Control of Grid Connected Converters Under

Unbalanced Grid Faults

Souradeep Pal Manash Mishra Apurva Verma
Dept. of ESE Dept. of Electrical Engg, Dept. of Electrical Engg.
IISc Bangalore IIT Delhi IIT Delhi
Bengaluru, India Delhi, India Delhi, India
souradeeppal32@gmail.com manasmishra286@gmail.com apurvaverma12@gmail.com
Prabir Ranjan Kasari Bikram Das Abanishwar Chakraborti
Dept. of Electrical Engg. Dept. of Electrical Engg Dept. of Electrical Engg.
NIT Agartala NIT Agartala NIT Agartala
Agartala, India Agartala, India Agartala, India
prkasari_s@yahoo.co.in dbiki81@gmail.com abanishwar@yahoo.com

Abstract— A grid connected inverter with an unbalanced
voltage at the point of common coupling creates oscillation in
DC link voltage at twice the grid frequency and inject highly
distorted current into the grid. In this paper analytical
expression for oscillation of DC link voltage and distortion in
current injected to the grid are derived. Two control strategies
for grid connected inverter are implemented and the analytical
result obtained for dc link voltage oscillation and distortion in
grid current are verified through simulation and experimental
results.
Keywords—Unbalance grid fault, grid connected converter
Current Harmonics, Active Power Oscillation, DC link ripples,
Photovoltaic (PV) systems
non sinusoidal current during asymmetrical grid faults[19-
20]. Grid connected converter can be controlled to inject
reactive current to the grid to increase the voltage support.
Positive sequence reactive current will increase the
magnitude of all the phase voltage equally, whereas negative
sequence reactive current will reduce the voltage unbalance
at PCC [21-24]. Flexible coefficient can be included in the
current reference which directly controls the positive and
negative sequence power injected to the grid irrespective of
the fault characteristics. In this paper performance of two
control schemes are evaluated and analytical expression for
dc link voltage fluctuation and harmonics in the reference
current is derived.

I. INTRODUCTION II. INSTANTANEOUS ACTIVE REACTIVE CONTROL

Deep penetration of distributed generation necessitates Instantaneous active power in three phase system is given
their availability in providing reactive power support during by
grid faults or voltage sag. New stringent grid code are p3φ = va ia + vb ib + vc ic (1)
imposed for reliable operation of power system which says For balanced three-phase system, the total instantaneous
that a grid connected converters used in distributed power is equal to average active power (P) as it does not
generation should behave like conventional power plants involve oscillating components of power. A commonly
during short term grid faults and should not get disconnected adopted approach in analyzing three-phase systems is to
from the grid for a duration prescribed in the grid code [1].
converter the three phase quantities to equivalent two phase
An asymmetrical fault or voltage sag at the parallel branch of
parameter.
DG cause unequal voltages at the three phase which results
in a negative sequence voltage component at the point of
common coupling (PCC). Because of the interaction of two
opposite sequence components active and reactive power
injected to the grid will have oscillation at twice the grid
frequency. Such oscillation in active and reactive power also
causes dc link voltage oscillation at twice the grid frequency.
If these oscillations are beyond certain limit the inverter
switch stress may increase and the converter may get
disconnected from the grid. Different control strategies are
proposed based on instantaneous power theory[2,3]. A
balanced current control strategy is proposed to ensure equal
current in all three phases irrespective of unbalanced in grid
voltage magnitude [4-9]. However this control scheme
generates oscillation in both active and reactive power. A Fig. 1. Block diagram of instantanious active reactive control scheme
constant active power control scheme is proposed to
eliminate oscillation in active power[10-12] however in this Fig. 1 shows the block diagram for instantaneous active
scheme reactive power will oscillate. A constant reactive reactive power control of grid connected inverter in
power strategy is proposed [13,14] where active power stationary reference frame. Control of instantaneous active
oscillates. In order to obtain an optimal solution a flexible and reactive powers in the equivalent two phase system is
oscillating power control scheme is proposed where
given by
weightage can be given for suppressing oscillation of active
p(t ) = ( vα iα + vβ iβ )
and reactive power[15-18]. Constant active reactive power 3
(2)
control give best control over instantaneous power but injects 2

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 ªvα º ªv+ + v− º ªV + cos(ωt + δ p ) + V − cos(ωt + δ n )º
q (t ) =
3
( −vα iα + vβ iβ ) (3) V = « » = « α+ α− » = « + » (12)
¬vβ ¼ «¬vβ + vβ »¼ «¬ V sin(ωt + δ p ) + V sin(ωt + δ n ) »¼
2 −

Where
ª 1 1º ªiα º ªi + + i − º ª I + cos(ωt + φ p ) + I − cos(ωt + φn )º
«1 − 2 − » I = « » = « α+ α− » = « + » (13)
¬iβ ¼ ¬«iβ + iβ ¼» «¬ I sin(ωt + φ p ) + I sin(ωt + φn ) »¼
−
2
vαβ = ª¬Tαβ º¼ vabc where Tαβ =« » (4)
« 3 3» Where vα+ , vα− , vβ+ , vβ− , iα+ , iα− , iβ+ , iβ− are positive and negative
«¬ 0 − 2 2 »¼ sequence component of grid voltages and currents respectively and
In grid connected system iα and iβ must be controlled to δ p , δ n , φ p , φn are phase angles of voltages and currents
exercise control over active power and reactive power. This respectively. From instantaneous power theory total power in
calls for the following reference commands for iα and iβ . stationary reference frame is expressed as,
= ( vαβ ) . ( iαβ+ + iαβ− )
+ − *
S = vαβ .iαβ
*
+ vαβ (14)
−1
ªiα* º 2 ª vα vβ º ª p* º + +* + −* − +* − −*
« *»= « » « *» (5) S = vαβ .iαβ + vαβ .iαβ + vαβ .iαβ + vαβ .iαβ (15)
«¬iβ »¼ 3 ¬ vβ −vα ¼ ¬ q ¼
Here multiplications of cophasal terms of same sequence
Reference grid current in alpha beta reference frame can
generate constant active power whereas multiplication of
written as
quadrature component of same sequence term generates
2 vα 2 vβ constant reactive power. The expression of constant active
iα* = p* + q (6)
3 vα + vβ
2 2
3 vα2 + vβ2 and reactive power in is given by
2 vβ 2 vα Pconst = vα+ iα+ + vβ+ iβ+ + vα− iα− + vβ− iβ− (16)
iα* = p* − q (7)
3 vα + vβ
2 2
3 vα2 + vβ2 Pconst = V + I + cos(δ p − φ p ) + V − I − cos(δ n − φn ) (17)
+ + + + − − − −
This control scheme work satisfactorily when the voltage at Qconst = −vα iβ + vβ iα − vα iβ + vβ iα (18)
the point of common coupling is balanced. An unbalanced + + −
Qconst = V I sin(δ p − φ p ) + V I sin(δ n − φn ) −
(19)
fault on the grid side creates positive, negative and zero
sequence component of voltage at point of common Double grid frequency oscillating component of active and
coupling. An unbalanced three-phase system can be reactive powers are generated due to the multiplication of
systematically analyzed by transforming its unbalanced opposite sequence components. The oscillating component
phasors into a set of three symmetrical components named of active and reactive power given by
as positive ( vabc
+
) negative ( vabc− ) and zero sequence ( vabc0 ) Posc = vα+ iα− + vβ+ iβ− + vα− iα+ + vβ− iβ+ (20)
components. In a three phase three wire system zero Posc = V + I − cos(2ωt + δ p − φ p ) + V − I + cos(2ωt + δ n − φn ) (21)
sequence component of current will not flow and hence zero Qosc = vβ+ iα− − vα+ iβ− − vβ− iα+ + vα− iβ+ (22)
sequence component is not considered here. Applying
Lyon transformation Qosc = V + I − cos(2ωt + δ p − φ p ) + V − I + cos(2ωt + δ n − φn ) (23)
ª 1 a a2 º Equation (16), (18), (20) and (22) when represented in
+ + 1« 2 » matrix form gives
vabc = ¬ªT ¼º vabc where T = « a 1 a» (8)
ª Pconst º ª vα vβ+ vα− vβ− º ªia+ º
3 +
« a a2 1 »
¬ ¼ «P » « − »« »
2π « osc » = « vα vβ− vα+ vβ+ » «iβ+ »
j (24)
Where a= e 3 The three phase symmetrical sequence «Qconst » « vβ+ −vα+ vβ− −vα− » «iα− »
components of vabc are transformed to two phase quantities « » « − − + −
» « −
»
¬ Qosc ¼ ¬« −vβ vα vβ −vα »¼ ¬«iβ ¼»
+ + − −
vαβ = ª¬Tαβ º¼ vabc and vαβ = ª¬Tαβ º¼ vabc (9)
B. DC Link Oscillation due to grid unbalance
Applying the inverse transformation [T]-1
π During normal operation power injected to the DC link is
ª −j º
fed to the grid by a vector controlled VSI. During grid
+ −1 1 « 1 − e 2
»
vαβ = ª¬Tαβ º¼ ª¬T + º¼ ª¬Tαβ º¼ vαβ = « π » (10) unbalance, active power supplied to the grid has double grid
2 −j2 frequency oscillations, but power injected to the DC link is
«¬ e 1 »¼
constant. So capacitor voltage oscillates at double grid
π
ª −jº frequency. Applying power balance at the DC link,
− − −1 1« 1 e »
2
vαβ = ª¬Tαβ º¼ ª¬T º¼ ª¬Tαβ º¼ vαβ = « π » (11) Pdc = Pinv + Pcap (25)
2 −j
«¬ −e 2 1 »¼ Where Pdc is the instantaneous input power to the dc link
A. Active power oscillation due to grid unbalance and Pinv is the instantaneous power fed by the inverter and
Three phase unbalance grid voltage and injected current Pcap instantaneous power of the capacitor. The instantaneous
are decomposed into positive and negative sequence power absorbed by the capacitor is given by
component and further transformed to two phase stationary
reference fram dvc
Pcap = vdc C (26)
dt

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 where vdc instantaneous capacitor voltage. From (25) and III. POSITIVE NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CONTROL
(26) Pdc can be expressed as A positive negative sequence control strategy is used to
simultaneously, minimize the lower order harmonics in
dvc current, reduce the active power oscillation and to regulate
Pdc = Pinv + vdc Cdc (27)
dt dc link voltage in a grid connected converter during
From (16) and (20) it can be seen that active power delivered asymmetrical grid faults.
by the VSI to an unbalanced grid has a constant component
and an oscillating component. So (27) can be written as
dvc
Pdc = Pconst + Posc + vdc Cdc (28)
dt
Integrating the oscillatory component of power in (28)

³C v dvdc = ³ Posc dt
dc dc (29)
Substituting the value of oscillating component of power
from(17)
V + I − cos( 2ωt +δ p +φn ) +V −I + cos( 2ωt +δn +φp ) dt (30)
1
2ωCdc ³
vdc2 =

Hence it can be concluded that an unbalance grid voltage

causes ripple in DC link voltage that can substantially reduce
reduces the life cycle of the capacitor.

C. Lower order harmonics in grid current

According to instantaneous power theory the active Fig. 2. Block diagram positive negative sequence control scheme
power (p) and reactive power (q) in synchronously rotating
Block diagram of the proposed control scheme is shown in
reference frame can be written as,
Fig. 2. Three phase voltage and current at PCC are sensed
and transformed to positive and negative sequences
3
2
( vα iα + vβ iβ )
p= (31) quantities in two phase stationary reference frame. To
eliminate the oscillation in active power the oscillating
q = ( vβ iα − vα iβ )
3 component of power is set to zero. The reference current thus
(32)
2 obtained is given by
From (31) and (32) current reference of the inverter is given
ªiα+ º ª +
*
by vβ+ vα− vβ− º ª Pconst º
−1 « * » « vα »
ªiα º ªvα vβ º ª p* º 2 ª p* º ªvα º 2 ª q* º ª vβ º vβ+ » «« 0 »»
*
«iβ+ » « vα− vβ− vα+
« *»=« » « * » = « 2 2 » «v » + « 2 2 » « » (33) « −* » = « + (36)
«¬iβ »¼ ¬vβ −vα ¼ ¼ −vα ¼
¬ q ¼ 3 «¬ vα + vβ »¼ ¬ β ¼ 3 «¬ vα + vβ »¬ «iα » « vβ −vα+ vβ− −vα− » «Qconst »
« −* » « −v − »« »
Substituting the value of vα and vβ in (33) current reference vα− vβ+ −vα− »¼ ¬ 0 ¼
«¬iβ »¼ ¬ β
is formulated as
On expanding (36)

2 p (V cos(ω t + δ p ) + (V cos(ω t + δ n )
* + −
vα+ * vβ+ * vβ+ * vβ− *
iα* =
* *
ia+ = Pconst + Qconst ; iα− = Pconst + Qconst (37)
3 (V + )2 + (V − ) 2 + 2V +V − cos(2ω t + δ + δ ) ΔV ΔV ΔV ΔV
p n
(34)
2 q * (V + sin(ω t + δ p ) − (V − sin(ω t + δ n ) * v− * v+ * * vβ− * vβ+ *
+ iβ+ = α Pconst + α Qconst ; iβ− = − Pconst + Qconst (38)
3 (V + )2 + (V − ) 2 + 2V +V − cos(2ω t + δ + δ ) ΔV ΔV ΔV ΔV
p n
In contrast to (34) and (35) reference current in (37) to
(38) do not have any oscillating component
2 p (V sin(ω t + δ p ) + (V sin(ω t + δ n )
* + −

iβ* =
3 (V + ) 2 + (V − )2 + 2V +V − cos(2ω t + δ + δ ) IV. SIMULATION RESULT
p n
(35) Asymmetrical grid faults is simulated in Matlab/Simulink
2 q (V cos(ω t + δ p ) + (V cos(ω t + δ n )
* + −

- that produces a voltage sags of 0.6pu in one of the phases at

3 (V + ) 2 + (V − ) 2 + 2V +V − cos(2ω t + δ + δ )
p n
In the above two equations the denominator has double
line frequency oscillation due presence of positive and
negative sequence voltage and this produces non sinusoidal
grid current. On Fourier analysis of (34) and (35) presence of
4k ± 1th harmonics are observed when the active power
reference is constant.
0.02s. Fig. 3 show the grid voltage, dc link voltage, active
power injected to the grid using instantaneous active reactive
control strategy. Fig. 4 shows the current injected to the grid
and its spectrum analysis. THD of the current injected to the
grid is 14.20% which is contributed predominantly by the
third harmonic component. From the simulation result it can
be concluded that unbalanced grid voltage at PCC creates
oscillation in active power which results in oscillation of dc
link voltage at twice the grid frequency.

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 Fig. 3. Simulation result showing grid voltage . oscillation in active power
and dc link voltage with asymetric sag in grid voltage at t=0.2s with
instantanious active reactive control scheme
Fig. 4. Current injected to the grid and its spectrum upto 50th order with
instantanious active reactive control scheme
This oscillating on the dc side at twice the grid frequency is
reflected as a third harmonic component in the current
waveform. This is in concurrence with the analytical
expression obtained in section II.
The positive negative sequence control strategy strategies
as explained in section III is implemented in
Matlab/Simulink. Fig. 5 shows the simulation result for grid
voltage dc link voltage, active power injected to the grid.
Since the oscillatory component of active power is set to zero
oscillation in dc link voltage and active power is also
negligible
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Fig. 5. Simulation result, showing grid voltage . oscillation in active
power and dc link voltage with asymetric sag in grid voltage at t=0.2s
with positive negative sequence control scheme
Fig. 6. Current injected to the grid and its spectrum upto 50th order with
positive negative sequence control scheme
Form the simulation result shown in Fig. 5 it can be
concluded that proposed control scheme can simultaneously
eliminate oscillation in active power and oscillation in dc
link voltage when the inverter is connected to the grid with
asymmetrical voltage at point of common coupling(PCC).
Fig. 6 show the simulation result of current injected to the
grid and its spectrum. Current THD is 1.17% which is as per
IEEE 519 standard. From the spectrum analysis it is evident
that proposed control algorithm do not inject lower order
harmonics
 V. EXPERMENTAL RESULT and 5th harmonics are also reduced from 13.5% to 0.1% and
The proposed control scheme is experimentally 2% to 0.15% respectively.
validated in a laboratory prototype. A 400V, 4 KVA 3 phase
3 level NPC inverter is used to connect 4kW solar PV panel
to the grid. An inductive filter with 10% inductance is used
to connect the voltage source inverter to the grid. Perturb
and observer MPPT algorithm is implemented in a 4kW
boost converter to extract maximum power from solar PV
cells. DC link voltage is controlled at 700V. A carrier based
PWM technique is used to balance the capacitor voltage
[30]. Proposed control scheme is implemented in dSPACE
1104 controller.
Voltage sag of 0.6 pu in one of the phase is emulated in the Fig. 10. Current injected to the grid using positive negative sequence
laboratory prototype. Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 show the current control
injected to the grid using instantaneous active reactive
control scheme and its harmonics spectrum respectively.
Spectrum analysis shows that THD of current injected to the
grid is 15.25% where 3rd harmonic content is 13.5%. Fig. 9
shows the experimental result of active power fed to
unbalanced grid using instantaneous active reactive control
scheme. It can be seen that the active power has an
oscillation at twice the grid frequency

Fig. 11. Spectrum of current injected to the grid using positive negative
sequence control

Fig. 7. Current injected to the grid using instantanious active reactive

control scheme

Fig. 12. Spectrum of current injected to the grid using positive negative
sequence control scheme

Analytically obtained values of oscillation in active power,

Fig. 8. Current injected to the grid using instantanious active reactive
control scheme
oscillation of dc link voltage and harmonics in grid current
for instantaneous active reactive control scheme and
positive negative sequence control scheme is compared with
simulation and experimental results

TABLE I. INSTANTANEOUS ACTIVE REACTIVE CONTROL

Theoretical Simulation Experimental

DC link voltage
1.45% 1.47% 1.85%
oscilation
Active power
4.83% 5.27% 17.2%
oscilation
THD of current
14.15% 14.20% 15.35%
Fig. 9. Experimental result for oscilation in active power using injected to grid
instantanious active reactive control scheme
TABLE II. POSITIVE NEGATIVE SEQUENCE CONTROL SCHEME
Fig. 10 show the experimental result of current injected to
Theoretical Simulation Experimental
the grid using positive negative sequence control scheme. Fig
DC link voltage
11 shows the spectrum of the current waveform It can be - 0.12% -
oscilation
seen that using positive negative sequence control algorithm Active power
THD of the current injected to unbalanced grid is reduced - 0.52% 1.2%
oscilation
from 15.25% to 3.65%. Lower order harmonics such as 3rd THD of current
1.15% 1.17% 3.65%
injected to grid

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 From Table I and Table II it can be seen that results
obtained from theoretical calculation, is close to simulated
results and experimental values
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper it is analytically established that unbalance
voltage at PCC will result in oscillation of dc link voltage at
twice the grid frequency. Mathematical expression for
harmonics injected into the grid during unbalanced grid
condition is also derived. Mathematical formulation shows
that the current injected to the grid is of the order of 4k ± 1
It can also be concluded that the lower order harmonics
injected into the grid during unbalance is due to distortion in
the reference signal. The analytical results obtained in this
paper are verified by simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results shows good agreement
with theoretical formulation
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