8/7/2019 EPBM&F: Lesson 7.

Aerodynamic properties of biomaterials

Engineering Properties of Biological Materials and Food Quality 3(2+1)

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Lesson 7. Aerodynamic properties of biomaterials
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Introduction:
Current course
EPBM&F Aero and /or hydrodynamic properties are very important characters in hydraulic
Participants transport and handling as well as hydraulic sorting of agricultural products. To
General provide basic data for the development of equipment for sorting and sizing of
Module- 1 agro commodities, several properties such as: physical characteristics and
Engineering
Properties of
terminal velocity are needed. The two important aerodynamic characteristics of
Biological Mat... a body are its terminal velocity and aerodynamic drag. By defining the terminal
Module- 2 Physical velocity of different threshed materials, it is possible to determine and set the
Properties of maximum possible air velocity in which material out of grain can be removed
Biomaterials
without loss of grain or the principle can be applied to classify grain into
Module- 3
Engineering different size groups. In addition, agricultural materials and food products are
Properties routinely conveyed using air. For such operations, the interaction between the
Lesson 5. Basics solid particles and the moving fluids determine the forces applied to the
of Thermal particles. The interaction is affected by the density, shape, and size of the
properties
particle along with the density, viscosity, and velocity of the fluid. This chapter
Lesson 6.
Measurement of discusses briefly with the different aerodynamic properties and their methods of
thermal measurement.
properties of
bio...
Lesson 7.
Aerodynamic 7.1. Drag Coefficient:-
properties of
biomaterials It is used to quantify drag or resistance of an object is a fluid environment such as air
Lesson 8. or water. It is a dimensionless quantity. Drag coefficient is always associated with
Frictional
properties of surface area:
biomaterials
Module- 4
Figure
Rheological
Properties of
Biomaterials
Module- 5 Food
Quality
Module- 6 Food
Sampling
Module- 7 Sensory
quality
Module 8. Quality
Control and
Management
Module 9. Food
Laws
Module 10.
Standards and
regulations in food When fluid flow occurs
quali...
about immersed objects, the action of the forces involved can be illustrated as follows.
Lesson 32.
Sanitation in food
The pressure of the upper side of the object is less than that of lower side is great than
industry that of & that of lower side is greater than the pressure p in the undisturbed fluid
Courses stream. In addition to these force normal to the surface of the object, there are shear
stresses, C acting tangential to the surfaces in the direction of flow & resulting from
frictional effects.
The resultant force for may be resolved into components, FD the drag & FV the lift
force.

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8/7/2019 EPBM&F: Lesson 7. Aerodynamic properties of biomaterials

\[{F_D} = {f_1}({A_P},{\rho _f},\eta ,E,V)\] \[{A_P}\]=Projected area of the object

\[{F_L} = {f_2}({A_P},{\rho _f},\eta ,E,V)\] rf=Fluid density, h=Viscosity of
fluid
E= modulus of Elasticity
V= Velocity of the object relative to
fluid
Employing dimensional analysis.
\[{F_D} = {C_D}\frac{{{A_p}{\rho _f}{V^2}}}{2}.............................1\]
\[{F_L} = {C_L}\frac{{{A_p}{\rho _f}{V^2}}}{2}.............................2\]
\[{C_D}\] &\[{C_L}\] are drag coefficient & lift Coefficient
\[{F_r} = \frac{1}{2}C{A_p}{\rho _f}{V^2}.............................3\]
\[{F_r}\]=resistance drag force Wt. of particles at thermal velocity
C= overall drag coefficient
In certain cases it is desirable to resolve the resultant force into components of force
into components of frictional drag to tangential force on the body surface & profile
drag due to pressure distribution around the body. In laminar or low velocity flow
where variation in fluid density is small and viscous action governs the flow, the
profile or pressure drag is negligible. In thermal or high velocity flow where fluid
compression & not viscous action governs the flow, the frictional drag is negligible.
e.g. Frictional drag:- drag force exerted on one side of a smooth flat plate aligned with
flow.
e.g. Profile drag:- drag force on blunt object.
Frictional Drag: - for Flat laminar boundary layer
\[{C_f} = \frac{{1.328}}{{{{\left( {{N_R}} \right)}^{0.5}}}}............4\]
For flat plate turbulent boundary layer
\[{C_f} = \frac{{0.455}}{{\log {{\left( {{N_R}} \right)}^{2.58}}}}............5\]
\[{N_R}\]=Reynolds number \[{N_R} = \frac{{Vdpf}}{\eta }.....................6\]
d=length or diameter of a sphere (dimension of an object)
η=absolute viscosity,
V= relative velocity
rf= fluid density

For transition region

\[{C_f} = \frac{{0.455}}{{\log {{\left( {{N_R}} \right)}^{2.58}}}} - \frac{{1700}}
{{{N_R}}}............7\] Drag should be multiplied by 2 for plates of 2 side.
Profile or Pressure Drag:
When a blunt object, known as sphere is placed in a fluid flow, the frictional drag can
be neglected because of the small surface area on which frictional effects can work.
The exception is the case of flow at very low Reynolds number is less than unit, where
stokes low is applicable. Here inertia force may be neglected & those of viscosity
alone considered, the flow closes behind a sphere like object & profile drag is
composed primarily of frictional drag.
Stoke’s law of drag force

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8/7/2019 EPBM&F: Lesson 7. Aerodynamic properties of biomaterials

\[F\Delta = 3\pi \eta V{d_P}...........8\] \[{d_P}\]= diameter of sphere, diameter of

sphere,
viscosity
Equating (9) equation (1)
\[{F_D} = \frac{{{C_D}{A_P}{\rho _f}{V^2}}}{2} = 3\pi \eta V{d_p}\]
\[3\pi \eta V{d_p} = \frac{{{C_D}{A_P}{\rho _f}{V^2}}}{2}\] \[{N_R} =
\frac{{\rho V{d_p}}}{\eta }\]
\[3\pi \eta {d_p} = \frac{{{C_D}{\pi ^2}}}{{2 \times 4}}d_P^2{\rho _f}V\] \[{A_P}
= \frac{\pi }{4}d_p^2\]
24=CDNR \[24 = {C_D}{\rho _f}\frac{{V{d_P}}}{\eta }\]

\[{C_D} = \frac{{24}}{{{N_R}}}...............9\]
As Reynolds number exceeds unity, the stokes law is no longer applicable because
flow opens up behind the blunt object & the drag force is a combination of frictional
drag as well as pressure drag in a range up to NR =1000. NR above frictional effect
may be negligible.
Terminal Velocity:
In free fall, the object will attain a constant terminal velocity Vt at which, where
acceleration will be zero.
Net gravitational accelerating net upward equals to the sum of buoyant force and drag
force
Gravitational force acting downward= buoyant force exerted by the fluid on the body
in upward direction+ drag force (frictional resistance due to motion of the body in the
fluid medium)
\[{m_p}g = {m_p}{a_f} + \frac{1}{2}\left( {{A_p}{P_f}V{t^2}} \right)........10\]
\[{m_p}g\left( {\frac{{{\rho _p} - {\rho _f}}}{{{\rho _p}}}} \right) = \frac{1}
{2}\left( {{A_p}{\rho _f}V{t^2}} \right)........10\] g= acceleration due to gravity
\[{V_t} = \left[ {\frac{{2W({\rho _p} - {\rho _f})}}{{{\rho _f}{\rho _p}{A_P}C}}}
\right]\] g= acceleration due to gravity
\[{V_t} = \left[ {\frac{{2W({\rho _p} - {\rho _f})}}{{{\rho _f}{\rho _p}{A_P}C}}}
\right]\] \[{m_p}\]= mass of particles, W=wt. of particles
\[e = \left[ {\frac{{2W({\rho _p} - {\rho _f})}}{{{\rho _f}{\rho _p}{A_P}C}}}
\right]................11\] \[{P_p}\]=mass density of particles, \[{P_f}\] = mass density of
fluids
For spherical Bodies
\[{A_p} = \frac{\pi }{4}d_P^2 = W = \left( {\frac{\pi }{6}} \right){P_p}gd_P^3\]
\[{V_t} = {\left[ {4g{d_P}({p_P} - {p_f})/3{p_f}} \right]^{1/2}}..............12\]
For laminar flow, the value of C in calculated from for Reynolds number L1.0,
substituting C in NR.
\[{V_t} = g{d_P}^2({p_P} - {p_f})/18\eta ..............13\]

For turbulent flow 103< NR<2×105 c=0.44

\[{V_t} = 1.74{\left[ {g{d_P}({p_P} - {p_f})/{p_f}} \right]^{1/2}}..............14\]

Finally for intermediate region 2< NR<103

\[C = \frac{{18.5}}{{({N_R})0.5}}............15\]
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8/7/2019 EPBM&F: Lesson 7. Aerodynamic properties of biomaterials

\[{V_t} = \frac{{0.153{g^{0.714}}{d_{}}^{0.142}{{({p_P} - {p_f})}^{0.714}}}}

{{{p_f}^{0.286}{\eta ^{0.428}}}}..............16\]
Measurement of terminal velocity:
Most scientists and researchers employ air column to find out the terminal velocity of
grains. The set up usually consists of a vertical air column, which is blown from the
bottom and passes through the screen. The screen uniformly distributes the air
velocity. The air column is also attached with velocity measuring device. The blower
maintains variable speed. When grains are allowed to drop into the column, initially
they attains acceleration, once the velocity is adjusted they fall to the bottom with a
constant velocity. This constant velocity is termed as terminal velocity

Factors affecting aerodynamic properties of biomaterials:

Frontal area
Particles size orientation(In turbulent region particles assumes position of
maximum resistance)

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8/7/2019 EPBM&F: Lesson 7. Aerodynamic properties of biomaterials

L= thickness of disk, length of rod or cylinder length of flat ᶲ late along director of
flow
K=2002/n NR

Grains Terminal velocity, m/s

Wheat 9-11.5

Barley 8.5-10.5

Small oats 19.3

Corn 34.9

Soybean 44.3

Rye 8-5-10.0

Oats 8.0-9.0

Grains Bulk Density Particle density

Wheat 850 1480-1410

Paddy 575 1411-1342

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8/7/2019 EPBM&F: Lesson 7. Aerodynamic properties of biomaterials

Parboiled rice 522-566 1405-1346

Rice 507-565 946-991

Bean 750

oat grain 1380.0

o In the handling and processing of agricultural products, air is often used as a carrier
for transport or for separating the desirable products from unwanted materials,
therefore the aerodynamic properties, such as terminal velocity and drag
coefficient, are needed for air conveying and pneumatic separation of materials.
As the air velocity, greater than terminal velocity, lifts the particles to allow greater
fall of a particle, the air velocity could be adjusted to a point just below the
terminal velocity. The fluidization velocity for granular material and settling
velocity are also calculated for the body immersed in viscous fluid.

Application to Agricultural products

o Separation of foreign materials from seeds, grains potato, blue berry

o Conveying and handling of grains, chopped forage small & large fruits
o Hydraulic handling of apples, cherries, mango& potatoes etc.
Working principle of Aspirator:- Under steady state condition, where terminal velocity
has been achieved, if the particles density is greater than fluid density, the particles

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8/7/2019 EPBM&F: Lesson 7. Aerodynamic properties of biomaterials

motion will be downward. If particles density is smaller than the fluid density, the
particle will be rise.

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