Unit

=>

Group Actions

-Groups acting on themselves

by Conjugation
.

=
Stabilizers and Kernels

· Permutation representation associated with a

action
given group .

Application of Group actions

Generalized Cayley's Theorem

-
Index Theorem
 Group Action
- -

Definition :

Let G be and A be
group arbitrary
a
an

Set action
then a
group is a
map denoted
by
from GXA to which
A satisfies following properties
.

· :
G XA >
-
A

·
(g a),
=
g . a

*
1 9 (92 a)
=

(9 82) a
gi 92-G
:
: · ·
. , ,

2 .
1
. a = a # a >
-

A .
Example1 [Trivial Group Action]

Let G be and A be .
set
a
any group any
:GXA > A defined (g , a) 9-G EA
by
· - · = a a
,

Som : ·
(9 , a) =
go a = a

(1) 9 , 0(9209) =
9, . a = a
>
-

l
3
!
91 , 92-4
Now (91 82) · a =
93 : = a
=> g , gz E4

=> 93 9192 EG
(92a) (9192)
=
=> 9, 0 = ·
a

② 1 .
a =
a 1: 1 - G

So is action
a
group
·

Here G act
trivially on A.
Example -
2

Let A be
nonempty set and
any
G =
SA =

Symmetric Group of A
.

=
SU : A >
-
A 1 u is permutation on
Al
·
SpXA >
- A defined by

·
(ya) = 0 . a =
U(a)

Loth ! ① 4
. (2 a)
: =
2 -

(a) =
4G(a)

② 1 =

identity map >

-

SA
s .
+ 100 =
1(a) = a

So is action
a
group
·
Example=3

Let G be and A G
any group
=

then GXA > A defined by. (g a)

:
g a
ga
-
= . =
,

is a
group action
.

:
S O 9 .. (9) =
9 , (99) =
q , 89
=

(8 1 82) ·
a

I
② 1 = 1 = a : 1 is an
identity element
of G
and a - A =
G
Hence is a action
.
group
·

Have
Group acts on itself

is called left action

regular of G itself
·
on .
Example
*
Let G =
F (a multiplicative Group]
A =
VF Vector
space over F

· :GXA >
- A defined by ·
(g a),
=
ga
↓ Veter
Scalar
is action
.
a
group

Example-
G =
Sn A = 5 12 , -. .
]
·: GXA > A
-

defined by (U , a) = 0 . a = U(a)

is action
.
a
group
Example-6 (Group acting on itself by Conjugation]

If G is any group ,
then the
Conjugation action of 4
on itself is defined * (g a),
=
gag for any geG
and a >
-
G
Have A =
G

: $9 , 09 a) =
910192495) =
9 , 9299 ,
gi
,

1
9 , 82a(8 , 92)
=

=
(8182) · a

② e .
a = eac = a

Hence This is action

.
group
a
Example -

> (Group action Set

on of Cosets]
Let It be a
subgremp of G
.

↳
H
= Set of all Left Cosets of H

· :
GXLH >
-
by defined by (g at)
,
=
go alt

=
gatt
sof:
Q 4, (82 :#) =
qi(gat) =
ggat =
(8 8)
,
· alt

② 1 . att = lat = att

so this is a action
.
group
FAITHFUL GROUP ACTION :

A action 4XA A is called faithful

.
group n >
-

if there are no
group elements
a encepts

identity such that

92 : x flEX.
OBSERVATION a
group
act on a A
set

for each fixed element g-G

A A such that fa-A
We get Ug
: >
Og(a)
=
goa
-
.

Then (1) is permutation of A

Ug a

② G =

Erg 1 rg is permutation on
A3
is under function
Composition
group
a

③ 8 4" such that

$(g) Uq
Then : >
G- =

is a
homomorphism

The homomorphism & is called permutation representation

to
associated the
given group
action
.
 Sf G is Set A
acting on

Sie ·: GXA >

-

such that ·
(g a),
=
ga =

-(a) =
$(g)(a)

Thats why $ is called

permutation representation
associated to the
given group
action .

NOTE >
-

Then the
group action
n Of 4 on A just
means that
every
element
gin G acts a
permutation
On A :
KERNEL OF A GROUP ACTION :

Let EXA > A be action A Such that

:
group on
-

·
(9 , a) =
go a

then Ker =
29EG/9 = c FC-A3

① Ker is of G
subgroup
·

② Ker . is normal subgroup of group 4

.
STABILIZER OF AN ELEMENT OF A ING

vet : GXA >

- A be action
.
group
·

such that (g , a) =
9 ·
a

then
Stab (s) =
59t4/ 90s =
3) (like Centralizer]
in 4

① Stab(s) is a
subgroup of 4

& Ker. =
Stab(s)
St A
Example :

G =
El <123] ,
<
Sa
A =
5 1 ,
2
, 3 , 43 Stab(i)

4 : EXA >
- A =
[NE4(n(i) =
i)
Kerb =
39t4/9 .
a = a NatA]
$(g a) G a a.
= .
=
,

1 (1) = 1
,
I ( 2) = 2
,
I ( 3) = 3 ,
I (4) =
4

(12)(1) =
2 (2) (z) =
1 (12) (3) =
3 (12) (4) =
4

So Kar =
5 13

Stab (1) =
<F3 ,
stab (2) =
[I] ,
Stab (3) =
<I ,
(1 2)]
Stab (4) = & I
, (12)
Equir ence Relation :

G Set A 7
let be a
group acting on a then an

equivalence relation &R on a Set A such that

for abeA <Rb > 6 for

any ga some gt 4
.
=
,

Reflexive
" eEG = ea = a = aRa

Symmetric aRb => 90a = b for Some 9t G

.

=> gt(g .
a) =
g . b

=> (9. g) . a =
glob
=> g% b = a

=> hob = a where h =

g' E G

=> bra
-
Transitive

a Rb => 90a
= b for some ge4 .

bRC => hob = C for some h - 4 ·

·
hib = c => ho (goa) = C

=> hq a = C
.

where 4
=> K - a = C K =
hg +

=> a RC

: R is an equivalence relation
.

Hence it Partition A into disjoint

Will equivalence clase
.

ch(a) =
[2 + A/cRa]
=
&REA 19 = a for some 9-9]
for
=
SREA/haic
some We
4] [ : Symmetri
ORBIT OF AN ELAMENT'a OF SfT A

The equivalence class of an element a of A is defined

as orbit of the element a

by group action

orb (a) = c Icab

Not:
C1(a) & A .
APPLICATIONS OF GROUP ACTION :

GENERALIZED CAYLEY THEORM

let It be of G
.
G be a
group and a
subgroup
Let S be the of all permutation of the Left Cosets
group

H in
of G

Then
There is a homomorphism G into
s whose

in H and normal
Kernel Lies contains
every subgroup
of G that is contained in H
Proof :
for each gt4
let L defined by
Tg
>
-
: +

[
where
Tg(xH) =
gxH
↳H = Set of Left Cosets
-

ig is permutation of H in 4

Let s =

Tg1gt G}
let $ : G-
> S defined by $(9) =

Tg

If gtKerp is
)
=

Tg an
identity map

So H =

TgCH) =

gH
=> gEH => Kerb E H
On the otherhand

Sf K is normal in G and KCH

then for k- K and E G

any any x

7 an element 'EK Such that

x'kx = k

=> kx = xek

Thus TK(xH) = kxl = xxH = xH

and therefore Th is the identity permutation

.

This mean kE Kerd

=> K E kard #
 INDEX THEOREM

SF 4 is a finite group and

It is a
proper subgroup
of
4 such that 1G1 / (14 : #1) %. Then H

Contains a nontrivial normal subgroup of 4 .

In
particular G is not simple

Proof: let 4 : G >

- S =

[Tg19t9] Sot &(9) =

Tq

l
where

I
LH LH detered by
Tg : >
-

Tg(xH) =
gxH -

is
Then Kerb normal
subgroup of 4 Contained
is
H
 Ferd
and -S

=> =
0(s) = (0(d :
#) !
O(kerd)

Since 0(4) y (0 (4 :
H)) !

=> 0 (Kerb) > 1 -

co Kerd H

trivial normal 4:
It
So contains a non
subgroup of