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Unit 2: Grammar

:"‫ أدوات بمعنى "بالرغم من‬.1

Although → ‫ جملة كاملة‬, ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. Although she is beautiful, she is still unmarried.
Though → ‫ جملة كاملة‬, ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. Though she is beautiful, she is still unmarried.
Even though → ‫ جملة كاملة‬, ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. Even though she is beautiful, she is still unmarried.
Even if → ‫ جملة كاملة‬, ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. Even if she is beautiful, she is still unmarried.
In spite of → gerund/ noun, ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. In spite of being beautiful, she is still unmarried.
In spite of her beauty, she is still unmarried.
Despite → gerund/ noun, ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. Despite being beautiful, she is still unmarried.
Despite her beauty, she is still unmarried.
Notwithstanding → gerund/ noun, ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. Notwithstanding being beautiful, she is still unmarried.
Notwithstanding her beauty, she is still unmarried.
However → adjective → subject → verb (to be), → ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. However beautiful she is, she is still unmarried.
Whatever → noun → subject → verb (to have), → ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. Whatever beauty she has, she is still unmarried.
Adjective → as → subject → verb (to be), → ‫جملة كاملة‬
Beautiful as she is, she is still unmarried.
:"‫ ومع ذلك‬/‫ أدوات بمعنى "لكن‬.2
‫ →جملة كاملة‬but → ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. He is rich but he is unhappy.
‫ →جملة كاملة‬full stop (.) → However → comma (,) → ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. He is rich. However, he is unhappy.
‫ →جملة كاملة‬semicolon (;) → however → comma (,) → ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. He is rich; however, he is unhappy.

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:"‫ وعالوة على ذلك‬/‫ باإلضافة إلى ذلك‬/‫ باإلضافة إلى‬/ ‫ أدوات بمعنى "و‬.3
And )‫و ليس لها قاعدة (قد يأتي بعدها اسم أو فعل أو صفة أو جملة كاملة أو كلمة واحدة أو أي شيء‬
E.g. Hany is a clever student and he is very polite.
Mona is very clever and polite.
Amira is very intelligent and can solve the most difficult problem.
‫ → جملة كاملة‬full stop (.) → Moreover ‫ →وعالوة على ذلك‬comma (,) → ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. She is learning English. Moreover, she is learning French.
‫ → جملة كاملة‬as well as ‫ →باإلضافة إلى‬gerund/ noun
E.g. He likes painting as well as making models.
He likes his father as well as his mother.
:‫ الحظ المثال التالي‬.‫ بين فاعلين يتم تصريف الفعل حسب الفاعل األول‬as well as ‫الحظ لو أتت‬
I as well as Hossam am friends.
Mostafa as well as his friends goes to school together.
‫ → جملة كاملة‬in addition to ‫ →باإلضافة إلى‬gerund/ noun
E.g. He speaks Arabic, Latin and French in addition to English.
He speaks Arabic, Latin and French in addition to speaking English.
‫ → جملة كاملة‬full stop (.)→ In addition ‫باإلضافة إلى ذلك→ جملة كاملة‬
E.g. He speaks Arabic, Latin and French. In addition he speaks English fluently.
‫ → جملة كاملة‬comma (,) → besides ‫وعالوة على ذلك→ جملة كاملة‬
E.g. The hotel is too expensive, besides it is far from the centre of the city.
‫ → جملة كاملة‬besides ‫ → باإلضافة إلى‬gerund/ noun
E.g. He speaks Arabic, Latin and French besides English.
He speaks Arabic, Latin and French besides speaking English.
Not only → auxiliary verb → subject → ‫→ تكملة الجملة‬, → but also → ‫الجملة الثانية‬
E.g. Not only did he get the highest mark, but also he got a prize.
Not only → auxiliary verb → subject → ‫→ تكملة الجملة‬, → but→ ‫ → الجملة الثانية‬also
E.g. Not only did he get the highest mark, but he got a prize also.
Not only → auxiliary verb → subject → ‫→ تكملة الجملة‬, → but→ ‫ → الجملة الثانية‬as well
E.g. Not only did he get the highest mark, but he got a prize as well.
……. not only → ‫→ تكملة الجملة‬, → but also → ‫الجملة الثانية‬
E.g. He not only got the highest mark, but also he got a prize.
……. not only → ‫→ تكملة الجملة‬, → but → ‫ الجملة الثانية‬also
E.g. He not only got the highest mark, but he got a prize also.
……. not only → ‫→ تكملة الجملة‬, → but→ ‫ → الجملة الثانية‬as well
E.g. He not only got the highest mark, but he got a prize as well.
:‫ فهي تأتي بعده‬verb to be ‫ في وسط الجملة فهي تقع قبل الفعل إال لو كان الفعل‬not only ‫الحظ لو أتت‬
E.g. She not only swept the floor, but she washed the dishes as well.
She is not only polite but also she is helpful.
.‫ في أول الجملة نقوم بتقديم الفعل على الفاعل كاألمثلة السابقة‬Not only ‫والحظ أنه لو أتت‬

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:"if" ‫ أدوات تحل محل‬.4

Provided ‫ =بشرط أن‬provided that ‫ =بشرط أن‬if ‫ لو‬/‫ =إذا‬as long as ‫ = طالما‬in case ‫في حالة‬
= on condition that
E.g. If you study hard, you will succeed.
Provided you study hard, you will succeed.
Provided that you study hard, you will succeed.
As long as you study hard, you will succeed.
In case you study hard, you will succeed.
You will succeed on condition that you study hard.
."if" ‫" عكس كلمة‬unless" ‫ وبذلك نستنتج أن كلمة‬."‫" فمعناها "إذا لم‬unless" ‫أما كلمة‬
E.g. If you study hard, you will succeed. ‫ سوف تنجح‬،‫إذا ذاكرت بجد‬
Unless you study hard, you will fail. ‫ سوف ترسب‬،‫إذا لم تذاكر بجد‬

:‫الحظ التركيبة التالية أيضًا‬

… only … if … ‫ إذا‬... ‫فقط‬
E.g. I will only lend you some money if you tell me how you will spend it.
:"‫ لهذا السبب‬/‫ نتيجة لذلك‬/‫ روابط بمعنى "لذلك‬.5
‫ → السبب‬so ‫لذلك→ النتيجة‬
E.g. I was ill so I didn't go to school.
‫ → السبب‬therefore ‫لذلك→ النتيجة‬
E.g. I was ill therefore I didn't go to school.
‫ → السبب‬full stop (.) → Consequently ‫ → نتيجة لذلك‬comma (,) → ‫النتيجة‬
E.g. I was ill. Consequently, I didn't go to school.
‫ → السبب‬and consequently ‫ونتيجة لذلك→ النتيجة‬
E.g. I was ill and consequently didn't go to school.
‫ → السبب‬full stop (.) → Hence ‫لهذا السبب → النتيجة‬
E.g. I was ill. Hence I didn't go to school.
:"‫ روابط بمعنى "لكي‬.6

So that + ((‫جملة كاملة تحتوي على فعل ناقص‬

E.g. I go to school so that I can learn. ‫أنا أذهب للمدرسة لكي أتعلم‬
.‫ كالمثال السابق‬may ‫ أو‬can ‫الحظ أنه لو كانت الجملة في المضارع يجب أن نضع‬
:‫ كالمثال التالي‬might ‫ أو‬could ‫أما لو كانت الجملة في الماضي فيجب أن نضع‬
E.g. She went to Paris so that she could learn French.
".‫ صفة يصبح معناها "جدًا بدرجة أن‬so ‫الحظ أيضًا لو أتى بعد‬
E.g. She is so helpful that everyone wants to be her friend.
That ‫جملة كاملة‬
He works hard that he can succeed.

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In order that ‫جملة كاملة‬

He works hard in order that he can succeed.
To + ‫المصدر‬
E.g. We go to school to learn.
So as to + ‫المصدر‬
E.g. We go to school so as to learn.
In order to + ‫المصدر‬
E.g. We go to school in order to learn.
:)"‫ بسبب‬/‫ روابط بيان السبب (بمعنى "ألن‬.7
‫ ألن‬Because ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. I didn't go to school because I was ill.
‫ ألن‬As ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. I didn't go to school as I was ill.

‫ ألن‬Since ‫جملة كاملة‬

E.g. I didn't go to school since I was ill.
‫ ألن‬For ‫جملة كاملة‬
E.g. I didn't go to school for I was ill.

‫ بسبب‬Because of → gerund/ noun

E.g. I didn't go to school because of (being ill/ illness).
‫ بسبب‬Due to → gerund/ noun
E.g. I didn't go to school due to (being ill/ illness).
‫ بسبب‬Owing to → gerund/ noun
E.g. I didn't go to school owing to (being ill/ illness).
‫ بسبب‬For → gerund/ noun
E.g. I didn't go to school for (being ill/ illness).
:‫ملحوظات على روابط بيان السبب‬
."‫" هو "بفضل فالن‬due to"‫" بمعنى "بسبب" ألن المعنى األصلي لـ‬due to" ‫ البعض يعتبر أنه من الخطأ استخدام‬.1
E.g. Due to William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, the English drama is the
best one all over the world.
.‫) أو اسم وال يفضل أن يأتي جملة كاملة‬ing + ‫ (فعل‬for ‫ يفضل أن ياتي بعد‬.2

Tip of the day ‫نصيحة اليوم‬:

.‫األعمال أبلغ من األقوال‬

.Acts speak louder than words
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