Development and its Dimensions

Development -ljsf;_ M–

ljsf; eGgfn] pGglt k|ult eGg] a'lemG5 . ljBdfg cj:yfaf6 cem /fd|f]
cj:yflt/ qmdzM a9\b}, ;'w|Gb} jf j[l4 x'Fb} uPsf] cj:yf g} ljsf; xf] . of]
lg/Gt/ Pj+ cgGt;Dd rln/xg] ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] k|lqmof xf] . To:t}u/L ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fF:s[lts clej[l4åf/f b]zsf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df pNn]vgLo
kl/jt{g Nofpg' g} ljsf; xf] . ljsf; eg]sf] gjLgtftkm{ pGd'v x'g' xf] . ljsf;n]
cu|udgnfO{ lgb]{zg ub{5 .
ljsf; ;DaGwL wf/0ff w]/} klxn]b]lv z'? eP tfklg o;sf] cjwf/0ffut z'?
jft ;g\ !($( df cd]l/sfsf tTsfnLg /fi6«klt Truman n] lbPsf] dGtJoaf6 ePsf]
dflgG5 . To;kl5 ljåfgx?n] ljsf; ;DaGwL ljleGg ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffx? k|
sfzdf Nofpg yfn] .
ljsf; Pp6f lj:t[t / jx'cfoflds cjwf/0ff Pj+ k|lqmof xf] . of] ;b}j
;sf/fTds lbzftkm{ pGd'v, ultzLn Pj+ kl/jt{gsf/Lsf] ?kdf /x]sf] x'G5 .
ljsf;sf] cy{ ;do ;fk]If / If]qut ?kdf klg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ljsf;n]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, kof{j/0fLo, k|zf;lgs, j}1flgs Pj+ k|fljlws, dfgjLo,
;fF:s[lts kIf nufot gful/sx?sf] ;jf{ËL0f hLjg;
+u ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ cfofdnfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . oL kIf÷cfofdx?sf] ;du|
ljsl;t ?k g} ljsf; xf] . s'g}klg /fi6« ;an, ;d[4 / ljsl;t x'g'sf k5fl8 d'Votof oL
kIfx?df ePsf] ljsf;n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf x'G5g\ . s'g} Ps kIfsf]
ljsf;n] csf]{ kIfsf] ljsf;df d2t÷;'ljwf k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 eg] Ps kIfsf] ljsf;
gx'Fbf csf]{ kIfsf] ljsf;df jfwf Jojwfg l;h{gf x'g hfG5 .
ljsf; eGg' ;dfhsf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf; xf], dfgj lxt Pj+ sNof0fsf lglDt
u'0ffTds a9f]Q/L tyf ;'wf/sf] sfo{ xf] . ljsf;n] ul/jL tyf k5f}6]kgaf6 d'lQm
lbnfpg], hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ u/]/ ;Ddflgt t'Nofpg], cfTdlge{/tfsf] k|flKt ug]{,
cfly{s–;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug]{, ;+:yfut Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{, dfgj / k|s[lt aLr
k/:k/ ;xof]uL jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L lbuf]kgf xfl;n ug]{ d"n B]o /fv]sf] x'G5 .
To:t} dfgj hLjgsf] ;jf{ËL0f kIfsf] ljsf; dfkm{t dfgjLo hLjg:t/df
cfpg] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g g} ljsf; xf] . ljsf;sf cfwf/e"t zt{x?df l:y/ /fhg}lts
Joj:yf, t6:y sd{rf/LtGq, :ki6 gLlt / Jojxfl/s of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd, hg;xeflutf,
pko'Qm ;|f]t ;fwgsf] Joj:yfkg, ljlzi6 ;fdflhs ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;, :ki6 pQ/bfloTj
Pj+ lhDd]jf/Laf]w, k|efjsf/L g]t[Tj, b"/blz{tf tyf sl6j4tf cflb kb{5g\ .
Dimensions of Development -ljsf;sf cfofdx?_ M–
cfly{s b[li6sf]0f÷kIf÷cfofdaf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] ljsf; cfly{s pknAwL;
+u ;DalGwt x'G5 . s'g} b]zsf] cfo cfh{gsf If]qx?sf] kof{Kttf, To;sf]
pkof]u / To;af6 gful/sx?sf] hLjg:t/df ePsf] ;sf/fTds ;'wf/nfO{ ljsf; elgG5 .
b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf ePsf] a9f]Q/L Pj+ k|ltJolQm cfodf ePsf] j[l4
g} ljsf; xf] eGg] dfGotf cfly{s cfofd÷kIfaf6 ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
To:t}u/L /fhgLlts :yfloTj tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f, k|hftflGqs d"No /
dfGotfsf] sb/, sfg"gL zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf, hgkl/rfng tyf hg;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf,
pQ/bfloTj, :yfloTj tyf Jojl:yt kl/jt{g, j}1flgs qmflGtsf d2tn] jftfj/0f
dflysf] lgoGq0f, /fhgLlts j}wflgstf h:tf ljifox?sf] pknAwtf / :yfloTj g}
ljsf; xf] eGg] dfGotf /fhgLlts cfofd÷kIf÷b[li6sf]0faf6 ljsf; kl/efiff ug]
{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
;fdflhs If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ;fdflhs cj;/x?df ;dfgtf Pj+ kx'Fr, ;fdflhs
Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ k|lqmof Pj+ ;LdfGts[t ju{nfO{ ;zlQms/0f ug]{ ;
+oGq g} ljsf; xf] eGg] s'/f ;fdflhs cfofd÷b[li6sf]0fleq kg]{ ljifoj:t' x'g\ .
To:t} k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt / d"No dfGotfx? -efiff, wd{, lnlk, /Lltl/jfh,
rfnrng ;d]t_ nfO{ hf]ufO{ cfw'lgs ;dfhtkm{ pGd'v x'g' ljsf; xf] eGg]
dfGotf ;f+:s[lts ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff÷cfofdn] ;d]6\g] ljifo xf] .
k|zf;lgs kIfaf6 ljsf;nfO{ x]l/g] / k|zf;lgs If]qnfO{ ;Ifd tyf k|efjsf/L
agfpg] s'/fx?nfO{ Administrative dimension cGtu{t k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6
administrative environment / administrative culture h:tf s'/fx?sf] hfgsf/L
kfpg ;lsG5 . k|zf;lgs ljsf; eg]sf] k|zf;lgs k4lt / ;+/rgfdf ul/g] ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g xf], h;n] k|zf;lgs Ifdtf clej[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ Nofpg d2t
ub{5 .
 To:t}u/L cfhsf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlw k|efljt o'udf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf eO/x]sf]
kl/jt{g / k|of]uaf6 ljsf; lgdf{0fdf kfg{ ;Sg] k|efj / o;sf] hl6n
cj:yfnfO{ d"Nof+sg u/]/ ljsf; ;'xfpFbf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug'
kb{5 eGg] s'/f ljsf;sf] k|fljlws Pj+ j}1flgs cfofd÷kIf÷ b[li6sf]0f cGtu{t
kb{5g\ . lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ;xh / ;/n tj/af6 k|flKt / pkof]usf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf
u/L To;sf] pRrQd pkof]u g} ljsf; xf] .
To:t}u/L b]zsf] ;du| ef}uf]lns If]qdf ;Gt'lnt tj/af6 ;8s, ljB't, oftfoft, ;
+rf/ h:tf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] pknAwtfsf] l:ylt l;h{gf g} ljsf; xf] eGg] s'/f
ef}lts ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff÷cfofdn] ;d]6\b5 .
To:t}u/L ljsf;n] h}ljs Pj+ kof{j/0fLo ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0fsf]
kIfkf]if0f ;d]t ub{5 . jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngnfO{ vnn gkf/L lbuf] ljsf;sf]
cjwf/0ff dfkm{t k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ub}{ ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{gtkm{ pGd'v x'g' g} ljsf; xf] eGg] s'/f ljsf;sf] kof{j/0fLo cfofd xf] .
ljsf; ultzLn k|lqmof xf], h'g ;do ;fk]If ?kdf lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . dfgj
hLjgsf] ;jf{ËL0f kIfsf] ljsf; dfkm{t dfgjLo hLjg:t/df cfpg] kl/jt{g ljsf; xf]
eGg] s'/f dfgj ljsf;sf] cfofdn] ;d]6\g] ljifo xf] . dfgj ljsf;n] cfly{s j[l4,
cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs–;fF:s[lts kl/jt{g / ljsf;, /fhgLlts kl/jt{g tyf /fhgLlts ;
+:s[ltsf] ljsf;, dfgj r]tgf :t/df cfPsf] ljsf;, ef}lts tyf k|fljlws Pj+ j}1flgs
If]qdf cfPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g / To;sf] pkof]usf] l:ylt h:tf ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?
nfO{ ;d]6]sf] x'G5 . jf:tjdf ljsf;sf] d"n p2]Zo g} dfgj ljsf;;+u hf]l8Psf]
x'G5 . h}ljs ljljwtf / k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{tf sfod /fVb} dfgj hLjg:t/nfO{ cu|
udgtkm{ n}hfg'kg]{ ljsf; xf].
;du|df ljsf; Pp6f ultzLn ljifo xf] . kl/jt{g ljsf;sf] Bf]ts xf], o;n]
gjLgtd l;h{gf / ;f]r Pj+ ljrf/sf] pb\ej u/fpFb5 . ljsf; nIodf cfwfl/t kl/jt{g
xf], h'g nIof]Gd'v x'G5 . dfgjLo cfTd;Ddfg / cfwf/e"t :jtGqtfnfO{ cf3ft
gkf/L logLx?sf] /Iff / k|j4{g ug'{ g} ljsf; xf] . ljsf;sf cfofdx?sf] ;du|
ljsl;t ?k g} ljsf; xf] .
 g]kfndf ljsf;sf kIfsf] cljsl;t l:yltnfO{ x]bf{ s'g} Pp6f kIf cyjf sf/0f
dfq lhDd]jf/ g/x]sf] tYo :ki6 x'G5 . k'/ftgjfbL z}nL, ;+:s[lt, ?9Lu|:t ;dfh,
ljnf;L / kmh'n dgf]/~hgsf ;fwgsf ?kdf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'{Ù c;n
zf;g ;dofg's"n kl/jt{g tyf ;dGofo h:tf s'/fx?nfO{ cfTd;ft
ug{ g;Sg'Ù ;Ifd, ;an, wfFwnL /lxt, l:y/, lgoldttf, e|i6frf/d'Qm k|zf;goGq
gx'g'Ù hg;xeflutfsf] cefj, z}lIfs hgzlQmsf] cefj, /fhgLlts cj:yf,
ljQLo ;fwgsf] sdL, ;dlk{t ;dfh ;'wf/ssf] sdL x'g'Ù c;dfg k"FhL ljt/0f /
nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f gx'g' h:tf ofjt s'/fx?n] g]kfnsf] ljsf; gx'g'sf k5fl8 k|d'v
e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 . /fhgLlts lx;fjn] ;dfgtf, Ifdtf /
lje]bLs/0fnfO{ :jLsfg{ g;Sg'Ù ;xeflutfsf] sdL, /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, ;Ifd
Pj+ ;zQm tyf lzlIft /fhg]tfsf] sdL, JolQmjfbL k|e'Tj xfjL /xg' . cfly{s
lx;fan] c;DkGgtf, c;dfg k"FhL ljt/0f, e|i6frf/ a9\g', dxTjfsf+IfL of]hgf
th'{df ug'{ . ;fdflhs lx;fan] cfw'lgstf, j}1flgs z}nL / tf}/tl/sf kl/kfng
ug{ g;Sg'Ù k/Dk/fjfbL z}nL c+uLsf/ ug'{, ?9LjfbL, hfteft / s';+:sf/sf]
3]/faf6 dfly p7\g g;Sg' . k|zf;lgs lx;fan] k|zf;gnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f
ug{ g;Sg', k/Dk/fut sfo{z}nL, l9nf;':tL, nfnlkmQf;fxL, PsfTds k|0ffnL,
ljsf; sfo{df k|zf;gnfO{ plrt pkof]u ug{ g;Sg' . k|fljlws lx;fan] gofF gofF
k|ljlwx? leq\ofP/ ljsf; lgdf{0fdf nufpg g;Sg' cflb g]kfnsf] ljsf; x'g g;Sg'sf
cfoflds sf/s tTjx? x'g\ .

ljsf; sfo{df cfOkg]{ cj/f]wx? (Constraints) M–

k|f=8f= eLdb]j e§åf/f lnlvt k':ts ljsf; k|zf;gdf ljsf; sfo{df cfOkg]{
cj/f]wx? lgDg 5g\ M–
ef}uf]lns agfj6Ù cl:y/ ;/sf/Ù sdhf]/ k|zf;gÙ j}b]lzs k|efjÙ ;fdflhs
cj/f]wÙ ufx{:y ;|f]tsf] sdÙ Jofkf/3f6fÙ ufx{:y ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ Ifdtfsf]
sdLÙ ;Lk ljsf;sf] sdLÙ k"jf{wf/sf] sdL cflb .
d"ntM g]kfnsf] ljsf; sfo{sf cj/f]w jf r'gf}ltx? lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M–
k|ltJolQm cfodf sdLÙ ul/jLsf] s'rqmÙ ;fIf/tf k|ltztdf sdLÙ nufgLdf sdLÙ
artdf sdLÙ pkef]udf sdLÙ n}lËs lje]bÙ pTkfbg / pTkfbsTjdf sdLÙ
ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x?sf] sdLÙ ;'zf;gsf] cefjÙ /fhgLlts k|ltj4tfsf] cefjÙ
sdhf]/ :yfgLo lgsfox?Ù sdhf]/ lghL / u}/;/sf/L If]qÙ lx+;f / åGbsf]
ljBdfgtfÙ bIf Pj+ ;Ifd dfgj ;+;fwgsf] cefjÙ a]/f]huf/ / cw{a]/f]huf/df
j[l4Ù :j:y tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds /fhgLltsf] cefjÙ j}b]lzs nufgLsf] ;d"lrt
Joj:yfkgsf] cefjÙ ;Ifd tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds ;fj{hlgs Joj:yfkgsf] cefj cflb .

g]kfndf ;du| ljsf;sf nflu rfNg'kg]{ sbdx? M–

s[lif If]qdf lj:tf/, ljljwLs/0f / Jofj;flos/0f, zflGt tyf ;'Joj:yfsf] k|
Tofe"lt, k|fljlws Pj+ Jofj;flos tyf Jofjxfl/s lzIffdf hf]8, j}b]lzs cg'bfg / k|
fljlws ;xof]udf hf]8, lghL / u}/;/sf/L If]qsf] e"ldsfdf j[l4, nufgLd}qL
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f, cf}Bf]lusLs/0fdf hf]8, Jofkf/ lj:tf/ / ljljwLs/0f, cfw'lgs k|
ljlw tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf j[l4, :j:y / k|lt:kwf{Tds /fhgLlts ;+:s[lt /
Ifdtfsf] ljsf;, /fhg}lts k|ltj4tf, k|zf;lgs ;+oGqdf ;dofg's"n x'g]u/L
k'g;{+/rgf, j}b]lzs /f]huf/L Joj:yfsf] k|j4{g, k|zf;g / Joj:yfkgdf Jofks ;'wf/
cflb .
!= Political Dimensions of Development -ljsf;sf /fhg}lts cfofd_ M–
/fHo ;~rfng ;DaGwL k|0ffnLut Joj:yf g} /fhg}lts Joj:yf xf] . /fd|f]
tyf Jojl:yt ?kdf /fHo ;~rfng ug{ ;s]df dfq ljsf; sfo{x? ;/n Pj+ ;xh x'G5 .
hgtfn] rfx] cg';f/sf] output lbg ;s]df /fhgLlts k|0ffnL klg ;an Pj+ ;Ifd ePsf]
dflgG5 .
Political dimension cGtu{t vf;u/L government / state sf] s'/f cfpF5 . State
sf] functionalism eGg] tl/sfaf6 klg politics nfO{ x]g]{ ul/G5 . Politics nfO{
power tyf status ;+u klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . Politics vf;u/L merit sense eGbf
aflx/ /x]sf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ positive / negative b'a};+u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
To:t}u/L ljsf;sf] /fhg}lts kIfnfO{ political freedom, freedom of press /
establishment of democratic norms u/L tLg tl/sfaf6 x]g]{ ul/G5 . vf;u/L
ljsf;sf] /fhgLlts cfofd /fhgLlts ljsf;;+u ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . b]z ljsf;sf nflu
/fhgLlts ljsf; x'g' h?/L 5 . o;n] ;dfgtf, ;Ifdtf / lje]bLs/0fnfO{ :jLsfb{5 .
/fhgLlts ljsf; ;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] jx'cfoflds k|lqmof / cfly{s ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/
xf] . /fhgLlts ljsf; cGtu{t political modernization / political institutionalization u/L
b'O{ dxTjk"0f{ tTjx? 5g\ .
/fhgLlts cfw'lgsLs/0f (political modernization) eg]sf] /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf]
Ifdtf clej[l4;+u ;DalGwt 5 . /fHo ;~rfng ubf{ k|efjsf/L, :jR5, kf/bzL{ /
pQ/bfoL 9+un] ug'{ g} /fhg}lts k|0ffnLsf] ;Ifdtfsf] ?kdf a'em\g ;lsG5 .
/fhgLlts ;Ifdtfaf6 g} /fhgLlts cfw'lgsLs/0fnfO{ k|ltljlDat u/]sf] x'G5 .
Political system capability cGtu{t Extractive capability, Regulative capability,
Distributive capability, Responsive capability / Symbolic capability u/L kfFr efu
5g\ . o;n] political system sf] development x]g{sf] nflu ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 / o;sf]
dfWodaf6 hgtf -;dfh_ ;+usf] interaction klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . hgtfsf] support
kfPdf political system capability a9\b5 eg] hgtfsf] support geP political system
capability sd x'g hfG5 .
/fhgLltnfO{ ;+:yfut ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ n}hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ Political
institutionalization elgG5 . /fhgLlts l:y/tf o;sf] nflu ckl/xfo{ dflgG5 . d'n'ssf]
cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fhg}lts ljsf;;+u o;sf] k|ToIf ;DaGw /xG5 . of]
t'?Gt xfl;n x'g] ljifo klg xf]Og, of] lg/Gt/sf] k|lqmof xf] . d'n'ssf] ;jf{ËL0f
ljsf; / cfw'lgsLs/0fn] ;sf/fTds lbzf u|x0f u/]kl5 dfq /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] ;
+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f x'g ;Sb5 . /fhgLlts k|0ffnLsf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0fdf k|efj
kfg]{ k|d'v tTjx?df political mobilization, political integration, political participation,
political commitment, political coordination cflb k|d'v ?kdf 5g\ h;n] /fhgLlts k|
0ffnLut ljsf;df k|d'v e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf x'G5g\ .
ljz]ifu/L political change sf] nflu political system tyf people Pj+ society
sf ;fy} international pressure/environment klg lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . Political system
sf] nflu goal and action of political leader dxTjk"0f{ kf6f] xf] . Capability
nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg main role -e"ldsf_ political leader x?n] g} v]n]sf]
x'g'kb{5 .
;du|df /fhgLlts :yfloTj tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f, k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotfsf]
sb/, sfg"gL zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttf, hgkl/rfng tyf hg;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf,
pQ/bfloTj, :yfloTj tyf Jojl:yt kl/jt{g, /fhgLlts k|ltj4tf tyf j}wflgstf h:tf
ljifox?sf] pknAwtf / :yfloTj g} ljsf; xf] eGg] dfGotf /fhgLlts
cfofd÷kIf÷b[li0fsf]0faf6 ljsf; k|lqmofsf] kl/eflift ul/Psf] x'G5 .

@= Economic Dimensions of Development -ljsf;sf cfly{s cfofdx?_ M–

s'g}klg /fi6«sf] cfDbfgLsf] j[l4b/ hg;+Vof j[l4b/ eGbf a9L 5 / k|
ltJolQm cfo j[l4 ePsf] 5 eg] To;nfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;sf/fTds kIfsf] ?kdf
lnOG5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf lglDt cfly{s ljsf; Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}ltsf] ?kdf
/x]sf] 5 .
s'g}klg /fi6«sf] cfly{s cfofd÷kIf÷b[li6sf]0f cGtu{t output, saving,
investment, production, techniques, consumption, standards, /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/, /fHosf]
cfo j[l4 h:tf s'/fx?sf] ljsf;sf af/]df Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cfly{s kIfaf6 ljsf;nfO{ x]bf{ ul/jL Pj+ c;DkGgtf,
c;dfg k"FhL ljt/0f, nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fsf] cefj, hg;xeflutfdf sdL, ljQLo ;|
f]t ;fwgsf] sdL, /f]huf/Lsf] sd cj;/, dxTjfsf+IfL gLlt tyf of]hgf th'{df, e|
i6 /fhgLlt1 / sd{rf/LtGq cflb k|d'v sf/s tTjx? ljBdfg 5g\ .
To:t}u/L ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'ssf cfly{s ;d:ofx?df (i) Fragmented or pocket
economics (ii) Increasing population (iii) Lack of division of labour (iv) Low
productivity in agriculture and industry (v) Brain drain (vi) Muscle drain (vii) Care
drain (viii) Unemployment nufot kb{5g\ . oL ;d:ofx?nfO{ gLltut ?kd}
lg/fs/0f u/L cfly{s ljsf;sf kIfdf k|efjsf/L sbd rfNb} b]zsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 .
;du|df eGg'kbf{ cfly{s b[li6sf]0f÷cfofdaf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] ljsf; cfly{s
pknAwL;+u ;DalGwt x'G5 . s'g} b]zsf] cfo cfh{gsf If]qx?sf] kof{Kttf,
To;sf] pkof]u / To;af6 gful/sx?sf] hLjg:t/df ePsf] ;sf/fTds ;'wf/nfO{ ljsf;
elgG5 . b]zsf] s"n ufx{:y pTkfbgdf ePsf] a9f]Q/L Pj+ k|ltJolQm cfodf
ePsf] j[l4 g} ljsf; xf] eGg] dfGotf cfly{s cfofd÷kIf÷b[li6sf]0faf6 ug]
{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
#= Socio-cultural Dimensions of Development -ljsf;sf ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts
cfofdx?_ M–
;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ljsf; eg]sf] ;fF:s[lts d"No dfGotf tyf ;fdflhs
hghLjgdf kl/jt{g / ;fdflhs k|ultsf] ;dli6 xf] . :jf:Yo, lzIff, kf]if0f,
cfjf;, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, ;fdflhs Gofo / dfgjLo ;DaGwsf If]qsf] ;'wf/ cflb ;fdflhs
ljsf;sf] ;"rs x'g\ h;n] ;'b[9 ;dfh / ;fdflhs kl/jt{g Nofpg d2t
ub{5 . ;fy} ;fdflhs ;]jf ;'ljwfx?sf] lj:tf/ Pj+ ltgsf] u'0ffTds ;'wf/ ub{5 .
To:t} ;dfhdf /x]sf sdhf]/ ju{ ;d'bfo / vf;u/L cg';"lrt Pj+ lk5l8Psf hghfltsf
dflg;x? h:tf c;+ul7t ;d"xx?sf] sNof0f / ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} dfgj ;d'bfodf ;dfg
cj;/ tyf kx'Frsf] l;h{gf ug{ cfjZos pkfox?sf] cjnDag ;lxtsf] ;fdflhs kIfsf]
kl/jt{g ;fdflhs ljsf;n] ub{5 . jf:tjdf ;fdflhs ljsf;n] ;dfhsf] PsLs[t pGgltsf]
cj:yfnfO{ ;d]6\b5 .
To:t}u/L ;+:s[lt ;dfhsf] ;dli6ut dfGotf xf] . k/:k/sf] cGt/lqmof Pj+
ljrf/ ljlgdoaf6 :yflkt cj:yf Pj+ dgf]j[lQut k4lt g} ;+:s[lt xf] . ;fdflhs gLlt
lgod, /xg;xg, d"No dfGotf, lnvt Pj+ cfr/0f ;DaGwL sfg"gx? Joj:yfksLo
Jojxf/sf] ;dli6sf] ?kdf socio-culture nfO{ lng ;lsG5 . oL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx? dflg;
-hf] ;fdflhs k|f0fL x'g\_ / To;sf lqmofsnfkx?;+u ;DalGwt 5g\ .
ljsf;sf] socio-cultural b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ ljsf;nfO{ ;dfhn] :jLsf/]sf] cj:yf
x'g'kb{5 . g]kfn h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx?df ;fdflhs ljs[lt Pj+ lj;+ultx?sf]
jfx'Notf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df o;af6 ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ hfg' :jfefljs g}
dflgG5g\ . t;y{ ;dfhdf ljBdfg ljleGg norms tyf values x?nfO{ ;dofg's"n
kl/jt{g Pj+ ljsf; ug'{kb{5 . ljsf;nfO{ k|d'v cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] socio-cultural
kIfnfO{ ;b[9 ub}{ nlug' h?/L x'G5 .
;du|df ;fdflhs If]qdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g, ;fdflhs cj;/x?df ;dfgtf Pj+
kx'Fr, ;fdflhs Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ k|lqmof Pj+ ;LdfGts[t ju{ ;d'bfonfO{
;zlQms/0f ug]{ ;+oGq g} ljsf; xf] eGg] s'/f ;fdflhs cfofd÷b[li6sf]0f leq
kg]{ ljifoj:t' x'g\ . To:t}u/L k/Dk/fut ;+:s[lt / d"No dfGotfx? -efiff, wd{,
lnlk, /Lltl/jfh, rfnrng ;d]t_ nfO{ hf]ufO{ cfw'lgs ;dfhtkm{ pGd'v x'g' ljsf;
xf] eGg] dfGotf ;fF:s[lts ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff÷cfofdn] ;d]6\g] ljifo xf] .
$= Administrative Dimensions of Development -ljsf;sf k|zf;lgs cfofdx?_ M–
k|zf;lgs kIfaf6 ljsf;nfO{ x]l/g] / k|zf;lgs If]qnfO{ ;Ifd tyf k|efjsf/L
agfpg] s'/fx?nfO{ Administrative dimension cGtu{t k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6
administrative environment / administrative culture h:tf s'/fx?sf] af/]df klg oy]i6
hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 .
k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ Pj+ ljsf; eg]sf] k|zf;lgs k4lt / ;+/rgfdf ul/g] ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g xf], h;n] k|zf;lgs Ifdtf clej[l4 x'g'sf ;fy} ;dofg's"n ;'wf/ Nofpg d2t
ub{5 . k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ ubf{ gLltut ;'wf/ / ;|f]t ;fwgsf] s'zn pkof]u
ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} k|zf;lgs ;+u7gleq Joj:yfksLo ;'wf/ ug'{kb{5 eg] ;+u7gsf]
vision, mission, goal tyf objective df klg :ki6tf x'g'kb{5 / ;+u7gnfO{ functional
Pj+ dynamic agfpg k|oTgzLn /xg' kb{5 .
;/sf/sf] a9\bf] sfo{If]q ;+u;+u} k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;+:s[lt Pj+ lhDd]jf/Lsf
ljifoj:t'nfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf ljsf; sfo{x?nfO{ tLj|tf Pj+ ult lbg] l;nl;nfdf k|
zf;lgs If]qsf] ljsf;nfO{ k|d'v k|fyldstf lbg' kb{5 . o; qmddf of]hgf tyf gLlt
lgdf{0f, ;+u7gsf] s'zn ;~rfng, k|zf;lgs ljljwLs/0f tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f, ;do kl/l:ylt
/ kof{j/0f cg'?ksf] k|zf;lgs 9fFrf Pj+ Jojxfl/s lqmofsnfk, hgd'vL lg0f{o k|
lqmof / sfo{ ;~rfng, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt kl/rfng cflb nufotsf ;'wf/ut kIfdf ;d]t
Wofg k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . g]kfn Ps ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6« ePsfn] ljsf;nfO{ g} d"ne"t
k|fyldstf lbO{ k|zf;lgs ;'wf/ klg ;+u;+u} ul/g' cTofjZos 5 . jt{dfg
kl/k|]Iodf k|zf;lgs Ifdtf ljsf;, dfgj ;|f]t ljsf;, gjLg k|ljlwsf] pkof]u,
glthfd'vL k|zf;gdf hf]8, hg;xeflutfd"ns ljsf; lgdf{0fdf k|zf;gsf] cu|0fL
e"ldsf, e|i6frf/df z"Go ;xgzLntf, l56f] 5l/tf] k|zf;g ;~rfngsf] Joj:yf cflb
nufot cfw'lgsLs/0fdf ljz]if hf]8 lb+b} hfg' kb{5 . To:t}u/L k|zf;lgs If]qsf]
ljsf;sf nflu ;sf/fTds ;f]r, d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/, P]g lgod tyf ljlw ljwfgsf]
k"0f{ kl/kfngf, oyfl:yltjflbtfdf ;'wf/ ub}{ ultzLntf Pj+ ;do kl/l:ylt cg'?k
kl/jt{g Joj:yfkgnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ n}hfg' kb{5 . oL ;Dk"0f{ kIfx?
nfO{ Wofg lbP/ ljsf; sfo{ cufl8 a9fpFb} nu]df ljsf;sf] k|zf;lgs
kIf ;an, ;Ifd tyf ;'b[9 x'G5 .

%= Technological Dimensions of Development -ljsf;sf k|fljlws cfofdx?_ M–

cfhsf] lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] o'udf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{g / k|
of]uaf6 ljsf; lgdf{0fdf kfg{ ;Sg] k|efj / o;sf] hl6n cj:yfnfO{ d"Nof+sg
u/]/ ljsf; ;'xfpFbf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; Pj+ lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug' kb{5 eGg] s'/f ljsf;sf]
k|fljlws Pj+ j}1flgs cfofd÷b[li6sf]0f cGtu{t kb{5g\ . lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] ;/n
/ ;xh tj/af6 k|flKt / pkof]usf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L To;sf] dxQd pkof]u
ug'{ g} ljsf; xf] .
xfn ljZjdf h]h:tf tLa|t/ ljsf; sfo{x? ePsf÷eO/x]sf 5g\, tL ;a}df gofF
gofF k|ljlwx?sf] ;d"lrt ?kn] k|of]u u/]sf] sf/0faf6 ;Dej ePsf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt}
5 . k|ljlwsf] k|of]u x/ If]qdf x'g' h?/L klg 5, h;af6 k/Dk/fut tl/sfx?df ;d]t
kl/jt{g eO{ b]zsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb5 . cfh lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ljgf
7"N7"nf ljsf; sfo{x? ;Dej 5}g . k|ljlwn] ljsf; sfo{df ;xhtf Pj+ ;/ntf k|bfg
ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . k|ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 g} cfh ljZjsf k|foM ;a} d'n'sx? ljsf;
tkm{ cu|;/ eO/x]sf] kfOG5 .

;du|df b]z ljsf; ug{sf nflu ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] cfjZostf kb{5 / g]kfnsf]
rf}tkm{ ljsf;sf nflu cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs–;f+:s[lts ljsf;, /fhgLlts ljsf;, k|
zf;lgs ljsf;, k|fljlws ljsf; ;+u;+u} g} x'g'kb{5 . oL ;a} g} ljsf;sf cfwf/ Pj+
k"jf{wf/x? x'g\ . oL ;a} kIfsf] ;fd~h:otfaf6 g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf; ;Dej x'g]
b]lvG5 .