BACHELOR OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT WITH HONOURS

MAY / 2023

CBKI4103

KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1

1.1 What is Knowledge Management........................................................................1

1.2 Types of Knowledge.............................................................................................2

1.2.1 Explicit Knowledge...........................................................................................2

1.2.2 Tacit Knowledge................................................................................................2

1.2.3 Implicit Knowledge...........................................................................................3

1.2.4 Tribal Knowledge..............................................................................................3

1.2.5 Declarative knowledge......................................................................................3

1.2.6 Procedural knowledge.......................................................................................4

2.0 Significance of knowledge management with mental health...................................5

3.0 Risks of mental health at the workplace...................................................................6

4.0 Strategies for mental health at the workplace...........................................................8

4.1 Action for mental health at work...........................................................................8

4.2 Prevent mental health issues at work....................................................................8

4.3 Promote workplace mental health and safety........................................................8

5.0 Risk of mental health among adolescents.................................................................9

6.0 Strategies for mental health among adolescents.....................................................10

7.0 Risks of mental health among senior citizens.........................................................12

8.0 Strategies to address mental health needs of senior citizens...................................13

9.0 Revolutionizing the health care industry through knowledge management...........15

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................17
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is Knowledge Management
Knowledge management (KM) is commonly recognized as the means by which
an organization can effectively utilize the expertise and knowledge possessed by its
employees, trading partners, and external experts to enhance the organization's
performance and outcomes (Choo, 1998; Bellaver & Lusa, 2001; Ackerman et al., 2003).
Knowledge management (KM) is widely recognized as a crucial instrument for achieving
success in the fiercely competitive realm of the global economy (Ackerman, Pipek &
Wulf, 2003) in the 21st century. There is a prevailing argument that the effective
management and dissemination of knowledge not only enhances an organization's
competitive advantage by improving the skills and abilities of its employees, but also
contributes to the overall well-being of individuals who are able to participate in this
process.
Knowledge management (KM) is a crucial aspect of organizational efficiency,
adaptability, and innovation. It enables organizations to gather, store, and share
information to make decisions, solve problems, and generate new ideas. KM fosters a
mindset of constant learning and growth, encouraging employees to share their
knowledge and seek new ideas. This approach increases employee interest in their jobs
and helps retain top talent. KM should be integrated into a company's processes to make
it the primary reason for every decision and action.
Managing knowledge involves identifying, creating, sharing, and utilizing
knowledge and information within an organization through various activities, such as
data mining, collaboration, and knowledge transfer. Data mining extracts valuable
insights from large datasets, allowing organizations to gain a better understanding of their
operations, customers, and market trends. Collaboration brings individuals with diverse
skills and expertise together to work towards a common goal, leveraging their collective
knowledge and experience to solve complex problems and drive innovation. Knowledge
transfer is a vital component of knowledge management, ensuring employees have access
to the information they need to perform their jobs effectively.

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1.2 Types of Knowledge
To develop a successful knowledge management plan, it's crucial to understand
different types of knowledge within the workplace. This helps identify effective
mechanisms for recognizing, acquiring, transferring, and applying necessary information.
Knowledge sharing improves employee performance, customer usage, and workforce
growth. However, identifying knowledge gaps within an organization is essential.
Common types of knowledge include:

1.2.1 Explicit Knowledge

Explicit knowledge is a crucial concept in knowledge management, referring to
easily articulated, documented, and shared information. It encompasses data that can be
processed, stored, organized, and interpreted, and can be found in various formats like
books, databases, procedure manuals, and videos. For instance, a market research report
including trends, consumer behavior, and competition evaluations that aid in the
discovery of new prospects is a good example of explicit knowledge. Knowledge base
software as well as document management systems can be utilized to capture, store, and
share explicit knowledge effectively.

1.2.2 Tacit Knowledge

Tacit knowledge is the experience-based knowledge, skills, and abilities that are
hard to explain or explain to others. It can be called a lot of different things, like practical
knowledge, tribal knowledge, or "know-how" information. Tribal knowledge is the idea
that people in a group often share unspoken information without writing it down or
talking about it. On the other hand, know-how means that a person can't explain how they
know what they know or how they do what they do. For example, an expert player might
be able to hit a ball 300 yards down the path, but they might not be able to explain every
step they take when hitting a club. Some examples of oral knowledge are knowing when
a client is ready to hear a sales pitch, using the right words to attract and keep the
attention of an audience, and providing content based on what a customer has said they
want. By using tacit knowledge, people can successfully share their skills and abilities,
making sure that their knowledge and skills are shared and used in the best way possible.

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1.2.3 Implicit Knowledge
Implicit knowledge is a blend of explicit and tacit knowledge, often used without
individual awareness or even thought. It is easy to document and communicate to new
learners, such as when instructed to turn a computer on by pressing the power button.
Examples of implicit knowledge include navigating company software without thinking
about steps, understanding team members' strengths and weaknesses, and intuitive
decision-making based on years of experience in a specific industry.

1.2.4 Tribal Knowledge

Tribal knowledge is a subset of implicit knowledge that focuses on collective
wisdom within an organization. It is often unique and can provide a competitive
advantage. Tribal knowledge is often passed on through informal engagements and
conversations, and can be valuable if documented and shared properly. Examples of tribal
knowledge include unwritten rules, company history, and anecdotal lessons learned from
past successes or failures. Strategic knowledge management involves actively
documenting these moments, forming communities of practice, encouraging knowledge
sharing sessions, capturing insights from experienced employees, and fostering an open
culture to harness the power of tribal knowledge for the organization's benefit.

1.2.5 Declarative knowledge

Declarative knowledge is static information based on principles, concepts, and
events. It is essential for new employees to acquire knowledge about the company culture
and the job role they are hired to fill. Declarative knowledge is explicit and easily
communicated, focusing on what questions rather than why- and how-based questions.
Examples of sharing declarative knowledge include career advancement training and top-
funnel content. Onboarding for interns and entry-level hires involves passing declarative
knowledge, which includes information about project principles, terminology, and other
crucial facts. In content marketing, content in the awareness stage breaks down key
concepts new to readers, requiring the transfer of declarative knowledge.

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1.2.6 Procedural knowledge
Procedural knowledge, also known as imperative knowledge, is a form of implicit
knowledge gained through experience. It provides clear understanding of how to perform
a specific task and is crucial for maintaining critical information in business processes.
To effectively apply procedural knowledge, it can be shared through webinars, interactive
product demos, and specific process documentation and standard operating procedures
(SOPs). To ensure the preservation of critical information, it is essential to document this
knowledge.

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2.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT WITH MENTAL HEALTH
Mental health is crucial for a productive and fulfilling life, and it is essential to
prevent issues related to mental health through mental health knowledge and intervention.
Campaigns have been initiated by the Malaysian Ministry of Health to enhance mental
health and quality of life in Malaysia. These campaigns focus on adapting individuals and
communities, seeking coping mechanisms for target groups such as children,
adolescence, parents, working adults, older people, and the general public.
Knowledge management is essential for organizations involved in the promotion and
dissemination of mental health information, including health departments and volunteer
entities. It ensures the collection, storage, and use of vital information for future
requirements. Effective knowledge management requires trained employees to identify
and evaluate information required for an organization's success. The three primary
components of knowledge management are collection, storage, and dissemination.
Mental health awareness campaigns help individuals recognize the impact of mental
illness on their lives, educate people about available resources, and advocate for the well-
being of those affected by mental disease. Acknowledging and combating the stigma
associated with mental health is essential to dispel common myths and encourage people
to seek treatment. The campaign educates people on the realities of living with mental
health issues, ensuring that even though these illnesses may make life challenging, they
do not prevent a person from leading a happy life.
In conclusion, mental health awareness campaigns play a vital role in promoting and
disseminating information about mental health, ensuring that individuals can provide
support and assistance to those struggling with mental health concerns. By focusing on
knowledge management and promoting effective communication, organizations can work
towards a more productive and fulfilling life for all.

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3.0 RISKS OF MENTAL HEALTH AT THE WORKPLACE
The World Health Organization (WHO) describes mental health as a state of
mental well-being that allows people to deal with life's stresses, discover their skills,
learn, work, and give to their community. Mental health includes our psychological,
emotional, and social well-being. Its goal is to help us handle mental illnesses better. In
2015, 29.2% of people in Malaysia ages 16 and up were said to have mental health
problems ("National Strategic Plan for Mental Health 2020-2025", Ministry of Health
Malaysia, 2020). Mental Health risks and job-related stress are big problems for safety
and health at work, and they have an effect on people, groups, and national budgets.
About half of the people who work think that worry is normal and that it is the main
cause of lost work days. Stress is often misunderstood or given a bad name, but it can be
handled in the same way as other safety and health risks in the workplace if it is seen as
an organizational problem.
Mental risks come from bad job planning, organization, and management, as well
as a poor social environment. These risks can cause bad mental, physical, and social
effects like stress, tiredness, or sadness. Common working conditions include having too
much work to do, being asked to do different things, not knowing what your job is, not
being involved in making decisions, bad management of organizational change, bad
communication, sexual and psychological abuse, and violence from outsiders. It is
important to tell the difference between psychological risks and helpful work settings
where employees are well-trained and encouraged to do their best work. A good
psychological setting helps people do better at work, grow as people, and feel better
generally.
Work-related stress happens when job expectations exceed workers' ability to
cope, leading to mental health problems, physical health issues, and bad performance.
This can lead to more people not coming to work or staying late, as well as more
accidents and injuries. Stress at work could also cause people to quit early, which is
expected to cost companies and society billions of euros on a national scale. These bad
effects can hurt a person's general performance, efficiency, and health.

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 It is important for both employers and employees to understand that mental health is
a part of our general comfort and that it should be accepted. Having good mental health
should be seen as a work in progress that you are always doing. Since most of a person's
life is spent working, the workplace is a great place to promote mental and behavioral
health and avoid mental illness. Both workers and managers will be better off if the
organization invests in their health. Having a healthy staff is good for everyone and will
help the business stay productive in the long run.

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4.0 STRATEGIES FOR MENTAL HEALTH AT THE WORKPLACE
Employers have to collaborate together to make a safe and healthy workplace.
Emphasizing good mental health is important for both the growth of a business and the
well-being of its employees. The goal of a mental health plan is to make settings that
promote happiness, have a good effect on society, and improve the experience of
employees. Implementing rules and practices that support happiness and improve the
employee experience can help create a healthy workplace. Use the following tips and
strategies to improve your mental health at work:
4.1 Action for mental health at work
Government, organizations, and partners can enhance mental health at work by
avoiding work-related conditions, protecting and promoting mental health,
helping employees, and facilitating change. Employees, agents, and those
experiencing mental health problems should be involved in this process.
4.2 Prevent mental health issues at work.
Managing psychological risks is crucial for preventing workplace mental health
issues. WHO recommends companies implement strategies to measure, reduce,
change, or eliminate risks, such as open work schedules and addressing violence
and abuse.
4.3 Promote workplace mental health and safety.
Protecting and supporting mental health in the workplace requires leaders, such as
managers, to recognize and address mental health issues. WHO recommends
training in mental health, improving relationship skills, understanding job
pressures, and addressing stress to reduce shame and promote understanding of
mental health issues.

A successful workplace strategy for mental health and well-being is crucial for increased
output, inspiration, staff retention, employee participation, and new ideas. Implementing
a plan takes time and patience, but mental health is a sensitive topic. Commitment to
building a strategy involves making tangible, tangible changes to workers' lives, which
hold real value. It's essential to monitor mental health and take responsibility for your
actions, as you matter as well.

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5.0 RISK OF MENTAL HEALTH AMONG ADOLESCENTS
One in six individuals in the age range of 10 to 19 experiences significant changes
throughout adolescence, which raises their risk of experiencing mental health problems.
Adolescents' health and wellbeing depend on safeguarding them from issues, assisting
them in developing social and emotional skills, and ensuring that they have access to
mental health treatment. Around the globe, one in seven 10- to 19-year-olds suffers from
an undiagnosed or untreated mental health issue. Teenagers with mental health issues
have difficulties in their relationships, in school, and in their social lives, which may
cause stress, depression, and worry. For adolescents to efficiently handle chores,
resilience is necessary.
Adolescents can be at risk for mental health problems because of many things, such
as sexual and physical abuse, family, school, and neighborhood violence, poverty, social
rejection, and financial problems. Adolescents are also at risk when their parents have
mental problems, use drugs, or are violent with each other. Armed conflicts, natural
disasters, and humanitarian crises make the problem worse, as do social changes and
mental stress. The stigma surrounding mental illnesses and crimes against human rights
makes the issue worse. Help and protective steps taken early on can help keep these risk
factors from getting worse and keep them from getting worse as adolescence grows and
develops.
Because of their genes, biology, environment, and society, teenagers are more likely
to get mental diseases like drug use problems. Some of the things that can cause these
mental health problems are genetics, stress, trauma, identity issues, family dysfunction,
developmental problems, poverty, being in the youth justice system, and drug use.
When adolescents come from poor homes, stress and worry can make them mentally sick
or make them want to use drugs or alcohol to feel better. Adolescents who are in the
youth court system, especially girls, are more likely to have mental health problems and
drug problems than adolescents who are not in the system. Also, using drugs can mess up
the brain, which can lead to mental health problems like sadness and worry.
However, there are some protective factors that may reduce some of these risk
factors, the most significant of which is an encouraging family and community.

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6.0 STRATEGIES FOR MENTAL HEALTH AMONG ADOLESCENTS
Through a variety of strategies, including emotional and social learning, character
education, mental health literacy, mindfulness-based treatments, and strengths-based
education, schools may support adolescents' mental health and well-being. A continuum
of intervention programs stressing social-emotional learning and active engagement are
needed for mental health promotion in schools since the school environment is
recognized as a natural framework for children's autonomy, security, and personal rights.
Research demonstrates that school-based mental health promotion initiatives enhance
student learning, wellbeing, and mental health.
Some of the strategies are below:
i. Social and emotional learning (SEL) treatments teach students self-management,
relational skills, communication, conflict resolution, and responsible decision-
making. Developmentally appropriate programs focus on self-regulation,
relational skills, communication, conflict resolution, and responsible decision-
making. Self-management involves managing emotions, stress, and personal
responsibility. Relationship skills involve creating connections, problem-solving,
and seeking assistance. Responsible decision-making involves constructive
conduct and social relationships, focusing on the well-being of adolescents and
others. Self-awareness links emotions to conduct, self-efficacy, and optimism.
Social awareness involves understanding others, valuing differences, empathizing,
and recognizing resources.
ii. Through classroom initiatives like SEL, positive psychology treatments attempt to
improve happiness and well-being skills in teenagers by helping them develop
good emotions, connections, and character qualities.
iii. Eastern-inspired mindfulness-based programs call on young people to concentrate
on their immediate surroundings. These courses teach participants how to develop
mindfulness and incorporate it into their daily lives. Purposeful attention, a clear
connection with thoughts, and practicing nonjudgmental reactions to unpleasant
feelings and ideas are all components of mindfulness. These initiatives seek to
enhance focused attention, foster a separate connection with thoughts, and
encourage a more compassionate and thoughtful way of living.

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 iv. In order to foster good manners, confidence, and connections in adolescents,
positive youth development interventions include personal mentorship, athletics,
leisure activities, and youth leadership programs. This prosocial approach
encourages beneficial connections in classrooms, neighborhoods, peer groups,
families, and organizations, boosting goodwill and general wellbeing.
v. Interventions that promote good mental health, lessen stigma, and increase the
effectiveness of getting care are all dependent on mental health literacy. It helps
adolescents maintain good mental health and ensures prompt access to appropriate
care when psychological issues develop.

Adolescents with mental health issues need prompt, excellent, all-encompassing

services to evaluate, help, and treat them. To improve mental health and spot early
warning signs of issues, staff members should have proper training and understanding.
The implementation of a strong program, supportive network, and referral network is
necessary. Adolescents with learning disabilities and mental health concerns should have
access to high-quality services when they need them. Prompt mental health treatment is
crucial.

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7.0 RISKS OF MENTAL HEALTH AMONG SENIOR CITIZENS
More than 60 people contribute significantly to society as members of families,
coworkers, and laborers. However, they might also have gout, diabetes, hearing loss,
diabetes, nerve difficulties, and drug problems. Between 2015 and 2050, the world's
population is projected to quadruple, adding 2 billion individuals over the age of 60.
Mental or neurological conditions affect more than 20% of adults 60 and older and
account for 6.6% of the years of life with a handicap. The cause of 17.4% of Years Lived
with Disability (YLDs) in adults over 65 is a mental or brain disorder. The two mental
and brain conditions that afflict 5% and 7% of the elderly populations worldwide,
respectively, are depression and dementia. 3.8% of senior citizens struggle with anxiety,
and little under 1% have drug concerns. Doctors and elderly patients often misdiagnose
mental health issues, which results in a lack of support and assistance.
There are many things that can put older people at risk for mental health issues.
Common sources of worry in life, like less movement, constant pain, and weakness, can
cause older people to need care for a long time. Mental health problems can also be
caused by things like a death in the family or a drop in income after retirement.
Physical health impacts mental health in older adults, as health problems like heart
disease increase their likelihood of depression. Elder abuse, which affects older people
physically, verbally, emotionally, financially, and sexually, can lead to rejection, neglect,
and a loss of respect and honor. One in six older people suffers from abuse, causing
physical damage and long-term mental problems like depression and anxiety. Other risk
factors include increased physical health issues, chronic pain, medication side effects,
breakups, loss of independence, employment, income, self-worth, mobility, flexibility,
social isolation, significant living arrangements, hospitalizations, and anniversaries.
Addressing these issues is crucial for maintaining overall well-being and preventing long-
term mental health issues in older adults.
People who struggle with anxiety or depression often experience a variety of
symptoms, all of which are impacted by different variables. In order to overcome these
difficulties, it is essential to comprehend the reasons as well as recognize the symptoms.
Recovery depends on receiving assistance and comprehending challenging situations.

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8.0 STRATEGIES TO ADDRESS MENTAL HEALTH NEEDS OF SENIOR CITIZENS
Strategies to meet older people's mental health requirements in terms of treatment
and care In order to satisfy the unique demands of older people, it is crucial to prepare
societies and health professionals, including:
i. Age-friendly service environments development:
Accessible, equitable, inclusive, safe, secure, and supportive environments that
are age-friendly promote the health and well-being of the elderly. They prevent
disease and functional decline, allow elderly people to age securely, keep them
out of destitution, and allow them to contribute to their communities while
maintaining autonomy, health, and dignity. The elderly are at the center of efforts
to establish a more age-friendly world, as they have the greatest understanding of
their needs
ii. Health professionals' training for older care.:
Enhancing medical professionals' education and training in diagnosing and
treating older patients can help combat ageism in healthcare. While most
professionals understand the unique challenges faced by children's health, they are
less aware of the differences between adults aged 80–90 and those aged 40. Most
doctors lack formal geriatric training and spend at least three times as much time
learning pediatrics as geriatrics.
iii. Preventing and managing age-related chronic diseases:
This care spectrum includes both ways to avoid health problems, like programs to
help people stop smoking, eat well, and be active, and ways to provide health
care. Patients are urged to be involved in their care, and healthcare workers are
given the tools and knowledge they need to help patients deal with their sickness.
iv. Developing sustainable long-term and palliative care policies.:
Palliative care should be provided based on national health coverage, ensuring
access to basic health services for all individuals, regardless of age, income, or
illness. Financial and social safety systems should consider the rights of the poor
and excluded. Nurses should be trained in palliative care skills, especially for
those with dangerous illnesses. A high-quality, user-friendly system should be
integrated into basic health care, community care, and home-based care,

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benefiting caregivers and family members. Palliative care is a moral obligation for
healthcare professionals.

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9.0 REVOLUTIONIZING THE HEALTH CARE INDUSTRY THROUGH
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

The healthcare industry relies on current training, health services, and professional
knowledge to provide excellent care and come up with new ideas. For healthcare
businesses to reach strategic goals like innovation, competitive edge, ongoing learning,
and growth, they need a clear Knowledge Management (KM) strategy. A KM framework
links people and information, making it possible to achieve strategy objectives like
creativity, competitive edge, ongoing learning, and growth. Healthcare organizations
require a KM framework for effective management, as below:

i. Enhance decision-making capabilities:

In the digital age, doctors and nurses utilize hospital Knowledge Management
systems to access and organize information about patients' signs and health
problems. This helps them make informed decisions, potentially saving lives and
enhancing patient care in the long run.

ii. Protect knowledge to prevent medical errors:

Healthcare KM solutions help standardize medical supplies, best practices, and
training, ensuring all necessary knowledge is available and preventing mistakes.
This competitive industry makes the healthcare business more efficient and
reduces the risk of mistakes. By standardizing processes and best practices,
healthcare KM solutions ensure that workers stay up-to-date with the latest
information, reducing the risk of mistakes and enhancing overall efficiency.

iii. Promote upskilling and development:

Medical students must continuously learn and adapt to provide optimal care. A
KM system enables sharing of information, best practices, industry research, and
developments, promoting skill development and ensuring everyone receives the
best care and assistance.

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 iv. Expert collaboration:
The healthcare system is complex, and experts must collaborate to provide
optimal care. Digital medical records facilitate sharing but can compromise
patient privacy. A Knowledge Management (KM) system enables anonymous
sharing of symptoms, medical conditions, and other information, enabling life-
saving knowledge without compromising patient privacy.

A KM framework can improve patient care quality and save lives in healthcare
organizations. It is essential to make informed decisions and enhance patient care, as this
is the ultimate goal of the healthcare industry.

Total no. of words: 3922

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 ATTACHMENT

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