the study indicates passive cooling features was not adequately provided for in the design
stage of the selected shopping malls. This is the reason why the shopping malls depend fully on HVAC
system. To argue that some passive cooling features are not present in the selected malls will not be true,
however, not all passive cooling features as indicated in the observation guide were considered in the design
stage of the malls. Maryland Mall and The Palms Mall are recently built malls; both were built in 2016.
Passive design strategies like building orientation and adoption of suitable building materials was
considered in Maryland Mall while use of light colours and solar shading was fully considered in the Palms
Mall. Other passive cooling features like insulation, landscape and natural ventilation was not considered
in the design of the malls. It would have been expected that the malls comply with sustainable building
design standards in adopting passive cooling features to reduce energy consumption since they were
recently built, however, most of the passive cooling features are evidently lacking in this malls.
Furthermore, Ikeja City Mall and Ventura mall were built in 2010 and 2014 respectively. Passive design
strategies like suitable building materials, light colours and solar shading were given consideration in the
design of this malls. However, other passive cooling features like insulation, landscape and natural
ventilation was not considered in the design of the malls. This result indicates that regulatory bodies are not
in place to check the compliance of shopping malls to passive cooling strategies at the design stage. It is
very important for shopping malls to consider designing and building energy efficient retail centers so as
to meet the demand of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG).
5. Conclusion and Recommendation
In conclusion, the detailed analysis of the collected data for the study as contained in the previous chapters
has enabled the study to reach a valid conclusion while addressing the objectives of the study. The study
concludes that through the analysis of data collected on investigating passive cooling features in selected
shopping malls in the southwestern part of Nigeria, it was found that the concept of passive cooling design
is not well emphasized in shopping malls. Passive cooling designed and energy-efficient malls should be
well emphasized in the retail sector so as to contribute to an eco-friendly environment. Retail owners and
their staff should be well educated on energy-efficient malls. The study further determined that shopping
malls should employ the use of passive cooling features such as solar shading, natural ventilation, building
orientation to maximize airflow and reduce energy consumption, and green facades to minimize heat gain
and cool the interior of the building.
The following recommendations are given in light of the results of the study's survey about the usage of
passive cooling design methods to optimize energy efficiency in shopping malls. Passive cooling design
methods such as building orientation, solar shading, and natural ventilation should be addressed throughout
the design and planning stages to guarantee that shopping malls have enough cooling. Additionally, passive
17
cooling components such as green façades, roof chimneys, and ventilated atriums should be incorporated
into the design of future retail malls to ensure appropriate thermal comfort for users while minimizing
energy usage. Additionally, because the research was done as a case study, similar studies should be
conducted in other states of Nigeria and around the world. Similar research can be done in different sorts
of buildings to extend the study's area of knowledge. This will assist in establishing a baseline for the level
of adoption of passive cooling design in other types of buildings and also help in identifying reasons
impeding the implementation of these methods.
6. Acknowledgement
The authors sincerely thank the Covenant University Centre for Research, Innovation and Development
(CUCRID), for the sponsorship of this work.
7. Appendix
Appendix I: Observation Guide
Observation guide for the Application of Passive Cooling Components in the Design of a Shopping Mall,
Oyo State, Nigeria. Using participant observation technique.
Location:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Use of external
insulation
Ventilation windows
3. Landscape Use of soft
Design landscape
Use of hard
landscape.
4. Building Sun Orientation
Orientation (East -West)
Wind Orientation
East)
5. Building Form Large building
surface area.
6. Solar Shading Shading by
overhangs, louvers,
awnings, etc.
Shading of roof
18

fiberglass and
polystyrene
Cavity wall
Source: Eneye (2015).
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Investigation of Passive Cooling Strategies in Selected Shopping

O. O. Izobo-Martins*, B. J. Oyelami, O. O. Agboola, E. A. Ejale

Keywords: Passive Cooling Design Strategies, Energy Efficiency, Shopping malls.

2.1. Energy Consumption in Shopping Malls

2.1.1 Energy Efficiency in Shopping Malls

Figure 3: Ventilated cooling in shopping mall

Figure 4: Light tube system in a mall

2.2. Passive Cooling Components

Figure 5: Various shading device concept

Figure 6: Application of overhangs and fins

Figure 7: Roof shading techniques

Figure 8: Shading of a building by different type of trees

Figure 9: Shading of a building by cladded facade

Figure 10: Insulation of building external wall

Table 2: Sample size.

4. Results, Analysis and Discussion

Table 3: Compliance level of Maryland Mall to passive cooling features

2. Natural Use of openable

6. Insulation Foam, cellulose,

4.2. Case Study 2: The Palms Mall Ota

Table 4: Compliance level of Palms Mall to passive cooling features

2. Natural Use of openable

6. Insulation Foam, cellulose,

4.3. Case Study 3: Ikeja City Mall, Lagos State

2. Natural Use of openable

4. Building Sun Orientation (East -

6. Insulation Foam, cellulose,

4.4. Case Study 4: Ventura Shopping Mall

Table 6: Compliance level of Ventura Shopping Mall to passive cooling features

2. Natural Use of openable

6. Insulation Foam, cellulose,

7. Insulation Foam, cellulose,

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