hiwvplhuny

What theory ?
is
group
→
Group theory is
the
sithdy of symmetries of geometric
objets It has
. vast nasoge in Anfield of mathematics
,

physics & chemistry .

Friant :
c.
is

!
C A

t
④-ᵈ Re '

C B B a *

it forms rj%Éʰp ( Dihedral

group Ds )
 1212--1*2
hlhatingroup ?

Let Glee ant d- binary operation

Binaryoperatim
≥ .

actually function i.GE#-sG---

' *
/
' ' a
i. '

* is
⑦
It
A- ,
1+2--3 C-

* ( 1. 2) =
1*2--3
! ✗ ☒→ ☒

Grout :
*
( a. b) = ab where a
,
b C- G-

these conditions
That.G is
group if
the operation follows
.

① G- must be closed under the

operation .

} Ais not closed

'

{ \
'

A = ai at IR .
• .

ab i
-
ab C- 1)
ai .
bi =
=

←ab_→ -4 A

② Associativity (ab ) c. = a ( bae)

☒ i
)
t
(2+3)+4 =
9=2+(3+4)

(& , -7 Is it hold the associative property ?

 ④ existence of Identity element ,
e.

e a = ae = a tf a c- G.

⑨
enlementof-G-F-bfaiak.ba
Existence of Inverse element of each

= e
for particular

AytwoebmentofG.a,bhddsab=%?ᵈ#
is said to be aban group / commutative
thing1 ( G. ) (⑦
£ ahlen / German handy
grog

a-tb-b-a-V-a.be#E-xanpg
•

a) HIof symmetries
:S triangle = set of a

is
actually a

group
also
F) (☒ ) ( ④ :) (☒ I
•

-1
.

, or +
, , ,
, →

positiYationnodzJTwsetofarealmnnbehs@RiD.gg.g
( IR )
numbers

# i. zwic-ronp.es
•

+ ,

→ ,
 1.4--4.1=-1
4. a
=↑
tatty
4) The set
of irrational mounters is not a
?#
( I a)
group
,

11:11
"

!!
" " " " "

¥÷0Hk
""

[
""

[{ 4) [; ; ;]
+ =

-1
-

bdf.at/detAt-o)--GIl2i1R)matriy(GlC2,py.*y multiplication
 Eyamth For all integers viii. the set of complex roots

{ cos
k÷i +
isin K
/ K :O . - -
on -

1)
W n =
4
am I
_

n
¢

"
✓ :

-
i

G. Is theidentity element unique of group G ? a

YES If not suppose

'
e
→ .
,
.
,
e

'

-q=e e'=e_
ee
'
= ée = a = e

aᵗᵗ
1-
'

I
TFG Ya , %,
-

G. Is the element of each element of G.

inverse
iunigue ?
Y#-GÑb elements of
'
→
,
b am
the inverse
G-
ab

oibt.be#--e-ab--bea--e--7b'ab--bba---------E
-

_ bore

'
eb =
b
b=b
'
 '

Thi:
inverse element ofn is denoted
by a-

MF _ '
' '
aol.fla#-1=a-'a-Iinverafta-1- Ca-15'- a

V-↳ aibc-G-gab-I-bi-ae.at
( a
b) = b- a- ;

'
a a- = e
.

'
b- b- e
b- lets
' '
b- a- ab
-

=
=

-1
b- toil
@ b) -

Finitegroupihsnbgroups
:

G
ordirof G- I G) = no of elements in ,

group
.

a .

IGI < a G- is a
finite group

Order of a element of G- : a EG

J-ami-m-aⁿk=
yn-m-bintegerne.t=e
.ae#.thmin--1al-.Ke-Z
positive
F- f.
 whvunt-NFU.TIihi.irequivalence
a. b. C- 2-1 ; AI b ( modn ) ,

an

n @ b)
-
class .

{ QTE-T } forms
also
* =
a

n
group
-

q-ZITE-ntn-kik-nq.LI\
sd-ofallekmiwd-%ef-primewi.mn

]
and
Uln )=
←
modnleleyn
=
{ a 1 gcdla.nl -1 -

,
aan
}
UH -

in

µ, ,
a •
nb
= mod :D
= ab Cmodn )

14 }
Ulis) -
_

41,2 , 47,8 ,
11,13 ,

÷
7- ? 1- *
n

=49(mo
7--72 ( mod IS)

=
4
 73=7×4 ( mod IS) ,
74--7×13 ( mod 75)
91 ( mod / 5)
28 ( mod IS)
⇐
=

=
I.
= 13

74= in U ( As)

17k¥
Snbgroiy :

Ifambset Hof group G is

itself group
a under the

operation His
asnbgp d- G HCG
say
same . we .

, ,

*≤ G
¥-7
One test * ≤ GG
THI step snbgp
: -

H%É¥ formsasnbgp
,

abt C- .

✓
① Hi_eosd_ a=b_ ,

② Aisassooeiatig.AE '

a oil c- It

✓
e_
⑦ Identity exist .

a=e ,
bflt
'

.✓ b- C- It
⑨ Inverse element exist abt -_

bc-H-tb-lflta.b.CH a ,
'
b- c- It
' belt
a(b-D- c-
A- a

Eyanpkofmbg*M ↳ → trivial .
 "
"
It abt It
a. bt

{ a C- It -7 a- C- It
'

TMI :# His afinitesubsitoffi Then Hira

subgroup off
if His closed under the binary operation off .

→
associativity a-t-%ae.lt ,
Hitched

② closed ≤

Identi7_Ftt-fiwite@mnstbefinite.ai
a- EH
⑦
a. a =

i÷i*
D= § ai-E.aiea-i.ee
-

I I i i < i
: ai
- -

e
a
=

ai if It EEH
-

ao
,

i
ai 1.
-

e
-

a =

i -1
' ai
-

a- =

ink ta c- It
arbitrary
'
ais a- H
.

; ⇐

His a
subgroup of G- .
?⃝
 Gina
F-y-FE.rs ,
group ,

a E- G- ,
ay=fe,a,a3.___}formsa%roupq
<

Dog 1×7={1,4×2} forms #group of Drs

E¥ Find a
infinite order
subgroup
in
symmetries of a

civ@lG-issaidtobeaninfiniteordermbgroupifIGt-o.Z
centmofa-Groy-b-i.IE?=gac-GIag--gaV-gc-G}

a-t-e.eg-ge-U-ge-GQ.EC
⇐
2- (G) =/ ∅

forms a
subgroup of G , ?

ga.bg#bV-gEGi- - -1abigi =.oigib- ga.bIJ*

aib e- ZCG)
ag
=

'
'
_
r
l
-

HEH G) abt HEC G)

a.
___
 email tiply from the both side of * by b- I

I
b- !
'

b- (
'

bg )
b- ( gb ) b-
←

' '
( b- b)
'

g
b- = b- g Cb b- 1)
" '
b-
egb
±
=
g
e

(G)
gb"=b
'
b- C- 2

'
b C- 2- (G) b- C- 2- (G)
£ (G) is a
subgroup of ⑤ , EFG is an
abelian
grog
G-
:c , a) =
{ geol ga ag
-
_

*§ᵗz (B) =
?