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GENERAL WAVES
 Wave
It is a disturbance in a medium .

Gamma rays X-ray Ultraviolet Visible

,
, ,

OR
light Infrared Microwaves Radio
waves
, ,
.

id
,
is
It mode
of transferring

sh
* a

Ra
another
energy from one
point to Transverse Waves
Longitudinal Waves

an
.

sh
ÉÑ
'

Ka
Classification of waves ÷:

by
'

•
-

:
i. :÷:-.

ics
1. Mechanical vs
Electromagnetic
.

ys
Enough
.

Iv

Ph
2. Transverse vs
longitudinal crest computes sion rarefaction
3.
Progressive vs
stationary Intent • Waves in which •
Waves in which
't
vibration direction
direction
of ofto vibration

E
Mechanical Electromagnetic to the

E
perpendicular parallel
AT
C
is is

N
LE
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C
waves
EX of direction
of
waves direction
M
the
G
energy
IN
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energy transfer transfer

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R
FO

.
LA

.
ER

Waves which need No need

of medium
of
N

of source
RT

• •
* source *
PA
C
R
U

medium to travel
of Comprises of
YO

to crests
a
Comprises
• •
.

travel also travel

They can and troughs compressions and
.
•

Cannot travel in
• in vacuum .
•

Electromagnetic rarefactions .

water Soundwave
vacuum •

Electromagnetic spectrum ,
waves •

•
Sound ,
water waves
spectrum
Characteristics of waves 1 .

Displacement ( K)

"
The distance
of a
point on a wave
from its
mm
A #•
mean
position .

id
r

sh
r

Ra
→•

2
Amplitude (a)

an
.

>

sh
tls Maximum
displacement of a
point on a wave

Ka
from its position

by
-

A iii.
mean .

, , , , , •

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Hmv

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3. Time Period ( T )
"
Nm °
The time taken to produce one wave

°
The time taken for one wane to
pass a
point .

E
E
AT
C
I

N
÷

LE
EL
> > >

C
EX
M
dlm :
.

G
IN
U
SS
RS

= -

t
PU

E- 0 T
-
R

÷
FO
LA

,
ER

Hm s
N
RT

-
PA
C

,,
R
U

Frequency If )
YO

4.
•
Particles vibrate about The produced unit time
only no
of waves
per
°
.

their position the The passing point per unit time

of
-

mean on °
no .
waves a .

"
wave .
 in 20s Ld NX )
100 Waves were
produced D= 10cm
example
dy g.
:
.
v. =
e.

Frequency : ? N t -2cm
-

"
20s -
100 waves " = 100 V= NX 4=5,1

id
To ← t

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1s -

ye t

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v
ft

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-
-

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N: no
of waves in time t
f- I

Ka
.

t : time t

by
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t

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if 14=1 so t=T hence
f- = 1

SI Unit : Hertz ( H2 ) T

E
Waves peed In

E
AT
C
5.

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C
the distance travelled waveform EX
M
by a IN
G
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per unit
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time
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FO

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N
RT
PA
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t :-O
d
Ét;t
=
,

I
,
 Intensity of wave II )
Energy
' '

6. a
\ ,

I
1
'

Energy delivered per unit

'
area
per i ,

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,

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unit time

Ra
.
'
Area
OR

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sh
Power per unit area I =
I 117=41174

Ka
.

I A

by
•

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I I 1-
I=¢¥p
I E = I ✗ a

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=
or

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A- ✗ t A A '
" ' "
'
"
'
" '

IP constant )
'
'

•
:

{ Az } soiree
Intensity ✗
frequency content I ✗
1
✓

E
.

1 For radiation )

E
electromagnetic
AT
C
ra

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C
EX
M
IN
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•

Energy spread out

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'
SS
RS

Intensity ( Amplitude ) all

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directions
equally
-
✗ in
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'
I It
N

Ia,
✗ a
RT
PA
C

=
R
U

ai Amplitude
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✓ ✗ 1-

distance
'

Intensity 1 I I a' square

✓
a ✗
1- ✗ a ✗
1- ax
,
I distance /
2
d
'
I } '
root
,

ay
✗ d d

Iidi = Izdi ,
aid , = azdz
 23 A sound wave consists of a series of moving pressure variations from the normal, constant air
pressure.

The graph shows these pressure variations for two waves at one instant in time.

pressure
variation wave 2 ✓

/ 10–2 Pa wave 1 KID

3.0

2.0

1.0

id
distance

sh
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 /m

Ra
–1.0

an
sh
–2.0

Ka
by
–3.0
ics I ✗ a
'
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Wave 1 has an intensity of 1.6 × 10–6 W m–2.
Ph

Ratio method /
'
What is the intensity of wave 2? "
1. 6×10 - (2)
2
A 2.4 × 10–6 W m–2
I -
(3)
3.0 × 10–6 W m–2
E

B
(1.6×106)×9
E
AT
C

I
N

=
LE

3.6 × 10–6 W m–2

EL

C
C
EX

4
M
G
IN

D 4.5 × 10–6 W m–2 b

U

-2
I
SS

Wm
-
RS

=
3.6×10
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II. a
N
RT
PA
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1212 -
I
1312 -

a-
a×÷
-

✗
94-1
=

2 in
intensity of wave

terms I.
of
¥ MJ/ 1983/12110.4

id
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Ra
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-

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iii. = -7
-

Ka
-
.

by
1m

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5m

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E
1m IN 1 b)

AT
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d, A) AAI

N
=

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D=
C
z
1.0×10-5 Wm
EX
M
Ii d
-

G
= IN
U
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RS

70µm Iidi Izdi aid , azdz

PU

a, = = =
R
FO
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11×10 5) (1) Iz / 55 170111 ) (5)

'
Az
N

=
RT

=
PA
C
R
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dz 5m Iz 4.0×10-7 Wm-2 14µm

YO

= = a, =
.

Iz = ?

Az = ?
 7 . Phase 101
"
It is used to tell about the state PHASE ANGLE IS DETERMINED
"

of motion of a
point on a wave USING RATIO METHOD

id
.

sh
to radian
degree

Ra
"

It is
represented in angles ? 180 Trad 1- 360°

an
-

sh
360° -251rad t 01

Ka
am 90 1rad 360° ( in )
10

by
t
degree
-

=
✗

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^
B 13190 ) 2
T

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@ •

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µ
Go
•

° A
,
H t.it 10 = t
✗
21T ( in radians )
É É
•

# Ola TT T
>

E
. .

I
• .

Ot

E
G. O
AT
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☐ 4 tls

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101 11801 13601
C
360°
EX
D=
M
•E E X 360°
G

dy
IN
✗
U
SS
•
RS

0
PU

d
R
FO
LA

• •
ER

0=0×1×217
N

F 1=12701
RT
PA
C

r
R
U
YO

Mm

0/0=0 0c= 160° Of = 270°

IOA 60°
=
0/1 180°
>
=
0/9=360 or 0°

0/13=900 E- - 240° 0/1-1=420 or 60°

Hm Phase
difference between two
points
•

T -
360° A

id
• •

DO

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¥? Dt -

C. DO

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•

C *
:-.

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•

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Ot ta tls DO = Dt ✗ 360°

Ka
,
← >

T
360 DO
-

by
At
.

ics
similarly

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. . .

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v
X -
360°
-

Nm Dd -

DOI
DOI 360°
Agl ✗
=

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E
AT
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C
EX
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N
RT
PA
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Hm At leading wave
phase difference between two waves

Ed T
T 360° DO 360

↳
lagging
- =

id
•

Dt Ap

sh
wave -

Ra
@ @

* *

an
-
-

. • • •
•

sh
difference
0 where it is the time
th

Ka
.
.

between birth
corresponding points of

by
• .

ics
waves

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.

• •

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ki
v

Dt
-

Nm leading wave has its crest / troughs

than
produced earlier in time

E
to

E
Coherent waves : waves are said the other
AT
C
N
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.

EL
C
coherent
if they wave the EX
M
be IN
U
G
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RS

phase difference throughout

PU

same
R

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N
RT
PA
C
R

"
coherent
U

For to
they
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waves be ,
-

"
must have the same
frequency
 Doppler 's Effect

frequency f
The change observed
f
in The = V
✗

id
when the

sh
the
of wave source o v ± vs r

Ra
'

observer
moves relative to observed actual
/ source

an
< "
.

sh
frequency speed of speed frequency

Ka
of

by
wave source

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I >

✗ < • > ✗
"s

E
E
observer B observer A
AT
C
✗ • •

N
. . .
>
. > ✗

LE
EL
C
lfo ) fol EX
M
( IN
U
G observer B observer A
SS

{ source approaches }
RS

recedes } {
PU

source
R
FO
LA
ER

fit to f
N

>
RT
PA
C

r
R
U

Ifl
YO

source
1
stationary ) fo = v
✗ t to = v
✗ t
v + vs v -

vs
observedfrequency is same as sources ( distance plus in ( distance minus in

recede ) )
frequency as source is
stationary .
so use +
approach so use -
 As the star moves
away ,

there is a red shift in

its color .
This is due to

id
the
Effect

sh
Doppler 's

Ra
.

an
sh
o
Due to star moving away

Ka
,

the observed
frequency

by
ics
is less than the actual

ys
.

Ph
•
As Red color has a lower

frequency hence the

light coming from

E
the

E
star has
swift
AT
C
a red

N
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.

C
in it
EX
M
G
IN .
U
SS
RS

This also that

explains
PU

•
R
FO
LA
ER

the
expanding
N

universe is
RT
PA
C

.
R
U
YO
 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
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an
Ra
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id
 id
sh
Ra
an
-

sh
Ka
by
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Ph
E
lfo f) 2201340 vsl= 1801340+41

E
Recede lfocf )
Approach
AT
C
>

N
-

LE
EL
C
EX
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340 340
G
IN
U
SS
RS

to
PU

fo= 34m51
V
f
V
t Vs
=
R

=
FO

✗
LA

✗
ER
N

v vs vs
RT

✓ +
-
PA
C
R
U
YO

180 340
3yo+vs×f
220 340
f
= =
✗

340 -

us
 C
YO
U
R
PA
LA
RT
N
ER
FO
R
SS
M PU
RS
U
IN
G
EX
C
AT
EL
E LE
N
C
E

Ph
ys
ics
by
Ka
sh
an
Ra
sh
id
M J I 20 I 3 / P l l /d .
24

oI=I

id
sh
°I⑦

Ra
A → 2A

an
t
P

sh
x 4 X 3
T

Ka
Alea

by
µ

ics
size Eff
= suit

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xt

Ph
E
E
AT
C
N
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EL
C
EX
M
G
IN
U
SS
RS
PU
R
FO
LA
ER
N
RT
PA
C
R
U
YO