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METAR and TAF
METAR and TAF
Cloud type –
whichever is greater,
visibility in
only CB
Indicator Vertical
Vertical units of
highest minimum
vertical visibility
undertaken by:
appropriate by:
sector altitude,
VVhshshs
obscured and
forecasts are
Forecast height
CAVOK is not
TWO HOURS FROM TIME OF OBSERVATION
NSC
of base of cloud
Forecast cloud
amount
TREND FORECAST
of
Significant
significant
Weather
weather
NSW
ends
by:
Nil
VISIBILITY visibility in metres 9999 = 10 km or more Abbreviated decode of METAR and SPECI
For details of codes, see
Wind speed units
KT or
Manual on Codes,
MPS
dddffGfmfm
WIND
Smooth (wavelets)
Phenomenal
Descriptive
(VRB = VaRiaBle)
Very rough
Moderate
Very high
TTGGgg
terms
Slight
TIME
AND
High
Code
TTTTT
CHANGE
S'
TEMPO = TEMPOrary
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
waterspout)
whirls (dust
(tornado or
SS Sandstorm
THE RUNWAYb
Depth of deposit
DS Duststorm
PO Dust/sand
is, intensity, followed by description, followed by weather phenomena. An example could be: +SHRA
The w'w' groups are constructed by considering columns 1 to 5 in the table above in sequence, that
OTHER
STATE OF
cloud(s)
SQ Squalls
FC Funnel
devils)
DR (low drifting) less than 2 m above the ground, BL (blowing) 2 m or more above the ground.
Runway deposits
w'w' – SIGNIFICANT PRESENT, FORECAST AND RECENT WEATHER
GR is used when hailstone diameter is 5 mm or more. When less than 5 mm, GS is used.
BR – visibility at least 1 000 m but not more than 5 000 m. FG – visibility less than 1 000 m.
Indicator of runway
WEATHER PHENOMENA
OBSCURATION
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
VA Volcanic ash
DU Widespread
SIGNIFICANT
SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE
AND
SA Sand
HZ Haze
BR Mist
dust
FG Fog
snow pellets
precipitation
THE SEA
PL Ice pellets
GS Small hail
DZ Drizzle
and/or
3
SN Snow
GR Hail
Replaced
the aerodrome)
when all
TS Thunderstorm
(supercooled)
RUNWAY
DESCRIPTOR
DR Low drifting
SH Shower(s)
Wind Shear
FZ Freezing
BC Patches
BL Blowing
MI Shallow
PR Partial
2
WEATHER
QPHPHPHPH REw’w’
RECENT
PRESSURE
developed in
of PO and FC
(no qualifier)
INTENSITY OR
PROXIMITY
REPORT
Moderate
Notes:
T'T'/T'dT'd
POINT
DEW-
AND
restriction on vertical
NsNsNshshshs (cc)
No Cloud Detected
or /// if it cannot be observed by automatic system in units of 30 m
automatic system is
Replaced when sky
Replaced when
VVhshshs
vertical visibility
NCD
NSC
detected by:
FEW – FEW (1–2 oktas) unavailable
Cloud amount: SCT – SCaTtered (3–4 oktas)
BKN – BroKeN (5–7 oktas) Indicator of
OVC – OVerCast (8 oktas) Vertical Visibility
PRESENT
variations in RVR by
during last 10 min)
UP TO FOUR
Note:
Indicator of RVR
VnVnVnVn NDV
Prevailing visibility in metres or lowest visibility if visibility is not the Abbreviation for
Followed by
prevailing by the
VnVnVnVnDv
same and fluctuating and the prevailing visibility cannot be determined
VVVV
Followed when
no directional
significant if minimum visibility
group below:
variations
9999 = 10 km or more observed in more than one direction
Lowest visibility Lowest visibility
Wind speed units used
dddffGfmfm KT or
SURFACE WIND
MPS
wind speed ≥ 3 KT
there is a variation
dndndnVdxdxdx
(50 MPS) or more
in wind direction
(measured clockwise)
00000 = calm
by group below:
Followed when
Indicator of Gust – if necessary
fmfm = 100 KT
mean ff or
Mean wind speed (10-min mean or since discontinuity) Indicator of Variability
Mean wind direction in degrees true rounded off
to nearest 10° (VRB = VaRiaBle when ff < 3 kt) Extreme direction of wind
AUTO Fully automated observation indicator
IDENTIFICATION GROUPS
METAR
SPECI
METAR – Aviation routine weather report code name
or
SPECI – Aviation special weather report code name
Z Indicator of UTC
TNYYTFTF /YeYeGFGFZ)
(TXYYTFTF /YeYeGFGFZ
BY REGIONAL
AGREEMENT
TEMPERATURE
YYGGgg is the time in hours and minutes UTC. All forecast conditions before this
YYGG/YeYeGeGe
Beginning day and time (UTC) YYGG and end day and
This takes the form FMYYGGgg where FM is the abbreviation for FroM and
TTTTT
indicated by YYGG/YeYeGeGe
self-contained part of the forecast, by:
DATE AND TIME
PROBABILITY
elements
30% or 40%
PROBability
Ceiling And Visibility OK. Replaces visibility, weather and cloud if:
–
(2) No cumulonimbus cloud and no other cloud forecast below 1 500 m (5 000 ft)
or below the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, and
(3) No significant weather forecast (see Table: Aerodrome Weather Report –
FO R E CA ST
a
METAR and SPECI decode)
visibility is available by:
Vertical visibility in
Replaced when sky
NSC
OVC – OVerCast (8 oktas)
weather pheno-
w'w'
menon forecast
SIGNIFICANT
Replaced when
WEATHER (see table w'w' for METAR/SPECI decode)
Nil Significant
NSW
significant
to end by:
Weather
FORECAST Prevailing visibility in metres
VVVV
AERODROME
00000 = calm
(P49 MPS)
(50 MPS)
dddffGfmfm
or more
Indicator of Gust
P99 KT
100 KT
fmfm =
mean
Mean wind speed
Mean wind direction in degrees true rounded
to nearest 10° (VRB = VaRiaBle when ff < 3 kt)
NIL Y1Y1G1G1/Y2Y2G2G2 CNL
TAF COR
amended aerodrome forecast and
TAF or
corrected aerodrome forecast, respectively