Lecture Slide of Transformers

Transformer
Hari Om Bansal
Associate Professor, Department of EEE

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Ideal Transformer
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Two Winding Transformer – Ideal

Sinusoidal Excitation

Impedance transformation

Real / Practical Transformer

Ckt Model and Phasor Diagram for practical T/F with core components only

Real / Practical Transformer: Effect of leakage Flux and wdgloss only

No Load phasor Diagram

No Load Phasor Diagram

T/F on load: Phasor Diagrams

Name plate ratings and losses
NPR: V, kVA and % Z
Why kVA not in kW
Losses:
Iron/core
Cu losses
Stray load losses:

Due to leakage flux inducing current in the metallic structure like tank walls
Dielectric Loss
Dielectric loss occurs in the insulating material of the transformer that is
in the oil of the transformer, or in the solid insulations. When the oil gets
deteriorated or the solid insulation get damaged, or its quality
decreases, and because of this, the efficiency of transformer is effected.

Circuit Parameters Determination

Circuit Parameters Determination

Open Circuit Test
•Full line voltage is applied to the primary side of the

transformer.
•The input voltage, current, and power are measured.
The magnitude of the admittance in the open-circuit test is:
The angle of the admittance in the open-circuit test can be as:

Poc =voc2 / RC
•The susceptance of the magnetizing inductor is:

Open Circuit Test
Since both elements are in parallel, their admittances add.
The total admittance is:

Short Circuit Test

Short Circuit Test
• Very low input voltage is applied to the primary side of
the transformer. This voltage is adjusted until the current
in the secondary winding equals to its rated value.
• The input voltage, current, and power are measured.
• as the input voltage is low, the current flowing through
the excitation branch is negligible; therefore, all the
voltage drop in the transformer is due to the series
elements in the circuit.
• Magnitude of the series impedance referred to primary
side of the transformer is: 2
Psc =Isc Req
• The power factor of the current is given by:

Short Circuit Test
Therefore:
Since the serial impedance ZSE is equal to;
• It is possible to determine the total series impedance

referred to the any side of the transformer.

A 25-kVA single-phase transformer is designed to have an induced
emf of 2.5 V/ turn Calculate the number of primary and secondary
turns and the full-load current of the primary and secondary
windings.

Contd.

Contd.

Polarity Test
 As per superposition theorem, if V2 is assumed zero then
due to phase opposition to current flows through
secondary and both the transformers T1, T2 are as good
as on no load. So O.C. test gets simulated.
 The current drawn from source V1 in such case is 2

Io where Io is no load current of each transformer.
 The input power as measured by wattmeter W1 thus reads

the iron losses of both the transformers.
Pi per transformer =W1 /2
as T1, T2 are identical

 Then a small voltage V2 is injected into the secondary
with the help of low voltage transformer, by closing the
switch S.
 With regulation mechanism, the voltage V2 is adjusted so
that the rated secondary current I2 flows through the
secondaries as shown.
 Hence W1 continues to read core losses. Both primaries
and secondaries carry rated current so S.C. test
condition gets simulated.
 Thus the wattmeter W2 reads the total full load copper
losses of both the transformers.
... (Pcu) F.L.per transformer = W2 /2

Back to back Test
TEMPERATURE Final Temp.

𝑖𝑛 ℃
Rise in Temp
Ambient Temp.
45 Min. TIME in Minutes
Generally temperature rise should be less than 70℃.

Per Unit Calculations
A key problem in analyzing power systems is the
large number of transformers.
– It would be very difficult to continually refer
impedances to the different sides of the
transformers
This problem is avoided by a normalization of all
variables.
This normalization is known as per unit analysis.
actual quantity
quantity in per unit 
base value of quantity
Per Unit Conversion Procedure, 1f
1. Pick a 1f VA base for the entire system, SB
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage
level, VB. Voltage bases are related by
transformer turns ratios. Voltages are line to
neutral.
3. Calculate the impedance base, ZB= (VB)2/SB
4. Calculate the current base, IB = VB/ZB
5. Convert actual values to per unit
Note, per unit conversion affects magnitudes, not
the angles. Also, per unit quantities no longer have
units (i.e., a voltage is 1.0 p.u., not 1 p.u. volts)
Three Phase Per Unit
Procedure is very similar to 1f except we use a 3f
VA base, and use line to line voltage bases
3f
1. Pick a 3f VA base for the entireSsystem,
B
2. Pick a voltage base for each different voltage
level, VB. Voltages are line to line.
3. Calculate the impedance base
VB2, LL ( 3 VB , LN )2 VB2, LN
ZB   
S B3f 3S 1Bf S 1Bf
Exactly the same impedance bases as with
single phase!
Three Phase Per Unit, cont'd
4. Calculate the current base, IB
S B3f 3 S 1Bf S 1Bf
I3Bf     I1Bf
3 VB , LL 3 3 VB , LN VB , LN
Exactly the same current bases as with single phase!
5. Convert actual values to per unit

PU

Efficiency

Contd.

Thus, the maximum efficiency occurs at a load at
which variable load loss equals the constant core (no-
load) loss. Pcore Loss = Pcopper Loss

EX
Sout = 30 kVA PCu FL= 840 W Pi = 220 W
Calculate η%at 75%Load

Output Power S out  0.75  30  22 .5
η%   100
Output  Losses
Cu75%  0.75  840  472.5
2
22.5
η%   100
 
22.5  0.75  0.84  0.22
2
22.5
η%   100
22.5  0.4725  0.22
η% = 97%
1.4
1.2 Cu Losses η%
1.0
Losses (W)
Fe Losses 97.00
0.8
0.6
0.4
η%
0.2
0.0 96.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
% Load
Pi = PCu =Max η
Ex A 100 kVA T/F has Full load copper loss of 1200 w and iron loss of 960 W : Calculate
Ex
How efficiency will be changed with full load

All day Efficiency
Most Transformers are connected permanently
The time that the transformer has to be calculated when determining

efficiency
Able to determine the best transformer for the application by its

efficiency

Voltage Regulation

Voltage Regulation

Voltage Regulation

Phasor Diagram

Voltage Regulation
P- primary; 1
S-Secondary;2

Contd.

Contd.

Contd.

Condition for Max and zero VReg

Check Io at -f1, f=0, f2 and f max

The Io is non sinusoidal and Peaky and has odd symmetry
Maximas occur simultaneously in f and io
Zeros of Io are advanced
Io has fundamental and odd harmonics , fundament around
40%

Switching Transients
When supply voltage is switched

on the core flux and io undergo a
transient before reaching SS.
When 2f, core goes in deep

saturation and Io needed is too
large
When also has fr, transients will

even be worse Decaying depends
on Time constant

Autotransformers / Variac
The primary and secondary windings of a two winding transformer have

induced emf in them due to a common mutual flux and hence are in phase.
The currents drawn by these two windings are out of phase by 180◦. This
prompted the use of a part of the primary as secondary. This is equivalent to
fusing the secondary turns into primary turns.
The fused section need to have a cross sectional area of the conductor to
carry (I2−I1) ampere.
This ingenious thought led to the invention of an auto transformer.

The autotransformer
Series Series
winding winding
Common Common
winding winding
Output (up) or input (down) voltage is a sum of voltages across common and series windings.
The apparent power advantage
For example, a 5 MVA autotransformer that connects a 110 kV system to a 138 kV
system would have a turns ratio (common to series) 110:28. Such an
autotransformer would actually have windings rated at:?
Therefore, the autotransformer would have windings rated at slightly over 1 MVA
instead of 5 MVA, which makes is 5 times smaller and, therefore, considerably less
expensive.
However, the construction of autotransformers is usually slightly different. In

particular, the insulation on the smaller coil (the series winding) of the
autotransformer is made as strong as the insulation on the larger coil to
withstand the full output voltage.
The primary disadvantage of an autotransformer is that there is a direct
physical connection between its primary and secondary circuits. Therefore,
the electrical isolation of two sides is lost.
Autotransformers
This means that an auto transformer requires the use of lesser quantity
of copper given by the ratio of turns. This ratio therefore denotes the
savings in copper. As the space for the second winding need not be
there, the window space can be less for an autotransformer, giving
some saving in the lamination weight also. The larger the ratio of the
voltages, smaller is the savings. As T2 approaches T1 the savings
become significant. Thus autotransformers become ideal choice for
close ratio transformations. The savings in material is obtained,
however, at a price. The electrical isolation between primary and
secondary has to be convalesced.
Introduction: 3 phase T/Fs
 It is economical to use the three-phase system rather

than single phase system for generation, transmission
and utilization of electrical energy.
 It is imperative that three-phase transformers are used in

these systems.
 The construction of the three-phase transformer can

either be:
i. A Bank of three Single-phase Transformers
ii. Single three-phase Transformer with common core

Bank of Three Single-phase
Transformers
 It is easier to transport these units. Hence, find
underground (mines) usage.
 It offers the advantage of a derated open-delta operation
when one unit becomes inoperative.
 The three magnetic circuits are independent.

Common Core Construction
 The single three-phase transformer unit costs about 15%

less than that of bank.
 The single unit occupies less space.
 A 5-limb shell type transformer provides delinking of the
magnetic circuits.

Connections
 The primary (input) side of a three-phase transformer

can be connected in a star or delta configuration.
 The secondary (output) side of a three-phase
transformer can also be connected in a star or delta
configuration.
 This allows four basic connection patterns:
i. Star-Star
ii. Delta-Delta
iii. Star-Delta
iv. Delta-Star

Star-Star Connection
 The winding connections are as shown.
 Based on the phasor diagram, based on the phase difference between
voltages corresponding to a single phase, a 0o or 180o connection can be
obtained.
 Small HV T/F as minimises the Turns/ph and Insulation reqmnt

Delta-Delta Connection

 180o connection or phase opposition can be brought
about by interchanging the terminals at the secondary.

Open Delta Connection
 If one of the phases is disconnected, the resulting connection

is known as open-delta.
 The VA rating is 1/√3 times the rating of the normal
connection.
 A defective single-phase transformer in a Delta-Delta three-
phase bank can be disconnected and removed for repair.
Partial service can be restored using the remaining single-
phase transformer open-Delta until a replacement transformer
is obtained.

Star-Delta Connection

 It is observed that the corresponding phase voltage on
the delta side lags by -30o to the phase-neutral voltage
on the star side.
 The phasor relationship is similar in case of the
respective line-line voltages

Delta-Star Connection

 It is observed that the -30o connection will now be the
+30o connection and vice versa.

Relations

Zigzag Connection
Advantages
 The zigzag connection is also called the interconnected star connection. This
connection has some of the features of the Y and the and has advantages of both.
 The most common zigzag transformer application is for the derivation of a neutral
connection from an ungrounded 3-phase system and the grounding of that neutral to
an earth ref point
 The ∆ -zigzag connection provides the same advantages as the ∆-Y connection and
is less costly for grounding purposes: It is typically the least costly than Y-D and Scott
Transformer.
 The zigzag connection is used in power systems to trap triple harmonic (3rd, 9th,
15th, etc.) currents. Here, We install zigzag units near loads that produce large triple
harmonic currents. The windings trap the harmonic currents and prevent them from
traveling upstream, where they can produce undesirable effects.

Winding connection designations; vector grouping
•First Symbol: for High Voltage: Always capital letters.

• D=Delta, S=Star, Z=zig-zag, N=Neutral
•Second Symbol: for Low voltage: Always Small letters.
• d=Delta, s=Star, z=zig-zag, n=Neutral.
•Third Symbol: Phase displacement expressed as the clock hour number (1,6,11)

Choice of Connections
Between Star/Delta:
In star connection with earthed neutral, the maximum
voltage of the phase winding is 1/√3 times the line
voltage. So, for high voltage transformers, this is about
10% cheaper in terms of insulation costs. Delta
connection is used wherein the line currents are required
to sum upto zero or only positive and negative sequence
currents are to flow. This could also be achieved by
grounding star-points, but is not recommended on
account of flow of ground current for unbalanced
secondary loads.

Lecture Slide of Transformers

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Transformer

Associate Professor, Department of EEE

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Stray load losses:

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

•Full line voltage is applied to the primary side of the

The magnitude of the admittance in the open-circuit test is:

The angle of the admittance in the open-circuit test can be as:

•The susceptance of the magnetizing inductor is:

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

• The power factor of the current is given by:

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Since the serial impedance ZSE is equal to;

• It is possible to determine the total series impedance

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

 The current drawn from source V1 in such case is 2

 The input power as measured by wattmeter W1 thus reads

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

... (Pcu) F.L.per transformer = W2 /2

TEMPERATURE Final Temp.

45 Min. TIME in Minutes

Generally temperature rise should be less than 70℃.

Exactly the same current bases as with single phase!

5. Convert actual values to per unit

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

Sout = 30 kVA PCu FL= 840 W Pi = 220 W

Calculate η%at 75%Load

How efficiency will be changed with full load

Most Transformers are connected permanently

The time that the transformer has to be calculated when determining

Able to determine the best transformer for the application by its

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

When supply voltage is switched

When 2f, core goes in deep