PREPARATION OF SLIDE

AND
EXPERIMENTS
Observations Procedureovule.theto ofTheory
style stigma stain,
portulacalgrass).
Requiredpistil(in Object
gynoecium Pollen
(2) (1) (3) Put(2) a(1) (A) and Fresh Study
Pollen
(a) Pollen Study Dust during glycerine,
Study reaches
Thick grains flower ofpollen
grainsgrains the drop ofthe and the
of
exine, structure pollen up dissecting of
Pollen gives
pollination. are grass
are are glycerine to germination
ovary. rise the
(b)made
generally grains or
Thin Grain male and
of to portulaca, ExperimentNo.
pollen on on Pollen After
a
up longgametes compound
intine. (External)
it a
two
globular. clean and
grains and tubepollen
pollination
layers: glass
cover glass facilitates which growth
under tube microscope.slides,
it
slide : pollen are
by which
compound cover ofpollen
a by thtransferred
e grain
cover
crushing entryenter slips,
slip. germinates tube
microscope. of into dropper,
anther male the from in
a
gametestigma anther pollinated
lobe. on safranine
stigma
upand to
 on
(5) (4) (3) (2) a (3)
Cut
Excess Put Gently glass (1) (B) (4)
TakeStudy It ExineStudy
slide has CYTOPLASM
IL.aS.
stain drop tease out a EXINE has of
of inthe of small INTINE
of
carpel the NUCLEUS roughPollen
is
safranine it
remove with drop a pore Fig.
pollinatedPollen VEGETATIVE
CELL
and of 1·1: surface.
Germinatioa
the Fig. at
water. Various
byforplace help 12 Germinationwhich
carpel
washing
staining. Pollinated :
section of VACUOLE NULEUSTUBE
exine
needle. from stages
the .STYLE is on
on POLLEN
TUBES POLLEN
GRAINS the thin.
section acarpel ANTIPODAL
CELLS -STIGMA of Stigna
SYNERGIDS
GAMETES NUCLEUS
EGG
MALE SECONDARY
glass portulaca/grassgermination
with slide. in
a
water: Propared
and NUCLEU
-TUBE
GAMETES
ZMALE
POLLEN
TUBE
also INTINE-EXTINE 8ide
place
it |
13
 Precautions Observations
the 14
ruptured. notbe
(2) (1) (4) wall (3) (2) (1) (7) (6)
Practical |
(4) (3)
Mounting Many Observe Put
Excess Teasing Only Pollen Some of Some
ovary. a
pollinated tube pollens pollens
germinating drop
of must the Biology
mounting must of
contains slide
glycerine
be have are
be donecarpels in under (Class
long pollens
their
and free tube
from
gently,must pollen compound just
glycerine nucleus initial are 12)
over
air care be tubesobserved
bubbles. selected. stage the
måst must and microscope
entering of section
begenerative
be germination. over
removed. taken
and
into stigma. (in
that cover
nucleus. stigma high
pollen it
power).
and with
tubes
style cover
should up
?
slin
to
 Required
Material Object issilt Thiscoarse
very
fundamental ofindicate
To sand. mixture
Observation
Explanation
So andsieve passing fineanalysis. Procedure tosoil dishes. Materials
requiredOhject
Digger, richly and (3) (2) Sandy (1) Clay Silt sand
Fine
depending
soil soon According Coarse
sand Keep sand. separatelightly With Digger, To
study Loamy
10% particles. to
supplied isClayey dries This its ofseparatethrough study
polythene heavy different the The The inthe
the clay. textural
compositions.
soiltextural
to upon
separated stone
Soil up Soil: soil soil wooden helap Polythene the
colour with It and T'hisSoil: and is the of
is very the passing
clay. the isand
next
bags, a It: soil It
proportion mineral sieve a physical
humus.bettercompact
contains composition.
Itdoescontains size The mortar.digger,
gravel. bags,
of well parts passed
containsis ofparticles, soil
through is
the
watch Experinent not meshesnature
Naerated poorly
It aerated particles of again collect
soil. and crack. about passing The The Experiment No
glasses is
approximately of the through
the usually aeratedabout sand,
On passed
the material soil a of of
soil but 10% varying
you soil sample
best through
in
sieve passing a different the
and and 65% it this silt
0.2
soil cracks and allows of 0-02
wil four through is is of soil
percolation silt basis and in again mmnext
munsel's Less to 0-2observe2 size th e the pore
for 65% usually clay, and cláy 0-002
to watch through
size
depending
plant on rapid to 02 sieve a passed soil
25% clay soils than 0-02 from passed 0.02 sizes,
coarse,drying. a mmfour glass. to from
soil silt, soil mm isseparate the
growth. ofbecomespercolation with are 0-002 mmtypes0.002 mm through
colour clay.
through the wooden upon
water 20% 9% classified is Soil
the given mm mm sieve sieve
lime water sandand10%
of is sand. field. particle
chart. is large soil to an a to is a2 mortar.
normal. of a .002 taken mm Crush
sand, water. name particles: 2.00
uniform separate The
logged. amount into
mm. mm soil forsieve the Deti sizp
It 5% It 3 to
 yellow Observation of chart.
Procedure
keep
reducing the
water Take Required
Material Object
initial ovenProcedure orgarnic
presence
(6) (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
them Witn
Weight Digger, To
at Take a Whitecolour BrownBlack
Mottling BluishRed-Yellow
contents and small
105°C-110°C estinate conditions matter inthe
Weight a
of final sample ofindicates
lump polythene Colour:
and Colour: and separate help Fnysical
the of ferrous and
weights water Colour of
WeightWeight soil Weight of at from of due Greenish Colour iron Dark a
the least for compounds. some digger,
watch and
+ the bags,
to White This
wi l : oxides. Grey
% ofcrucible soil of
t he five one this soil contents a
of the of + Mottling
fluctuating degree : is glass.
collectChemical
the byExperiment Ni
beday. soil crucibles,
moisture dry,soilwater crucible different
crucible th e Colourcolour Red Colour: the
after digging
and of colour
quantityWeigh of most Compare
samples
weigh weight the in hydration. is
= =z- keeping = samples = the the soil. water soils Bluish :due common
is Analysis
2 gm
*gmy This
-y crucible of earth it indicates to due each of
in water in box, table. silica colour
x gmgm of a and to the
100. oven the crucible. physical at colour with of
present again. greenishunhydrated soil
soil a
alternating and is Soil
for depth due the from
lime. and
one from balance
inThe Keep of is to Munsel' s
(Includingp)
different
day same the colours ferric due
organic
difference e 0.5
soil. thmetre and oxidis to
area. crucible are oxides a soilparts
Estimate oven. matter.
mixture
in or colour
the s0
in . and and |
17
 Experiment Nc

Totest the pH of the given sampleofsoil.

Materials required
1Npotassium chloride solution,pH chart,universal indicator, beaker, test
tubes, filter paper, funnel etc.
 Physical and Chemical Analysis of Soil (Including pH) | 19
Procedure
Take 10 gm of soil sample in a beaker and add 100 ml of water in it. Add 25 ml
of I N potassium chloride solution. Shake it well and allow it to stand for 20
minutes. Filter it and take the filtrate. To 20 ml of filtrate add 5 to 10 drops of
universal indicator solution to develop the colour Compare the colour with standard
pH chart paper.
Experiment No
Object
foestimate humus contents of the soil.
Material rquired
Digger. polythene bags, physical balance,spirit lamp, weight box ete.
Procedure
With the help ofa digger collect a sample of the soil from the field. Take a
small sample of soil in a crucible and heat it to about 60°C to drive out its water.
Cool it and weigh it. Now heat the crucible to a high temperature for about an
hour by occasional stirring. After the ignition is complete, cool the crucible and
weigh it again. The loss in weight will represent the quantity of humus present in
the soil.
Initial weight of the soil = gm
Final weight of the soil =ygm
Quantity of humus =x-y gm ;

Experimnent No
Object
soil.
lostudy the water holding capacity of gardensoil and roadside
Requirements
beakers
Garden soil, roadside soil, measuring cylinders, funnels, tilter papers,
balance, oven ete.
Procedure
First ofall take two funnels and line them with filter paper. Label them X and

GLASS FUNNEL
ROADSIDE SOIL
GARDEN SOIL FILTER + WATER
+ WATER
PAPER

MEASURING
CYLINDERS

WATER THAT
DRAINED
THROUGH THE SOIL

Fig. 2-2:Experiment for studying water holding capacity of soils

 Physical and Chemieal Analysisof Soil (Including pH) | 21
YPlace them on measurng cylinders. Take 100 gm oven dried sample both of the
garden soil and roadside soil. After that put the garden soil in funnel Xand
roadside soil in funnel Y. Pour 100 ml of water in each funnel. Record the volume
of filtered out water in the measuring cylinder when the dripping of water stops
from the funnel,
Observations
Record the observations and result in the table as given below:
Soiltypes Weight Volume of Volume of Volume of|Water holding
No. of water water
water capacity
soil(A) poured collected in retained of the soil
(B) measuring the soil in percentage
cylinder (C) (B-C) (B- C)A× 100
1. Garden soil
2. Road side soil
Conclusion
Normally garden soil has a higher water holding capacity than the roadside
soil,because the roadside soil has much larger quantities of sand and silt.
Precautions
(1)Weighing of soilsamples must be done accurately.
(2)Always pour water slowly and gently on the soil in the funnel.
(3) Record the volume of collected water in the measuring cylinders very
carefully. )
 Experiment No.

Object ofliving
different water samples for the presence organisms,
To study
Water samples (such as pond water, river water, canal water etc.) microscope,
Requirements
methylene blue, spirit lamp, etc.
glassslides, dropper,
Procedure
drop of water seperately from different wat.
few
Take a clean slide and put amake a thinfilm of water on the slide. Allow
samples. Spread the drops to through the flame of spirit lamp two or thros
slide of the slide
dry Pass the lower present in water on the slide.
Add afew
drop of
times to fix the living organisms the slide for two miniutes. Wash the slide and
amethylene blue on the
slide. Leave
observe the slide under the microscope.
Observation
number of types of microorganisms (such as bacteria, protozoa, diatoms.
A Different types of organisms present in
some algae,cyanobacteria) are observed.
3.3.
water samples are given in Figs. 3.2 and
Conclusion
presence of organic
Presence of large number of microorganisms indicates the
pollutants in water.

BACILLI VIBRIO SPIRILI

COOCI
pifferent types of Bacderias

*
A B D F H
A. Pleurosigma, B. Navicula, C. Amphiplura, D. Triceretium, E. Nostoc
F. Oscillatoria, G. Spirogyra, H. Asterionella, I. Gloeotricha

Daphnia Copepod Rotfer Waterstrider

Fig. 3.2: Some mieroorganisms found in water samoles

collected frot
different water bodies
Precautions
2. 1. 7
PassShake First
1
Amphod.
instar 6
the the Fig.
slidewater 3.3 mayty 2
Mosquto
Study
through :
Somenymph8
well of
larva,
before Second Dierent
theArthropods
3.
flame isopods, 8
putting instar
only found
maytly 4. Water
the Dystcus
to
drops nymph,
get in Samples
freshwater larva,
it 9.
dry. of and 5
water Dysicus,
10 for
onbodies Instar pl,
the 6 10
nymphWater
slide Clarity...
scorpion
of
from dragon

it. fBy (
27
 ofmitosis.
Requirements
acetocarmine stages Object,
Toprepare
Onion,

wide
stain,
mouthed a
needle, temporary

bottle,
brush, ExperimentNo.
mount
slide,water,

coverslip, FAA of
the
fixative, onion
burner
root
carnoy's
and tip
microscope. to
fluid, study

scissors, various
 Biology (Class 12)
36 | Practical
Method into three phases :
This exercise can be divided
tips:Take one medium size onion bulk
for root with water
(1) Growing onion Take a wide mouthed bottle and ill it Very
remove all its dry roots. the onion at the mouth of the bottle that only the
Place when tho
close upto its mouth. water. Within 3 to 4 daysnew rOots appear
discof the onion touches the phase.
about 2-3 cm in length you can start next
rootsare
AERIAL SHOOT
ONION

NEW RO0TS

BEAKER
DISC OF
WATER STEM

ADVENTITIOUS/
ROOTS

TELOPHASE
AERIAL SHOOT
METAPHASE
DISCOR STEM
MERISTEMATIC
TISSUE

DADVENTITIOUS
ROOTS PROPHASE
ROOT CAP
ANAPHASE'
Fig. 6-1 : Growing of Onion root tip for the study of
mitotic cell division
different stages o
(2) Fixingthe root lips: Youcan fix methods:
(i) Cut the root tips in the morningroot-tips
around9byA.M. the following
oneeofbecause mitotic activity
occurs at this time. Using scissors, cut the root tips. Keep these root tipsin FAA
fixative (10 ml formalin + 90 ml ethyl alochol 90% + 5 mlgglacial acetic acid.tor
about 24 hours. After that transfer root tips in l: 1 con. HCI and 95%ethyl
alcohol for 20 minutes. Then keep them in carnoy's fluid 60 mi absolute alcohai +
30 ml chloroform +10 ml giacial acetic acidy for 10 minutes. Finally putthe cut
root tips in 70% alcohol for
permanent preservation.
 centromere.Prophase the Observetransfer
Observation tip Nowwater. slide a alcohal
size.
and
Metaphase and preservation. (3) (ii)
Observe
(3) (2) (1)nucleus takeShift
(1) (4) and for Cut
TheChromatin
Each he
the then tPreparation
The The athe add 10the
nuclear under the slideplace rootclean
nucleolus
chromosomes chromosome material aminutes. root
slide under tip few
reticulum high aslide,
on
membrane under coverslip. the drops of tips
also power the put to a After in
become the slide. temporary a of
the
Fig. disappears
contains coils microscope. watch
3-4
for
microscope. Excess dil that
Prophase
6-2:Fig. starts Gentlydrops morning.
6:3: shorter to
various
or
glass. HCI transfer
two form
in disappearing stainwarm of for
mount
se
prophase.
and chromosomes.
chromatid stages You acetocarmine Add 1 Put
can the a or the
thicker MEMBRANE
NUCLEAR
NUCLEOLUS
-CHROMOSOMES
FORMATION)
(UNDER DEGENERATING
DEGENERATING wil few 2 of root
-CENTROMERE} SPINDLE
-CHROMATIDS FIBERS of be seconds. root root
slide.
Stage in mitosis. see renmoved drops
and prophase. which tips Mitotic
rectangular Squashstain of tip: tips in
acquire Wash Take in
are acetocarmine 1:3
by on 70% Cell
CHROMOsOME connected blotting the off one
a cells. the acetic
sperific stained the root alcohal Division
slide
Observe acid acid
shape by
paper. stain. tip
root and
byon for |37
a t+
 Telophase to forms
Anaphase equatorial line.an 38
(3) (2) (1) (4contract.
) (3) (2) (1) (4) (3) The(2) |
one The Fine
Chromosomes
Practical
ear Daughter Number Two Spindle
Chromosomes
daughter
sets centromere fibrilschromoSomes
ne of fibrils Biology
chromosomesdaughter of organize
chromatids chromosomes.
uncoil which are
of
and each attached m0ve(Class
chromosomes
to are to
Fig. Fig.
lus formreach move attached chromosome form towards
6-5 6-4 12)
SPINDLE
FIBERS
NUCLEOLUS
(FORMING)
EQUATORIAL
(FORMING)
PLATE MEMBRANE
NUCLEAR
(REARRANGING
CHROMOSOME
CHROMATIN
MATERIAL
INTO
: chromatin the towards : spindle to
spindle
phase Anaphase
tart
g. poles to the
is the
same the SPINDLE
FIBERS-DAUGHTER
in chromatid CHROMOSOME divides fibres.fibres centre
reticulum.
this ontwo
into by of
stage. bothpoles. the
their
sides. by two. cell
centromere, centromere.
So on
and
NUCLEUS each arranged get

begns
chromas
 nightPreparations iodinespirit
starch to Requirements Objeçt
2. make 1. lamp Test Ao
1% and solution, study
paste into ita 1% tubes,
NaCl then Starch or
already burner, the
lution.filter thick iodide,
test-tube action
solution.
prepared,
topaste. masuring
etc.
get
of
stands, Experiment
is_olve 1%
Boil To salivary No.
starch cylinder,
gradually 90 10 pipettes,
1 ml ml amnylase
solution.g of of
NaCl starch,
distilled
distilled
by beakers,
in
stirring.
100 sodium on
waterwater starch.
ml cotton,
ofLeave and add chloride,
lled
to 1 funnel,
the itgof
add distilled
ater. solution soluble
10 water
ml
of wale bath,
Over- thsetarch
 Artion of $alivaryAmylase on Starch | 41

37C

Watet

starch 1 mt water
(cortroi tube)
Wire gaUZ•
Burrer
Ghsicn 1 )
(Exparinertal tube
digestion Miztura)
lodine indicator tubes

Droppor 1drop frrn E

F Es
0 rmin B min

Yelk Yeilow
B

Dropper 1 drop from C

Cs
2min min l8 min

Blue Blue

Fig. 7.1 : Experimental set up to show the action of

salivary amylase on starch
 digest. Result Table Only
Observations solution).
iodine
iodine colour
iodine. and iodine astubes purpose).add acquire thisfor two enzyme. In ofwayDrain 42|
zero
bat h ofas Procedure
rubber
the
takes It (min)
Time 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 1% Þ.
etely the control and To
erperimental 2.
seats
To
1.
test that
1. Perform
Compare with Note doesKeep After minute
tubes-one ml maintained the NaCl. Prepare Collection off
Practical
4 2 Time
experimental of the a of it
the not an
pour same test tube. and acts the
5 iodine. tubes
on water. iodine
ml total
change. reading. experimental it
Label pour water
5
required Benedict's the repeating interval fo r tube. tu be series Take as
1%o into temperature at filter. Biology
mlof series This time and Wi th it tubes the of of
Experimnental tube experimental 37°C as To add of l the
minutes No colour
Blue
colour
Blue starch tube Not e pour two saliva,
1% is of th e control
another 5and test incoming mnl
change
to test ofknowntaken after 2separate approximately tube ml of Keepcotton (Class
tareh will
reach experimental that minutes, to help
at fo r (In of
keeptubes saliva the Make
for develop for anthe add
37°C both iodine and saliva and 12)
in
ofsummer tube. test 1%
tion 1 Reaction
iodine
with astheintervaliodine l starch them
having and funnel
ml colour achromic again tubes,
dropper, ml Now tube a
by e achromic
hexperimental for other add into spread thin
of orange tiodine of in
the control tubes.
faor add
1
to
diluted of experimental of takecontaining for takedilute beakerabout putsolution separate ml 19the over film
the iodine salivarypoint colour tube every 5 ml a it
point control).
a a
both ml of funnel. ofclean
over of
mic
enzyme Note anzyme 10 of and iodine the
(end with tube
tube 2 drop drop filled these 1% stands. water test cotton
on (i.e., minutes iodine minutes 1
amylase th e always the form Note from starch Filtered
colour
colour
Blue Blue
colour
Blue
colour
Blue
colourcolour
Blue Blue
colour
Blue
Control
tube heating. and till and with ml get tube.mouth and
oint 1: point) no it change test solution
of
control
the each th(from
e to 1:20
20
blue doesgives till each water solution
the so
tubes 1%
(cnd in cpntrol
saliva Nowfunnelof. dip
lution) notexperimental
the in time two of that NaCl. in dilution 1t
digesting iodine colour blue control can in each. chew into
nt). colour
colour ofthese
series they wil in
give adding beandlmi a Label
tubes. tube with colour:.
tube used water Make collect
of piece such awater
any test also the
of of of it a
 periment. point.
gested
PrecautionsHence,waterachromic oractivator
maltose. into
Explanation ing
5. 4. In In Ine
maltose the At
3. 2. 1.
While
All Maintain Filter All blue has the into the achromic
presence
the the Starch of enZyme
been experimental
measuring weighing the colour
controlmaltose. the (a
glasswares
uniform saliva added. enzyme.
disaccharide).
keeps salivary point
of
keeps tube, simple
At
saliva, through
and Therefore, we this onThe tube, experimental
usedtemperature coming have giving amylase sugars
measuring point enzyme
must there we
Starch
only and Action
wet a with in no blue have present
shouldbe this
starch blue
gradually gives tube
thoroughly ofcotton iodine
should colour starch absence
the tube colour in shows of
and blue Salivary
bewater
be
film solution. with and saliva
no starchNaCI. acts colour of a
done and is starch.
positive
cleaned air for formed. iodine enzymeon acts
Insteadis Amylase
bubbles. both, very not
not starch with on
through till both. starch Benedict's
and accurately. digested This
throughout of itand iodine.
dried. on
enzyme, completely is is NaCl and
a the convert Starch
filter to test
end acts convert
maltose indicat
the paper. I point it as
ex ml di
into an |
43
of it
 can Preparation
95Solutions
gof of
juice,Requirements
mortar
ride, green Object
be ml 2. 1. Introdu
non-iodised distilled Plant To
of
used Detergent
Meat 95% pea
distilled and isolate
as
tenderizer material
ethanol, pestle, seeds,
substitute water,
sodium salt DNA
water papaya
spoolbeakers,
meat (such
solution from
solution
(Juice
for chloride ete.
tenderizer asavailable
meat test ete.
spinach Experiment
of is is No.
papaya/pine fprepared tubes,
prepared to
tenderizer). 90
or
ml liquid
papain leaves, plant
of by
by
distilled
adding detergent,green material
apple,
adding5g solutionjuice
filtered water. 10 pea
ml
ofliquid non-iodisedseeds such
tenderizer
through cloth of as
papayapine or
detergent green spinach
(enzyme
muslin sodium
papaya,
and appie chlo leaves,
v
 quality PrecautionsObservation
remove DNA spectrophotometer.
through the layer test muslclointh.grind
Procedure the ride
precipitate 5. 4. on 3. tube 2. it 1.freezer 4, in 3.
Þ. Z. I. fibres The The Using Pour Take Take
in
Chilling 100 NaCl5%
which The All any The addition Fig. the by th e
quantity over ml
chemicals the dustplant appears the top holding 10 10 5gof
glasswares 8.1: of ml ml mortar of of
solution
should of night. distilled
and DNA DNA glass chilled
the of the ethanol
material of
as ofDNA the the plant
by
beand dried ethanol and rod
content;
white (spool that filtrate,
tube adding is
manufactured stir ethanol tissue water.
mustprepared
by
enzymes used should presentplace Insolation
blotting
must precipitate toseparates gently lebetweent 10 be
the reel =
add (spinach done
it carefully
in it ml
used be be solution through 3-4 by
washed for out
in a stand
the test the detergent, by
dissolving
by before
thoroughly ml
for of winding two leaf/ keeping of
standard the very can givenndisturbed
tenderizer/papayajuice
tube down
interface DNA
weighing. causes be hands
experiment throughly fine plant with saltgreen
removed
yarn) the 95% 5gof from
pharamaceuticals. cleaned threads DNA solution pea
material 5%offor side mix to ethanol
with NaCl the seed/ non-iodised Plant
to of
must and on by twoabout test the andgreen
distilled
dried. precipitation.
the spooling can or contents. inMaterials
be distilled layers tube
3 filter plastic
of glass beminutes. and papaya) sodium
standard water estimated
spool. to to swirlthe through it bottle
The
water. collect form
to and chlo
a in 49