Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers:

106
CHEMISTRY
Structure of Manganate and Previous Years
Permanganate lon ExaminationQuestions
The manganate (Mno,)and permanganate
(MnO, )ions are teirahedral. 1 Mark Questions
1. Give reason:
Transition metals and their compounds
showcatalytic activities. Delhi 2020
equation.
2. Complete the following ionic
Mn Mn
o 3Mn0+4H* Delhi 2020
oxo-anion of
Tetrahedral Tetrahedral 3. Write the formula of an it shows the
manganate ion permanganate ion manganese (Mn) in which
(Paramagnetic) (Diamagnetic)
oxidation state equal to its group number
Delhi 2017
Reactions of KMn0, are
4. Zn salts are white, while Cu salts
Important oxidising reactions of KMnO,are: coloured. Why? AIl India 2015
variable
In acidic solutions 5. Why do transition elements show
(i) 10I +2 MnO;+16 H*’ oxidation states? Delhi 2014C
2Mn* +8 H,0 +5I, 6. Transition metals are much harder
than
(ii) SFe* + MnO,i+8H* the alkali metals. Why? AllIndia 2014C
Mn +4H,0 +5Fe+ 7. Which of following cations are coloured iu
-aqueous solutions and why?
(iüi) 5C,0} +2MnO, +16H*’ Se, yô, T¡*,Mn2+
2Mn?t+8H,0 +10CO, (At. no. Sc = 21, V= 23, Ti = 22, Mn =25)
Delhi 2013
(iv) 5S +2MnO, +16H*
2Mn* +8H,0 +5S 8. Se(21), is a transition element but Ca20)
is not. Why? All India 2012C
(v) 5S0 +2Mn0, +6H*’ 9. Explain the following observation:
2Mn?*+3H,0 +5S0 Most of the transition metal ions exhibit
characteristic colours in aqueous
(vi) 5NO; +2MnO7+ 6H* solutions. Delhi 2012
2Mn2+ +5NO; +3H,0
solutions 10. How would youaccount for the followiny
In neutral or faintly alkaline Many of the transition elements are
(i) 2Mn07+H,0+ I ’ known to form interstitial compounds.
2.MnO, +20H" +IO," Delhi 2012
11. How would you account for the following
(üi)8MnO; +3S,0 +H,0’ The EyM for copper is positive
8MnO, +6S07 +2OH the
(0.34 V). Copper is the only metalinshowin
first series of transition elements
(ii) 2Mn0; +3Mn*+2H,0’ 5MnO, +4H* this behaviour. HOTS; All Indio 2012
CHAPTER 4: d-ond f-Block Elements
107
12. Assign reason for the
Copper (1) ion is not known following: 20. Complete and balance the following
solution. All India 2011, 2010; Delhi in2011aqueous chemical equations:
43. (i) Fe+ Mn0,+ H*
Transition metals and their compounds ’
generally exhibit a paramagnetic (ii) Mn07+ H,0+1 CBSE 2018
behaviour. Give reason. AllIndia 2011 21. When chromite ore, Fe Cr,04, is fused with
14.Cr is a strong reducing agent, NaOH in the presence of air, a
Mnt with the same (d) whereas yellow-coloured compound (A) is obtained,
an oxidising agent. configuration
Give reason. Delhi
is
2011C which on acidification with dilute
15. Explain the following observation: sulphuric acid gives a compound (B).
The enthalpies of Compound (B) on reaction with KCI
atomisation of transition
metals are quite high. forms an orange coloured crystalline
Forelgn 2010 compound (C).
2 MarksQuestions (i)) Write the formulae of the
16. Give reason. compounds (A), (B) and (C).
(ii) Write one use of
() T is coloured, Dellhi 2016
compound (C).
whereas
colourless in aqueous solution.
Sc is
22. Complete the following
(ii) Cr² is a strong equation chemical
reducing agent.
Delhi 2020, All India 2022 (Term I) () 8Mn0; + 3S,0 + H,0’
17. Write the balanced ionic
showing the oxidising action equations (ii) Cr,0 +3Sn* + 14H+
of acidified All India 2016
dichromate (Cr,O ) solution with (i) iron
(II) ion and (ii) tin (I) ion. All India 23. What are
2020 transition elements? Write two
18. Use the data to answer the
following and characteristics of the transition elements.
Delhi 2015
also justify giving reason :
24. What is meant by
Cr Mn Fe Co Give an example of a disproportionation"?
2t M -0.91 -ll8 -0.44 -0,28
disproportionation
reaction in aqueous solution.
Delhi2015C, All India 2011C
E+ -0.41 +1.57 +0.77 +1.97 25. Suggest reasons for the following
i) Which is a stronger reducing agent in features of transition metal chemistry:
(i) The transition metals
aqueous medium, Cror Fe and why? and their
(ü) Which is the most stable ion in +2 compounds are usually paramagnetic.
(ii) The transition metals
oxidation and why? Alllndia 2019 exhibit
19. When MnO, is fused with KOH in the
variable oxidation states. Delhi 2015C
26. Describe the
presence of KNO, as an oxidising agent, it permanganate.preparation of
How does thepotassium
acidified
gives a dark green compound (A). permanganate solution react with oxalic
Compound (A) disproportionates in acidic acid? Write the ionic equations for the
solution to give purple compound (B). An reactions. All India 2015C
alkaline solution of compound (B) oxidises 27. Describe the oxidising action of
KI to compound (C), whereas an acidified potassium
dichromate and write the ionic equations
solution of compound (B) oxidises KI to (D). for its reactions with (i) iodide and (ii)
Identify (A), (B), () and (D). Delhi 2019 HS. All India 2015C

108
28. Why do transition elements show variable
oxidation states? In 3d series (Sc to Zn),
which element shows the maximum
number of oxidation states and why?
Foreign 2015
29. Assign a reason for each of the following
observations:
(i) The transition metals (with the
exception of Zn, OCd and Hg) are
hard and have high melting and
boiling points.
(ii) The ionisation enthalpies (first and
second) in the first series of the
transition elenents are found to vary
irregularly. Delhi 2014C
30. Assign reason for each of the following:
(i) Transition elements exhibit
paramagnetic behaviour.
(ii) Co is easily oxidised in the presence
of a strong ligands. Delhi 2014C
31. Account for the following:
(i) Mn is more stable than Fe
towards oxidation to +3 state.
(iü) The enthalpy of atomisation is lowest
for Zn in first series (3d) of the
transition elements. Delhi 2014
the
32. Describe the general trends in
following properties of the first series (3d)
of the transition elements:
exhibited.
(i) Number of oxidation states
2014C
(ii) Formation of oxo metal ions. Delhi
following:
33. Assign reasons for the
to exist
(i) Copper () ion is not known
in aqueous solutions.
high
(iü) Both O, and F, stabilise
transition metals
oxidation states of
but the ability of oxygen to do so
exceeds that of fluorine. All India 2014C
:
34. Assign reasons for the following
many of their
i) Transition metals and
compounds act as good catalysts.
(ii) Transition metals generally form
coloured compounds. AllIndia 2014C
35. Complete the following equations :
(i) 2Mn0, + 5S +16H+
(i)Cr,0%+ 20H. Foreign 2014
Papers :
Chapterwise CBSE Solved
CHEMISTRY
36. How would you account for the following?
state of a
(i) The highest oxidation
transition metal is usually exhibito
in its oxide.
followine
(ii) The oxidising power of the follows
three oxO-ions in the series
the order:
Vo; < Cr,0 < Mn0;Delhi 2014C
the following)
37. How would you account for
exhibit variable
(i) Transition metals
Oxidation states.
and their
(ii) Transition netals
compounds act as catalysts.
AllIndia 2013
transition series
38. Which metal in the first
(3d-series) exhibits +1 oxidation state
most frequently and why? Delhi 2013
chemical
39. Complete the following
equations :
() Cr,0% +I+H* ’
(ii) Mn0,+ NO, + H*
Delhi 2012; All Indid 2012
40. Explain the following observations.
(i) Many of the transition elements are
known to form interstitial compounds.
(ii) There is a general increase in dens1ty
from titanium (Z=22)to copper
(2 = 29), All India 2012
41. Explain each of the following observations
) With the same d-orbital configuration
(d'),Cr+ is a reducing agent, while
Mn is an oxidising agent.
(ii) There is hardly any increase in
atomic size with increasing atomie
numbers in a series of transition
metals. All India 2012
42. Assign reasons for each of the following
(i) Transition metals generally form
coloured compounds.
(ii) Manganese exhibits the highest
oxidation stateof+7 among the
3d-series of transition elements.
Delhi2011
 CHAPTER 4: dand f Block Elements
109
43. Complete the following chemical equations : (ii) Cu ion is not known in
() MnO,(aq) +S,0} (aq) + aqueous
H,0 solutions. All india 2010
(i) Cr.0 (aq) + Fe (aq) + ()’ 51. Account for the following:
All India 2011, 2010 H'(aq)’ (i) Cu ions are not stable in
44. Explain giving a aqueous
solution.
of the following: suitable reason for each (ii) Most of the transition metal ions
() Transition exhibit paramagnetic behaviour.
metals and their
compounds are generally
good catalysts. found to be
Delhi2010C
52. Account for the following :
(i)
Metal-metal bonding is more frequent
for the 4d and
(i) In the series Sc to Zn, the
enthalpy of
atomisation of zinc is the lowest.
metals than that5d-series
for the transition (ii) E° value for the Mn/Mn2+ couple
All India 2011 3d-series. is much more
45. Complete the following reactions in the Cr 3+/Cr 2, Delhipositive
2010C
than that for
aqueous medium: 53. Describe the preparation of
() MnO,+ C0} + H' (i) potassium dichromate from sodium
(ii) Cr,0 + HS+ H ’ Forelgn 2011 chromate and potassium chloride.
46. (ii) KMn0, from KMnO4. Foreign 2010
Complete the following chemical
equations :
(i) Fe+I
3 Marks Questions
(i) CrO+H* 54. Give reason :
Foreign 2011 (a) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft and have
47. Write balance chemical low
equations of two melting points.
reactions in which KMn0, acts as an (b) Write the
preparation of the
oxidising agent in the acidic medium. following:
Delhi 2011C (1) NaCr,0, from Na CrO,
48. Explain the following observations : (ii) K,Mn0, from MnO, Delhi 2020
(i) Generally, there is an increase in 55. Explain the method of
density of elements from titanium sodium dichromate frompreparation
chromite
of
ore.
(2= 22) to copper (Z = 29) in the first Give the equation
series of transition elements. of ferrous salts by representing oxidation
dichromate ion. Delhi 2020
(ii) Transition elements and their 56. Complete the following reactions :
compounds are generally found tobe (i) MnO, + KOH + O,’
good catalysts in chemical reactions. (ii) I +Mn0, + H’
Deihi 2010
49. Explain the following observations: (iii) Cr,0 + Sn +H*’ All India
2019
i) Transition elements generally form 57. Give reasons:
coloured compounds. (i) E value for MnMn couple is
(iü) Zincis not regarded as a transition
element. Delhi 2010 much mnore positive than that for
50. Explain the following observations :
Fe*Fe*.
(ii) Iron has higher enthalpy of
(i) Among the divalent cations in the atomisation than that of copper.
first series of transition elements, (ii) Sc+ is colourless in aqueous solution
manganese exhibits the maximum whereas Ti* is coloured. cBSE 2018
paramagnetism.

110
58. (i) Complete the following equations :
(a) 2Mn0;+ 5S0+ 6H+
(b) Cr,0 + 6Fet + 14H+
(ii) Based on the data, arrange Fe,
Mn and Cr in the increasing order
of stability of +2 oxidation state.
ct/Cy2 =-0.4 V
E
"MnBt/M, 2+ =+ 1.5 V
DB+/Pa2 =+0.8 V
59. Write the preparation of following :
() KMnO, from KMnO,
(ii) Na,CrO, from FeCr,04
(ii) Cr,0 from Cro? 2018C
60. (i) Account for the following:
(a) Cu is unstable in an aqueous
solution.
(b) Transition metals form complex
compounds.
(i) Complete the following equation:
Cr,0, + 8H* +3NO,’ ov
All India 2015
61. (i) How would you account for the
following?
(a) Highest fluoride of Mn is MnF,,
whereas the highest oxide is Mn,0,.
(b) Transition metals and their
compounds show catalytic
properties.
(ii) Complete the following equation:
R 3Mn0,+ 4 H ’Foreign 2015
answer
62. From the given data of E° values,
the following questions:
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni
(M*/M)-0.91 -118 0.44|-0.28|-0.25+ 0.34|
exceptionally
() Why is Po2t1 Value
positive?
(ii) Why is Mn2 | Mn) value highly
negative as compared to other
elements?
(iii) Which is a stronger reducing agent
Cr or Fe? Give reason. All India 2015
Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers :
for the
CHEMISTRY
reasons
63. Assign suitable
(i)) The
Mncompounds are more
than Fe towards oxidation
foltoowitheirstnablg:e
+3 state.
(ii) In the 3d series from Sc (Z =21)to
of
Zn (Z =30), the enthalpylowest.
atomisation of Zn is the
(ii) Sc is colourless in aqueous solutio
whereas Ti'* iscoloured. Foreign 2014
chemical equatio.
2018 C 64. Complete the following
(i) Cr,0 + 6Fe + 14H+
(ii) 2Cr0 + 2H*
(ii) 2Mn0, + 5C,0 + 16H*
Delhi2013
65. Explain the following observations:
i) The enthalpies of atomisation of
transition elementsare quite high.
(ii) There occurs much more frequent
metal-metal bonding in compounds of
heavy transition metals
(i.e. 4d and 5d series).
(iii) Mn is much more resistant than
Fe towards oxidation. Delhi 2012
66. Complete the following chemical
equations:
() MnO,+ C0 + H ’
Heat
(ii) KMn0,
(ii) Cr,0 +H,S+ H Delhi 2011
67. How would you account for the following'
(i) Metal-metal bonding is more
extensive in the 4d and 5d -series of
transition elements than 3d-series.
(i) Mn (II) undergoes disproportionato
Cu reaction easily.
(iii) Co (I) is easily oxidised in the
presence of strong ligands. Foreign 20
68. Explain the following: solution
(i) Cu is not known in aqueous
ation, Cr(l)
(i) With same (d) configurat
is reducing, whereas Mn([II) is
oxidising.
(iii) Transition metals in general act
good catalysts. Foreign 2011
CHAPTER 4: d-and f-Block Elements
111
69. Compare the stability of +2 oxidation state
for the (ii) Which element shows only +3
elements of the first transition oxidation state?
series. (Atomic number of
Sc = 21 to Cu = 29) (iv) Which element is a strong oxidising
Delhi 2011C agent in +3 0xidation state and
70. Describe the
permanganatepreparation
of why? Delhi 2015
from potassium
Pyrolusite ore.Write 74. (i) Complete the following
the ionicequation for
the equations:
takes place between reaction that (a) Cr,0+ 20H’
acidified
solution and iron (II) ions, DelhiKMnO, (b) MnO; + 4H +3e
2010c (ii) Account for the following:
71. Account for the
(i) The following: (a) Zn is not considered as a
transition
enthalpies of atomisation of the element.
transition metals are
(ii) The lowest oxide of high. (b) Transition metals form a large
a number of complexes.
is basic, the
highest is
transition metal (c) The E° value for the Mn / Mn
acidic. amphoteric or couple is much more positive than
(iüi) Cobalt (II) is stable in that for Cr / Cr couple. Delhi 2014
aqueous
solution but in the presence 75. () Give réasons for the
following:
of
complexing agents, it is easily (a) Mn is a good
oxidising agent.
oxidised. AllIndia 2010C (b) Ey2M values are not regular for
first row transition metals
5Marks Questions (3d -series).
72. (i) Account for the (c) Although F is more
following:
(a) Mn shows the highest debolsy than 0, the highest electronegative
Mn fluoride is
oxidation
state of +7with oxygen but with dhno MnF, whereas the highest oxide is
fluorine, it shows the highest Mn,O,.
(ii) Complete the following equations:
Oxidation state of +4. (a) 2Cr0 +2H*
(b) Cr* is a strong reducing
agent. (b) KMn0, Heat
(c) Cu salts are coloured, while Zn+ All India 2013
salts are white. 76. (1) Complete and balance the following
(ii) Complete the following equations: chemical equations:
(a) Cr,0%+I+H*
(a) 2MnO, + 4KOH +O, (b) MnO+ SO + H*
6) Cr,0 + 14H +6T’ AllIndia 2015 (ii) Explain the following
73. The elements of 3d transition series are (a) observations:
Transition elements and their
given as: compounds are known to act as
Sc Ti V. Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn catalysts.
Answer the following: (b) The higher oxidation
states are
(i) Write the element which shows usually exhibited by the members
maximum number of oxidation states. in the middle of a series of
Give reason. transition elements.
(ii) Which element has the highest (c) The metal-metal bonding is more
melting point? frequent.ly found in the second and
third series of transition elements.

-112
77. (i) Calculate the number of unpaired
electrons in the following gaseous state
ions, Mn, Cr yßt and Fe+
3nibg Which one of these is the most stable
in aqueous solutions?
(Atomic number of V= 23, Cr= 24, Mn
=25, Fe=26)
(ii) Explain the following observations:
(a) The transition metal ions are usually
coloured in aqueous solutions.
(b) CuI) ion is not stable in an aqueous
solution.
(c) The highest oxidation state of a
transition metal is exhibited in its
oxide or fluoride. Foreign 2012
78. (i) Account for the following:
(a) The transition metals and their
compounds act as good catalysts.
(b) The lowest oxide of transition metal is
basic, whereas the highest is
amphotericlacidic.
(c) A transition. metal exhibits higher
oxidation states in oxides
fluorides.
(ii) Describe the reactions involved in the
preparation of KCr,0, from chromite
ore. All India 2011
79. () Complete the following chemical
equations:
(a) Cr,0 (aq) + H}S (g)+ H*(aq)’
(b) Cu (aq) + I (aq) ’ both can participate in bonding. which results in
(ii) How would you account for the
following?
(a) The oxidising power of oxoanions are
in the order
Vo; <Cr,0 <Mn0,
(b) The third ionisation enthalpy of
manganese (Z =25) is exceptionally
high.
(c) Cr is a stronger reducing agent than
Fe. AllIndia 2010
80. ) How does the acidified potas_ium
permanganate solution react with
(a) iron (II) ions and (b) oxalic acid?
Write the ionic equations for the
reactions.
Papers:
Chapterwise CBSE Solved
CHEMISTR
(iü) Name the Oxo metal anion of one of
metals in which
the transition oxidation the
metal exhibits the number. state
equal to the group
(iii) Account for the following:
(a) Scandium (Z =21) is regarded as
transition element but
a
(Z=30) is not.
Db) Eu2tM value for copper is
positive. AllIndia 2010C
OExplanations
point(X).
1. Refer to page 104
2. 3MnO +4H* 2Mn0, + MnO, + 2H0
of manganese
3. The formula of an ox0-anionoxidation state
(Mn) in which it shows the
MnOz.
equal to its group number is
which is
Here, oxidátion state of Mn is +7,
number. k
same as is its group
4. Cu2+ salts are coloured because Cu ion has
34°45 valence shell configuration with one
and unpaired electron and therefore, it isEN
jon
paramagnetic in nature. Hence, Cu
undergoes d-d transition and forms coloured
salts. In contrast to Cu,Zn* has all paired
electrons due to 3a"4s valence shell
configuration and therefore, it does not undergo
d-d transition. Hence, Zn* salts are white. (0
5. ns and (n -1)d electronts of transition metal have
very little difference in the energies and hence
variable oxidation states. When ns electrons
take part in bonding, they exhibit lower
Oxidation states, whereas when (n -l)delectronS
alongwith ns electrons participate in bonding
they exhibit variable oxidation states.
6. Transition metals have more number of unpauc
electrons in their valence shells. As a result tne
are abl to form very strong metallic bonds and
hence, they are much harder than alkalimetals.(0
7.
Electronic configuration of the ions
are
Sc* = JAr3d°4s°, yt = Ar]34'4s°,
TÈ* = [Ar]3d°4s° and Mn2+ JAr]3d4s.
Since, y*, Mn contains partially filled
transition
d-orbitals, electrons can d-d
hence are coloured, whileundergo
Tit and Sc*colourless
o s
have any electron.
Therefore, they are
CHAPTER 4: d-and
f-Block Elements
113
8. Sc(2l) with
have clectronic
incompletely filled confid-orbitals,
gurationwhereas
[Ar] 3d' 4s? 15. Transition metals have high enthalpies of
Ca(20) does not. Thus,
element. Sc(21) is a transition atomisation due to strong metallic bonding and
Most of the (1)
additional covalent bonding. Metallic bonding is
complexes of
transition
coloured. This is because of the elements are
due to their smaller size, while
is due to d-d covalent bonding
radiation from visible overlapping.
light regionabsorption of (1)
16. (i) The electronic
electron from one to
the d-orbital to promote an and their metalconfigurations
of given metals
These are known asof d-d another. ions are as follows :
responsible for impartingtransitions and are Ti= [Ar] 3d4s, Ti = [Ar] 3d'
The jons of colour to the solution. Sc= [Ar] 3d' 4s, Sc = [Ar] 3d
transition elements absorb the
radiation of a
is reflected, particular wavelength and the rest Sc(+3) has d' configuration, whereas Ti(+3) has
o d configuration. Due to presence of
10, In the crystal
imparting colour to the solution. (1)
electrons present in dorbital of Ti, unpaired
it is
lattice,transition elements have coloured and Sc*(d') is colourless in aqueous
interstitial vacant spaces
non-metal atoms such as into which small
H, B, C, or N are sized
solution.
(ii) Cr* is astrong reducing agent. The (1)
trapped. These compounds are known as electronic
interstitial compounds. These are neither configuration of Cr* te
ionic nor covalent, e.g. TiC, typically(1
Mn,N, Fe H, etc.
41.E°value for any metal depends on three factors; Cr
hydration enthalpy, ionisation enthalpy and easily oxidised into Cr* to achieve stable
of atomisation. enthalpy half-filled electronic configuration.
acts as a strong reducing agent. Thus, it
The enthalpy of atomisation is very 17. (i) Refer to pages 104 and 105
but its hydration energy is very high for Cu Dichromate ). (Potassium
low.
energy to transform Cu(s) to Cu* (ag)The high
is not (ii) Cr,0+3Sn*+ 14H*’2Crt+3Snt
(2)

balanced by its hydration enthalpy. Thus, for this 18. (i) Reactivity series is made on the +7H0
conversion, E° value is positive. basis of
12. Copper (I) ions are unstable in
(1) standard reduction potential (E°) and E° for Cr
aqueous solution is more negative than that of Fe. Thus,
and undergo disproportionation. Fe get reduced and Cr get
oxidised, in
2Cu’ Cu + Cu words Cr is a stronger reducing agent. other (1)
(ii) Among the given ions, the ion with more
The stability of Cu (ag) rather than Cu" (aq) is due negative value of E° (red.) will loose the
to the much more negative Avd H of Cu (aq) electron more casily, thus is more stable in + 2
than Cu,which compensates more for the Oxidation state. Hence, Mn in +2oxidation
o State is the most stable
second ionisation enthalpy of Cu. (1)
species.
19. When MnO, is fused with
KOH in presence of
13. Paramagnetism arises due to the presence of KNO,, green coloured compound K, MnO, (A) is
unpaired electrons. When transition metal ion_ formed. Since (A) disproportionates in acidic
hâve unpaired electtons in d-orbitals (a' to d ). medium to give purple compound (B), thus (B) is
They exhibit paramagnetic behaviour. (1) KMnO4. In alkaline medium, KMnO, (B)
KI to (C), thus compound(C) is KIO ,; Oxidisein
14. First, find the electronic configuration of Cr", Cr*, acidic medium, KI isoxidised to whereas
Mn, Mn*. Then compare therm to find the stability. compound (D)
which is I,
G is a reducing agent because it can lose an The reactions involved are
electron toform Crt which has stable 3d (i) MnO,+ 2KOH + KNO,’
configuration (as it has half-filled t2, level). On K, MnO4 +KNO, +H0 (V2)
the other hand, Mn can accept an electron to (Green)
Torm Mn resulting in the half-filled (d') (A
(ii) 3K, MnO4 + 2H_So,
Configuration which has extra stability.Thus, it
behaves as an oxidising agent. (1) 2KMnO4t+ MnO,+ 2H0 + 2K,S0, (2)
(Purple)
(B)
 114 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers CHEMISTRY

(iii) 2KMnO, +KI + H0 KIO, 25. (i) Refer to solution 13. (1)
(C (ii) Refer to solution 5. (1
+ 2MnO,+ 2KOH (1/2) prepared by the
(iv) 2KMnO, + 10KI + 8H,SO4 26. Preparation of KMn0, It is an alkali
fusion of pyrolusite ore (MnO,) with
like
2MnSO, + 6K,SO, + 51,+ 8H,0 (u2) metal hydroxide and an oxidising agent on
which
KNO,. Dark grcen K,MnO4 is obtained solution
(D)

20. (i) 5Fe + MnO, + 8H* ’ Mn+ 5Fet disproportionation in neutralor acidic
gives potassium permanganate.
+ 4H0 ()
2MnO, + 4KOH +O,’ 2K,MnO4+ 2H0
(ii) 2Mn0,+ H0+ I ’ I0; + 2MnO, +20H: Pyrolusite
Potassium manganate
(Green mass)
(1)
3K,MnO, + 4HCI 2KMnO, + MnO,
21. (i) 4FeCr,0, + l6NaOH+ 70,’ Potassium
permanganate
2Fe,O, + 8Na,CrO, + 8H0 +2H0 + 4KCI )
Sodium chromate
(Yellow colourcd
compound) Reaction between acidified KMn0, and
(A) (1/2)
Oxalic acid Oxalate ions or oxalic acid is oxidised.
2Na ,CrO, + 2H* ’ Na,Cr,O, +2Na +H,0 5C,0, + 2MnO,+16H 2Mn2+
(Yellow coloured (From Sodium dichromate
compound) H,SO, ) (B)
+ 8H0 +10C0, (
(1/2) 27. Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidising agent.
Na,Cr,0,+2KCl ’K,Cr0,+ 2NaCl (1/2) In acidic solution, its oxidising action is
Potassium represented as:
dichromate
(C) Cr0, +14H + 6e2Cr* + 7H,0
(iü) K,Cr0, (C) is a strong oxidising agent. It is
used as aprimary standard in volumetric Ionic equations
(1/2) (i) Reaction of K,Cr0, with I
analysis.
22. (i) 8MnO, + 3S,0 +H0’ Cr.0,+14H + 6I’2Cr*+31, +7HO
&MnO, + 6S0 + 20H (1) (üi) Reaction of K,Cr0, with H,S
(ü)Cr,0+ 14H*+ 3Sn2+ Cr,0, +8H* + 3H,S ’
3Sn + 2Cr + 7H,0 2Cr +3S+ 7H,0 ()
(1)
23. The elements which lie in between s-andp-block 28. Refer to solution 5. ()
elements in the long form of periodic table Manganese exhibits all the oxidation states from
belonging to groups 3-12 in which different +2 to +7. Itshows largest number of oxidation
electrons of d-orbitals are progre_sively filled in states as it has the maximum number of unpaired
each of the four long periods are called transition electrons. ()

elements. Their general electronic configuration
(n-1)4-10ns -2
The general characteristics of transition elements
are high melting and boiling points, paramagnetic
behaviour, variable oxidation states, catalytic
properties, etc. (2)
24. The disproportionation reactions are those in
which the same substance gets oxidised as well as
reduced. When a particular oxidation state
becomes less stable relative to other oxidation
states (one lower and one higher ), it undergoes
disproportionation.
e.g. Mn (VI) becomes unstable relative to
Mn (VIl) and Mn (IV)in acidic solution.
+6 +7 +4
3MnO +4H*’ 2Mn0,+ MnO,+ 2H{0 ()
29. (i) The transition metals (except Zn, Cd and Hg)
are hard and have high melting and boiling
points because transitiòn elements display
metallic properties. They show strong metallic
bonding. Greater the number of valence
electrons, stronger is the resultant bonding. (0
(ii) lonisation enthalpy increases with increase in
nuclear charge along each series. However, Cr
has low first IE because loss of one electron
gives stable electronic configuration (3d° ). Zn
has very high IE because electron has to be
removed from 4s-orbital of the stable
configuration (3d'°4s). Similarly, Cr and Cu
show much higher values for second IE
because the second electron has to be removed
from the stable configuration of Cr (3d) and(0
Cut(3d9).
CHAPTER 4: d-and f-Block
Elements
30. (i) Refer to solution 13.
(ii) In Co*. electronicconfiguration is 3d". There
is one
unpaired electron even after pairing
occurs in the presence
Hence, Co is oxidised ofto more
a strong
ligand.
31, (i) Electronic stable Co+ (1)
half-filledconfiguration
is of Mn?+ is 3d which
and hence
stable. Therefore, third
ionisation enthalpy is very high, i.e. third
electron cannot be lost easily.
In case of Fe,
electronic configuration is 3d°.
Hence, it can lose one electron
half-filled stable easily to gtve
(ii) Enthalpy of
configuration, i.e. 3d.
strength of atomisation depends upon the
bonding. case of only
In
metallic bonding occurs but no zinc,
d-d overlapping
takes place, whereas in case of other
of first metals
transition series, both the
metallic as well as covalent bonding are
present. Thus, enthalpy of atomisation is
lowest for zinc. (1)
32. (i) In 3d-series all the elements
show +20xidation
state except Sc (SC = +3). Oxidation states first
increases from Scto Mn due to increase in
number of unpaired electrons and then
decreases because pairing take place. Fe and
Ni show zero oxidation state in metal
carbonyls.
(ii) All the metals except scandium form MO
Oxides which are ionic. The highest oxidation
number in the oxides, coincide with the group
number and is attained in Sc,O, to Mn,0,.
Beyond group 7, no higher oxides of iron
above Fe,0, are known.
Besides the oxides, the oxOcations stabilise y
as VO, y as VO* and Ti as TiO. As the
oxidåtion number of a metal increases, ionic
character decreases.In case of Mn, Mn,0, is a
covalent green oil. Even Cr0, and V,O, have
low melting points.
In their higher oxides, the acidic character is
predominant.
Thus, Mn,0, gives HMn0, and CrO, gives
and H,Cr,0,. VO, is however,amphoteric well
though mainly acidic and it gives Vo as
as VO salt.
33. (i) Refer to solution 12. (1)
oxidation states
(0) BothO, and E, stabilise highstabilise these
but the ability of oxygen to
that of
higher oxidation states exceeds form
fluorine due to ability of oxygen to
with the metal atoms.
multiple bonds
115
(1) e.g. Mn form the highest fluoride as MnF
whereas, the highest oxide is Mn,0,. This is
due to the tendency of oxygen to form
multiple bonds. ) (1)
34. (i) Transition metals are good catalyst because of
their ability to adopt multiple oxidation states
and to form complexes. Transition metals
because of their variable valencies and vacant
d-orbitals form unstable intermediate
compounds and provide a new path with
lower activation energy for the reaction. (1)
(ii) Refer to text on page 104
(1
35. (i) 2MnO, +5S+16H’ 2Mn*+8H,0 + 5S
(i) Cr,0; +20H 2Cr0 + H0
(1)
(1)
36. (i) The highest oxidation state of a transition
metal is usually exhibited in its oxides because
of the ability of oxygen to form multiple bonds
with metal. (1)
(iü) It is because V in the lower oxidation state is
less stable than Cr which in turn is less stable
than Mn. Thus, Mn0, has a great tendency to
get reduced and hence, behave as a good
oxidising agent. Similarly, VO} has the least
Oxidising power. (1)
(1)
37. (i) Refer to Solution 5.
(1
(ii) Refer to solution 34 (i).
(1)
38. Copper (Cu) is the only metal in the first
transition series (3d-series) which shows
+1 oxidation state most frequently. It is because
the electronic configuration of Cu is 3104s
which loses l electron and form Cu* ion with
stable 34° configuration. (1+1)
39. (i) Cr0 + 6I + 14H*
2Cr* +7H,0+ 31, (1)
(ü) 2Mn0;+ SNO, +6H* ’
2Mn + 5NO} + 3H0 ()
40. (i) Refer to solution 10. (1)
(ii) As we move from left to right along a
transition series (from Ti toCu), the atomic
radii decreases due to increase in nuclear
(1) charge. Therefore, atomic volume decreases
with increase in atomic mass. That's why
density of transition metals increases from
Ti to Cu. (1)
41. (i) Refer to solution 14. (1)
(ii) In general, atoms in a given series of
transition metals show progressive decrease in
116
radius with increasing atomic number. This is
because as new electron enters in a d-orbital,
cach time the nuclear charge increases by
unity. Shielding effect of a d-electron is not
effective and hence, effective nuclear charge
increases and radius decreases. Both these
effects counter each other, therefore change in
atomic size is negligible.
42. (i) Refer to solution 9.
(ii) Mn has electronic configuration (Ar] 3d'4s.
It has the maximum number of unpaired
electrons in d orbitals and all the electrons in s
orbital as wellas in d orbital can take part in
bond formation, therefore, it shows +7 highest
oxidation state.
43. (i) 8MnO, aq) + 3s,0} (aq) + H0 )
8MnO, + 6S0 + 2OH
(üi) Cr,0 (aq) + 6Fe* (aq) + 14H (aq) ’
2Cr* + Fe + 7HO
44. (i) Refer to solution 34 (i).
(ü) Metal-metal bonding is more frequent for 4d
and Sd series of transition metals than that for
3d series. It is due to poor shielding effect of 4f
and 5f-orbitals, more unpaired electrons take
part in metallic bond formation.
45. (i) 2MnO, + 5C0} + 16H*
2Mn* + 8H0+ 10CO,
(ü)'Cr,0; (aq) + 3H,S(g) + 8H* (aq)
2Cr* (ag) + 3S+ 7H0 (|) ()
46. (i) 2Fe + 2I ’ 2Fe* + I,
(ü) 2Cro?+ 2H* Cr,0 +HO
47. Oxidising reactions of KMnO, in acidic solutions
are as follows:
(i)) Iodine liberated from potassium iodide
’ 2Mn2+
101+ 2MnO, +16H*
+ 8H,0+ 51, ()
(iü, Fe* ion (green) is converted into Fe+
(yellow).
’ Mn2+
SFe + MnO, + 8H*
+4 H0+ SFe
48. (i) Refer to text on page 103.
(ii) Refer to text on page 104.
Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers i CHEMISTDy
49. (i) Refer to solution 9.
(ii) Zn (3°4s') has completely filled d-orbitals in
its atomic as well as in its common oxidation
state (Zn* state). Thercfore, it is not regarded
as transition element.
50. (0) 1. First, find the electronic configuration of Mr24
then pair the electrons.
(1) 2. Find out the number of unpaired electrons
(1) Mn* has maximum number of unpaired
clectrons. As paramagnetic nature is directly
proportional to the number of unpaired
electrons. Thus, it exhibits maximum
paramagnetism.
(ii) Refer to solution 12.
51. (i) Refer to text on page 104 point (vii). (0)
(ii) Refer to solution 13.
52. (i) Refer to solution 31 (ii).
(1) 4 (ii) The comparatively high E° value for
Mn/Mn is due tothe fact that Mn dis
quite stable whereas comparatively low value
(1 for Cr* /Cr is because of the extra stability
of C,*.Therefore, Cr* cannot be reduced to
(1)
53. (i) Sodium chromate solution is acidified with
HSO, to obtain ordnge coloured sodium
dichromate.
2Na,CrO, +2H* NaCr0,+2Na" +H0
Potassium dichromate crystals are obtained by
the treatment of sodium dichromate solution
with potassium chloride.
(1)
Na,Cr,0,+ 2KCI ’ KCr0,+ 2NaCI
(iü) In neutral or acidic solution, K,MnO4
disproportionates to yield permanganate.
(1) 3Mn0 + 4H* ’ 2MnO7+ MnO,+ 2H{0
(1)
NOTE Commercially, KMnO, is objained by the
electrolytic oxidation of manganate (Vi) ion.
Electrolytic oxidation
Mno MnO,
Manganate ion in alkaline solution Permanganate
ion
54. (a) Zn, Cd ànd Hg are generally soft and have low
melting points because all the electrons in
their d-orbital are paired.
Hence, the metallic bonds which are present
them are weak.
(1) (b) (i) Refer to page 105 (Potassium dichromate
(1) (ii) Refer to page 105 (Potassium
(1) permanganate).
CHAPTER 4:d-and fBlock Elementso 117

55. Sodium dichromate is prepared by

(FeCrD,).
chromite ore solution, while the metal ions having either
(i) When chromite ore is fused with cmpty or completely filled d-orbitals are
carbonate in free access of air. sodium colourless. The colour will be due to d-d
transition of clectrons. Thus, the outer
4FeCr0, +8NaCo, +70, clectronic configuration of metal ions are
2FeO, + 8Na CrO, + 8CO, Se: 0, Ti:3d'. Hence, among the given
Sodium chromate () ions, Ti will exhibit colour in aqueous
(ii) Yellow solution of sodium solution, while Se will be colourless.
and acidified with chromate is filtered (1)

orange sodium sulphuric acid to give

dichromate solution.
58. (i) (a) 5S0} + 2MnO, + 6H 2Mn*
2NaCro,+ 2H* Na Cr, + 3H,0 + 5SO (1)
Sodium (b) Refer to solution 43 (ii). (1)
dichromate (ii) Negative value of E° for Cr/Cr* shows that
+ Cr is lcast stable. Greater positive value for
2Na+ HO (1)
Mn/Mn' than that of Fe/ Fe shows that
The equation representing Oxidation of
salts by dichromate ion is as follows ferrous Mn is more stable than Fe Hence,
Cr,0} + 14H* + 6Fe stability of +2 oxidation state is in the order:
Cr* <Fe < Mn* ()
6Fe + 2Cr* + 7H0 () 59. (i) Refer to solution 26.
56. (i) 2MnO, + 4KOH + O, (ii) 4FeCr ,0, + 8Na,CO, + 70,’
2K, MnO, + 2H,0 (1) 8Na CrO4 + 2Fe,0, + 8C0, (1)
(ii)101" + 2MnO,+ 16H* (ii) 2Cro} + 2H*Cr,0 + H,0 (1)
2Mn* + 51, + 8H0 ) 60. (i) (a) Refer to solution 12. (1)
(iii) Cr0 +3Sn* + 14H* (b) Due to the comparatively smaller size of
the metal ions, high ionic charges and the
3Snt + 2Cr* + 7H0 () availability of vacant d-orbitals for bond
57. (i) Mn* comnpounds are more stable due to formation, transition metals form a large
number of complex compounds. (1
half-filled d-orbitals. Fe compounds are (ü) Cr0, oxidises nitrites, N0, to nitrates, NO,.
comparatively less stable as they have six
electrons in their orbitals. So, they tend to lose Cr0, +8H* + 3N0,’
one electron from Fe* and get stable 2Cr + 3NO, + 4H0 (1)
34-configuration in Fe*. Therefore, 61. (i) (a) Highest oxide of Mn is Mn, because
comparatively high positive value of E° for Oxygen can form multiple bonds, whereas
Mn/Mnindicates the stability of Mn (d), fluorine can only form single bonds with
whereas comparatively low value for Fe* / Fe?t metals therefore, highest fluoride of Mn is
indicates the extra stability of Fe* (d). MnF.
() (b) Refer to solution 34 (i).
(1
(ü) Energy required to convert metallic crystal into - (ü) 3Mno, + 4Ht 2Mn0, + MnO, + 2HO
individual atom is enthalpy of atomisation.
Intransition row elements it first increases and (1
62. (i) Refer to solution 11.
reaches to maximum uptomiddle element and (ii) Ionisation enthalpy of Mn is lower than its
then decreases. This is because of strong
hydration enthalpy due to stable 3d"
interatomicinteraction due to unpaired electron. configuration. Thus, E°'Mn2*/Mn is more
Greater the number of unpaired electron, .negative.
stronger will be bonding and thus enthalpy of (ii) Cr is stronger reducing agent than Fe*
atomisation will also be more. Since iron has because d ’d transition occurs in case of
more unpaired electron than copper, therefore Cr* to Cr while do’d transition occurs in
its enthalpy of atomisation is more. (1 case of Fe to Fe. (1
(ii)The metal ions with partially or incomplete. In amedium like water, d' is more stable as
filled d-orbitals will be coloured in aqueous
compared to d. (1)
 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers:
118
CHEMISTRY
70. Preparation of KMnO, Refer to solution 26. 2
63. (i) Electronic configuration of Mn - JAr KMnO, and
d Reaction between acidified
Electronic configuration of Fe = Ar 340. oxidises ferrous salts to
iron (I1) ions KMnO,
It is known that half-filled and fully-filled ferric salt.
orbitals are more stable. Therefore, Mn in +2 SFe + MnO, +8 H ’Mn +4H0+SFe*
state has astable d' configuration. Due to this, solution 15.
Mn is resistance towards oxidation to Mn*. 71. (i) Refer to
states, transition metal
Also, Fe* has 34° configuration and by losing (ii) In lower oxidation oxides are h
one electron from 3d, its configuration behave like metals and metal
oxidation statee
I changes to a more stable 3d configuration. in nature. Thus, in lower basic.
transition metal oOxides are
ee9)X Therefore, Fe easily gets oxidised to Fe* metallic
oxidation state. (1) Asthe oxidation state increases, its in size
character decreases due to decrease
(iü) Refer to solution 31 (ii). or more
(1)
thus, it becomes less metallic
(ii)) Sc* is colourless because it has d orbitals non-metallic. Oxides of a non-metal may he
oxidation
configuration, here d-d transition is forbidden. acidicor neutral. Thus, in higher
But in Ti* due to the presence of one electron states, transition metal oxides are amphoterir
in d-orbital (d'), d-d transition is possible or acidic.
(ii) In the presence of complexing agents, cobalt
(allowed) and hence T0* is coloured. (1)
to +3 state because it
gets oxidised from +2
from
64. (i) Refer to solution 43 (ü). (1) provides energy to remove an electron
(iü) Refer to solution 46 (iü). (1 Co. Moreover, Co (III) is more stable than
(1) Co (II).
(üi) Refer to solution 45 (i).
65. (i) Refer to solution 15. (1) 72. (i) (a) Refer to solution 61 (i) (a).
(b) Cr is astrong reducing agent because on
(iü) Refer to solution 44 (ii). oxidation, it forms a more stable Cr* ion
(ii) Refer to solution 31 (i). (1) with stable d' (or t,) electronic
66. (i) Refer to solution 45 (i). configuration and hence, it can reduce
others easily. (0
(iü) On strong heating, KMnO, decomposes to (c) Refer to solution 4.
potassium manganate.
(ii) (a) 2MnO, + 4KOH+O,A
2KMnOA K,Mn0, + MnO, + 02 2K, MnO, +2H,0 0
(Purple) (Green)' (1) Potassium
manganate
(iüi) Refer to solution 45 (iü). (b) Cr,0% +14H" + 6I- 2cr*
67. (i)) Refer to solution 44 (ii). (1) +7H,0+ 3I, (0
intermediate
(iü) In + 3 state, Mn is unstable. It is 73. (i) Mn shows the highest number of oxidation
Oxidation state, so it gets reduced to more state. For details refer to solution 42 (ii).
stable Mn and oxidised to more stable
higher oxidation states like Mn+ (1) (ü) Chromium has highest melting point among
all the given elements. (0
(iüi) Refer to solution 30 (i). (ii) Scandium shows only + 3oxidation state.
(1)
68. (i) Refer to solution 12. (iv) In the +3 oxidation state, Mn is a strong
(i) Refer to solution 14.
(1) Oxidising agent because in Mnion, Mn exists
in 3d* configuration which is less stable and
(üi) Refer to solution 34(i). can reduceto Mn giving a more stable
stability of
69. In first transition series, the 3d" configuration. Hence, it acts as a strong
Sc to Cu. This is
+2 oxidation state decreases from
(2)
of first and
oxidising agent.
because of the increase in the sum
the +2state
74. (i) (a) Cr,0 + 20H2Cr0 +H0
second ionisation energies. However, (b) Mn0, + 4H* + 3e MnO, + 2H0 (
stable because of the
of Mn, Niand Zn is highly
orbitals in (ii)(a) Refer to solution 49 (ii).
presence of half-filled and fully-filled
stability in N/*
Mn and Zn* respectively. The hydration. (3) (b) Refer to solution 60 (i) (b).
(c) Refer to solution 52 (ii).
is due to its highly negative heat of
CHAPTER 4: d-and f-Block Elements
119
75. (i) (a) Mn* / Mn* has large
positive E value.
Hence, Mn* can be easily (ii) (a) Refer to solution 9. (1/2)
Therefore, it is a good reduced to Mn.
oxidising
(b) Refer to solution 12. (1)
c agent.
Also, Mn has half-filled e 0 u (c) Refer to text on page no. 104. ()
configuration, so it is more stable than 78. (i) (a) Refer to solution 34 (i). (1)
Mn* state. (b) Refer to solution 71 (i).
(b) There is decreasing negative (1) (1)
electrode (c) Refer to text on page no. 104. (1)
potentials of M* /M in the first transition (ii) Preparation of K, Cr,0, from chromite
series due to increase in the sum of
IE, and IE,. It shows that in ore Chromite ore (FeCr,04) is fused with
general, the
stability of +2 oxidation state decreases sodium or potassium carbonate in free excess
left to right. Exceptions are Mn from of air.
and Zn in 4FeCr, + 8Na,CO, + 70,
which the greater stability of +2 state for
Mn is due to half-filled 8Na Cro4 + 2Fe0, + 8C0,
that of Zn is due to d-subshell (d) and (Yellow solutíon)
d-subshell (a'9). completely filled (1
Yellow solution of sodium chromate is filtered,
acidified with H,S0, to obtain sodium
(c) Refer to solution 6I (i)
(a). (1) dichromate.
(iü) (a) Refer to solution 46 (ii).
(1 2Na,Cro, + 2H+ ’ NaCr0, +2Nat +H0
(b) Refer to solution 66 (i).
76. (i)(a) Refer to solution 39 (i). Sodium díchromate is treated with the
(1) solution of potassium chloride.
(b) Refer to solution 58 (i )(a).
(1)
(ii) (a) Refer to solution 34 (i).
(1)
Na,Cr, + 2KCI KCr, + 2NaCI
(b) This is due to the presence of large (Orange crystals) (2)
of unpaired electrons in d-orbitals number
in the 79. (i)(a) Refer to solution 45 (ii).
middle of the series and involvement of all (b) 2Cu* (aq) + 41 (aq)
ns and (n-1)d electrons in the ’Cu,l,+ I(9)
Mn has oxidation states from +2bonding.
to +7.
e.g.
(ii) (a) Refer to solution 36 (ii).
(1+ 1=2)
(c) Refer to solution 44 (iü). (1
(1 (b) The third ionisation enthalpy of Mn is very
77. (i) Mn = 3 d4s high because the third electron has to be
So, Mn* =3d4 removed from stable half-filled
3d
3d°-configuration.
(c) Refer to solution 62 (iii).
1111
Number of unpaired electrons = 4
80. (i) (a) Mn0;+ SFe* + 8H
(1)

sas (1/2) Mn2t + 5Fe* + 4H,0 (m

Cr= 44s Cr* =3d
3d
Number of unpaired electrons 3
V=3d'4s? y3t =3d2
Number of unpaired electrons = 2
Fe= 34°462, Fe =3493d
Number of unpaired electrons = 4
Mn will be most stable because being
smallest in size, it has maximum hydration
energy and hence, more stability.
(b) Refer to solution 26.
(ü) In MnO, ion, the oxidation state of Mn is + 7.
It isequal to its group number 7.
(1/2) In Cro ion, the oxidation state of Cr is +
6.
It is equal to its group number 6.
(1)
(iiü) (a) For an element to be a
transition element,
it should have incomplete flled
d-subshell in
ground state or in most common oxidation
(1/2) state. Sc in its ground state has incompletely
filled d-orbitals (34 As). The orbitals in the
zinc (34°4s) are completely filled in the
ground state as well as in their common
(/2) oxidation states. Therefore, Sc is regarded as
transition element but Zn is not regarded as
transition element.
(1/2) (b) Refer to solution l1.
 Previous Years!
Examination Questions
1Mark Questions
1. ive reason:
Separation of a mixture of l£nthanoid
elements is difficult. Delhi 2020
2. Name a member of the
which is well known to lanthanoid
exhibit +2
series
Oxidation state. Delhi 2014
3. What are the
different oxidation states
exhibited by the lanthanoids? Foreign 2014
4. Zr(Z = 40) and Hf (Z =
72) have
identical radii. Give reason. Delhialmost
2013
5. How would you
account for the
Lanthanoids form primarily +3 following?
while the actinoids usually haveions,higher
oxidation states in their compounds,
or even +6 being typical. Delhi 2012
6. How would you account for the
following?
Among lanthanoids, Ln (Il) compounds
are predominant. However, occasionally
in solutions or in solid compounds, + 2
and + 4 ions are also
obtained. All India 2012
7. Explain the following
observation:
The members of the actinoid series
exhibit a larger number of oxidation
states than the corresponding members of
the lanthanoid series.
All India 2012; Foreign 2010
8. The metallic radii of the third (5d) series
of transition metals are virtually the
same as those of the corresponding group
member of the second (4d) series. Give
reason. Delhi 2012; All Indía 2012
9. What is meant by lanthanoid
contraction'? All India 2011
10. The chemistry of actinoids is not so
smooth as that of lanthanoids. Give
reason. All India2011
11. State reasons for the
following:
Unliké Cr, Mn, Fe and the
subsequent other M* ions of the 3d-series -
of elements, the'4d and the
5d-series
metals generally do not form stable
cationic species. All India 201, 2010
12. Chemistry of the actinoids is much more
complicated than that of lanthanoids. Give
reason. Delhi 2011C
13. La (Z= 57)and Lut(Z=71) do not show
anycolour in solutions, Give reason.
All India 2010
Or Lanthanum and lutetium do not show
colouration in solutions. Give reason.
Foreign 2010
14. There is a close similarity in physical and
chemical properties of the 4d and 5d-series
of the transition elements, much
more
than expected on the basis of usual family
relationship. Foreign 2010
+4 15. Why is europium (II) more stable than
cerium (II)? AlIIndia 2010
2 Marks Questions
16. What is lanthanoid
its two consequences?
contraction? What are
CBSE (2022 Term-), Delhi 2014C, 2013C
17. Write one
similarity and one
difference between the chemistry of
lanthanoids and that of actinoids.
Delhi 2020, All India 2015
18. Identify the following:
(i) Transition metal'of 3d-series that
exhibits the maximum number of
oxidation states.
(i) An alloy consisting of approximately
95% lanthanoid metal osed to produce
bullet, shell and lighter flint.
2018C
19. What is lanthanoid contraction? What is
its effect on the chemistry of the elements
which follow the lanthanoids?
All lndia 2011

122
20. Write the electronic configuration of Ce
ion and calculate the magnetic moment on
the basis of spin-only formula.
(Atomic number of Ce = 58) Allindia 2010C
3 Marks Questions
21. Give reasons for the following :
(i) Transition elements and their
compounds act as catalysts.
(ii) E° value for (Mn/Mn) is negative,
whereas for (Cu* /Cu) is positive.
(iii) Actinoids show irregularities in their
electronic configuration.pelhi 2019
22. Give reasons for the following:
(1) Transition metals form alloys.
(ii) Mn,0, is basic, whereas Mn,0, is
acidic.
(i) Eu* is a strong reducing agent.
Delhi 2019
23. Give reasons.
(i) Mn shows the highest oxidation state
of + 7 with oxygen but with fluorine,
it shows the highest oxidation state
of + 4.
(ii) Transition metals show variable
oxidation states.
(iii) Actinoids show irregularities in their
electronic configurations. All India 2015
24. (i) How would you account for the
following?
(a) Actinoid contraction is greater than
lanthanoid contraction.
(b) Transition metals form coloured
compounds.
(ii) Complete the following equation:
2MnO, + 6H"+ 5NO, Delhi 2015
25. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Transition metals exhibit a wide
range of oxidation states.
(ii) Cobalt (II) is very stable in aqueous
solutions but gets easily oxidised in
the presence of strong ligands.
(iii) Actinoids exhibit a greater range of
oxidation states than lanthanoids.
All India 2014C
CBSE Solved Papers :
Z Chapterwise
CHEMISTRy
26. Compare the chemistry of the actinoids
lanthanoids with
with that of
the following:
(i) Electronic configuration
reference
to
(ii) Oxidation states
(i) Chemical reactivity Delhi 2011c, 2010C
5 Marks Questions
following :
27. (i) Account for the
(a) Transition metalsshow-variable
oxidation states.
(b) Zn, Cd and Hg are soft metals
(c) E value for the Mn /Mn2+ couple
is highly positive (+ 1.57 V) as
compared to Crt /C2
(ii) Write one similarity and one
difference between the chemistry of
lanthanoid and actinoid elements.
All India 2017
28. (i) (a) How is the variability in oxidation
states of transition metals different
from that of the p-block elements?
(b) Out of Cut and Cu*, which ion is
unstable in aqueous solution and
why?
(c) Orange colour of Cr,0 ion changes
to yellow when treated with an
alkali. Why?
(ii) Chemistry of actinoids is complicated
as compared to lanthanoids. Give two
reasons. Delhi 2017
29. (i) With reference to structural
variability, chemical reactivity, write
the differences between lanthanoids
and actinoids.
(ii) Name a member of the lanthanoid
series which is well known to exhibit
+ 4 oxidation state.
(i) Complete the following equation:
MnO, + 8H* + 5e
(iv) Out of Mn and Cyt which is more
paramagnetic and why?
24)
(Atomic number of Mn= 25, Cr=
Delhi201
CHAPTERR4: d-ond f-Block Elements 123

30. (i) How do you prepare 6. +2 and +4 oxidation states are also obtained
(a) KMn0, from
(b) Na Cr,0, from MnO,?o due to high stabilities of .f and l4
(Gi) NaCr0?
Account for the following:
configuration. (1)
7. Actinoids have lower ionisation energy and less
(a) Mn is more stable than effective nuclear charge, hence more number of
Fe.
towards Oxidation to+3 state. valence electrons can take part in bond
(b) The enthalpy of formation. It is due to the fact that 5f, 6d and
atomisation
for Zn in 3d-series of the
is lowest
7s-levels are of comparable energies. Therefore,
elements. transition actinoids exhibit +3,+ 4,+ 5,+ 6and +7
(c) Actinoid oxidation states due to the participation of 5f,6d
elements show
oxidation states. Delhi 2014wide range of and 7s electrons in bond formation. Hence,
"actinoids exhibit greater range of oxidation
31. () Name the element of
3d-transition
series which shows maximum
states than lanthanoids. (1)
of oxidation states. Why does itnumber 8. Metallic radii of third (5d) series of
transition
so? show metals are virtually same as those of second (44)
series because of the lanthanoid contraction.
(ü) Which transition metal of This is associated with the intervention of the
3d-series has
positive Ey Value and why? 4f-orbitals which are filled before the filling of
5d- series of elements starts.
(iii) Out of Cr and Mn*,which is a
The filling of 4f-orbitals before 5d-orbitals
stronger oxidising agent and why? result in a regular decrease in atomic radii,
(iv) Name a member of the called lanthanoid contraction which
lanthanoid
series which is well known to exhibit compensates the expected increase in atomic
+2 oxidation state. size with increasing atomic numbers. (1)
(v) Complete the following equation, 9. Lanthanoid contraction The overall decrease
in atomic and ionic radii from
Mn0, + 8H* + 5e ’ All Indig 2014 lanthanum to
lutetium, due to the imperfect shielding of one
electron byanother in the same subshell is
known as lanthanoid contraction.
Explanations 10. Chemistryof the actinoids is more complex in
the view of their ability to exist in
1. Lanthanides are difficult to separate from mixture different
Oxidation states. Further, many of the actinoid
because of similarity in their physical and their elements are radioactive which make the study
chemical properties. (1) of these
elements rather difficult. (1
2. Europium has half-filled f-orbital in 11. The energy required to remove electron that is
+20xidation state. Thus, in lanthanoid series, it to form cationicspecies is more in 4d and 5d
exhibit +2 oxidation state. (1) series because of greater effective nuclear
3. Most common oxidation state of lanthanoid is +3. charge which is due to lanthanoid contraction.
Thus,4d and 5d-series metals
However, Ce shows +4, Eu and Yb show +2
form stable cationic species. generally do not (1)
oxidation state because they acquire stable 12. Refer to solution 10.
configuration. (1) (1)
4. Due to lanthanide contraction, the atomic radii of 13. La* (lanthanum) have 4f and Lu* (lutetium)
4d and 5d-transition series elements are almost have 4f configuration. Because of the absence
of unpaired electrons, these ions impart no
same. That's why, Zr (Z = 40) and Hf (Z = 72) have colour to the solution.
almost identical radii. (1) (1)
J. The wide range of oxidation states of actinoids is 14. Due to the lanthanoid contraction, the
metallic
attributed to the fact that the 5f, 6d and 7s energy radii of the third series (5 ) of transition metals
levels are of comparable energies. Therefore, all are virtually the same as those of the
these three subshells can particípate in bonding. corresponding group members of the second
But the most common oxidation state of actinoids series (4). This results in close similarity in
is also +3 (1) their physical and chemical properties. (1)
 124
15. Electronicconfiguration of Eu is (Xc] 4f's and
Ce is [Xe)4f s.Since, Eu has half-filled 4f
configuration, therefore, it is more stable than
Ce* in which neither 4f nor 54-subshell are
half-filled or completely filled.
16. Refer to solution 9.
Consequences of lanthanoid contraction are
(i) With increase in atomic number, the basic
strength of oxides and hydroxides of
lanthanoids decreases.
(iü) Elements of second and third d-series cxhibit
similar radii (e.g. Zr-160 pm, Hf-159 pm)and
have very similar physical and chemical
properties.
17. Comparison of lanthanoids and actinoids
Similarities
(i) Both have mainly an oxidation state of +3.
(ii)) Both show magnetic and spectral properties. ()
Differences
Lanthanoids
(i) They have less tendency towards complex
formation.
(ii) Do not form oxocations.
Actinoids
(i)) They have greater tendency towards complex
formation.
(i) Form oxOcations,e.g. ¯o*, Puo* and UO;. (0
18. (i) Refer to solution 28 of Topic 1.
(ii) Misch metal, a well known alloy, consists of
lanthanoid metal (-~95%), iron (~5%) and
traces of S, C, Ca and Al, etc. and is used to
produce bullets, shell and lighter flint.
19. Lanthanoid contraction Refer to solution 9. (1)
The cumulative effect of the contraction of the
lanthanoid series causes the radii of the members
of third transition series to be similar to those of
corresponding members of second series. Zr
(160 pmn) and Hf (159 pm)have identical radii.
Due to their similar radi, they have same physical
and chemical properties.
20. (0) Write the configuration of Ce and Ce3+
(ii) Find the number of unpaired electrons.
(ii) Calculate magnetic mdment u, using formula,
H=nn +2)
s8 Ce =[Xe]4f's 6s ce = [Xe]4f' s/ 6s
=n(n+2)
(n= number of unpaired electrons)
= 1(1 + 2) =1.73 BM
Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers :
CHEMISTRY
21. (i) Refer to solution 34
(i) of Topic 1
(ii) E° value for (Mn/Mn) is negative,
whercas fo,
(Cu/Cu) is positive because in case of
the enthalpy of atomisation is very highcoopper,
(1) biowhile
its hydration enthalpy is very low. The
(1) energy to transform Cu(s) to Cu (ag) is
balanced by its hydration enthalpy.
(iii) Thegeneral electronic configuration of
actinoids is 5f-l6do- 75.The
insegularities
in
the electronic configuration df attnoidssis due
tothe stabilities of f, f' and f4
of 5f-orbitals. configuraion
() 22. (i) Atoms of transition metal cán casily take nla
in the crystal lattice of another metal in the
molten state and are miscible with each othe
and thus forms alloys.
(ii) With increase in the oxidation state of aoiven
transition metal (i.e. Mn), the covalent
character of its compound increases and thus
acidic character also increases. Therefore,
Mn,0, (oxidation state = +3) is basic while
Mn,0, (oxidation state = +7)) is acidic.
(ii) Eu* having electronic configuration [Xe4ðs
astrong reducing agent because in the
aqueous solution, it reverts back to the most
stable +3 oxidation state.
23. (i) Refer to solution 61 (i) (a) of Topic 1.
(iü) Refer to solution 5 of Topic 1.
(iü) Refer to solution 21 (iüü). 3
24. (i) (a) In actinoids, 5f-orbitals are filled which
have more poor shielding effect than
4f-orbitals in lanthanoids. Thus, the
effective nuclear charge'experienced by
electrons in valence shells in case of
actinoids is much more than that
Cxperienced by lanthanoids. Hence, the
size contraction in actinoids is greater as
compared to that of lanthanoids.
(b) Refer to solution 9 of Topic 1.
(1) (iü)) Refer to solution 39 (ii) of Topic 1.
25. (i) Refer to solution 5 of Topic 1.
(ii) Refer to solution 30 (ii) of Topic 1.
(iii) Refer to texton page 120.
26. (i) Electronic configuration
Lanthanoids = [Xe] 4f0-14 sa0- 6s
(1) Actinoids = [Rn]5f014 6d0 7s
(ii) Oxidation states In lanthanoids, +3
with
oxidation state is most common along
(1) +2and + 4. While in actinoids, there is a
CHAPTER 4 : dond fBlock Elements 125

greater range of oxidation states because

5f, 6d and 7s levels are of (a) 5f-orbital present in actinoids is more exposed
They show + 2, + 3, + 4, +comparable energies.
5, + 6 and + 7 to the outer environment, while 4f-orbital
oxidation states. Common oxidation state in present in lanthanoid are deeply buried. (1)
actinoids is + 3 (b) Lanthanoids show limited number of
(1)
(ii) Chemical reactivity oxidation states as +2,+3 and + 4 (out of
reactive than actinoids. Lanthanoids
Actually,
are less
carlier
which + 3 is most common). This is due to
members of lanthanoids are quite reactive the large cnergy gap between 4f and 5d
similar to calciumn but subshells.
with increasing atomic The dominant oxidation state of actinoids is
number, they behave more like aluminium.
Lanthanoids react with dilute acids to liberate
also + 3 but they show a numnber of other
H, gas, while actinoids react with oxidation states also like uranium (Z = 92)
water and gives a mixture of oxideboiling
and
and plutonium (Z = 94) show +3, + 4, + 5
hydrogen gas. and +6, neptunium shows +3, + 4, + 5 and
(1) +7. This is due to small ehergy difference
27. (i)(a) Refer to solution 5 of Topic 1. between 5f, 6d and 7s subshells.
(1) (1)
(b) Zn, Cd and Hg have completely filled d 29. (i) Differences between lanthanoids and actinoids
electronicconfiguration. Hence, the metallic Structural variability
bonds present in them are weak.That's why Lanthanoids Actinoids
they are soft metals and have low melting There is small
and boiling points. There is also regular decrease
regular in atomic and ionic radi of
(c) Refer to solution 52 (iü) of Topic 1. decrease in actinoids, known as actinoid
(ii) Refer to solution 17. atomic and contraction, but this
ionic radii of contraction vary from
28. (i) (a) p-block elements show variable oxidation lanthanoids, element to element due to
state. It increases as we move from left to known as poor shielding effect of 5f
right in the periodic table. The
maximum lanthanoid electrons. They show great
oxidation state shown by p-block element is contraction. structural variability.
equal to the total number of valence
electrons. (1)
Whereas, d-block elements show different Chemical reactivity
oxidation states because of incomplete Lanthanoids Actinoids
d-subshell. The variable oxidation state is due They have less tendency They have stronger
to the participation of both ns and (1-1) d towards complex tendency towards
electrons in bonding. (1
formation. complex formation.
(b) In aqueous solution, Cu" ion undergoes Except promethium, They are
they are radioactive.
disproportionation reaction. non-radioactive.
2Cut (ag) Cu* + Cu(s) They do not form They form
OXOcations. OXOcations.
The stability of Cu* ion in aqueous solution
is due to negative enthalpy of hydration Their oxides and Their oxides and
which compensates more for the IE, of Cu. (1) hydroxides are less hydroxides are
basic. more basic.
(c) When orange solution containing Cr0
(dichromtate ion)is treated with an alkali, a (ii) Cerium (Ce) is well known to exhibit
yellow solution of Cro} (chromate ion) is +4 0xidation state. (1)
obtained. (iii) MnO7 + 8H* + 5e’ Mn* + 4H0
(1)
OH
Cro (iv) Outer shell electronic configuration of
Cr0
Dichromate Chromate ion
Mn= 3d4s, so, Mn = 3d
(Orange) (Yellow) (1) 3d

(ii) Chemistry of actinoids is complicated as

compared to the lanthanoids.The two reasons Number of unpaired electrons in Mn* =4
are
 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers :
125
CHEMISTR
oxidation state 1
3. The maximum
Similarly, outer shell clectronicconfiguration of
Cr= 3d'4s so, Cr = 3d Mn in its compounds
(a) + 4
is
(b) + 5
shown by
(c) + 6HC (d) 47
30

4. Which one of the following trangition

metal ions iscolourless in aqueous
Number of unpaired electrons inC=3 solutions?
As, Mn has 4 unpaired electrons, whereas (b)y 4+ (c) Mn2+
(a) Ti4+ (d) Fe
Cr* has 3unpaired electrons, therefore Mn'* of transition
exhibits more paramagnetism. (1) 5. The magnetic moment u,number of
30. (i) (a) 2MnO, + 4KOH +O,’ metals is related to the
2K,MnO, + 2H0 (1) unpaired electrons, n as
(a)u = n(n+ 2)
(b)u n'n+2
(b) 2Na,CrO, + 2H*’ Na,Cr0, +
2Na" + HO (1) (c) | = (n+ 2) (d)u=mn+ 2)
(ii)) (a) Refer to solution 63 (i) of topic 1. (1)
(b) Refer to solution 31 (ii) of topic 1. (1)
6. When dil. H,SO, is added to aqueous
(c) Refer to solution 7. (1)
solution of potassium chromate, yellow
31. (i) Manganese cxhibits all the oxidation states colour of solution turns to orange colour
from +2 to +7 as it has maximum number of It indicates
reduced.
unpaired clectrons. (1) (a)chromate ions are
oxidised.
(ii) Refer to solution ll of Topic 1. (b) chromate ions are
(c) monocentric complex is converted into
(iii) Mn* is stronger oxidising agent because the dicentric complex.
change from Mn* to Mn results in half-filled
(d)configuration which has extra stability. (d) oxygen gets removed frOm chromate ions.
Thus, it behaves as a strong oxidising agent. On 7. General electronic configuration of
the other hand, Cr* has d' configuration, i.e. lanthanides are
haif-filled t,, level, so it is already stable and
. In the other
(a) (n-2)f (n-1)0 ns?
does not reduce to less stable Cr f-1)a0ns
words, it does not behave as an oxidising agent. (b) (n-2)
(1) (c) (12)f- (n-1)aOns?
(iv) Europium (Eu) and Ytterbium (Yb) is well
known to exhibit +2 oxidation state. (1
(d) (n2)d (n-)f-l ns?
8. Europium is
(v) MnO, +8H + 5 e ’ Mn + 4HO (1) (a)s-block element (b)p- block element
(c) d-block element (d) f-block element
9. The lanthanoid contraction relates to
Objective Questions (a) atomic radius.
(b)atomic as well as M*radii.
(For Complete Chapter) (c) valence electrons.
(d) oxidation states.
1 Mark Questions 10. Reason of lanthanoid contraction is
(a) negligible screening effect of f-orbitals.
Multiple Choice Questions (b)increasing nuclear charge.
1. Which one of the following is a d-block (c) decreasing nuclear charge.
element? (d) decreasing screening effect.
(b) Hs (c) Es (d) Cs
(a) Gd 11. Across the lanthanide series, the basicy
2. Which of the following has maximum of the lanthanide hydroxides
number of unpaired d-electrons? (a) increases
(a) Zn2+ (b) Pez+ (b) decreases
(c)NËZ* (d) Cu (c) first increases and then decreases
(d) first decreases and then increases
 CHAPTERR4: d-and f-Block Elements
127
42, Most basic hydroxide among the following
is 18. Assertion (A) [Ti(H,0)*is coloured,
(a) Lu(OH), while [Sc(H,0);* colourless.
(b)Eu(OH),
(c) Yb(OH), (d)Ce(OH),
43. Which of the Reason (R) d-d transition is not possible
following oxidation state is
the most common
in (Sc(H,0),.
among the lanthanoids?
(a) 3 (b) 4 (C) 2 (d) 5 Case-Study
(Read the
Assertion-Reason passage given below and answer the following
questions)
Direction (Q Nos. 14 to 18) Each of these Case I The transition metals when exposed to
contains twostatenments: Assertion and Reason. equations
these questions also has four Each of Oxygen at low and intermediate temperatures
of which is the correct alternative choices, only one form thin, protective oxide films of up to some
answer. You have to select one of thousands of Angstroms in thickness.
the codes (a). (b), (c), (d)given belaw,
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Transition metal oxides lie between the extremes
Reason (R) are correct of ionicand covalent binary
statements, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A). by elements from the left or compounds formed
right side of the
(b) Both Assertion (A) and periodic table. They range from metallic to
Reason (R) are correct semiconducting and deviate by both large and
statements, but Reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion (A). small degrees from stoichiometry. Since delectron
(c) Assertion (A) is correct, but bonding levels are involved, the cations exist in
Reason (R) is various valence states and hence give rise to a
incorrect statement.
(d) Assertion (A) is incorreCt, but Reason (R) is large number of oxides.
Correct statement. The crystal structures are often classified by
14. Assertion (A) Transition metals have low considering a cubic or hexagonal close-packed
lattice of one set of ions with the other set of ions
melting points. filling the octahedral or tetrahedral interstices.
Reason (R) The involvement of greater The actual oxide structures, however, generally
number of (n - 1)d and ns-electrons in the show departures from such regular arrays due in
interatomic metallic bonding. All India 2020 part to distortions caused by packing of ions of
15. Assertion (A) Magnetic moment values of different size and to ligand field effects. These
actinides are lesser than the theoretically distortions depend not only on the number of
predicted values. d-electrons but also on the valency and the position
of the transition metal in a
Reason (R) Actinide elements are period or group.
In the following questions, a statement of
strongly paramagnetic. assertion followed by a statement of reason is
16. Assertion (A) Europium (I) is more given. Choose the correct answer out of the
stable than cerium ([1). following choices on the basis of the above
Reason (R) Cerium salts are used as a passage. CBSE Questions Bank
catalyst in petroleum cracking. (a) Assertion and reason both are correct
17. Assertion (A) The catalytic converter in statements and reason is correct explanation
for assertion.
the car's exhaust system converts polluting (b) Assertion and reason both are correct
exhaust gases into non-toxicgases. statements but reason is not correct
Reason (R) Catalytic converter contains a explanation for assertion.
mixture of transition metals and their (c) Assertion is correct statement but reason is
oxides embedded in the inner support. Wrong statement.
(d) Assertion is wrong statement but reason is
Correct statement.
 Chapterwise CBSE Solved Popers :
128
CHEMISTR
Mendeleevrecognised that certain properties of
19. Assertion Cations of transition elements to those ot
0ccur in various valence states clements in Group VIllare related
VIland those.
Reason Large number of oxides of someof the clements in Group
row Group I.
transitionelements are possible. the start of the ncxt
In that sense, these clements might be ddescribed
20. Assertion Crystal structure of oxides of transitional from one
transition metals often show defects. as possessing properties
next.
of the table to the
Reason Ligand field effect cause
distortions in crystal structures. 23. Group 12 elements are not considered
transition element because
21. Assertion Transition metals form d-shell in
protective oxide films. (a) they have incomplete
ground state.
Reason Oxides of transition metals are (b) they do not have incomplete d-shell
always stoichiometric. in ground state.
22. Assertion CrO crystallises in a hexagonal (c) they do not have complete d-shell
close-packed array of oxide ions with two d-shell in excited state.
out of every three octahedral holes occupied (d) they have incomplete d-shellin
by chromium ions. excited state.
Reason Transition metal oxide may be 24. What is the place of d-block elements in
hexagonal close-packed lattice of oxide periodic table ?
ions with metal ions filling the octahedral (a) Group 3-12
voids. (b) Group 4-13
Case II The d-block elements are the 40 elements (c) Group 3-13
contained in the four rows of ten columns (3-12) (d) Group 3-11
in the periodic table. As allthe d block elements 25. Group VII elements of Mendeleev periodic
are metallic, the term d-block metals is
table belongs to
synonymous. This set of d-block elements is also
often identified as the transition metals, but' (a) carbon family
sometimes the group 12 elements (zinc, cadmium, (b) transition elements
metals
mercury)are excluded from the transition (c). boron family
defined as those
as the transition elements are (d) halogen family
with partly filled d orfshells in their compounds.
and 26. Which is the correct electronic
Incusion of the elements zinc, cadmium
of the configuration of nickel.
mercury is necessary as some properties
group 12 elements are appropriate
logically to (a) [Ar],g3d' 4s?
include with adiscussion of transition metal (b) [Arl,g3d® 4s?
chemistry. (c) [Arl,a3d1° 4s'
transition metal
The term transition element or
(a) [Arl,g3d° 482
appeared to derive from early studies of periodicity
such as the Mendeleev periodic table of the Or
was
elements. His horizontal table of the elements How many elements are present in
so that d-block.
an attempt to group theelements together
the chemistry of elementsmight be explained and (a) 40 (b) 41
predicted. In this table there are eightgroups (c) 42 (d) 43
labelled 1-VIIIwith each subdivided into A and B
subgroups.
CHAPTER 4 : d-and -Block Elements 129

Case III Transition metals combine with oxygen

at high temperature to give metallic oxides.
Except Sc, all the metals upto Mn form monoxide Explanations
(MO), which are ionic in nature. 1. (b) d-block elements have incompletely filled
d-orbitals in their ground state or in any of their
As Oxidation nåmber increases, covalent oxidation states.
and acidic character increases.
nature
The general electronicconfiguration of d-block
In general, the oxides in lower elements is (n - 1) d-ns-. Depending on (n -1)
oxidation states of
metal are basic and in their higher Oxidation values, there are 3d, 4d, 5d and 6d series of
státes, they are acidic whercas in the transition clements. Hs (Z = 108) belongs to 6d
intermediate oxidation state, the oxides are series with electronic configuration
amphoterice [Rn]5f, 6d, 782.
2. (b) Fe has maximum number of unpaired
Behaviour of oxides of manganese electrons.
+2 + 83 +3 +4
MnO
Basic Mn,0, Mn,0, MnO, Mn,0,
3. (d) The electronic configuration of Mn is
Amphoteric Acidie
(Covalent green oil)
Mn(25) = [Ar] 34, 4s, 4p
In excited state,
Basic oxides
3d 4s 4p
Sc,0,. Tio, Ti,0,, Vo, V,O,, MnO, Mia (25)-1|1|11
FeO, Cu0, CoO, NiO, Cu,O, Cro (seven unpaired electrons)
Acidicoxides Mn 0,, CrO3,OsO4 Hence, maximum oxidation state exhibited by
Amphoteric oxides Mn is +7 which is in KMn04.
4. (a) Ti (22 -4=18)= |Ar|3d' (no unpaired electron)
Cu0, TiO2, Zn0, CrOz, Cr,Oz, Mn,0g,
v* (23-4= 19)= [Ar]34 (one unpaired electron)
MnO,, V05, Mn,O4, Fe,0,
27. Write the complete chemical equation for
Mn2+ (252= 23) =[Ar]34 (five unpaired electrons)
oxidation of Fe* by Cr,0; in acidic
medium. 1|1111
28. Write the ionic equation for the reaction Fe (26-3= 23)= same as Mn (five unpaired
between Mn0, ions and oxalate ions at electrons)
333 K?
Ni (28-2= 26) =[Ar|3 (two unpaired electrons)

29. Arrange the following in increasing order 1L1 1L 11

of basic character. Since, T0* does not have any unpaired electron.
So, d-d transition is not possible and hence, its
Mn0, MnO,, Mn,0, aqueous solution is colourless.
30. Describe the oxidising action of 5. (d) u=Jnn+ 2)
potassium dichromate and write the ionic where, l =magnetic moment
equations for its reactions with (1) iodide n=number of unpaired electrons
6. (c) On acidification of potassium
and (ii)H,S. chromate
solution, yellow colour changes to orange colour
Or due to reformation of dichromate. This suggests
that
monocentric complex, i.e. potassium
Complete the following chemical
equations : monochromate converts intodicentric complex,
i.e. potassium dichromate solution.
i) MnO,(aq) + C,0 (aq) +H* (aq)’ 2K,CrO4+ H,SO, KCr,O, +KSO, +H0
Potassium Potassium
(i1) Cr,0 (aq) + Fe (aq) + H(ag) ’ chromate dichromate
130
7. (a) In lanthanides (atomic number = 58 to 71),
the electronic configuration of three outermost
shell is (n-2)fl-n-1) a0-! ns
8. (d) Europium (atomic number 53) belongs to
lanthanide series of f-block. Its electronic
configuration is [Xe]4f', s/,6s?.
9. (b) Lanthanoid contraction relates to decrease in
atomic as well as ionic size of M* ions.
10. (a) Lanthanoid contraction is the regular decrease
in atomic and ionic radii of lanthanides. This is
due to theimperfect shielding (or poor screening
effect) of f-orbitals due to their diffused shapc,
which unable to counter balance the effect of the
increased nuclear charge.
Hence, the net result is a contraction in size of
lanthanoids.
11. (b) Across lanthanoide series, due to lanthanoid
contraction, size of cations decreases, which
results in increase in covalent character and
decrease in ionic character. So, the basicity of
hydroxides decreases.
12. (d) Due to lanthanide contraction, the size of M*
ions [i.e. Lu*,Eu,Yb and Ce*]decreases and
thus, the basic strength of their hydroxides
decreases.
The order of size of given M* ion is
Ce > u > Yb* > Lut
..The order of basic strength of hydroxides is
Ce(OH), > Eu(OH), > Yb(0H), >Lu(OH),
(Most basic)
13. (a) In lanthanoids, the most common oxidation
state is 3. For mnost of the lanthanides, the
ionisation energy to lose a fourth electron will be
so large that it cannot be compensated by bond
formation, this is due to the 4f-electrons which
are shielded.
However, for Eu and Yb, + 2will be the favoured
oxidation state due to the presence of a half-filled
(7e) and a fully-filled 4f shell (14e") respectively.
The + 4 oxidation state is also possible for cerium
and terbium. The formation of Ce (+ 4) is favoured
the
by its noble gas configuration. Similarly,
formation of Tb (+ 4) is favoured by its half-filled
(7e")configuration. Eu* and Ybare reductants.
while C and Tb* are oxidants because the
lanthanoids
most common oxidation state for
is +3
Chapterwise CBSE Solved Papers :
CHEMIST
14. (d) Refer to page 103 and 104 (Properties of
d-Block elements).
15. (b) The magnctic
moments of actinides
than thetheoretically predicted values. are
\esise
due to the fact that
5/-electrons of Thi
actinidess
less effectively shielded which results in
quenching of orbital contribution.
stable)
16. (b) Eu-[Xe] 4f' 54"(more
Ce-[Xe] 4f' sa
metals and theis
17. (a) Amixture of transition support of
oxides is embedded in the inner
catalytic converter. Because of which, catalytic
Converter converts polluting exhaustgases in,
non-toxic gases.
18. (a) [Sc(H0),* has no unpaired electrons in i
d-subshell and thus, d-d transtion iS not possible
whereas [Ti(H,0),J" has one unpaired electron
its d-subshellwhich gives rise to d-d transition to
impart colour.
19. (b) Cations of transition elements occur in varioe
Fet to Fet?
valence states (i.e. ’ Mnt to Mn
Crt² toCrtÛ). It arises due to the incomplete
filling of d-orbitals.
Transition elements have large number of
oxides (i.e. Mn0;, MnOj, Cro).
20. (a) Ligand field effect cause distortions in crystal
structures. The actual oxides structures, however.
generally show departures from regular lattice
due to distortions caused by packing of ions of
different size. So, crystal structure of oxides of
transition metals often show defects.
21. (c) When transition metals exposed to oxygen at
low and intermediate temperatures form thin,
protective oxide films. Oxides of transition metals
range from metallic to semiconducting and
deviate by both large and small degrees from
stoichiometry.
22. (d) The crystal structure of oxides in transition
metals are classified by considering a cubic or
hexagonal closed packed lattice of one set of io
with the other set of ions filling the octahedral o
tetrahedral voids.
23. (b) Group 12 elements are not considered as
'transition metals because they do not
have incomplete d-shell in their ground state.
24. (a) The d-block elements placed from group "
in periodic table.
CHAPTER 4: d-and f-Block Elements 131

25. (d) Group VII elements of

Mendeleev periodic
abic belongs to halogen family. 30. Potassium dichromate is a strong oxidising agent.
In acidic solution, itsoxidising action is
26.(b) Electronic
(Ar)3/°4s² configuration of nickel is represented as :

Or
Cr0} +14H* + 6e2Cr* + 7Ho
(a) Thedtblock contain 40 clements in four
Ionic equations
of ten columns, rows (i) Reaction of KCr0, with I
27. Acidified potassium dichromate oxidises iron (II)
Cr0 +14H* + 6 Ir’2C*+ 31,+ 7H0
salt to iron (IIl). (iü) Reaction of K Cr, with HS
Cr0} +14H* + 6Fe 2 Cr +6Fe +7H0 Cr0 +8H*+ 3H,S 2Cr* +3S+ 7HO
28. 2Mno; F16H* + 5C0} 2Mn+ 8HO Or

+10 CO, (i) 2MnO,+ 5C,0} +16H*

9. Basic character of oxides decreases with increase 2Mn* + 8H0 +1CO,
in oxidation number, therefore increasing order
of basic character is (ii) Cro; (aq) + 6Fe (aq) + 14H* (aq) ’
Mn0,< MnO,< MnO 2Cr* + 6Fe +7HO

ogno,oiteilon