Mechanical

9 Properties of Solids
INTERATOMIC AND INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
The force between atoms of an element is called interatomic
force. The force between molecules of a compound (or element)
is called intermolecular force. These forces are electrical in
nature. Depending on the distance between the atoms, this force
may be attractive or repulsive in nature. These forces are
responsible for the definite size or shape of a solid.
Detailed calculations as well as deductions from experiment show
that the interaction between any isolated pairs of atoms or
molecules may be represented by a curve that shows how the
potential energy varies with separation between them as shown
in the figure.
This curve describes the interatomic potential. The force between
the atoms can be found from the potential energy by using the
relation
dU
F =-
dr
The resulting interatomic force curve is shown in figure.
Force is along the line joining the atoms or molecules, and is
shown negative for attraction and positive for repulsion.
F(R)
R tendency to recover its original shape and size, it is called
O
R0
The force of attraction between molecules may be written as
a
Fa = -
r7
The negative sign shows that Fa is a force of attraction and ‘a’ is
a constant which depends on the kind of attractive force between
the molecules and the structure of the molecules. The force of
attraction results from the creation of induced dipole moment in
one molecule by the neighbouring molecule.
When the molecules are brought closer there is a force of repulsion
between them. It can be shown that the repulsive force is
b
Fr = + ,
r9
where b is a constant like a. The force of repulsion varies very
rapidly. Fr is inversely proportional to the ninth power of distance
between the molecules. The resultant force acting on the
molecules is
a b
F=- 7
+
r r9
The distance between the molecules decides the sign of the
resultant force.
ELASTICITY
The property of the body by virtue of which it tends to regain its
original shape and size after removing the deforming force is
called elasticity. If the body regains its original shape and size
completely, after the removal of deforming forces, then the body
is said to be perfectly elastic.
· The property of the body by virtue of which it tends to
retain its deformed state after removing the deforming
force is called plasticity. If the body does not have any
perfectly plastic.

STRESS AND STRAIN

We see that as the distance decreases, the attractive force first Stress :
increases and then decreases to zero at a separation where the When a deforming force is applied to a body, an internal restoring
potential energy is minimum. force comes into play.
The restoring force per unit area is called stress.
For smaller distance force is repulsive, because at these distance
the negative charge distribution associated with one atom begins Restoring force
Stress =
to over lap with that associated with the neighboring atom. Area
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242 PHYSICS

Its S.I. Unit is Nm-2 greater and in which external force is exactly balanced by
Stress is a tensor as its value changes when direction changes. internal forces. The bar is said to be stressed in this
Types of Stress : condition.
Longitudinal stress or tensile stress, volumetric stress and
tangential stress are the types of stress.
Strain : Dl
It is defined as the ratio of the change in shape or size to the
Fixed Fl
original shape or size of the body.
l0
Change in dimension
Strain =
Original dimension
Strain has no units or dimensions. Now if the solid bar obey the Hooke’ law, the Young's
Types of Strain : modulus, Y is defined as
Longitudinal strain : It is defined as the ratio of the change in Tensile stress Fl / A
length to the original length. Y= =
Tensile strain Dl / l
Dl Where Dl is change in the length of bar, when we
Longitudinal strain =
l apply Fl.
Volume strain : It is the ratio of the change in volume to the (ii) Shear modulus (h) : Shear modulus or modulus of
original volume. rigidity h is
DV Shearing stress Ft / A
Volume strain = h= =
V Shearing strain Dx / h
Shearing strain : It is the angular deformation produced in a
body. Dx
Dx Ft
Shearing strain (q) =
h
HOOKE’S LAW hq
It is the fundamental law of elasticity given by Robert Hooke in
1679. It states that “the stress is directly proportional to strain Fixed face
provided the strain is small “. (a) As we see, there is no change in volume under
stress this deformation, but shape changes.
i.e. Stress µ strain Þ = constant = E
strain Dx
This proportionality constant is called modulus of elasticity (b ) = tan q » q (see the figure), where q is shear
h
(name given by Thomas Young) or coefficient of elasticity (E). angle.
Since stress has same dimensions as that of pressure and strain (iii) Bulk modulus (B) : The Bulk modulus B is defined
is dimensionless. So the dimensions of E is same as, that of as
stress or pressure i.e. [ML–1T–2]
The modulus of elasticity depends on the material and on the Volume stress Fn / A -DP
B= = =
nature of deformation. There are three type of deformations and Volume stain DV / V DV / V
therefore three types of modulus of elasticity. V
(i) Young’s modulus (Y) : It measures the resistance of a solid
to elongation.
(ii) Shear modulus (h) or modulus of rigidity : It measures
the resistance to motion of the plane of a solid sliding part Fn
on each other.
(iii) Bulk modulus (B) : It measure the resistance that solid or
V– D V
liquid offer to their volume change.
The stress under which the system breaks is called breaking
stress. Negative sign comes to make B positive, because with the
(i) Young's modulus (Y) : Let us consider a long bar (shown increase of pressure, the volume of body decreases or vice
in fig.) of cross-sectional area A and length lo, which is versa.
clamped at one end. When we apply external force Fl The reciprocal of the Bulk modulus is called
longitudinally along the bar, internal forces in bar resist compressibility of material
distortion, but bar attains equilibrium in which its length is i.e., Compressibility = 1/B.
 Mechanical Properties of Solids 243

Poisson's Ratio (s) : The stress-strain graph for increasing and decreasing load
Lateral strain/longitudinal strain = Poisson's ratio (s). encloses a loop, as shown in figure. The area of the loop gives
The theoretical value of s lies between –1 and 0.5 and practical the energy dissipated during its deformation.
value of s lies between 0 and 0.5.
Keep in Memory
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
F
Plastic 1. Thermal stress = = YaD T, where a is the coefficient of
region A
Breaking D linear expansion and DT is the change in temperature.
strength C E (Fracture point) 2. (i) The modulus of rigidity (h) for liquids is zero.
B
Elastic limit (ii) For a given tensile force, the increase in length is
A
Proportional limit inversely proportional to square of its diameter.
(iii) The pressure required to stop volume expansion of a
Stress piece of metal is
OO¢ Strain P=BgdT,
where g = coefficient of volume expansion = 3a
(i) Proportional limit : The limit in which Hooke’s law is valid
(iv) To compare elasticities of different materials, their
i.e, stress is directly proportional to strain is called proportion
identical small balls are made and they are dropped
limit. Stress µ strain
from same height on a hard floor. The ball which rises
(ii) Elastic limit : It is a maximum stress upto which the body
maximum after striking the floor, is most elastic. The
completely recovers its original state after the removal of
order of elasticity of different materials on this basis
the deforming forces. is as follows :
(iii) Yield point : The point beyond elastic limit, at which the Yivory > Ysteel > Yrubber > Yclay
length of wire starts increasing without increasing stress,
is defined as the yield point. (v) For the construction of rails, bridges, girders and
(iv) Breaking point : The position when the strain becomes so machines, materials with high Young's modulus are
large that the wire breaks down at last, is called breaking used so that they may not get permanently deformed.
point. At this position the stress acting in that wire is called YA D L
For a spring, F = = kx.
breaking stress and strain is called breaking strain. L
• Breaking stress is also known as the tensile strength. YA
• Metals with small plastic deformation are called brittle. Hence spring constant k = . Here DL = x.
L
• Metals with large plastic deformation are called ductile.
3. When equal force is applied on identical wires of different
Elastic fatigue : This is the phenomenon of a delay in recovering materials then the wire in which minimum elongation is
the original configuration by a body, if it had been subjected to produced is more elastic. For the same load, more elongation
stress for a longer time the body looses the property of elasticity is produced in rubber than in steel wire, hence steel is more
temporarily. elastic than rubber.
Elastic relaxation time : It is the time delay in regaining the
original shape after removal of deforming forces. Elastic relaxation Relation between Y, B, h and s
time for gold, silver and phosphor bronze is negligible. (i) Y = 3B(1 – 2s) (ii) Y = 2h (1 + s)
Elastic Hysteresis
3B – 2h 9 3 1
When the stress applied on a body, is decreased to zero, the (iii) s= (iv) = +
6 B + 2h Y h B
strain will not be reduced to zero immediately. For some
substances (e.g.-vulcanized rubber), the strain lags behind the Energy stored per unit volume in a strained body
stress. This lagging of strain behind stress is called elastic 1
Energy per unit volume = stress × strain
hysteresis. 2
1
= modulus of elasticity × (strain)2
2
1
Stress

=(stress)2 /modulus of elasticity..

2
Work done in stretching a wire or work done per unit volume
1 1
= ´ stress ´ strain = ´ load ´ extension KEEP I
Strain 2 2
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Torsional rigidity of a cylinder : Example 1.

(i) The torsional rigidity C of a cylinder is given by, A uniform rod of mass m, length L, area of cross section A
and Young’s modulus Y hangs from a ceiling. Its
p h R4 elongation under its own weight will be
C=
2
2 mg L mg L
where h = modulus of rigidity of material of cylinder,, (a) (b)
AY AY
R = radius of cylinder, = length of cylinder
mg L
p h R4f (c) (d) zero
(ii) Restoring couple, t = Cf = 2 AY
2
(iii) Work done in twisting the cylinder through an angle Solution (c) A
4 2 1
f , W = p h R f joule = C f
2 m
2 Mass of section BC of wire = (L - x) ;
4 L x
Cantilever : m
Tension at B, T = (L - x)g
A beam fixed at one end and loaded at the other end is called a L dx at B,
Elongation of element
cantilever. B
(i) The depression y at a distance x from the fixed end is (when T dx m(L - x )g
d = = dx (L–x)
the weight of cantilever is ineffective) A Y LAY C
mg æç x 2 x 3 ö÷ mg
L
mg L
y= - Total elongation = ò d =
LAY ò
(L - x )dx =
YI çè 2 6 ÷ø 2YA
0
where mg = load applied, = length of cantilever, Example 2.
I = geometrical moment of inertia of its cross section. If the potential energy of the molecule is given by
(ii) Maximum depression at free end of cantilever,
A B
mg 3 U = 6 - 12 . Then at equilibrium position its potential
y max =d= r r
3YI
bd 3 energy is equal to
(a) For rectangular beam, I = (a) –A2/4 B (b) A2/4 B
12
(c) 2 A/B (d) A/2 B
pr4 Solution : (b)
(b) For a circular cross section beam of radius r, I =
4 dU d éA B ù é - A x 6 12 B ù
(iv) Depression produced in a beam supported at two ends F=- =- ê - ú = ê 7 + 13 ú
dr dr ë r 6 12
r û ë r r û
mg 3
and loaded at the middle, d = In equilibrium position F = 0.
48YI
mgl 3 6A 12 B 2B
For rectangular beam, d = so, 7
=
13
or r 6 =
4Ybd 3 r r A
3 \ Potential energy at equilibrium position
and for circular beam, d = mgl
12pr 4 Y A B A 2 A2 A2
U= - = - =
(2 B / A) (2 B / A) 2 2 B 4 B 4 B
Keep in Memory Example 3.
1. Wound spring possess elastic potential energy. The normal density of gold is r and its bulk modulus is K.
2. A material which can be drawn into wires is called ductile The increase in density of a lump of gold when a pressure
and a material which can be hammered into sheet is called P is applied uniformly on all sides is
malleable. (a) K/r P (b) P/r K
3. Ductility, brittleness, malleability, etc., are not elastic (c) r P/K (d) r K/P
properties. Solution : (a)
4. The substance which breaks just beyond the elastic limit p DV p
is called brittle. K= or = ;
DV / V V K
5. (i) Breaking force of a wire M M
'
= breaking stress × area of cross section Also r = and r = ;
V V - DV
(ii) Breaking stress does not depend on the length of
-1
wire r' V 1 æ DV ö
(iii) Breaking stress depends on the material of wire. \ = = = ç1 - ÷
r (V - DV ) (1 - DV / V) è V ø
 Mechanical Properties of Solids 245

æ DV ö p r¢ p Dr / r Dr Dl
» ç1 + ÷ = 1+ or -1 = Now s = - or = -s ;
è V ø K r K Dl / l r l
Dr
pr \ = -0.5 ´ (2 ´10 -3 ) = -1´ 10-3
or r¢ - r = (Q D V << V) r
K DV
Example 4. Further, = (2 ´10 -3 ) - 2 ´ (1 ´ 10 -3 ) = 0
V
A wire 3 m in length and 1 mm in diameter at 30ºC and
kept in a low temperature at –170ºC and is stretched \ % increase in volume is 0.
by hanging a weight of 10 kg at one end. Calculate the Example 6.
change in the length of the wire. Given a = 1.2 ×10–5/ºC (a) A heavy machine is to be installed in a factory. To
and Y = 2 × 1011 N/m2. Take g = 10 m/s2. absorb vibrations of the machine, a block of rubber is
Solution : placed between the machine and floor, which of the
We know that, two rubbers A and B would you prefer to use for the
purpose ? Why ?
FL 10 ´ 10 ´ 3
l= = = 1.91 × 10–3
Y A 2 ´10 ´ 0.785 ´10 -6
11

(where A = p r2) = 0.785 × 10–6 m2

Contraction in length = –a L D T A B
Stress Stress
= – (1.2 × 10–5) (3) (–170 – 30)
= 7.2× 10–3 m
O Strain O Strain
The resultant change in length
= 7.2 × 10–3 – 1.91 × 10–3 = 5.29 mm
(b) Which of the two rubber materials would you choose
Example 5.
for a car tyre ?
A material has Poisson’s ratio 0.5. If a uniform rod of it
Solution :
suffers a longitudinal strain of 2 × 10–3 , what is the
(a) Rubber B is preferred. The area of the hysteresis loop
percentage increase in volume?
Solution : measures the amount of heat energy dissipated by the
Here material. The area of loop B is more than A. So B can
absorb more vibrations.
DV D (p r 2 l) r 2 Dl + 2 r l Dr DV Dl Dr (b) To avoid excessive heating of car tyre, rubber A would
= = or = +2
V 2 2 V l r
pr l r l be preferred over rubber B.
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 Mechanical Properties of Solids 247

1. Elastomers are the materials which 9. The value of tan (90 – q) in the graph gives
(a) are not elastic at all
(b) have very small elastic range
(c) do not obey Hooke’s law
(d) None of these

Strain
2. The load versus elongation graph for four wires is shown.
The thinnest wire is q
Stress
Load P
Q (a) Young's modulus of elasticity
R (b) compressibility
(c) shear strain
S (d) tensile strength
10. The length of a metal is l1 when the tension in it is T1 and
Elongation is l2 when the tension is T2. The original length of the wire
is
(a) P (b) Q l1 + l 2 l 1T2 + l 2 T1
(c) R (d) S (a) (b)
2 T1 + T2
3. Which of the following affects the elasticity of a substance?
l 1T2 - l 2 T1
(a) hammering and annealing (c) (d) T1T2 l 1l 2
T2 - T1
(b) change in temperature
(c) impurity in substance 11. Uniform rod of mass m, length l , area of cross-section A
has Young’s modulus Y. If it is hanged vertically, elongation
(d) All of these under its own weight will be
4. Which of the following has no dimensions ?
mgl 2mgl
(a) strain (b) angular velocity (a) (b)
2AY AY
(c) momentum (d) angular momentum
5. Minimum and maximum values of Possion’s ratio for a metal mgl mgY
(c) (d)
lies between AY Al
(a) – ¥ to + ¥ (b) 0 to 1 12. Which one of the following affects the elasticity of a
(c) – ¥ to 1 (d) 0 to 0.5 substance ?
6. In solids interatomic forces are (a) Change in temperature
(a) totally repulsive (b) totally attractive (b) Hammering and annealing
(c) Impurity in substance
(c) both (a) and (b) (d) None of these
(d) All of the above
7. Which one of the following is not a unit of Young’s
13. According to Hooke’s law of elasticity, if stress is
modulus ?
increased, then the ratio of stress to strain
(a) Nm–1 (b) Nm–2 (a) becomes zero (b) remains constant
(d) dyne cm–2 (d) mega pascal (c) decreases (d) increases
8. Two rods A and B of the same material and length have 14. The length of an iron wire is L and area of corss-section is
their radii r1 and r2 respectively. When they are rigidly fixed A. The increase in length is l on applying the force F on its
at one end and twisted by the same couple applied at the two ends. Which of the statement is correct?
other end, the ratio (a) Increase in length is inversely proportional to its length
æ Angle of twist at the end of A ö (b) Increase in length is proportional to area of cross-
çè Angle of twist at the end of B ÷ø is section
(c) Increase in length is inversely proportional to area of
(a) r12 / r22 (b) r13 / r23
cross-section
(c) r24 / r14 (d) r14 / r24 (d) Increase in length is proportional to Young's modulus
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248 PHYSICS

15. A and B are two wires. The radius of A is twice that of B. 21. The diagram shown below represents the applied forces
They are stretched by the same load. Then the stress on B per unit area with the corresponding change X (per unit
is length) produced in a thin wire of uniform cross section in
(a) equal to that on A (b) four times that on A the curve shown. The region in which the wire behaves like a
(c) two times that on A (d) half that on A liquid is F
16. Hooke's law defines (a) ab d
(a) stress b
(b) bc a
(b) strain c
(c) modulus of elasticity (c) cd
(d) elastic limit
17. In case of steel wire (or a metal wire), the limit is reached (d) Oa O X
when 22. A steel wire is suspended vertically from a rigid support.
(a) the wire just break When loaded with a weight in air, it extends by a and when
(b) the load is more than the weight of wire the weight is immersed completely in water, the extension is
(c) elongation is inversely proportional to the tension reduced to w. Then the relative density of material of the
(d) None of these weight is
18. A steel ring of radius r and cross sectional area A is fitted a
onto a wooden disc of radius R (R > r). If the Young’s (a) a / w (b) -
a w
modulus of steel is Y, then the force with which the steel
ring is expanded is (c) w /( a - w ) (d) w/ a
(a) A Y (R/r) (b) A Y (R – r)/r 23. When an elastic material with Young’s modulus Y is
(c) (Y/A)[(R – r)/r] (d) Y r/A R subjected to stretching stress S, elastic energy stored per
19. Which of the following relation is true ? unit volume of the material is
9hY (a) YS / 2 (b) S2Y / 2
(a) 3Y = K (1 - s) (b) K= 2
Y+h (c) S / 2Y (d) S / 2Y
05.Y - h 24. The ratio of shearing stress to the corresponding
(c) s = (6K + h)Y (d) s= shearing strain is called
h
(a) bulk modulus (b) Young's modulus
20. For a constant hydraulic stress on an object, the fractional
(c) modulus of rigidity (d) None of these
æ DV ö
change in the object volume ç ÷ and its bulk modulus 25. The Young’s modulus of a perfectly rigid body is
è V ø (a) unity
(B) are related as
(b) zero
DV DV 1 (c) infinity
(a) µB (b) µ
V V B (d) some finite non-zero constant
DV DV
(c) µ B2 (d) µ B -2
V V

1. Two wires of same material and length but cross-sections 3. The Young’s modulus of brass and steel are respectively
in the ratio 1 : 2 are used to suspend the same loads. The 1010 N/m2. and 2 × 1010 N/m2. A brass wire and a steel wire
extensions in them will be in the ratio of the same length are extended by 1 mm under the same
force, the radii of brass and steel wires are RB and RS
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 respectively. Then
(c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4 (a) RS = 2 R B (b) RS = R B / 2

2. A body of mass 10 kg is attached to a wire of radius 3 cm. It’s (c) R S = 4R B (d) R S = R B / 4

breaking stress is 4.8 × 107 Nm–2, the area of cross-section of 4. A steel wire of length 20 cm and uniform cross-section
1 mm2 is tied rigidly at both the ends. The temperature of
the wire is 10–6 m2. What is the maximum angular velocity with
the wire is altered from 40ºC to 20ºC. Coefficient of linear
which it can be rotated in the horizontal circle ? expansion for steel a = 1.1 × 10–5/ºC and Y for steel is
(a) 1 rad sec–1 (b) 2 rad sec–1 2.0 × 1011 N/m2. The change in tension of the wire is
(a) 2.2 × 106 newton (b) 16 newton
(c) 4 rad sec–1 (d) 8 rad sec–1 (c) 8 newton (d) 44 newton
 Mechanical Properties of Solids 249

5. A cube is subjected to a uniform volume compression. If 15. A massive stone pillar 20 m high and of uniform cross-
the side of the cube decreases by 2% the bulk strain is section rests on a rigid base and supports a vertical load of
(a) 0.02 (b) 0.03 5.0 × 105 N at its upper end. If the compressive stress in the
(c) 0.04 (d) 0.06 pillar is not to exceed 1.6 × 106 N m–2, what is the minimum
6. A wire suspended vertically from one of its ends is cross-sectional area of the pillar? Density of the stone
stretched by attaching a weight of 200N to the lower end. = 2.5 × 103 kg m–3. (Take g = 10 N kg–1)
The weight stretches the wire by 1 mm. Then the elastic (a) 0.15 m2 (b) 0.25 m2
(c) 0.35 m 2 (d) 0.45 m2
energy stored in the wire is
(a) 0.2 J (b) 10 J 16. A circular tube of mean radius 8 cm and thickness 0.04 cm is
(c) 20 J (d) 0.1 J melted up and recast into a solid rod of the same length.
The ratio of the torsional rigidities of the circular tube and
7. A metal rod of Young's modulus 2 × 1010 N m–2 undergoes
the solid rod is
an elastic strain of 0.06%. The energy per unit volume stored
in J m–3 is (8.02) 4 - ( 7.98) 4 (8.02) 2 - (7.98) 2
(a) 3600 (b) 7200 (a) (b)
(0.8) 4 (0.8) 2
(c) 10800 (d) 14400
8. A force of 103 newton, stretches the length of a hanging (0.8) 2 (0.8) 2
wire by 1 millimetre. The force required to stretch a wire of (c) (d)
(8.02) 4 - ( 7.98) 4 (8.02) 3 - (7.98) 2
same material and length but having four times the diameter 17. From a steel wire of density r is suspended a brass block of
by 1 millimetre is density rb. The extension of steel wire comes to e. If the
(a) 4 × 103 N (b) 16 × 103 N
1 1 brass block is now fully immersed in a liquid of density rl,
(c) ´ 103 N (d) ´ 103 N e
4 16 the extension becomes e'. The ratio will be
9. A 2 m long rod of radius 1 cm which is fixed from one end is e'
given a twist of 0.8 radian. The shear strain developed will rb r b - rl
(a) (b)
be r b - rl rb
(a) 0.002 (b) 0.004 rb - r rl
(c) 0.008 (d) 0.016 (c) (d)
rl - r r b - rl
10. There are two wire of same material and same length while
the diameter of second wire is two times the diameter of 18. One end of a uniform wire of length L and of weight W is
first wire, then the ratio of extension produced in the wires attached rigidly to a point in the roof and W1 weight is
by applying same load will be suspended from looser end. If A is area of cross-section of
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 L
the wire, the stress in the wire at a height from the upper
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 4 : 1 4
11. For a given material, the Young's modulus is 2. 4 times that end is
of rigidity modulus. Its Poisson's ratio is W1 + W W1 + 3W / 4
(a) 2.4 (b) 1.2 (a) (b)
a a
(c) 0.4 (d) 0.2
12. A cube at temperature 0ºC is compressed equally from all W1 + W / 4 4 W1 + 3W
(c) (d)
sides by an external pressure P. By what amount should its a a
temperature be raised to bring it back to the size it had 19. A beam of metal supported at the two edges is loaded at the
before the external pressure was applied. The bulk modulus centre. The depression at the centre is proportional to
of the material of the cube is B and the coefficient of linear (a) Y 2 (b) Y
expansion is a. (c) 1/Y (d) 1/Y 2
(a) P/B a (b) P/3 B a 20. An iron rod of length 2m and cross-sectional area of 50
(c) 3 p a/B (d) 3 B/P mm2 stretched by 0.5 mm, when a mass of 250 kg is hung
13. The compressibility of water is 4 × 10–5 per unit atmospheric from its lower end. Young’s modulus of iron rod is
pressure. The decrease in volume of 100 cm3 of water under 18 2
(a) 19.6 ´ 10 20 N / m 2 (b) 19.6 ´10 N / m
a pressure of 100 atmosphere will be
(a) 0.4 cm3 (b) 4 × 10–5 cm3 (c) 19.6 ´ 1010 N / m 2 (d) 19.6 ´1015 N / m 2
(c) 0.025 cm 3 (d) 0.004 cm3 21. A wire fixed at the upper end stretches by length l by
14. For the same cross-sectional area and for a given load, the applying a force F. The work done in stretching is
ratio of depressions for the beam of a square cross-section (a) 2Fl (b) Fl
and circular cross-section is
(a) 3 : p (b) p : 3 F Fl
(c) (d)
(c) 1 : p (d) p : 1 2l 2
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22. A metalic rod of length l and cross-sectional area A is made 31. Two wires A and B are of the same material. Their lengths
of a material of Young modulus Y. If the rod is elongated by are in the ratio of 1 : 2 and the diameter are in the ratio 2 : 1.
an amount y, then the work done is proportional to If they are pulled by the same force, then increase in length
1 will be in the ratio of
(a) y (b) (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 4
y
(c) 1 : 8 (d) 8 : 1
1 32. Two wires are made of the same material and have the same
(c) y 2 (d) 2 volume. However wire 1 has cross-sectional area A and
y
wire 2 has cross-sectional area 3A. If the length of wire 1
23. On stretching a wire, the elastic energy stored per unit
increases by Dx on applying force F, how much force is
volume is
needed to stretch wire 2 by the same amount?
(a) Fl/2AL (b) FA/2L (a) 4 F (b) 6 F
(c) FL/2A (d) FL/2 (c) 9 F (d) F
24. When a pressure of 100 atmosphere is applied on a spherical 33. A rubber cord catapult has cross-sectional area 25 mm2
ball, then its volume reduces to 0.01%. The bulk modulus and initial length of rubber cord is 10 cm. It is stretched to 5
of the material of the rubber in dyne/cm2 is cm and then released to project a missile of mass 5 gm.
(a) 10 × 1012 (b) 100 × 1012
12 Taking Yrubber = 5 × 108 N/m2. Velocity of projected missile
(c) 1 × 10 (d) 10 × 1012
25. What per cent of length of wire increases by applying a is
stress of 1 kg weight/mm2 on it? (a) 20 ms–1 (b) 100 ms–1
(c) 250 ms –1 (d) 200 ms–1
(Y = 1 × 1011 N/m2 and 1 kg weight = 9.8 newton)
34. The potential energy U between two atoms in a diatomic
(a) 0.0067% (b) 0.0098%
molecules as a function of the distance x between atoms
(c) 0.0088% (d) 0.0078%
has been shown in the figure. The atoms are
26. K is the force constant of a spring. The work done in
increasing its extension from l1 to l2 will be
K
(a) K(l2 – l1) (b) (l2 + l1 )
2 O
K 2 2 U
(c) K (l22 - l12 ) (d) (l2 - l1 )
2
27. If a rubber ball is taken at the depth of 200 m in a pool, its
volume decreases by 0.1%. If the density of the water is
1 × 103 kg/m3 and g = 10m/s2, then the volume elasticity in A B C x
N/m2 will be
(a) 108 (b) 2 × 108 (a) attracted when x lies between A and B and are repelled
(c) 10 9 (d) 2 × 109 when x lies between B and C
28. The diagram below shows the change in the length X of a (b) attracted when x lies between B and C and are repelled
thin uniform wire caused by the application of stress F at when x lies between A and B
two different temperatures T1 and T2. The variation shown (c) are attracted when they reach B from C
suggests that (d) are repelled when they reach B from A
(a) T1 > T2 T2 35. The diagram shows a force - extension graph for a rubber
F
band. Consider the following statements :
(b) T1 < T2 T1
I. It will be easier to compress this rubber than expand it
(c) T2 > T1 II. Rubber does not return to its original length after it is
stretched
(d) T1 ³ T2 X
III. The rubber band will get heated if it is stretched and
29. A material has poisson’s ratio 0.50. If a uniform rod of it released
suffers a longitudinal strain of 2 × 10–3, then the percentage
change in volume is
(a) 0.6 (b) 0.4
(c) 0.2 (d) Zero Extension
30. A 5 metre long wire is fixed to the ceiling. A weight of 10 kg
is hung at the lower end and is 1 metre above the floor. The
wire was elongated by 1 mm. The energy stored in the wire Force
due to stretching is Which of these can be deduced from the graph?
(a) zero (b) 0.05 joule (a) III only (b) II and III
(c) 100 joule (d) 500 joule (c) I and III (d) I only
 Mechanical Properties of Solids 251

36. A rod of length l and radius r is joined to a rod of length 43. When a 4 kg mass is hung vertically on a light spring that
l/2 and radius r/2 of same material. The free end of small rod obeys Hooke’s law, the spring stretches by 2 cms. The
is fixed to a rigid base and the free end of larger rod is given work required to be done by an external agent in stretching
a twist of q°, the twist angle at the joint will be this spring by 5 cms will be (g = 9.8 m/sec2)
(a) q/4 (b) q/2 (a) 4.900 joule (b) 2.450 joule
(c) 0.495 joule (d) 0.245 joule
(c) 5q/6 (d) 8q/48
44. The following four wires are made of the same material.
37. To break a wire, a force of 106 N/m2 is required. If the density Which of these will have the largest extension when the
of the material is 3 × 103 kg/m3, then the length of the wire same tension is applied ?
which will break by its own weight will be (a) Length = 100 cm, diameter = 1 mm
(a) 34 m (b) 30 m (b) Length = 200 cm, diameter = 2 mm
(c) 300 m (d) 3 m (c) Length = 300 cm, diameter = 3 mm
38. The upper end of a wire of diameter 12mm and length 1m is (d) Length = 50 cm, diameter = 0.5 mm
clamped and its other end is twisted through an angle of 45. A steel rod of radius R = 10 mm and length
30°. The angle of shear is L= 100 cm is stretched along its length by a force F = 6.28 ×
104 N. If the Young’s modulus of steel is Y = 2 ×1011 N/m2,
(a) 18° (b) 0.18°
the percentage elongation in the length of the rod is :
(c) 36° (d) 0.36° (a) 0.100 (b) 0.314
39. A steel wire of uniform cross-section of 1mm2 is heated (c) 2.015 (d) 1.549
upto 50°C and clamped rigidly at its ends. If temperature of DIRECTIONS for Qs. 46 to 50 : These are Assertion-Reason
wire falls to 40°C, change in tension in the wire is (coefficient type questions. Each of these question contains two statements:
of linear expansion of steel is 1.1 × 10–5/°C and Young's Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason). Answer
modulus of elasticity of steel is 2 × 1011 N/m2 ) these questions from the following four options.
(a) 22 N (b) 44 N (a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a
(c) 88 N (d) 88 × 106 N correct explanation for Statement -1
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement-2 is
40. In Searle's experiment to find Young's modulus the diameter
NOT a correct explanation for Statement - 1
of wire is measured as d = 0.05cm, length of wire is
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement- 2 is False
= 125cm and when a weight, m = 20.0 kg is put, extension (d) Statement-1 is False, Statement -2 is True
in wire was found to be 0.100 cm. Find maximum permissible
46. Statement-1 Identical springs of steel and copper are equally
mg stretched. More work will be done on the steel spring.
error in Young's modulus (Y). Use : Y = .
( p / 4) d 2 x Statement-2 Steel is more elastic than copper.
(a) 6.3% (b) 5.3% 47. Statement-1 Stress is the internal force per unit area of a
(c) 2.3% (d) 1% body.
41. If the ratio of lengths, radii and Young’s modulus of steel Statement-2 Rubber is less elastic than steel.
and brass wires shown in the figure are a, b, and c, 48. Statement 1 : The stress-strain graphs are shown in the
respectively. The ratio between the increase in lengths of figure for two materials A and B are shown in figure. Young's
brass and steel wires would be modulus of A is greater than that of B.
Stress

A
b2 a B
(a)
2c

bc Brass
(b)
2a 2 2kg
Strain
2 Statement 2 : The Young's modules for small strain is,
ba Steel
(c) stress
2c Y= = slope of linear portion, of graph; and slope
4kg
strain
a of A is more than slope that of B.
(d) 49. Statement 1: Young’s modulus for a perfectly plastic body
2b2c is zero.
42. A uniform cube is subjected to volume compression. If each Statement 2: For a perfectly plastic body, restoring force is
side is decreased by 1%, then bulk strain is zero.
(a) 0.01 (b) 0.06 50. Statement 1: Strain causes the stress in an elastic body.
(c) 0.02 (d) 0.03 Statement 2: An elastic rubber is more plastic in nature.
 EBD_7751
252 PHYSICS

Exemplar Questions
x2 x
(a) (b)
1. Modulus of rigidity of ideal liquids is 2 L2 L
(a) infinity
x2 x2
(b) zero (c) (d)
L 2L
(c) unity
7. A rectangular frame is to be suspended symmetrically by
(d) some finite small non-zero constant value
two strings of equal length on two supports (figure). It can
2. The maximum load a wire can withstand without breaking,
be done in one of the following three ways;
when its length is reduced to half of its original length, will
(a) be double (b) be half
(c) be four times (d) remain same
3. The temperature of a wire is doubled. The Young's modulus
of elasticity (a) (b) (c)
(a) will also double (b) will become four times
The tension in the strings will be
(c) will remain same (d) will decrease
(a) the same in all cases (b) least in (a)
4. A spring is stretched by applying a load to its free end. The
(c) least in (b) (d) least in (c)
strain produced in the spring is
8. Consider two cylindrical rods of identical dimensions, one
(a) volumetric
of rubber and the other of steel. Both the rods are fixed
(b) shear
rigidly at one end to the roof. A mass M is attached to each
(c) longitudinal and shear of the free ends at the centre of the rods.
(d) longitudinal (a) Both the rods will elongate but there shall be no
5. A rigid bar of mass M is supported symmetrically by three perceptible change in shape
wires each of length l. Those at each end are of copper and (b) The steel rod will elongate and change shape but the
the middle one is of iron. The ratio of their diameters, if each rubber rod will only elongate
is to have the same tension, is equal to
(c) The steel rod will elongate without any perceptible
change in shape, but the rubber rod will elongate and
Yiron
(a) Ycopper / Yiron (b) the shape of the bottom edge will change to an ellipse
Ycopper
(d) The steel rod will elongate, without any perceptible
change in shape, but the rubber rod will elongate with
2
Yiron Yiron the shape of the bottom edge tapered to a tip at the
(c) 2 (d) Ycopper
Ycopper centre

6. A mild steel wire of length 2L and cross-sectional area A is NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions
stretched, well within elastic limit, horizontally between two 9. The following four wires are made of the same material.
pillars (figure ). A mass m is suspended from the mid-point Which of these will have the largest extension when the
of the wire. Strain in the wire is same tension is applied ? [2013]
(a) Length = 100 cm, diameter = 1 mm
2L
x (b) Length = 200 cm, diameter = 2 mm
(c) Length = 300 cm, diameter = 3 mm
m (d) Length = 50 cm, diameter = 0.5 mm
 Mechanical Properties of Solids 253

10. If the ratio of diameters, lengths and Young’s modulus of 12. The approximate depth of an ocean is 2700 m. The
steel and copper wires shown in the figure are p, q and s compressibility of water is 45.4 × 10–11 Pa–1 and density of
respectively, then the corresponding ratio of increase in water is 103 kg/m3.What fractional compression of water
their lengths would be [NEET Kar. 2013] will be obtained at the bottom of the ocean ? [2015]
7q (a) 1.0 × 10–2 (b) 1.2 × 10–2
(a)
(5sp)
Steel (c) 1.4 × 10–2 (d) 0.8 × 10–2
5q 13. The Young's modulus of steel is twice that of brass. Two
(b) 2m
(7 sp 2 ) wires of same length and of same area of cross section, one
of steel and another of brass are suspended from the same
7q Copper
(c) roof. If we want the lower ends of the wires to be at the
(5sp 2 ) 5m same level, then the weights added to the steel and brass
wires must be in the ratio of : [2015 RS]
2q
(d) (5sp) (a) 2:1 (b) 4 : 1
11. Copper of fixed volume ‘V; is drawn into wire of length ‘l’. (c) 1:1 (d) 1 : 2
When this wire is subjected to a constant force ‘F’, the
14. The bulk modulus of a spherical object is 'B'. If it is subjected
extension produced in the wire is ‘Dl’. Which of the
to uniform pressure 'p', the fractional decrease in radius is
following graphs is a straight line? [2014]
1 B 3p
(a) Dl versus (b) Dl versus l2 (a)
3p
(b) [2017]
l B

1 p p
(c) Dl versus 2 (d) Dl versus l (c) (d)
l 3B B
 EBD_7751
254 PHYSICS

Hints & Solutions

EXERCISE - 1 Dp 1 DV
20. (b) B= Þ µ [Dp = constant]
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) DV / V B V
6. (c) 7. (a) 21. (b) The wire starts behaving like a liquid at point b. It
behaves like a viscous liquid in the region bc of the
p h r4 graph.
8. (c) Couple per unit angle of twist, C =
2l 22. (b) Let V be the volume of the load and r its relative
density
p h r 4q
\ Couple t = C q = FL VrgL
2l So, Y = = .....(1)
A la Ala
Here h, l, C & t are same. So, r 4q = constant
When the load is immersed in the liquid, then
q1 æç r24 ö÷ F¢ L (V r g - V ´ 1 ´ g ) L
\ = Y= = ....(2)
q 2 çè r14 ÷ø Alw Alw
stress (Q Now net weight = weight – upthrust)
9. (a) tan( 90 - q) = From eqs. (1) and (2), we get
strain
10. (c) If l is the original length of wire, then change in length r (r - 1) la
= or r =
la lw (l a - l w )
of first wire, Dl 1 = (l 1 - l)
23. (c) Energy stored per unit volume
change in length of second wire, Dl 2 = (l 2 - l) 1
= ´ stress ´ strain
T l T l 2
Now, Y = 1 ´ = 2´ 1
A Dl1 A Dl 2 = ´ stress ´ (stress / Young ' s modulus )
2
T1 T T1 T2 S2
or = 2 or = 1 2
Dl 1 Dl 2 l1 - l l 2 - l = ´ (stress) /(Young' s modulus) =
2 2Y
T2 l 1 - T1l 2 24. (c)
or T1 l 2 – T1 l = T2 l 1 – l T2 or l =
T2 - T1 25. (c) For a perfectly rigid body strain produced is zero for
the given force applied, so
Fl Fl mgl
11. (c) Y= Þ Dl = = Y = stress/strain = ¥
ADl YA YA
12. (d) The elasticity of a material depends upon the EXERCISE - 2
temperature of the material. Hammering & annealing 1. (b) Let W newton be the load suspended. Then
reduces elastic property of a substance.
13. (b) The ratio of stress to strain is always constant. If (W / A1 ) W L
Y= = ...(1)
stress is increased, strain will also increase so that (l 1 / L ) A1 l 1
their ratio remains constant. (W / A 2 ) WL
FL 1 and Y= = ....(2)
14. (c) l= Þl µ (l 2 / L ) A2 l2
YA A
Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get
Force 1
15. (b) Stress = \ Stress µ æl ö æ A2 ö æ l 2 ö æ2ö
Area πr 2 1 = çç 2 ÷÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
ç A ÷=ç l ÷ ç ÷
2 è l1 ø è 1ø è 1ø è1ø
S B æ rA ö
= ç ÷ = (2)2 Þ S B = 4 S A l1 2
S A è rB ø \ = or l : l = 2 : 1
l2 1 1 2
16. (c) 2. (c) Given that F/A = 4.8 × 107 Nm–2
17. (d) According to Hooke's Law, within the elastic limits \ F = 4.8 ×107 ×A or
stress is directly proportional to strain.
18. (b) Let T be the tension in the ring, then mv2
= 4 .8 ´ 1 0 7 ´ 1 0 - 6 = 4 8
T.2 p r Tr r
Y= = Y A (R - r )
\ T= m r 2 w2 48
A. 2p (R - r ) A (R - r) r 2
or = 48 or w =
r mr
0.5Y - h
19. (d) Y = 2h(1 + s) Þ s =
h æ 48 ö
w= ç ÷ = 16 = 4 rad / sec
è 10 ´ 0.3 ø
 Mechanical Properties of Solids 255

3. (b) We know that Y = F L/p r2 l or r2 = F L/(Y p l) Wl 3

14. (a) d= , where W = load, l = length of beam and I is
\ R 2B = F L /(YB p l) and R S2 = F L /(YS p l) 3 YI
geometrical moment of inertia for rectangular beam,
R 2B YS 2 ´ 1010
or = = =2 b d3
R S2 YB 1010 Ι= where b = breadth and d = depth
12
For square beam b = d
or R 2B = 2 R S2 or R B = 2 R S \
b4
\ Ι1 =
RS = R B / 2 12
4. (d) F = Y A a t = (2.0 × 1011) (10–6) (1.1 × 10–5) (20) æ πr4 ö
= 44 newton For a beam of circular cross-section, Ι2 = ç ÷
5. (d) è 4 ø
1 3 3
6. (d) Elastic energy =
2
´ F´ x \ d1 = W l ´12 = 4 W l (for sq. cross section)
F = 200 N, x = 1 mm = 10–3 m 3 Y b4 Y b4
W l3 4 W l3
1 and d 2 = =
\ E= ´ 200 ´1 ´10 -3 = 0.1 J 3 Y(p r / 4) 3Y (p r 4 )
4
2
(for circular cross-section)
1
7. (a) U / volume = Y ´ strain2 = 3600 J m–3 d1 3 p r 4 3pr4 3
2 Now = = =
[Strain = 0.06 × 10–2] d2 b 4 2 2
(p r ) p
l 2
8. (b) F = Y ´ A ´ Þ F µ r (Y, l and and L are constant) (Q b 2 = π r 2 i.e., they have same cross-sectional area)
L
If diameter is made four times then force required will Weight of load + Weight of puller
be 16 times, i.e., 16 × 103 N 15. (d) = Compressive stress
area
rq 1 0. 8 20A ´ d ´ 10 + 5 ´ 105
9. (b) f= = ´ = 0.004 radian Þ = 1.6 ´ 106
l 100 2 area
10. (d) Q Both wires are same materials so both will have Where d is the density.
same Young’s modulus, and let it be Y.
20A ´ 2.5 ´ 103 ´ 10 + 5 ´ 105
stress F = 1.6 ´ 106
Y= = , F = applied force A
strain A.(ΔL/L) ie, 5× 105 = 1.1× 106A or A = 0.45m2
A = area of cross-section of wire ph( r24 - r14 ) ph r 4
16. (a) C1 = , C2 =
FL FL 2l 2l
Now, Y1 = Y2 Þ =
(A1 )(DL1 ) (A 2 )(DL 2 ) Initial volume = Final volume
Since load and length are same for both \ p[ r22 - r12 ]lr = pr 2 lr

æ DL ö æ r ö
2 Þ r 2 = r22 - r12 Þ r 2 = ( r2 + r1 )(r2 - r1 )
Þ r12 DL1 = r2 2 DL 2 , çç 1 ÷÷ = çç 2 ÷÷ = 4
è DL 2 ø è r1 ø Þ r 2 = (8.02 + 7.98)(8.02 - 7.98)
DL1 : DL2 = 4 :1 Þ r 2 = 16 ´ 0.04 = 0.64 cm Þ r = 0.8 cm
11. (d) Y = 2h(1 + s) C r 4 - r 4 [8.02] 4 - [ 7.98]4
\ 1 = 2 1 =
2.4h = 2h(1 + s) Þ 1.2 = 1 + s Þ s = 0.2
C2 r4 [0.8] 4
17. (a) Weights without and with liquid proportional to rb
-P -PV and rb – rl.
12. (b) Bulk modulus B = = ....(1)
(DV / V) DV 18. (b)

-V 1 d
and DV = g V DT = 3 a.V.T or = ...(2) 19. (c)
DV 3a. T.
For a beam, the depression at the centre is given by,
From eqs. (1) and (2), B = P /(3a.T) or T = P
3aB æ fL ö
d=ç ÷
1 DV / V è 4Ybd3 ø
13. (a) K= = . Here, P = 100 atm, [f, L, b, d are constants for a particular beam]
B P
K = 4 × 10 and V = 100 cm3.
–5
1
Hence, DV = 0.4 cm3 i.e. d µ
Y
 EBD_7751
256 PHYSICS

250 ´ 9.8 28. (a) When same stress is applied at two different
-6 250 ´ 9.8 2
temperatures, the increase in length is more at higher
F/A
20. (c) Y= = 50 ´ 10 =
50 ´ 10 -6
´
0. 5 ´ 10 -3
temperature. Thus T1 > T2.
D / - 3
0.5 ´ 10 29. (d)
2 1 1
30. (b) W = ´ F ´ l = mgl
Þ 19.6 ´ 10 N / m
10 2 2 2
21. (d) Work done by constant force in displacing the object 1
by a distance . = ´ 10 ´ 10 ´ 1 ´ 10 -3 = 0.05 J
2
= change in potential energy 31. (c) We know that Young's modulus
1 F L
= ´ stress × strain ×volume Y= ´
2 2
pr
1 F F Since Y, F are same for both the wires, we have,
= ´ ´ ´ A´ L =
2 A L 2
22. (c) Volume V = cross sectional A × length l or V = Al 1 L1 1 L2 1 r 2 ´ L1 (D 2 / 2) 2 ´ L1
= or, = 2 =
Elongation Y r12 1 r22 2 2 r12 ´ L 2 (D1 / 2) 2 ´ L 2
Strain = Original length =
l
D 22 ´ L1 D 22 L2 1
Stress or, 1 = = ´ =
Young’s modulus Y =
Strain 2 D12 ´ L 2 (2 D 2 ) 2 2 L2 8
1 So, 1: 2 = 1: 8
Work done, W = ´ stress × strain × volume
2 32. (c)
1 A
W = ´ Y ´ (strain) 2 ´ Al Y
2
Wire (1)
2
1 æ yö 1 æ YA ö 2 2
= ´Y ´ç ÷ø ´ Al = çè ÷ø y Þ W µ y
2 è l 2 l
3A Y
1 æ F öæ l ö Fl
23. (a) Energy stored per unit volume = ç ÷ç ÷ = –
2 è A øè L ø 2 AL /3
Wire (2)
100 As shown in the figure, the wires will have the same
24. (c) K= = 106 atm
0.01/100 Young’s modulus (same material) and the length of
= 1011 N/m2 = 1012 dyne/cm2 the wire of area of cross-section 3A will be /3 (same
25. (b) Stress = 1 kg wt/mm2 = 9.8 N/mm2 volume as wire 1).
= 9.8 × 106 N/m2. F/A
For wire 1, Y = ...(i)
D Dx/
11 2
Y = 1 ´ 10 N / m , ´100 = ? F '/ 3 A
For wire 2 , Y = ...(ii)
Dx /( / 3)
Stress Stress
Y= = F F'
Strain D / From (i) and (ii) , ´ = ´ Þ F ' = 9F
A Dx 3 A 3Dx
D Stress 9.8 ´ 106 33. (c) Young’s modulus of rubber, Yrubber
\ = =
Y 1´ 1011 F D
D = ´ Þ F = YA.
´100 = 9.8 ´ 10-11 ´ 100 ´ 106 A D
On putting the values from question,
= 9.8 × 10–3 = 0.0098 %
5 ´ 108 ´ 25 ´ 10 -6 ´ 5 ´ 10 -2
1 F=
26. (d) At extension l1, the stored energy = Kl12 10 ´ 10 - 2
2
1 2 = 25 ´ 25 ´ 10 2-1 = 6250 N
At extension l2, the stored energy = Kl2 kinetic energy = potential energy of rubber
2
Work done in increasing its extension from l1 to l2 1 1
1 mv 2 = F D
= K (l22 – l12 ) 2 2
2
FD 6250 ´ 5 ´ 10-2
DP hrg 200 ´10 ´ 10 3 v= = = 62500
27. (d) K= = = = 2 ´109 m 5 ´10-3
DV / V DV / V 0.1/100 = 25 × 10 = 250 m/s
 Mechanical Properties of Solids 257

34. (b) The atoms when brought from infinity are attracted l1 r Y1
due to interatomic electrostatic force of attraction. At 41. (d) Given, = a, 1 = b , =c
l2 r2 Y2
point B, the potential energy is minimum and force of
attraction is maximum. But if we bring atoms closer
than x = B, force of repulsion between two nuclei starts T T
and P.E. increases. Brass
Steel

P.E.

2g
x
C T 2g
Let Young’s modulus of steel be Y1, and that of brass
be Y2
A B
F1l1
35. (c) x \ Y1 = A Dl …(i)
1 1
F2l2
and Y2 = A Dl …(ii)
2 2
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii), we get
Y1 F1 A2 l1Dl2
= …(iii)
Y2 F2 A1l2 Dl1
F Force on steel wire from free body diagram
Fcom Fext
T = F1 = (2 g ) Newton
From the figure, it is clear that
Fcom < Fext. Force on brass wire from free body diagram
q¢ = 0
4 F2 = T1 = T + 2 g = 4 g Newton
phr q Now putting the value of F1, F2 in equation (iii), we
36. (d) r = C.q = = Constant
2L get
l/2
phr 4 (q - q0 ) ph(r / 2) 4 (q0 - q ') Y1 æ 2 g ö æ pr22 ö é l1 ù æ Dl2 ö 1 æ 1 ö æ Dl2 ö
Þ = = ç ÷ .ê ú . = .a
2l 2(l / 2) q0 Y2 çè 4 g ÷ø è pr12 ø ë l2 û çè Dl1 ÷ø 2 çè b2 ÷ø çè Dl1 ÷ø
(q - q0 ) q0 8 dV dL
Þ = Þ q0 = q 42.
3
(d) If side of the cube is L then V = L Þ =3
2 16 9 l V L
\ % change in volume = 3 × (% change in length)
= 3 × 1% = 3%
DV
\ Bulk strain = 0.03
q V
S 106 100
37. (a) L= = = = 34 m F 4 ´ 9.8
dg 3 ´ 103 ´ 10 3 43. (b) K = = = 19.6 ´ 102
rq 6mm ´ 30° x 2 ´ 10 -2
38. (b) rq = lf Þ f = = = 0.18°
1
l 1m 19.6 ´102 ´ (0.05)2 = 2.45 J
Work done =
Dl 2
39. (a) F = YA = YAaDq
l YA
= 2 × 1011 × (1 × 10–6) × 1.1 × 10–5 × (10) = 22 N 44. (d) F = ×l
L
mgl
40. (a) Y = ......... (1) L L
( p / 4) d 2 x So, extension, lµ µ 2 [Q F and Y are
Dm Dl Dd Dx A D
æ dY ö
çè ÷ = + +2 + constant]
Y ø max m l d x
100 200
m = 20.0 kg Þ Dm = 0.1 kg l1 µ µ 100 and l2 µ µ 50
2
l = 125cm Þ Dl = 1 cm. 1 22
d = 0.050 cm. Þ Dd = 0.001 cm 300 100 50
x = 0.100 cm. Þ Dx = 0.001 cm. l3µ µ and l4 µ µ 200
3 2 3 1
æ 0.1kg 1cm ö 4
+
æ dY ö ç 20.0kg 125cm ÷
çè ÷ø =ç ÷ ´ 100% = 6.3% L
Y max 0.001cm 0.001cm The ratio of is maximum for case (d).
ç +2 ´ + ÷ D2
è 0.05cm 0.100cm ø
Hence, option (d) is correct.
 EBD_7751
258 PHYSICS

Fl L
45. (a) Percentage elongation in the wire = If F and are constants.
AY DL
6.28 ´ 104 ´ (1) 1
= = 1
2
p(0.01) ´ 2 ´ 10 11 1000 So, D µ
Y
1 1
46. (a) Work done = ´ Stress ´ Strain = ´ Y ´ (Strain)2 Hence, we can find ratio as
2 2
Since, elasticity of steel is more than copper, hence Dcopper Yiron
more work has to be done in order to stretch the steel. =
47. (b) Stress is defined as internal force (restoring force) per Diron Ycopper
unit area of a body. Also, rubber is less elastic than
6. (a) Consider the given diagram
steel, because restoring force is less for rubber than
steel.
48. (d) 49. (d) 50. (a) L L
A C B
EXERCISE - 3 90°–q 90°–q
Exemplar Questions x
1. (b) As liquid is ideal so no. frictional force exists hence,
q q
tangential forces are zero so there is no stress
developed.
O
2. (d) As we know that,
m
Breaking force
Breaking stress = ..(i)
Area of cross-section So, change in length
When length of the wire changes (or by reducing half)
area of cross-section remains same. DL = ( A0 + B0 ) - ( AC + CB)
Hence, breaking force will be same because breaking = 2BO – 2AC
stress does not depend on length. = 2 [BO – AC] (\ AO = BO, AC = CB)
3. (d) As we know that, length of a wire when the temperature
increased = 2[( x2 + L2 )1/ 2 - L]
Lt = L0 (1 + aDT )
éæ x 2 ö1/ 2 ù
where DT is change in the temperature.
= 2 L êç1 + 2 ÷ - 1ú
L0 is original length, êçè L ÷ø ú
a is coefficient of linear expansion and ë û
Lt is length at temperature T.
Now, DL = Lt - L0 = L0 aDT é 1 x2 ù x2
DL » 2L ê1 + 2
- 1ú = [Q x << L]
Stress ë 2L û L
Now, Young's modulus (Y) =
Strain
FL0 FL0 1 DL x 2 / L x 2
= = µ Strain = = = 2
A ´ DL AL0 aDT DT 2L 2L 2L
1 7. (c) Let us consider the free body diagram of the
As, Y µ rectangular frame
DT
So, if temperature increass DT increases, hence
Young's modulus of elasticity (Y) decreases. Tsinq Tsinq
4. (c) When a spring is stretched by applying a load to its T
free end. Clearly the length and shape of the spring q q
changes. So strain produced when change in length Tcosq Tcosq
corresponds to longitudinal strain and change in shape
corresponds to shearing strain. m
5. (b) As we know that,
The Young's modulus
mg
Stress F / A F L
Y= = = ´
Strain DL / L A DL Net forces acting on frame will be zero.
F L 4 FL So, Balancing vertical forces
= ´ =
p( D / 2) 2
D L pD 2 DL 2T sinq – mg = 0 [T is tension in the string]
2T sinq = mg ...(i)
4 FL 4 FL
D2 = ÞD= Total horizontal force
pDLY pDLY
= T cos q - T cos q = 0
 Mechanical Properties of Solids 259

mg 10. (c) From formula,

Now from Eq. (i), T =
2 sin q FL 4 FL
Increase in length DL = =
AY pD 2Y
mg
Tmax =
2sin qmin DLS FS æ DC ö YC LS
2
7 æ 1 ö æ1ö
2

= ç ÷ = ´ç ÷ ç ÷q
As mg is constant then DLC FC è DS ø YS LC 5 è pø èsø
1 7q
Tµ =
sin q (5sp 2 )
sin qmin = 0 Þ qmin = 0
F
No option matches with q = 0°
A Þ Dl = Fl
mg 11. (b) As Y = Dl
Tmin = AY
(since, sinqmax = 1)
2sin qmax l
V
But V = Al so A =
sin qmax = 1 Þ q = 90° l
So tension is all three cases are different rejects option Fl 2
(a) Therefore Dl = µ l2
VY
For minimum tension q must be 90° i.e. sin q = 1 Hence graph of Dl versus l2 will give a straight line.
Hence, tension is the least for the case (b). 12. (b) Compressibility of water,
8. (d) A mass M is attached at the centre or midpoint of rod K = 45.4 × 10–11 Pa–1
of rubber and steel. As the mass is attached to both density of water P = 103 kg/m3
the rods, both rod will be elongated as shown in depth of ocean, h = 2700 m
figures but due to different elastic properties of material DV
rubber changes shape also. We have to find =?
V
As we know, compressibility,
1 (DV / V)
K= = (P = rgh)
B P
M M
So, (DV/V) = Krgh
= 45.4 × 10–11 × 103 × 10 × 2700 = 1.2258 × 10–2
W l
13. (a) Young's modulus Y = .
(Rubber) (Steel) A Dl
W1 W2
=
As the Young's modulus of rigidity for steel, is larger Y1 Y2 [Q A, l, Dl same for both brass and steel]
DL
than rubber, so strain for rubber is larger than
L
steel for same stress.
A, l, Dl l, A, Dl
NEET/AIPMT (2013-2017) Questions Y2 Y1
Brass Steel

YA L L
9. (d) F = × l! So, extension, lµ µ 2
L A D
[Q F and Y are constant] W1 Y1
= =2 [Ysteel/Ybrass = 2 given]
100 200 W2 Y2
l1 µ µ 100 and l2 µ µ 50
12 22 14. (c) Bulk modulus is given by
P DV P
300 100 50 B= or =
l3µ µ and l4 µ µ 200 æ DV ö V B
32 3 1 ç ÷
4 è V ø
DR P DR
L 3 = (here, = fractional decreases in radius)
The ratio of is maximum for case (d). R B R
D2
DR P
Hence, option (d) is correct. Þ =
R 3B