2019 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Asia
Asymmetric Fault Propagation Mechanism on AC Side
of Hybrid Microgrid And Suppression Methods
Zhu Yongqiang1, Liu Kang1
Zhang Quan1, Han Minxiao1
1. State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System
with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power
University, Beijing 102206, China;
Abstract—The analysis of asymmetric fault propagation
mechanism on AC side and the study of its suppression methods
are very important for the safe and stable operation of AC/DC
hybrid microgrid. In this paper, the influence of asymmetric
short-circuit fault on DC power and electricity is analyzed. On
this basis, a compensation control strategy of negative sequence
zero-sequence voltage is proposed to suppress the transmission
of this type of fault. Then a hybrid micro-grid model using the
control strategy of "network-network" interconnected converter
is built on the simulation software PSCAD/EMTDC, which
verifies the correctness of the above fault analysis and the
effectiveness of the improved control strategy.1
Index Terms-- AC/DC hybrid microgrid; Fault propagation;
Asymmetric Short Circuit; Non-characteristic harmonics;
Negative Sequence Zero Sequence Compensation
I. INTRODUCTION
AC/DC hybrid microgrid is an important part of smart grid
in the future[1]-[2]. It consists of AC microgrid, DC microgrid
and AC/DC interconnected converter. Various distributed
generators, energy storage devices and loads are flexibly
distributed to AC and DC microgrids according to their own
output characteristics. According to the connection
relationship between AC/DC hybrid microgrid and large grid,
its operation modes can be divided into grid-connected
operation mode and island operation mode. The two modes
can be switched freely, and the degree of transformation of the
existing grid is small. Due to the clean, efficient and
controllable characteristics of AC/DC hybrid microgrid, it will
become one of the important development directions of smart
microgrid in the future[5].
Compared with conventional AC power grid, hybrid
micro-grid contains a large number of power electronic
devices, which have the characteristics of small inertia and
fault current limiting. This makes the operation mode of
hybrid micro-grid and DG control strategy have a greater
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China
（2018YFB0904700）
978-1-7281-3520-5/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE
Che Kai2
Jia Yongyong3
2. State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., LTD. Nanjing
210024, China;
3. State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., LTD. Research
Institute, Nanjing 211103, China
impact on short-circuit current. These factors lead to AC side
faults in AC-DC interconnected system, and the analysis of
DC side electrical characteristics becomes very complex[2].
Traditional fault analysis and protection methods are not
necessarily applicable to AC/DC interconnected systems
including hybrid microgrid. To solve these problems, scholars
at home and abroad have made some research. In reference
[9], the inverted DG is equivalent to a model of constant
voltage source and constant impedance in series, and the short
circuit current of DG injection network is approximately
measured according to the impedance. In reference [10], the
inverted DG is equivalent to a series model of variable voltage
source and constant impedance, which improves the accuracy
of short circuit calculation method. Reference [11] considers
the characteristics of inverted DG faults using constant voltage
and constant frequency control strategy, and proposes a
microgrid fault analysis method based on this strategy. With
regard to the influence of AC side faults on DC side in AC/DC
interconnected systems, reference [13] uses RTDS closed-loop
test system in HVDC project to simulate the transient
characteristics of DC system under AC system. It is believed
that AC side faults will cause low voltage, 100Hz, or double
frequency disturbance. In reference [18], the characteristics of
DC-side power fluctuation caused by AC asymmetric voltage
in hybrid microgrid are analyzed. It is considered that the
harmonic content of DC-side is related to the type of access
equipment, and that the double-frequency fluctuation of power
will cause the power-frequency fluctuation of DC-side
voltage.
However, at present, there are relatively few basic studies
on the AC side fault propagation mechanism of hybrid
microgrid. Based on the analysis of asymmetric fault
propagation mechanism on AC side, a control strategy of
negative sequence zero sequence voltage compensation is
proposed to suppress the propagation of such faults. Finally,
the correctness of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness
of the improved control strategy are verified by simulation
experiments.
2748
 II. PROPAGATION MECHANISM OF ASYMMETRIC SHORT sequence current and negative sequence current of ILC in
CIRCUIT FAULT ON AC SIDE synchronous dq rotating coordinate system.
Asymmetric short-circuit faults on AC side include single- udqP, udqN, idqP and idqN are written in the plural form:
phase grounding fault, two-phase inter-phase short-circuit
fault and two-phase grounding short-circuit fault. Two-phase udqP =udP +juqP
asymmetric short-circuit faults will produce positive and  N N N
negative sequence components, while single-phase grounding udq =ud +juq
fault and two-phase grounding short-circuit fault will produce P P P （4）
zero sequence components in addition to positive and negative idq =id +jiq
sequence components. However, the inverted DG and ILC on N N N
AC side of hybrid microgrid usually adopt three-phase, three- idq =id +jiq
wire and no-midline grid-connected mode, which can not
Under the condition of asymmetric three-phase voltage of
provide access for zero-sequence components[12]-[13].
ILC connection point, the apparent complex power S of ILC
Therefore, when asymmetric faults occur on the AC side, the
access point on AC side is:
effects of positive and negative sequence components on
hybrid microgrid are only considered, and the effects of zero 3 *
sequence components are not taken into account. S = udqidq = Pac +jQac
2
A. Analysis of Power Fluctuation on DC Side （5）
3 P jω t N − jω t P jω t N − jω t *
It is assumed that the instantaneous value of three-phase = (udq e +udq e )(idq e +idq e )
voltage and three-phase current of the AC side connection 2
point of ILC is ua, ub, uc and ia, ib, ic respectively. When an Among the formula: idq* and idq are conjugate vectors, Pac
asymmetric fault occurs on the AC side, according to the and Qac are active power and reactive power at the AC side
symmetric component method, the voltage can be connection point of ILC.
decomposed into positive sequence voltage uaP, ubP, ucP and Expansion of Formula (5):
negative sequence voltage uaN, ubN, ucN, and the current can be
decomposed into positive sequence current iaP, ibP, icP and  Pac = P0 + Pc2 cos(2ω t) + Ps 2 sin(2ω t)
negative sequence current iaN, ibN, icN. Write the complex  （6）
vector as follows: Qac = Q0 + Qc2 cos(2ω t) + Qs 2 sin(2ω t)
Among the formula: P0 and Q0 are the average of active
 P 2 P P j2π /3 P − j2π /3
u = 3 ( ua +ub e )
+u c e and reactive power at the AC side connection points of ILC.
Pc2 and Qc2 are the peaks of the second harmonic cosine terms
 （1） of active and reactive power at the common connection points
u N = 2 ( u N +u N e − j2π /3 +u N e j2π /3 ) of ILC. Ps2 and Qs2 are the peaks of the second harmonic sine
 3
a b c
terms of active and reactive power at the common connection
points of ILC.
 P 2 P P j2π /3 P − j2π /3
i = 3 ( ia +ib e +ic e ) Formula (6) shows that when asymmetric faults occur on
（2） the AC side, negative sequence component of voltage and
 current occurs at the ILC connection point, which makes both
i N = 2 ( i N +i N e − j2π /3 +i N e j2π /3 ) active power Pac and reactive power Qac at the ILC connection
 3
a b c
point contain second harmonic component. The relationship
Among the formula: up, un, ip, and in are respectively between active and reactive power components and positive
positive sequence voltage complex vectors, negative sequence and negative sequence voltage and current components in
voltage complex vectors, positive sequence current complex synchronous dq rotating system can be further obtained by
vectors and negative sequence current complex vectors of the using simultaneous formula (4) and formula (5) as follows:
AC side connection points of ILC.
According to the principle of equal amplitude, in the  P0   udP uqP udN uqN 
P   N 
synchronous dq rotating coordinate system, the complex
 c2  ud uqN udP uqP   idP 
vector form of the AC side connection points of ILC is as  
follows:  Ps 2  3  uqN −udN −uqP udP   iqP 
 =  P  （7）
 Q0  2  uq −udP uqN −udN  idN 
udq =udq P jω t
e +udqN e− jω t  uN  
 （3） Qc2  −udN −uqP −udP  iqN 
P jω t N − jω t    qN 
idq =idq e +idq e Qs 2   −ud −uqP udP uqP 
Among the formula: ω is the voltage angle frequency of When the switching loss of ILC is not taken into account,
AC microgrid. udq, idq, udqP, udqN, idqP and idqN are complex the power balance relationship between AC and DC sides of
vectors of AC side connection point voltage, current, positive ILC in hybrid microgrid is as follows:
sequence voltage, negative sequence voltage, positive

2749
 the DC side, which will produce the double frequency
 Pac =Pdc =Pc + Pdc′ fluctuation voltage.

 1 dudc2 （8） The second harmonic fluctuation of DC side voltage is set
 Pc = C as follows:
 2 dt
According to the principle of power conservation, when udc.2ω = k1Udcm sin(2ωt +α1 ) （12）
the doubling frequency fluctuation of AC side power Pac
occurs, according to formula (6) and formula (8), the doubling Among the formula: Udcm is the DC voltage on the DC side.
frequency fluctuation of DC side power Pdc will be balanced k1 is the amplitude coefficient of double frequency fluctuation
with AC side power Pac, and the DC side voltage can not be voltage. α1 is the initial phase of double frequency fluctuation
kept constant, resulting in fluctuation. voltage.
B. Analysis of DC Side Voltage Disturbance Combining formula (9) and formula (12), the following
The ILC switching function is expanded by Fourier series can be obtained:
and the non-fundamental component is neglected. The  Δua   sa0   k2U dcm cos(ωt + α1 ) 
fundamental component of the switching function is obtained:  Δu  =  s  u  
 b   b0  dc.2ω =  k2U dcm cos(ωt − 2π / 3 + α1 ) 
2   Δuc   sc0   k2U dcm cos(ωt + 2π / 3 + α1 )  （13）
 π sin(ωt )   k2U dcm cos(3ωt +α1 ) 
 sa0   
 s  =  2 sin(ωt − 2π / 3)  +  k2U dcm cos(3ωt − 2π / 3+α1 ) 
（9）
 b0   π   k2U dcm cos(3ωt + 2π / 3+α1 ) 
 sc0    Among the formula: Uacm is the AC side voltage amplitude.
 2 sin(ωt + 2π / 3)  k2 is the third harmonic amplitude coefficient.
 π 
Similarly, when the negative sequence current on the AC
When asymmetric faults occur on the AC side, positive side is modulated by three or five times the non-fundamental
sequence current iaP, ibP, icP and negative sequence current iaN, component of the switching function, four or six even non-
ibN, icN are generated. characteristic harmonic currents and pulsating voltages will be
generated on the DC side. According to the analysis of
ia  ia  ia   I acm sin(ωt +θ ) 
P N P P
Formula (13), the fourth and sixth pulsating voltages on the
i  = i P  + i N  =  I P sin(ωt − 2π / 3+θ P )  DC side will also generate fifth and seventh order odd
 b   b   b   acm 
harmonic voltages on the AC side. Therefore, the asymmetric
 ic  icP  icN   I acm
P P 
sin(ωt +2π / 3 + θ )  （10） negative sequence components on the AC side will generate a

large number of non-characteristic harmonics on both sides of
 I acm
N
sin(ωt +θ N )  the AC and DC hybrid microgrid.
 N N 
+  I acm sin(ωt + 2π / 3+θ )  III. COMPENSATION CONTROL OF NEGATIVE SEQUENCE
 I N sin(ωt − 2π / 3 + θ N )  ZERO SEQUENCE VOLTAGE
 acm 
Among the formula: IacmP and IacmN are positive sequence When asymmetric faults occur in AC side of hybrid
current amplitude and negative sequence current amplitude, microgrid, the voltage of ILC AC side contains positive and
respectively. θP and θN are the initial phase of positive negative sequence components. In the case of DC side bipolar
sequence current and negative sequence current respectively. power supply and AC side grounding fault, the zero sequence
component will propagate to DC side and cause power
The output current idc of the DC side is obtained by the frequency voltage pulsation. In order to compensate the
simultaneous (9) and (10): negative sequence zero sequence voltage on the AC side of the
T T ILC and suppress the fault propagation of the two, it is
 sa0  iaP   sa0  iaN  necessary for the ILC to send out the negative sequence zero
 P    N
idc =  sb0  ib  +  sb0  ib 
sequence current to meet the demand, so that the negative
sequence zero sequence voltage almost falls on the AC side
（11）
 sc0  icP   sc0  icN  line impedance. Fig. 1 shows the equivalent circuit diagrams
    of negative sequence and zero sequence of the ILC AC side
P
= k0 I acm cos θ P − k0 I acm
N
cos(2ωt + θ N ) view.
Among the formula: k0 is harmonic amplitude coefficient. eaN RN LN iaN ea0 R0 L0 ia0
k0<1.
ebN RN LN ibN eb0 R0 L0 ib0
Formula (11) shows that under the action of switching
function, the DC current on the DC side includes the DC part ecN RN LN icN ec0 R0 L0 ic0
and the doubled frequency fluctuation part. The second
harmonic current will cause the fluctuation of DC voltage on (a)Negative sequence equivalent circuit (b)Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit

2750
 Fig.1 Negative Sequence Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuit e0 can be obtained by the simple calculation of formula
(17) and sinusoidalized as a three-phase zero-sequence voltage
Based on the analysis of power disturbance on the DC side compensation modulation signal.
of section Ⅱ, the output power with only negative sequence
components can be expressed as: ea0  sin(ωt + θ 0 ) 
 0 2 0 0 
 P = 1.5(edN idN + eqN iqN ) eb  = 3 e sin(ωt + θ )  （18）
 （14） ec0  sin(ωt + θ 0 ) 
N N N N    
Q = 1.5(eq id − ed iq ) In order to compensate the negative sequence zero
Due to the low proportion of rotating elements in the sequence voltage, the modulation signals of positive sequence
microgrid, it can be considered that AC side R=RN=R0, then voltage, negative sequence voltage and zero sequence voltage
the power consumption of connecting reactor is: obtained in the above process are superimposed as the output
voltage modulation signals of ILC. After modulation by PWM
 P = 1.5((idN ) 2 + (iqN ) 2 ) R controller, ILC control signal is generated, which can restrain
 （15） the effect of fault propagation. The principle of the negative
Q = −1.5((id ) + (iq ) )ω L
N 2 N 2
sequence zero sequence compensation control presented in
Combining formula (14) and formula (15), the following this paper is shown in Fig. 2.
can be obtained: udP uqP
θP
uac i P eP
Current ed dq/abc aP
e =Ri + ω Li
N
d
N
d
N
q udc
Power dref
Outer iqref Inner e P eb
 N （16） Ring Loop
q Positive e P
c

eq =Riq − ω Lid

N N

0 θN eaN
It can be seen from formula (16) that the negative + idN edN
udN - PI

Formula N dq/abc eb
N
sequence voltage command signals edN and eqN can be N
i eq Negative N  PWM
Control
Signal
uqN -
q (16) ec
obtained by algebraic operation using idN and iqN in the form of PI

+
DC as input signals of ILC output negative sequence current. 0 0 ea0
+ i0 e 0 F eb0
Three-phase negative sequence voltage compensation ua
Single phase
- PI ωL
(18) ec0
modulation signal can be obtained by inverse transformation ub  voltage
measurement θ
0

of negative sequence rotating coordinates. idN and iqN can be uc

obtained by PI adjustment of the error of negative sequence
voltage and instruction signal at the connection between ILC
and AC bus.
For zero sequence equivalent circuit, according to the
definition of symmetric component, zero sequence component
is three AC components with equal magnitude and phase.
Namely: ea0=eb0=ec0, ia0=ib0=ic0, Ignoring the equivalent
impedance of switching loss and line resistance, only
considering the filter inductance L, the relationship between
zero-sequence voltage and zero-sequence current can be
expressed as follows:
e 0 = ω Li 0 
Fig.2 Control Principle of Negative Sequence Zero Sequence Compensation
IV. EXAMPLE ANALYSIS
In this paper, a simulation model of AC/DC hybrid
microgrid is built on PSCAD/EMTDC platform as shown in
Figure 3. AC bus voltage level is 0.4 kV and DC bus voltage
level is 0.8 kV. The rated power of AC_DG1 and AC_DG2 on
AC side are 50 kW and 30 kW respectively. The rated power
of DC_DG1 and DC_DG2 in DC-side distributed power
supply are 50 kW and 20 kW, respectively. AC load AC_Load
and DC load DC_Load are 10 kW and 30 kW respectively.
（17） Bus1
10/0.4kV

Grid

0 0
Among the formula: e and i are the effective values of CB1

zero-sequence voltage and zero-sequence current AC_ AC DC DC_

Bus5
DG1 Bus2 DG1
DC DC
Zero-sequence component is relatively independent in Line1 Line4
dq/abc synchronous rotation transformation, and its Bus3
Bus6
Line3
acquisition is simpler and more direct than negative-sequence AC_
DG2
AC AC
DC
DC DC_
DG2
DC
component, without occupying too much digital cost of the CB2
DC

f ILC

u0
Line2 Line5

system. Taking the RMS of zero sequence voltage at the AC_ Bus7 DC_
Bus4
0
connection between ILC and AC bus, the reference value i
Load Load

of RMS of zero sequence current can be obtained by PI Fig.3 Hybrid microgrid structure
0
adjustment of the error between RMS u and instruction
signal 0.

2751
A. Validation of Fault Analysis Theory
In the beginning, the hybrid microgrid was in the mode of
joint grid-connected operation. AC_DG1, DC_DG1 start
charging. AC_DG2 and DC_DG2 are controlled by PQ with
output power of 15 kW and 5 kW respectively. AC_Load
consumes 10 kW and DC_Load consumes 30 kW. When the
system is running for 5s, single-phase grounding, two-phase
and two-phase grounding faults are set at the beginning of
Line 3 respectively, and (+/-400V) bipolar power supply mode
is adopted. Fig. 4 shows the fault response of DC bus under
bipolar power supply mode. The obvious fault characteristics
caused by asymmetric faults on AC side in DC side are the
appearance of harmonics, and the voltage drop of DC side bus
is not obvious. Fig. 5 shows the harmonic content of DC bus
under different AC faults under bipolar power supply mode.
810
Single phase grounding
(a)单相接地
800
UDC/V
sequence component can form a loop through the grounding
fault point and the capacitance grounding neutral point on the
ILC AC side. When the AC side grounding fault occurs, the
DC side appears larger power frequency fluctuation and other
odd fluctuation disturbances, which is consistent with the
analysis conclusion in Section 2.
B. Validation of improved control strategy
In this simulation experiment, ILC adopts "network-
network" ILC control strategy of positive sequence component
improved control[8] and ILC control strategy of adding
negative sequence zero sequence voltage compensation
control respectively. The sagging characteristic of "net-net" is
0.4-uac=kg(0.82-udc2). AC_DG1 adopts U-P Droop control
strategy, the sagging characteristic is U=0.4-1.9(P-0.02).
AC_DG2 adopts PQ control strategy with output power of 15
kW. Both DC_DG1 and DC_DG2 adopt U-P droop control
strategy, the sagging characteristic are U=0.8+3.2(P-0.025)

790 and U=0.8+4.0(P-0.015). Under the improved control of

780
positive sequence component, there are two cases of zero
770
Two phase
(b)两相相间 sequence negative sequence component compensation control
800 or not. The fault response characteristics of bus voltage udc on
UDC/V

790
DC side are compared. The results are shown in Figures 6, 7
and 8.
780
Two-phase grounding
(c)两相接地
800
900 无 No
UDC/V

UDC/V
800 790 补
compensation
700 偿
780
600
4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2
800
t/s 有 Have
UDC/V

Fig.4 DC Bus Voltage Fault Response in Bipolar Power Supply 790 compensation
补
偿
780

1th
直交侧

DC 12.0 Single phase grounding

单相接地 Fig.6 DC Bus Voltage Response under Single Phase Grounding Fault
10.0 Two phase
两相相间
Two-phase grounding
两相接地
8.0
800
2th
6.0 无 No
3th
UDC/V

4.0 compensation
补
脉动/谐波含量

4th 7th
790
Harmonic

5th 6th
2.0 偿
780
0.0
2.0 800
4.0 有 Have
UDC/V

6.0 790 compensation

补
8.0 偿
10.0 780
AC
交交侧

12.0
14.0 Fig.7 Voltage Response of DC Bus under Two-Phase Interphase Fault
16.0
810
Fig.5 Pulse Harmonic Content of Bipolar Power Supply
800
无 No
Because of the different types of asymmetric faults on AC compensation
补
UDC/V

790

偿
side, the fault characteristics on both sides of AC and DC are 780

quite different. When two-phase short-circuit fault occurs on 770

AC side, the fault current on AC side does not contain zero 800
有 Have
sequence component, but only negative sequence component
UDC/V

790 compensation
补
and positive sequence component. Under this fault type, the 偿
fault response of DC side bus voltage is basically the same as 780

that of unipolar power supply mode. When the fault type is 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
t/s
grounding fault, the maximum fluctuation amplitude of DC
bus voltage in single-phase grounding fault is 20V, and that of Fig.8 DC Bus Voltage Response under Two-Phase Grounding Fault
two-phase grounding fault is close to 100V, which obviously
exceeds the range of DC voltage fluctuation allowed by the As can be seen from the figure above, the fault
standard of IEEE Std.929-2000. This is because the zero propagation effect of zero sequence component and negative
sequence component is suppressed by adopting the control

2752
strategy of negative sequence zero sequence voltage
compensation.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the influence of asymmetric faults on DC-
side system in AC-DC hybrid microgrid is analyzed.
a) In the case of asymmetric short circuit fault on AC side,
firstly, the positive and negative sequence components are
placed in the synchronous rotating coordinate system, and the
influence of asymmetric fault on ILC transmission power is
analyzed. It is found that the negative sequence components
will cause double frequency fluctuation of ILC transmission
power. Secondly, it is pointed out that the modulation of
negative sequence current on AC side through switching
function will cause even fluctuations with two pulsations on
DC side, and even harmonics on DC side will be fed back to
AC side through switching function, which will cause odd
harmonics with three harmonics on AC side. Finally, the
bipolar power supply mode of DC bus will provide the
channel for the zero sequence component of AC side, which
will cause the power frequency fluctuation of DC side and
even harmonics of AC side, which will aggravate the
performance deterioration of hybrid microgrid and affect the
stability of hybrid microgrid.
b) Aiming at DC power frequency and double frequency
voltage pulsation caused by asymmetric fault in AC side when
DC side adopts bipolar power supply mode, an improved ILC
control strategy of negative sequence zero sequence
compensation is proposed, which can effectively restrain the
fault effects caused by negative sequence component and zero
sequence component. The correctness of the theoretical
analysis is verified by simulation experiments.
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