CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study
Knowing the amount of energy left in a battery compared with
the energy it had when it was full gives the user an indication of
how much longer a battery will continue to perform before it
needs recharging. This would be easy if the battery could be
discharged at a constant rate. The charge in a battery is equal to
the current multiplied by the time for which it flowed.
Unfortunately there are two problems with this. In all practical
batteries, the discharge current is not constant but diminishes
as the battery becomes discharged, usually in a non-linear way.
Any measurement device must therefore be able to integrate
current over time. Secondly, this method depends on discharging
the battery to know how much charge it contained. In most
applications except perhaps in qualification testing, the user (or
the system) needs to know how much charge is in the cell
without discharging it.
It is not possible either to measure directly the effective charge in
a battery by monitoring the actual charge put into it during
charging. This is because of the Coulombic efficiency of the
battery. Losses in the battery during the charge - discharge cycle
mean that the battery will deliver less charge during discharge
than was put into it during charging.
The Coulombic efficiency or charge acceptance is a measure of
how much usable energy is available during discharging
compared with the energy used to charge the cell.
Nowadays, electronic indicators are used which provide or give a
continuous reading of the battery condition. This method of
course needs indicators to provide the measurement data of the
current battery status, memory to store the battery.

In this project however, a simple Battery Level Indicator Circuit

using easily available components was developed. Battery level
indicator indicates the status of the battery just by glowing
LED’s. It is used to check the battery life. We can easily recognize
the battery level with the help of LED’s. It uses a LM3914 driver
IC use to drive 10 leds by passing through it sufficient amount of
current. Brightness of leds are controlled by reference adjustable
pin and reference out pin. A variable resistor is also deployed in
the circuit to have variable input voltage at pin 5 of the driver IC.
Since the driver IC has two modes of operation which is bar
graph mode and dot mode, it enables us to have indication of the
battery life either in bar form or in dot form.

1.2 AIM/OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this project is to construct a battery level indicator.
And its specific objectives include;
1. To develop a battery level indicator using an LM3914.
 2. To develop a device that will indicate and let the user know
the status of battery just by glowing the LED's connected to it
in accordance to the battery percentage.
3. To develop a device that will be simple in its operation
4. To develop a device that will be cost effective and its materials
readily available.

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROJECT

Battery level indicator will let you know the status of battery of a
device just by glowing the number of LED's. For example four
LED's are glowing means battery capacity is 40 percent. Voltage
Monitor is a simplistic and inexpensive battery monitoring
system designed to monitor battery string voltage for over and
under voltage conditions. This Battery Voltage Monitor is used in
1.5V - 24V applications - and reads battery bus status, detects
different dc voltages using contacts probes. Monitoring for
battery string voltage will provide critical battery cell protection
and ensure the longevity of the battery system. Over voltage can
lead to overcharging and overheating of the batteries, which can
cause irreversible cell destruction. Under voltage will also cause
irreversible battery damage if left uncorrected. Measuring battery
voltage with this device will allow the user to determine how
charged their batteries are, and allow for immediate corrective
action if needed.
1.4 LIMITATION OF THE PROJECT

1. This device can only indicate voltage from 1.5v to 24v.

2. It indicates voltage level via LEDs.

3. The operating voltage of this IC is 3v to 25v DC.

1.5 SCOPE
This work is not limited to be used only as a prototype for the
purpose of academic work. It can be adopted in real application.
It is a simplistic and inexpensive battery monitoring system
designed to monitor battery string voltage for over and under
voltage conditions. This Battery Voltage Monitor is used in 1.5V -
24V applications - and reads battery bus status, detects different
dc voltages using contacts probes.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Review of related work

In the year 2007, John developed a battery monitor circuit, which
is a 3 LED bar graph type battery monitor circuit that is ideal for
monitoring the voltage level of an automobile battery. When battery
voltage is 11.5v or less, the transistor Q1 will be ON and the LED
D1 will glow. When battery voltage is between 11.5 and 13.5v, the
transistor Q2 will be ON and the LED D2 will glow. When battery
voltage is above 13.5v the transistor Q3 will be ON and the LED D7
will glow.

In the year 2009, DakLak developed an easy to build low battery

level indicator circuit that produces a visible indication by flashing
a LED when the battery voltage drops below a predetermined
voltage. The circuit is based on Panasonic’s IC MN13811G and an
efficient flasher based on transistors Q1&Q2.Here when the battery
voltage drops below 2.4V the output of the IC is activated and the
flasher starts flashing. This circuit here is an ideal one for
monitoring the level of all types of 3V batteries. The circuit is power
efficient with a idle current drawing as less as 1uA, and a current
drawing while flashing as less as 20uA.

August 12, 2010 Martin Rowe developed a circuit that works in

most rechargeable batteries. It comprises a reference LED, LED REF,
which operates at a constant current of 1 mA and provides
reference light of constant intensity regardless of battery voltage.
The light output of the variable LED changes with respect to
changes in battery voltage. The side-by-side-mounted LEDs let you
easily compare light intensities and, thus, battery status. Using
diffused LEDs as crystal-clear LEDs can damage your eyes.
Instead, mount the LEDs with sufficient optical isolation so that
the light from one LED does not affect the intensity of the other
LEDs.

The variable LED operates from 10 mA to less than 1 mA as the

battery voltage changes from fully charged to fully discharged.
Zener diode DZ in series with resistor R2 causes the current to
change with battery voltage. The sum of the zener voltage and the
drop across the LED should be slightly less than the lowest battery
voltage. This voltage appears across R2. As the battery voltage
varies, it produces a large variation of current in R 2. If the voltage
is approximately 1V, then 10 mA will flow through LED VAR, which is
much brighter than LEDREF. If the voltage is less than 0.1V, then
the light intensity of LEDVAR will be less than LEDREF, indicating
that the battery has discharged.

Immediately after the battery has charged, the battery voltage is

more than 13V. The circuit can withstand this voltage because it
has a 10-mA margin. If the LEDs are bright, quickly release
pushbutton switch S1 to avoid damage to the LEDs.
In the year, 2005 Fran Granville, developed a circuit that can
withstand 13V because it has a 10-mA margin. If the LEDs are
bright, quickly release pushbutton switch S1.

The device uses a 12V lead-acid battery indicator as an example,

but you can extend the design to accommodate other types of
chargeable batteries. You can also use it for voltage monitoring. It
uses two green LEDs to indicate whether the battery has charged
above 60%. A set of red LEDs indicates whether the battery charge
drops below 20%. LEDREFG and LEDREFR feed through 10-kΩ
resistors R1 and R2. For the variable-intensity LEDs, a zener diode
works in series with 100Ω resistors R 3 and R4. Diodes D1, D2, and
D3 provide the required clamping voltages.

The following equation calculates the variable intensity for the

green LED: VBATT=IG×100+VD1+ VD2+VLEDG+VDZ1. For a green-LED
current of 1 mA, VBATT=10−3 ×100+0.6+0.6+1.85+9.1=12.25V. The
selected LEDs have a drop of 1.85V at 1 mA.

If the LED has different characteristics, then you must recalculate

the resistor values. At this voltage, the LEDs have the same
intensity, and the battery is 60% charged. The following equation
calculates the variable intensity for the red LED:
VBATT=IR×100+VD3+VLEDR+VZD2. For a green-LED current of 1 mA,
VBATT= 10−3×100+0.6+1.85+9.1=11.65V.
2.2 APPLICATION OF THE PROJECT

You can use this voltage monitor circuit with your inverter or
with your car battery; it will give you indication about your
battery status. So before one’s battery dies you can recharge it.

In Automobiles

Some automobiles are fitted with a battery condition meter to

monitor the starter battery. This meter is, essentially, a voltmeter
but it may also be marked with coloured zones for easy
visualization.
Many newer cars no longer offer voltmeters or ammeters;
instead, these vehicles typically have a light with the outline of
an automotive battery on it. This can be somewhat misleading as
it may be confused for an indicator of a bad battery when in
reality it indicates a problem with the vehicle's charging system.
Alternatively, an ammeter may be fitted. This indicates whether
the battery is being charged or discharged. In the picture on the
right, the ammeter is marked "Alternator" and the symbols are
"C" (charge) and "D" (discharge). Click on the picture to enlarge
it.
Both ammeters and voltmeters individually or together can be
used to assess the operating state of an automobile battery and
charging system.

In Electronic devices

A voltage monitor is a feature of many electronic devices. In

mobile phones, the battery indicator usually takes the form of a
bar graph - the more bars that are showing, the better the
battery's state of charge.

In Computers

Computers may give a signal to users that an internal standby

battery needs replacement. Portable computers using
rechargeable batteries generally give the user some indication of
the remaining operating time left on the battery.This device can
also be used in the following places:

 Telecommunications

 CATV / Broadband

 Mission Critical Facilities

 UPS Systems

 Financial Institutions

 Mining

 Transportation Operations

 Hospitals

 Emergency Lighting

 Call Centers

 Battery Suppliers and Manufacturers.

 Battery Service Groups

 Medical/Biotechnology. All for the purpose of knowing the

voltages of their devices.
2.3 BASIC ADVANTAGES OF LED LIGHT IN THE PROJECT

 Energy efficient - LED’s are now capable of outputting

135 lumens/watt
 Long Lifetime - 50,000 hours or more if properly
engineered
 Rugged - LED’s are also called “Solid State Lighting (SSL)
as they are made of solid material with no filament or tube
or bulb to break
 No warm-up period - LED’s light instantly – in
nanoseconds
 Not affected by cold temperatures - LED’s “like” low
temperatures and will startup even in subzero weather
 Directional - With LED’s you can direct the light where you
want it, thus no light is wasted
 Excellent Color Rendering - LED’s do not wash out colors
like other light sources such as fluorescents, making them
perfect for displays and retail applications
 Environmentally friendly - LED’s contain no mercury or
other hazardous substances
 Controllable - LED’s can be controlled for brightness and
color

2.4 ADVANTAGES OF THE PROJECT

  It is portable

 It has measuring probe which is labeled black (–ve) and red

(+ve)

 High reliability and durability

 Simple installation

 Monitors Voltage in 1.5 - 24V batteries.

2.5 LM3914

The LM3914 is an integrated circuit (IC) designed by National

Semiconductor and used to operate displays that visually show the
magnitude of an analog signal.

One LM3914 can drive up to 10 LEDs, LCDs, or vacuum

fluorescent displays on its outputs. The linear scaling of the output
thresholds makes the device usable, for example, as a voltmeter. In
the basic configuration it provides a ten step scale which is
expandable to over 100 segments with other LM3914 ICs in series.

This IC was introduced by National Semiconductor in 1980 and is

still available as of 2018 from Texas Instruments. Two variant of
this part are the LM3915 with 3dB logarithmic scale steps, and the
LM3916 which emulates the scale of a VU-meter.

Features
All the devices in this group operate with a range of voltages from
3-35V, can drive LED and VFD displays. They can provide a
regulated output current between 2-30 mA to directly drive
displays.

Internally, each device contains ten comparators and a resistor

scaling network, as well as a 1.25 volt reference source. As the
input voltage increases, each comparator turns on. The device can
be configured for either a bar-graph mode, where all lower-output
terminals switch on, or "dot" mode in which only one output goes
on. The device is packaged in an 18 pin dual in-line package or in a
surface mount leadless chip carrier.

The Pinout

The DIP (through-hole, dual-inline package) version of this chip

has 18 pins, and both a dot and notch to indicate polarity.
Over half of the pins are in charge of driving the LEDs. The
remaining pins are used for power, reference voltages, and control
of the IC. Here is an overview of the chip's pinout:

Pin No Pin Name Pin Function Pin No Pin Name Pin Function
1 LED 1 First (lowest value) LED 18 LED 2 2nd LED
2 V− Ground 17 LED 3 3rd LED
3 V+ Supply voltage (3-25V) 16 LED 4 4th LED
4 RLO Divider low voltage 15 LED 5 5th LED
5 Signal In Analog signal in 14 LED 6 6th LED
6 RHI Divider high voltage 13 LED 7 7th LED
Reference output
7 Ref Out 12 LED 8 8th LED
voltage
Voltage reference
8 Ref Adj 11 LED 9 9th LED
adjust
9 Mode Dot/Bar mode select 10 LED 10 Last (higest analog input)
 LED

2.1.3 RESISTORS
There are almost so many types as their applications. Resistors are
used in amplifier as loads for active devices; in bias networks, and
as feedback elements. In combinations with capacitors they are
used to set operating currents and signal levels. Resistors are used
in power circuits and signal levels. Resistors are used in power
circuits to reduce voltages by dissipating power, to measure
current, and to discharge capacitors after power is removed. They
are used in precision circuits to establish current, to provide
accurate voltage ratios, and to set precise gain values. In logic
circuits they act as bus and line terminators and as “pull up” and
“pull down” resistors. In high voltage circuits, they are used to
measure voltages and to equalize leakage currents among diodes or
capacitors connected in series. In radio frequency circuit they are
even used as coils forms for indicators.
Resistors are available with resistance from 0.010ohms through
1012 ohms, standard power ratings from 1/8watt through
250watts, and accuracies from 0.005% through 20%. Resistors can
be made from carbon-composition mouldings, from metal wire
wound in a form of semi-conductor elements similar to field effect
transistors (FETs).
Resistance is measured in Ohms. 1ohms is quite small for
electronics so resistance are often given in Kilo Ohms and Mega
Ohms. When resistors are connected in series, their combined
resistance is equal to the individual resistance added together. For
example if resistor R1 and R2 are combined in series, their
combined resistance is given by:
Combined resistance in series: R=R1+R2
This can be extended for more resistors:
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+……
Note that the combined resistance in series will always be greater
than any of the individual resistances.

Fi R2 = R
xe
d
ca
pa Resistors connected in parallel
Fig 2.2:
cit
When resistors are connected in parallel, their combined resistance
or
is less than any ofR1the individual resistances. There is a special
equation for the combined resistance of two resistors R1 and R2.
For more than two resistors connected in parallel, a more difficult
equation must be used. This adds up the reciprocal (“over one”) of
each resistance to give the reciprocal of the combined resistance,
R. The simpler equation for two resistors in parallel is much easier
to use.
Note that the combined resistance in parallel will always be less
than any of the individual resistances. Resistor values are normally
shown using colour bands. Each colour represents a number as
shown in the table. Most resistors have four bands.
The first band gives the first digit. The second band gives the
second digit. The third band indicates the number of zeros. The
fourth band is used to show the tolerance (precision) of the
resistor, this may be ignored for almost all circuits but further
details are given below.

The standard colour code is shown in the table below:

S/N Colour 1st band 2nd band 3rd band 4th band
multiplier tolerance
0
1 Black 0 0 10
2 Brown 1 1 101 +- 1%
3 Red 2 2 102 +- 2%
3
4 Orange 3 3 10
5 Yellow 4 4 104
6 Green 5 5 105
7 Blue 6 6 106
8 Violet 7 7 107
9 Gray 8 8 108
10 White 9 9 109
11 Gold - - 10-1 +-5%
-2
12 Silver - - 10 +-10%
13 None - - - +-20%
Table 2.1: standard colour code of a resistor

Fig 2.3: Resistor with colour coding

Resistors are passive device and are used in circuit to either limit
current or as a voltage divider. In this project design, carbon
resistor is used.
The colour coding in a resistor helps to know the measure. The
first three colours indicate the actual of the resistor while the last
value indicates the tolerance. The tolerance shows the value at
which the resistor can still function well. This is normally
represented in form of percentage. Sometimes a fifth band appears
on the resistor indicating the reliability.
The standard colour code cannot show values of less than 10ohms.
To show these small values, two special colours are used for the
third band; Gold which means x0.1 and silver which means x0.01.
The first and second band represents the digits as normal.
For example: red, violet, gold bands represent 27x0.1= 2.7ohm.
Blue, green, silver bands represents 56x0.01= 0.56ohm.
Tolerance of resistor (fourth band of colour code)
The tolerance of a resistor is shown by the fourth band of the
colour code. Tolerance is the precision of the resistor and it is given
as a percentage. For example a 390ohm resistor with a tolerance of
+-10% will have a value within 10% of 390ohm between 390-39=
351 and 390+39= 429ohm (39 is 10% of 390). A special colour code
is used for the fourth band tolerance: silver +-10%, gold +-5%, red
+-2%, brown +-1%.
If no fourth band is shown, the tolerance is +-20%. Tolerance may
be ignored for almost all circuits because precise values are rarely
required.
2.1.4 CAPACITORS
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-
terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically
in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely,
but all contains at least two electrical conductors (plates) separated
by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The conductors can be thin films,
foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The
non-conducting dielectric acts to increase the capacitors charge
capacity. A dielectric can be glass, ceramics, plastic film, air,
vacuum, paper, mica, oxide layer etc. capacitors are widely used as
parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
Unlike a resistor, an ideal capacitor stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic field between its plates. The Si unit of capacitor is the
Farad (F) which is equal to one coulomb per volt (1C/V). As regards
the construction of this project, the ranges of capacitors used are
1000uf, 10uf, 100uf and 0.1uf.

Fixed capacitor Polarized capacitor Variable capacitor

Fig 2.4: Circuit symbols of a capacitor

2.1.7 7805 IC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

The regulator is commonly used in electronic circuits requiring a
regulated power supply due to the ease use and low cost.
The 7805 IC regulator belong to the 7800 series of IC regulators
that are available with several fixed positive output voltage making
them useful in a wide range of application. It is a three terminal
device and is labelled as input, output and ground.
These IC regulator 7800 series, particularly 7805 is designed to
produce a suitable fixed 5V output supply no matter the variation
of the input voltage. This IC regulator 7805 is preferably used
compared to regfulat5ors made of discrete components such as
zener diodes, transistors and comparator because of the low cost
and its unique built in features such as current limiting, self-
protection against over temperature, remote control operation over
a wide range of input voltage and fold back current limiting.

Fig. 2.8: Symbol of a regulator

2.1.9 IC SOCKETS
An IC socket, or integrated circuit socket, is used in devices that
contain an integrated circuit. An IC socket is used as a place
holder for IC chips and is used in order to allow safe removal and
insertion of IC chips because IC chips may become damaged from
heat due to soldering. There are different kinds of IC sockets, but
as regards this system design, 40pins, 20pins, and 8pins where
used respectively.

2.1.10 TRANSISTOR
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch
electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of
semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection
to an external circuit. A voltage or current applies to one pair of the
terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher
than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a
signal.
Transistor Is Categorized Into Two
 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
 Field Effect Transistor (FET)

In this work however, A BJT transistor was used. It is an NPN

transistor. It serves as a device for turning on the appropriate
segments of this display. Below is the symbol.

Fig 2.9 the pin diagram of Transistor Symbol

Where e = emitter
b = base
c = collector
2.1.11 LIGHT EMITING DIODE (LED)
An LED is used as indicator lamps in many devices and are
increasingly used for other lighting. Appearing as practical
electronic components in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity
red light but modern versions are available across the visible,
ultraviolet and infrared wave lengths, with high brightness. In this
work, the LED was used as an indicator to show when energy is
applied to the system, below is the circuit symbol.

A K
A

Fig. 2.10 Light emitting diode symbol

Where A = Anode
K = Cathode
2.1.12 SWITCH (ON/OFF, RESET BUTTON)
In electronics, an electronic switch is an electronic component or
device that can switch an electronic circuit, interrupting the
current or diverting it from one conductor to another. In the
construction of this system, a RESET switch was connected which
is used to reset the system.

Fig 2.10: Symbol of a switch

2.1.13 VEROBOARD
Vero board is a widely use type of electronics prototyping board
characterized by a 0.1 inch (2.54mm) regulator (rectangular) grid of
holes, with wide parallel ships of copper cladding running in one
direction all the way across one side of the board. In using the
board, breaks are made in the tracks, usually around holes, to
divide the strips into multiple electrical nodes. With care, it is
possible to break between holes to allow for components that have
two pin rows only one position apart.

2.1.14 JUMPER WIRE

Jumper wire, commonly used with a breadboard is used to
transfer electrical signal from one part of the breadboard to the
external microcontroller. Jumper wire varies in size and colour to
distinguish what objects they are working with. Sensors buttons,
and other such things all use jumper wire to communicate with
the microcontroller.

CHAPTER THREE
3.0 METHODOLOGY
The whole aim of this work is to develop a system that will serve as
a battery level indicator. This chapter however, deals with the
design method and analysis that are required to make the correct
choice of component values for effective performance. The design of
this device was simplified so as to utilize locally available materials
in its construction.

3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

The method employed in this project is very simple and easy to
comprehend. The development of this system utilized an
indigenous technology, thus its design and construction was not
difficult. The design could be categorized into four sections and the
block diagram is show below;

Fig 3.2 Block diagram of an infrared controlled security light

 Power supply unit
 Sensing unit
 Comparator unit
 LED display unit

3.1.1 POWER SUPPLY UNIT

The source of power to this system is a DC source supply from an
9V battery. The voltage will be further reduced to 5v such as to
promote the efficiency of the system.
An IC regulator will be used to achieve this. Below is the schematic
circuit diagram of the power supply unit.
 1 3
7805 +5vk

2
1k
LL
9v

9v
Fig 3.1 schematic circuit diagram of power supply unit

3.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The heart of this battery level indicator circuit is LM3914 IC. This
IC takes input analog voltage and drives 10 LED’s linearly
according to the input analog voltage. In this circuit, there is no
need of resistors in series with LEDs because the current is
regulated by the IC.

The circuit derives the power supply for its operation from the
battery of the device itself. It uses ten LEDs wired in a 10-dot
mode. The use of different coloured LEDs makes it easier to
recognize the voltage level on the basis of the calibration made. Red
LEDs (LED1 through LED3) indicate battery capacity of less than
40 per cent. Orange LEDs (LED4 through LED6) indicate battery
capacity of 40 to less than 70 per cent and green LEDs (LED7
through LED10) indicate battery capacity of 70 to under 100 per
cent. The brightness of the LEDs can be adjusted by varying the
value of preset VR2 between pins 6 and 7. Diode D1 prevents the
circuit from reverse-polarity battery connection. The tenth LED
glows only when the battery capacity is full.

3.3 COMPLETE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TESTING AND RESULT
In the course of the construction, various tests were carried out
and the results stated.
Various components used in the construction were tested using
measuring instrument like multi-meter to measure the values of
these components and were also tested after they were mounted on
the veroboard.
The main aims of testing the components were;
 To avoid the wrong usage of components
 To avoid partial contact due to poor soldering
 To ensure that polarity were in the right order and to generate
a good power output.

When each of the components were tested using a multi-meter,

they all read correctly as analyzed below;
 Resistors =1K, 10K, 100K
 Capacitor = 1000MF, 10MF, 100,000PF
 Diode = IN4007
 Transistor = NPN
 battery = 9v DC
 LEDs = Red, Green and blue colours

Also further test were carried out to determine the % level of the
LEDs

Each LED represents 10% and when the battery voltage falls below
40% the Red LEDs will light indicating that the battery is low and
needed to be charged.
To set the 100% voltage, the 10k potentiometer connected to pin 5
was adjusted so that the 100% LED turns on at the voltage at
which the battery will be 100% charged.

Once the 100% voltage has been set, the power supply to 10% of
the voltage was set in the first step, and the 200k potentiometer
was adjusted until the 10% LED lights up. Once this is done the
device is successfully set up and the battery can now be connected.

The brightness of the LEDs can be adjusted by turning the 10k

potentiometer connected to pin 6 and 7 until the LEDs are at a
suitable brightness.

4.1 DISCUSSION
From my finding in the experiment/test carried with the device, I
discovered that;
1. The device functioned effectively due to scrutiny in choosing
the components used.
2. Proper components test was carried out
3. The components used are not short circuited.
4. This device can only indicate voltage from 1.5v to 24v.

4.2 COST OF COMPONENTS

S/N COMPONENTS QUANTITY UNIT PRICE AMOUNT
1 LM3914 3 800 1,600
2 Diodes 5 50 250
3 Capacitors 4 50 200
4 Resistors 7 20 140
 5 Transistors 2 100 500
6 LED 2 20 20
7 Vero board 1 150 150
8 Casing 2,000 2,000
9 IC regulator 1 150 150
10 Switch 1 100 100
TOTAL 5,210

4.3 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED

In the course of this project, many problems were encountered and
as human beings we try to overcome these problems. Some of the
problems include;
I. finance for the project work was small but the money was not
easy to come by.
II some components were hard to find. It requires going from
one place to another before we could get the correct components.
III. Some components were burnt while soldering and
requires replacing them with new once.
IV. The circuit diagram that was downloaded online for the
project work did not function, so it was adjusted to get the required
one
V. placing and soldering the components on the Vero board
requires a lot of technology and the technical known how.
VI. At a point, the project didn’t work and it requires
starting afresh.

4.4 SOLUTIONS
In the course of this project, several efforts were made to overcome
the problems they include;
1. With the help of parents, guidance, and relations we were to
finance the project.
2.Assistance came from friends who were willing to help.
3 professionals were consulted for guidance.
4. We worked as group and the group work was carried out well
and the cost of expenditures was reduced.
5. God Almighty was our stronghold.

CHAPETR FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
From the on-going it has been extensively deduced that a battery
level indicator is an application of Science and Technology used in
detecting the level of battery in a device. The device has no side
effect to the battery; rather it helps to provide protection to it. The
operation of the device is easy and straight forward.

The prototype was successfully developed and met the stated

objectives. The first objective which is to develop a battery level
indicator was achieved. The system can indicate and let the user
know the status of battery just by glowing the LED's connected to
it in accordance to the battery percentage, and this has proved that
the second objective of the system. The device is simple to operate
and durable when handled carefully and the maintenance is cheap,
this satisfies the third and fourth objectives.
The project has helped me gain a better perspective on various
aspects related to my course of study as well as practical
knowledge of electronic equipment and communication. I became
familiar with designing, hardware analysis, implementation, testing
and maintenance concerned with the project.

5.2 RECOMMENDATION
This project sets a foundation that could be easily taken up as a
future project. It covers the design process of the detective system
and describes the problems encountered during implementation.
Later sections suggest possible solutions to each of the problems
and make recommendations for future improvements. A future
project topic could be to conduct a design analysis of the system
and to fully construct and test the redesign system.
Due to the adaptability of this system many other applications
can stem from the design. This system is modular in design and
can be easily changed to suit almost any application. Another
possible project topic that could include sections of this design
would be to include ADC interfaced with microcontroller and
display (LCD) to detect input voltage, monitor it by cutting the
supply off at low or high voltage and connecting it back when it is
normal and finally display the voltage always.