G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology

(A Constituent College of CVM University)

Department of Electrical Engineering

EXPERIMENT No.6 DATE: / /

AIM: Speed Control of Induction Motor Drive using Closed Loop V/f (Scalar Control)
Scheme in MATLAB Simulink.

THEORY:
Synchronous speed can be controlled by varying the supply frequency. Voltage induced in
the stator is 1 ∝ Ф where Ф is the air-gap flux and f is the supply frequency. As we can
neglect the stator voltage drop, we obtain terminal voltage 1 ∝ Ф . Thus, reducing the
frequency without changing the supply voltage will lead to an increase in the air-gap flux
which is undesirable.
Hence whenever frequency is varied in order to control the speed, the terminal voltage is
also varied so as to maintain the V/f ratio constant. Thus, by maintaining a constant V/f
ratio, the maximum torque of the motor becomes constant for changing speed.

Fig.1: Torque-Speed characteristics for V/f Controlled Induction Motor.

As can be seen from Fig.1, when V/f Control is implemented, for various frequencies inside
the operating region, the maximum torque remains the same as the speed varies. Thus,
maintaining the V/f ratio constant helps us to maintain a constant maximum torque while
controlling the speed as per our requirement.

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 G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology
(A Constituent College of CVM University)
Department of Electrical Engineering

Closed-Loop V/f Control of Induction Motor:

 It employs an inner slip speed loop and an outer speed loop as shown in Fig.2.
 The slip speed loop acts as inner current control loop. It also ensures the motor to
operate between synchronous speed and the speed at which maximum torque occurs
for all frequencies.
 Thus, a high torque will be produced for a small current drawn from supply.
 The drive uses a PWM inverter fed from a dc source. Regenerative braking and four
quadrant operation of drive is possible because of the use of PWM inverter.
 The speed error is processed through a speed controller, usually a PI controller, and a
slip regulator.
 P controller reduces the steady state error and I controller reduces the peak overshoot
and settling time so that the response will be faster.
 PI controller gives good steady state accuracy and reduces the noise.
 Slip regulator set the slip speed command ωsl*. This command controls the inverter
current to its maximum allowable value.
 The synchronous speed obtained by adding actual speed ωm and slip speed ωsl*
determines the frequency of inverter output voltage.
 Reference signal V* for controlling the output voltage of inverter is generated using a
flux control block.
 This reference signal ensures a constant flux operation below base speed and constant
voltage operation above base speed.

Fig.2: V/f based closed loop speed control an induction motor fed from VSI.

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 G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology
(A Constituent College of CVM University)
Department of Electrical Engineering

 If the motor speed is to be increased, then the reference speed ωm* will be set to the
required speed.
 Now the comparator compares the actual speed and reference speed and produces a
positive error.
 This will set the slip speed command ωsl* at its maximum value.
 Hence the motor starts accelerating (i.e., speed increases) at the maximum inverter
current and hence the speed error decreases.
 When the actual motor speed reaches the reference value, the drive finally settles at
that speed. At this speed, the motor torque equals the load torque.

 If the motor speed is to be decreased, then the reference speed ωm* will be set to the
required speed.
 Now the comparator compares the actual speed and reference speed and produces a
negative error.
 This will set the slip speed command ωsl* at its maximum negative value.
 Hence the motor starts decelerating (i.e., speed decreases) at the maximum inverter
current and hence the speed error decreases. Here regenerative braking is applied.
 When the actual motor speed reaches the reference value, the drive finally settles at
that speed. At this speed, the motor torque equals the load torque.

 For operation below base speed, the ratio (V/f) is kept constant.
 For operation above base speed, the terminal voltage is kept constant, and frequency
is increased.
 For low frequency operation, the ratio (V/f) is increased to maintain constant flux
operation.

 When a fast response is required, the drive can be made to accelerate at a current
more than the rated current of induction motor.
 But the power electronic switches present in the inverter must be selected such that
they can withstand for those high currents. Any device with increased current rating
will be more costly. This will increase the cost of total drive system.
 When fast response is not required, current ratings of inverter and rectifier can be
chosen to be marginally higher than that of the motor.

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 G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology
(A Constituent College of CVM University)
Department of Electrical Engineering

MATLAB Simulation:

Power Circuit

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 G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology
(A Constituent College of CVM University)
Department of Electrical Engineering

Control Circuit

Function

PI Controller
Saturation

Result: (Speed_reference Vs time / Speed_actual Vs time)

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 G H Patel College of Engineering & Technology
(A Constituent College of CVM University)
Department of Electrical Engineering

Conclusion:

Post Experiment Exercise:

1. What are the main components of a closed-loop V/F speed control system for an
induction motor?
2. What are the advantages of using V/F control for induction motor speed regulation
compared to other methods?
3. How does the closed-loop V/F control system maintain the desired speed of the
induction motor under varying load conditions?
4. What are the limitations or challenges associated with closed-loop V/F speed control of
induction motors?
5. Provide the examples of real-world applications where closed-loop V/F speed control of
induction motors is commonly used.

Grade/Marks
Obtained
Date of Assessment

Sign of Instructor

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