Alicia Catala Jimenez :

21365890

RK3
l
Alicia Catala Jimenez :

21365890

Let b 6- H be Show that the two subsets :

a a
group homomorphism
:

* Kerld) : =

<ge 6ldg)
=

e) Co *

im(d :
=

(4g) = H
/ge63cH
0 and H
are
subgroups of respectively .

To show this will the Kerneland image of

we
prove that &

satisfy the axioms

of a
subgroup ,
that is ...

i) Kerd is closed under with 19 #), being the group

ii) Fa , be Ker &
·
ab' - Ker &

4)
i) Imd is closed under fo with (H, being the
group
ii) Ve de Imd> -Im & ,

Consider (6 1) and ,
Kerd=
(ge610(g)= e)
i) a, b - Kerg Ea , be G= a* b- G .
And since & is a
group
homomorphism it follows that Gakb) =

dadd(b) = ete= e

This means that alaAb)=e and ath-kerd ,

hence herd is
closed under the
group multiplication .
(Same for bal.

ii) a, be verd -a , bec and exists .

Moreover be G .

b) 9(b)0 &(b) ec4(b) ed(b)

Take &(b
4 e
+
= =
=

&(b + b) =

&(e) =

e e =

&(b 1)
-

This means that be herd and since herd is closed under

l
for any be kerd it follows that be her &
-

* a , a s

· We can conclude that Kero ca and herd is a subgroup of 6 .

Consider (H ,
8) and Ima =

[0(glt1g = 67

i) ve , de Ima = c =

O(gi ,
d =

&lg2) for some

gi gre6 , .

Since it that
is
group homomorphism follows
& a , ...

cod =

d(g1d(gz) =

&(gitg2) and
gitgze 0 which is
why
we can conclude that Algitgel=codeImd and Find
is closed under o /namely It's
group multiplication

ii) VC, de Emd-cdeH- deH and

0-d
g(g10d(y)" &(2)0a(g) a(g2kg2))
+

e 0(e)
=
= =

=
=

This means that

gztg'e
ge => Olg Imi 6 ,
-

And Algil=algU"= o Imd> codeFrig re

.. Im& is H
a
subgrap of
Alicia Catala Jimenez :

21365890

3 Let 6 be a
group of order 161
=

n)2 .
Show that cannot have a

subgroup It
of order 1H1 =
n-1

Lagrange -> The order of a

subgroup must divide the order

of its grap .

Assume (by contradictionl that

group
o has in fact a
subgroup
H with IH1=m-1 and 161 =

n) 2 .

By Lagrange n- 11n =>

n =

(n -

1)k =

nk- k with kext

But if use then <nk-k farls1 which is a contradiction

and (n-11= 1H1 does not divide n=161 .

: G doesn't have order n-1

any subgroups of

& Consider :

i) Prove that if K and it are

subgroups of 6 then
,
so is
their intersection MUK

Let (6 1) be with
subgroups (K , Al and (H , A) We
, a
group .

claim that rnk is also a

subgroup .

Namely want to show that CMMU Al is a Now

, we , group .
,

if H and K are
=identity in G it
subgroups of 9 and ,

follows that exh tell and ,

consequently ectink which
means that nk= e and it is
non-empty .

Let a, bethka, be H and a bet=> a* bel

,
a* be R
=>

a+ bethk ·
But since H , K are subgroups we also know

that aAb-H at b-k= ,

at benk .

By cardlary it follows that LMnK A) is ,

a
subgroup of 6
ii) Prove that the intersection of an arbitrary monempty collection
is
of subgroups of 6
again a
subgroup of 9

Let 6 have i be the

non-empty subgroups Un h2 , ,
ks ... and let

intersection ofthis
arbitrary collection of subgroups .
That is ...

H =

n ki

We claim that H is also a subgroup .

To prove so we must show :

i) It isnon-empl 3 -

Clearly H is the intersection of ki

with ki all being subgroups -> Kit e tetri =

H
It is
:
non-empty
ii) Xa bet ,
= a
,
b ki viabekiti- at benki =

group operation
: closed under the

iii) Fa bet ,
abekiti= be Kiri= be Aki= H
=>
a+ b e Mi =
H

MD H Ni is a
subgroup
=

S Let m, n e#x be positive integers . It follows that mInnI= RT

for some RE .
Show that R =

2cm(m n) and , ...

mmm n)
a =

Consider mI =

(m) and a t (m) => m1a => a =

ms

n
=

(n) be (n) -

n1b =

b =

nt
mennE =

(m)n(n) ce(min(n) = m, n1c => c= um

/
VR

Let K be the minimum (non-zerd element in (m) n (n) then

as seen before both min divide R .
Moreover if
m, all and min1c => 41 c => RIC
->
because l
is the minimum

· k =

ecm/min) and mennI= kE

= >

Rest shawn in next page

Now , we know k =(cm(m , n)

We also know that

minic =
c =

am ,
= bu

Take a =

n
,
then c
=

nm ,
c = bu

Now consider wIn .

Wim I winm and if X In , m

then

And ule- K < um

kt k
E
c nm
=

=
=
=
6 Let A be an Abelian Prove that the H: SacAla e7
group Set
= =

is of a non-abelian group
a
subgrap . Find an example
where this fails .

Take A to be an Abelian group => etA Ee= e => etH .

This
means that His
non-empty and contains at least e .

Let a , be H = a e b2 b b (b ! e =
= =

= =
=
b = H
Moreover a, be A and Since A is a group we have ab - A
Now :

Cabl= abab =

all2 =

e .
e =

e =

(ab) H
->
Since Ais abolier

Newsince I closedunderhe operation and Ta , bett

bet and by corce is

It is a
subgrap of A .

It is
easy to find an example where this is not the cate
for
non-abelian A
a as
Abeing abelian is a
key step in
(ab(ab) =

abab =

acb * = e

Take the set /Mexz (IR) ,

·
group .

189)
=

e()(8) a :C
ab +
bd =

0 =

ab = bd = a
=
- d

a +
bc =

1 =

a = x bc
bc +

0 =
1 = d =
xbc

0)(33)
a
=

INbc =
-
d

b =

2 a =8 =

+ 3 =

c= 4a =

3d =
-

b 6 a Sd S
1 3)
-

= =
-

=
-

c =
&

->
 ( 2)
Take eacH
3
a =
a =

(a 5)
=
b =
=

b =
e btH

--
-

ab
(a )(8 - 5) (1 8
10) /3 - 5)
18
-
=
-
+ -

-
-

20-12 +

21 + 15

ablab)=
( ) /Ess Is t t
-

(i) - abet
*
=
e

NOT CLOSED UNDER #

=>
NOT A SUBGROUD