Learning Guide 5 - The Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools in Counseling

10/22/23, 12:55 PM Learning Guide 5 - The Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools in Counseling
Learning Guide 5 - The Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools

in Counseling
Site: New Era University Printed by: Arhielle Anel A. Gomez

Course: DIASS - Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Science Date: Sunday, 22 October 2023, 12:55 PM
Learning Guide 5 - The Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools in
Book:
Counseling
https://is.neu.edu.ph/mod/book/tool/print/index.php?id=9605 1/14
Table of contents
1. Introduction
2. Lesson 1 - Schools of Thought in Psychology
3. Lesson 2 - Counseling Approaches
4. Lesson 3 - Settings Of Counseling
5. ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
6. ASSESSMENT
7. References
1. Introduction
Counselors work in different settings like government, private sectors, civil society and school
setting.
Drawing a wide range of processes, methods and tools, counselors are trained to use what it is
appropriate for the setting and relative to their specialty. There are different classical approaches to
counseling that supports their process and selection of methods and tools.
2. Lesson 1 - Schools of Thought in Psychology
There are three School of Thought in Psychology that became very dominant in Counseling:
1. Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Psychoanalysis is a type of psychotherapy used by qualified psychotherapists to treat patients
struggling with a wide range of mild to moderate chronic life problems. It is related to a body of theories
concerning the relationships between conscious and unconscious mental processes.
Psychoanalysis is performed one-on-one with the patient and the analyst; it is not suitable for group
therapy.
The treatment focuses on the development of an intense relationship between the therapist and the patient,
which is then analyzed and discussed in order to deepen the patient's understanding of his or her condition.
The treatment focuses on the patient's mind and habitual thought patterns.
This type of therapy is known as "non-directed therapy." It is also "insight-oriented," which means that
the goal of treatment is to gain a better understanding of the causes of one's inner conflicts and emotional
problems.
The basic techniques of psychoanalytical treatment include:

> Dream Analysis
>Fantasies
>Free Associations
> Interpretation of expression of thoughts and feelings both verbally and physically.
2. Behaviorism by B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, and John Watson

Behaviorism focused on the effects of reinforcement on observable behavior. A11 psychological
disorders are a result of maladaptive learning that all behavior is learned from our environment and
symptoms are acquired through classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning
involves learning by association. Operant conditioning involves learning by reinforcement (e.g., rewards)
and punishment. The therapeutic techniques used in this type of treatment are action-based, based on
classical conditioning and operant conditioning theories, and employ the same learning strategies that
resulted in the formation of unwanted behaviors. Behavioral therapy is frequently focused on teaching
clients new behaviors to reduce or eliminate the problem.
3. Humanistic Approach by Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and George Kelly

Humanistic, humanism, and humanist are psychological terms that refer to an approach that studies
the whole person and each individual's uniqueness. These names fundamentally refer to the same
psychological approach.
Humanistic psychology starts with the existential premise that people have free will. The humanistic
term for exercising free will is "personal agency." Personal agency is the humanistic term for the exercise of
free will. Personal agency refers to the decisions we make in life, the paths we take, and the consequences
of those decisions.
People are fundamentally good, with an innate desire to better themselves and the world. The
humanistic approach emphasizes the individual's worth, the importance of human values, and humans'
creative, active nature. The approach is hopeful, emphasizing the noble human capacity to overcome
adversity, pain, and despair.
People are motivated to self-actualize. Self-actualization is concerned with psychological

development, fulfillment, and life satisfaction. Personal growth and fulfillment in life were regarded as
fundamental human motives by both Rogers and Maslow. This means that each person, in their own unique
way, strives to grow psychologically and continuously improve themselves.
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html
Humans are fundamentally different from other animals, according to humanism, because they are
conscious beings capable of thought, reasoning, and language.
3. Lesson 2 - Counseling Approaches
The following are among the basic counseling approaches commonly used today that provide
processes, methods and tools for counselors.
1. Psychoanalytic Therapy
Sigmund Freud developed the psychoanalytic therapy approach. Psychoanalysis is based on Sigmund
Freud's theory that humans are fundamentally determined by psychic energy and early experiences. These
unconscious energy and experiences drive people’s behavior in the form of unconscious motives and
comic. The goal of a therapist is to help a client become conscious of this energy and early experiences and
thereby become empowered and harness both positively.
2. Adlerian Therapy
Adlerian Therapy is a Freudian-inspired approach. It was created by Alfred Adler (1870-1937), who
believed that the first six years of a person's life influenced them. But ensuing behavior depended on how
one interprets his/ her past and its continuing influence on him/her. For Adler, humans are motivated
primarily by social urges.
3. Existential Therapy
There is no one founder for Existential Therapy, but major figures are Viktor Frankl (1905–1997),
Abraham Maslow (190&1970), and Rollo May (1909-1994). Existential therapy focuses on the human
capacity to define and shape one's own life, giving meaning to one's personal circumstances through
reflection, decision-making, and self-awareness. It is heavily influenced by existentialist philosophy, which
emphasizes human freedom to define oneself and that our lives are not predetermined; we have a
responsibility to live and see what we choose to see in life. The only things we have no control over are the
fact that we are born and the fact that we will die.
4. Person-centered Therapy
Person-centered Therapy originated from Carl Rogers (1902-1987). Rogers believed that people gain,
share, or give power and authority over themselves and others through the self and that this required a non-
directive approach. Nondirective counselors are more concerned with the client's self-discovery than with
their own. The mainstay of this non-directive counseling is the counselor-client reflection and clarification
of clients' verbal and nonverbal communications. The process entails the counselor using active listening,
feeling reflection, clarification, and simply "being there" for the counselee in a non-interventionist manner.
5. Gestalt Therapy
Frederick S. Perls developed and popularized Gestalt Therapy (1893-1970). It is an existential
approach that emphasizes the importance of people finding their own way in life and accepting personal
responsibility in order to mature. They must become aware of their unfinished business from the past,
traumatic life experiences, and what they are doing in order to effect change in their lives. Gestalt therapy
approaches include confrontation, communication with parties, role-playing, and reliving and re-
experiencing unfinished business in the form of anger and guilt. Counselors encourage doing and
experiencing rather than simply talking about one's feelings as a client. It includes behaviors like smashing
glass or hitting something hard, as well as acknowledging and letting go.
6. Transactional Analysis
Transactional Analysis was developed by Eric Berne (1910-1970). Its main distinguishing feature is its
emphasis on client-made decisions and contracts. This approach, like other existentialist philosophies
based on an understanding of human nature, believes that the client has the potential for choice, and thus
the client's contract clearly states the directions and goals of the therapeutic process.
7. Behavioral Therapy
Many action-oriented methods are used in behavior therapy to assist people in taking steps to change
what they are doing and thinking. Outward behavior, clarity in defining therapeutic goals, and the
formulation of detailed treatment plans are all important aspects of this strategy. The counselor is active
and directive in this approach, acting as a teacher or trainer in assisting clients to work on improving their
behavior.
8. Rational Emotive Therapy

Rational-emotive Therapy was developed by Albert Ellis (1913-2007). It is a type of cognitively
oriented behavioral therapy that is based on the assumption that humans are born with the ability to think
rationally or straightly as well as irrationally or crookedly. Because people are fallible, this approach focuses
on assisting Clients in accepting themselves as people who will continue to make mistakes, while also
learning to live with and be at peace with themselves. Ellis emphasized that by thinking, judging, deciding,
and doing, people can alter their cognitive, emotional, and behavioral processes and react in ways that
differ from their usual patterns. They can learn to master and control themselves, such as choosing not to
be upset.
9. Reality Therapy
William Glasser developed and promoted Reality Therapy (1925-2013). This therapy is a short-term
approach that focuses on the present and emphasizes a client's strengths. It emphasizes that a client can
learn more realistic behavior and succeed. People, according to Glasser, choose their behavior and are thus
responsible for what they do, as well as how they think and feel. A counselor should encourage a client to
assess their current way of life and then leave them to engage in a process of honest self-examination,
which will lead to an improvement in one's quality of life.
4. Lesson 3 - Settings Of Counseling
Government Setting
Although counseling environments differ widely, counselors' procedures, approaches, and instruments
are remarkably similar. Counseling professionals in government work with a variety of government
agencies that provide counseling services, including social welfare, correctional, the court system, child
and women affairs services, schools, police, military, mental and foster homes, hospitals, and rehabilitation
centers. Other specialized departments, such as intelligence gathering, military and police departments,
presidential guards, and special advisories, may also have units of counselors.
Private Sectors Setting

Counselors in the private sector can be independent providers of services or work for non-profit
organizations, or they can be specialized for profit centers and organizations that provide a variety of
counseling services. Counselors' processes, methods, and tools remain largely the same in the private and
public sectors.
Civil Society Setting

Civil society is generally defined as charities or non-profit and issue-based centers or organizations
such as those for abused women, abandoned children and the elderly, veterans, teachers, professionals, or
religious groups. The processes, methods, and tools employed are similar.
School Setting
The school guidance counselor's role has evolved from providing guidance and career information to
addressing students' developmental needs. They can assist students in learning more effectively by
addressing the various areas and challenges that may obstruct their learning.
The role of Elementary School Counselor is to develop, implement and facilitate classroom guidance
activities, individual and group counseling, parent education, parent and teacher consultation, referrals to
professionals and public agencies, crisis intervention and management.
Junior high school guidance counselors are to provide guidance and counseling dealing with peer
relationships and social interactions and as such includes work with students, teachers, and parents in an
attempt to help each understand the other (Ward &Worsham, 1998).
Senior high school guidance counselors are to provide guidance and counseling pertaining to
educational and career decisions as well as college placement counseling.
The role of college guidance counselors includes counseling, appraisal and assessment, information,
placement, research and evaluation, follow-up, and student activities.
Community Setting
Given the diversity of the people who make up the community, the community has the greatest and
broadest application of counseling services. There are people who are in conflict with the law, socially
marginalized, people who suffer from loss of all kinds, those living with institutional homes, and those
experiencing different types of life transitions that necessitate counseling assistance and services.
5. ENRICHMENT ACTIVITY
Click the image below to answer the activity.
6. ASSESSMENT
Click the image below to answer your assessment.
7. References
Sampa, E. M. (2017). Disciplines and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences. Rex Publishing Bookstore In.
Mcleod, S. A. (2007). Simply Psychology - Psychology Articles for Students. Retrieved

from www.simplypsychology.org
Lonczak, H. S. (2021). 12 Popular Counselling Approches to Consider. Retrieved from

https://positivepsychology.com/popular-counseling-approaches/
https://realanswers-ph.com/english/at-the-end-of-the-lesson-you-should-4963390
https://brainly.ph/question/14012755
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/psychoanalysis
https://www.answerbag.com/q_view/463067
https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Psychoanalitic+theory
https://billyjawboiles.wordpress.com/category/disciplines-and-ideas-in-the-applied-social-sciences-diass/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/87086864/RW-5docx/
https://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html#:~:text=Humanistic%2C%20humanism%20and%20humani
https://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html?wb48617274=1507F046
https://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html#:~:text=Humanistic%20psychology%20begins%20with%20
https://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html
https://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html?ezoic_amp=1
https://www.coursehero.com/tutors-problems/Psychology/32946212-Describe-the-essential-components-
of-the-humanistic-approach-to/
https://www.mvorganizing.org/what-is-the-humanist-approach/
http://www.uop.edu.pk/ocontents/7%20personality(1).pptx#:~:text=Self%2Dactualization%20concerns%20psy
https://www.simplypsychology.org/humanistic.html#:~:text=Both%20Rogers%20and%20Maslow%20regarded,
https://www.academia.edu/39019147/_PDF_Humanistic_Model_of_Learning
https://www.coursehero.com/file/75704766/DIASS-Module-4pdf/
https://www.scribd.com/document/485585913/DIASS-Module-4
https://www.coursehero.com/file/64032362/Lesson-5-The-Settings-processes-Methods-and-Tools-in-
Counselingpptx/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p28ctlob/3-Existential-Therapy-Has-no-single-founder-but-Viktor-Frankl-
1905-1997-Abraham/
https://www.elcomblus.com/the-processes-methods-and-tools-in-counseling/
https://quizlet.com/308654421/basic-counseling-approaches-flash-cards/
https://www.elcomblus.com/the-processes-methods-and-tools-in-counseling/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p69dla95/Skinner-MJ-Mahoney-David-L-Watson-AE-Kazdin-Behavior-
therapy-uses-many-action/
https://www.academia.edu/35678981/DIASS_H_M
https://quizlet.com/346967348/theoretical-foundations-flash-cards/
https://www.elcomblus.com/the-different-settings-in-counseling/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/90803750/L4-Settingsdocx/
https://www.elcomblus.com/guidance-counseling-in-a-school-setting/
https://www.coursehero.com/file/p79vpm9t/3-Conflict-manag-er-provides-the-needs-for-principles-and-
theory-based/

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10/22/23, 12:55 PM Learning Guide 5 - The Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools in Counseling

Learning Guide 5 - The Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools

Site: New Era University Printed by: Arhielle Anel A. Gomez

2. Lesson 1 - Schools of Thought in Psychology

3. Lesson 2 - Counseling Approaches

4. Lesson 3 - Settings Of Counseling

2. Lesson 1 - Schools of Thought in Psychology

1. Psychoanalysis by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

The basic techniques of psychoanalytical treatment include:

2. Behaviorism by B.F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov, and John Watson

3. Humanistic Approach by Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, and George Kelly

People are motivated to self-actualize. Self-actualization is concerned with psychological

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

3. Lesson 2 - Counseling Approaches

8. Rational Emotive Therapy

4. Lesson 3 - Settings Of Counseling

Private Sectors Setting

Civil Society Setting

Click the image below to answer the activity.

Click the image below to answer your assessment.

Mcleod, S. A. (2007). Simply Psychology - Psychology Articles for Students. Retrieved

Lonczak, H. S. (2021). 12 Popular Counselling Approches to Consider. Retrieved from

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