CHARTER It isseen

It iss
that Zg is purely
ZaV--E ULTRA HIGH FREOUENCY
ive as there

75
6
6.1)
mnedance
rpcderistic impedance ol of a UHF lIne
is
purely
is no
resistive
reactive and maycomponent in Eq. (6.1). Theretore
STANDING WAVE RATIO be given the fore,
ready been explained in Art. 3,4, symbol Ro.
Jt
nated, natravelling
uially electromagneuc wave
that
from
when a UHF
transmission line is not correctly
at the termination. The generator at the sending
complet
for ccurrent and voltape combination of incident end is reflected
standing waves
u r T e n t and
voltage along the line, inwith and reflected waves gives rise to
voltage along line, when the line is lossless, as shown Fig.definite
6.1. maxima and
minima of current and
ULTRA HIGH
FREQUENCY LINES
abbreviated as U.HF ines covers frequency range Vmax
lines nommally from 300to
'UItra High Frequencies lines are those
transmission lines which operate
min
MHz. Therefore, UHF
from 300 to 3000 to 10 cm.
are from 100
cm
3000 MHz o r whose wavelengths wire lines become appreciable
ble
radiation losses in open DISTANCE
in earlier chapter,
As already explained UHF lines. However, coaxial cablescan
not c o m e under
MHz and they do
for frequencies above 300 c o m e under category or UHF
nes ; but they have (a) Lossless line terminated in a load not equal to Ra
3000 MHz and hence,
handle frequencies upto
in the preceding chapter.
already been discussed UHF lines and will be
discussed in detail ANTINODEE
under the category of
Waveguides also c o m e but since the physical length of
dielectric losses may be appreciable
At UHF range, ohmic and
N
Calculations made on a
lossless basis agree very
losses is usually disregarded.
line is small, the effect of mentioned here that the basic
reason for this
It may
well with those measured at UHF lines. of
losses are negligible at ultra high
frequencies, but that the physical lengths
agreement is not that and only the phase shift
is of
the total atenuation is nearly zero,
practical lines are such that are taken.
UHF line can be considered lossless if only short lengths
consequence. Therefore, a
short NODE NODE DISTANCE
at particular frequencies when the
far end is open or
become resonant
UHF lines can
transmitter and in (5) Line having short-circut or open
circuit terminadon.
They are used as 'feeder lines' to radio Fig. 6.1. Standing waves.
circuited as explained in chapter two.
and as circunt
labelled in Fig. 6.1 (a),
whereas the nodes and
of pemeability, power factor of dielectrics, wavelength, impedance Maximum and minimum values
on a line are wave
or curent in the standing
measurements
elements. auu-uode àre indicated in Fig. 6.1 (b).
Nodes are points of zero voltage
line teninated in its
characteristic
or current. A
6.1. CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE aninodes points of maximum voltage
are
AL UHF range oL >>R as o will be very large. In addition UHF
lines are physically shortaud pcdance or no standing
resistance has
waves and hence
no
nodes a line having
aduuu or voltage on
of curent
reactance. Similarly, wC >> G, 1n and minimunm magnitudes denoted by
hence the resistance will be very small as compared with the De ratio of the maximum
as SWR and is nomally
G be assumed nearly zero because of the small number of insulators. wave ratio. It is abbreviated wave ratio is
abbreviated as
can waves is called the standing
g ratio of voltage only, the standing
Thus series impedance Z, from Eq. (1.1 a) is given by, . While dealing with the
vC
VSWR. .(6.2)
Z=R+jwL =joL
and shunt admittance Y, from Eq. (1.1 b) and is given by,
Therefore, ysWR Vnin it is equal
to 1, the line is
Y=G+joC=joC. VSWR is always greater
than 1 and
when
From Eq. (1.18 a), characteristicimpedanceZo, is given by nificant
that
diagrams.
We
of phasor
CCdy terminated and there is no retlecuou best by help
w a v e s can
be explained
of standing
RKS PuCnomenon
TRANSMISSIONLINES AND NETwOH
ANSMISSION LINESAND NETWORKS
 1/6,uLTRAHIGH FREQUENCYLINES conditions of total
lossless line under
Can take the simplest case of a
Ei and E, travel Thus, ULTRA HIGH
Since the components
reflection so that 1EI IE,I.' m o v e with the same velocity but in
=
,=KI
FREQUENCY LINES 177
0
opposite directions, their phasor is
is shown in Fig. 6.2 and 6.4 (a)
opposite directions. Such a phasor diagram of phasors, the incident 1
known as Crank diagram. In this representation
Eq.
(6.4 a) is very iportant as it helps in
and reflected component moves 8 ... 16.4 (b))
Component is assumed to be stationary
relative velocity of 2 Bd.
At any point, the
E or l 12) if Zo
and ZR Or a line are given. computing
the value of
n clockwise direction with a VSWR with the
resultant of two components gives the voltage E
or current7 at that
KE2 s OCATION ATION OF VOLTAGE MAXIM
ies
it is AND MINIM
help of
point
64. From earlier stu
known that
voltage V, at any
the two Vi and
reflected voltage V.V,. |V,|
|V»| g0es point on the
When phasor of the reflected voltage is at position A, which may be through successive maximaline is the sum of incident
voltage components add and at this point voltage
maxima occurs. At
2pd
yollnoints designatedas Vmx, the
at other points, say Vmin they add in phase opposition two
and minima
components because,
certain
this instant the phasor of the reflected current 1s at posiuon b and e Fig. 6.2. Crank diagram of incidant.
to givel Vain. add in at
phase to give
two curment components cancel each other giving
current minima. reflected waves. and
Since we are dealing with lossless line Vnaxand
After phase rotation of 180" (one-fourth time period later because the phasors are rotating at a velocit. here, d=0 ie., P =jB. Putting P
=p n Eq. (3.10 a) we
that is twice as that of the velocity of the incident component), is reached the position of voltage gel
minima and current maxima. That it is found that while the two adjacent voltage maximas or minimae V.=be +ae R
distance measured from the (6.5)
h e reflection co-efficient is teminating
are locatç/2 distant apart, the distance between a current minima or maxima from adjacent voltag point receiver. or
[tage wherey
minima or maxima is / 4 expressed in magnítude and direction both ie. in polar from
63 RELATION BETWEEN vSWR AND REFLECTION COEFFICIENT K=K /0= IK le*.
Taking only the r.m.s. value (and not the instantaneous) and measuring from generator end, it .. (6.6)
is obvious from Fig. 6.1, that the points of voltage maximum are where the incident and reflected But from Eq. (3.9 a), K=
voltage are in phase and add upP.
Putting the values of reflected and incident voltages from Eq. (6.5), we get
Va Vi+V . 16.3 (a)]
where Vi is the r.m.s. value of incident voltage and V, is the r.m.s. value of the reflected voltage. K= be
also
Van-|-|v|
because the points of voltage minimum are those where the incident and reflected voltage are out of
.. [6.3 (b)]
At the receiver, y =0 K=
phase and thus, will bhave opposite sign.
Substituting this value of K in Eq. (6.6), we get
From Eq. (6.2),
VSWR=A
a=blKle".
Substituting the value of Vnax and Vmin from Eqs. (6.3), we get,
Putting this value of a in Eq. (6.5), we get
VSWR= Vil+ V,I
VSWRTVI-IV,
Dividing numeratorand denominator by Vi, we have
V=be*E +b|
K|e"=be(1+IKle®.e*2»)
= beP{1 +IKle7y -*)
the modulus of both the sides,
we get
VSWR: 1 Taking only
IVl=l bl +IKlei 4-*).
(1
the two components
are in phase, i.e., at
has maximum amplitude when
YOItage
values y vYmax, Cwhere
=
.(6.7)
But from Eq. (3.9 a), the voltage reflection co-efficient, 2BYmax- =2 nt
is given by,
ofthe voltage
K Nhere n
equals zero or any integer.IVna=lbl
The maximum
absolute
{1 +IKI

value
..(6.8)
As we know lowersuffix i means incidentand r meansreflected.
TRANSMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS ANGMISSION LINES AND NETWORKS