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PN Junction Diode A PN-junction Diode Might Be Made, When An N-Type and A P-Type Semiconductor
PN Junction Diode A PN-junction Diode Might Be Made, When An N-Type and A P-Type Semiconductor
PN Junction Diode
A PN-junction diode might be made, when an n-type and a p-type semiconductor
are joined together. The electric leads of the diode are usually formed from
metallic contacts, as shown in Fig. 3.1.
As illustrated in Fig. 3.2, since the positive and negative charge densities are
different in these two regions, the charges would be forced to diffuse in the
opposite directions due to thermal energy.
➢ In the N-type region, positive charges could be available near the junction
➢ In the P-type region, negative charges would be in the P-type region.
In the electronic circuits of the P-type region and the N- type regions are called
anode and cathode, respectively.
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Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
The electronic symbol and different types of a PN-junction diode are shown in Fig.
3.3.
1- No Bias
▪ There is No an external potential applied to the junction, different
components of charge carriers could be transported in both regions.
▪ Two types of the majority carriers are available in the junction: electrons in
the N-type region and holes in the P-type region.
▪ The minority carriers in the P-type and N-type regions are electrons and
holes, respectively.
2
Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
2- Forward Bias
b) The depletion region is narrowed because the majority carries, which are
electrons in the N-type and holes in the P-type, are forced to diffuse in the
opposite directions.
c) When the applied potential is more than the built-in-potential, a forward
current can pass through the circuit.
4
Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
5
Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
2𝜀𝑠 𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐷
𝑤 =√ 𝑉𝑏 ( )
𝑞 𝑁𝐴 𝑁𝐷
Fig. 3.7. (a) Energy band structure of separated 𝒑-type and 𝒏-type
semiconductors. (b) Energy band structure of a 𝒑𝒏-homojunction diode.
6
Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
• The Fermi levels in the forbidden gap of the separated semiconductors have
different positions.
• The Fermi level is line-up in the 𝑝𝑛 junction:
➢ The edge of both the conduction and valence bands of the n-type
semiconductors will bend up.
➢ The edge of both the conduction and valence bands of the p-type
semiconductors will bend down.
➢ The conduction bands of both types will coincide and the valence bands
will coincide too.
• Thermal equilibrium in a 𝑝𝑛 junction:
➢ No temperature gradient throughout sample.
➢ Excitation of carriers is unavailable.
• No current might flow in the 𝑝𝑛-junction,
➢ The net current is equal to zero.
• drift current caused by the electric field = diffusion current due to thermal
gradient.
𝑗𝑛 = 0, or
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓
𝑗𝑛 = −𝑗𝑛
and
𝑗𝑝 = 0
7
Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓
𝑗𝑝 = −𝑗𝑝
n-type
In the forward bias, the difference between the Fermi levels of the junction can
be expressed by
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Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
Shockley equation
In Shockley model of PN junction:
• The junction is assumed to be an abrupt, whereas the region out of the space
charge region is neutral.
• The carrier densities at the boundaries are related to the potential
distribution.
• The injected minority carrier density is small in comparison to the majority
carrier density.
• The depletion region is free of charge, and so generation or recombination
cannot occur.
The current density passing through an ideal 𝑝𝑛-junction diode due to applying a
voltage (𝑉) is described by the Shockley equation
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Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
𝐷ℎ 𝐷𝑒 𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑞𝐴𝑛𝑖2 . ( + ) [exp ( ) − 1]
𝐿ℎ 𝑁𝐷 𝐿𝑒 𝑁𝐴 𝑉𝑇
𝑞 : electron charge, 𝐴 : diode area
𝐷 : diffusion coefficient, 𝐿 : diffusion length, 𝑉𝑇 : thermal voltage,
The subscripts 𝑝 and 𝑛 refer to holes and electrons.
𝑰 − 𝑽 Characteristics
Fig. 3.10. 𝑰 − 𝑽 Characteristics of an ideal 𝒑𝒏-junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
10
Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
11
Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
12
Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
𝑞𝑉
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑠 [𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) − 1]
𝑛𝐾𝐵 𝑇
If V ≥ 3qK B T , the equation reduces to
𝑞𝑉
𝐼 ≊ 𝐼𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ),
𝑛𝐾𝐵 𝑇
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Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
Examples
(1) A rod of intrinsic silicon of a length of 2 cm, a diameter of 0.5mm, motilities
𝜇𝑒 = 0.12 𝑚2 ⁄𝑉. 𝑠 and 𝜇ℎ = 0.06 𝑚2 ⁄𝑉. 𝑠 . Calculate the conductivity 𝜎 of
the silicon. (𝑛𝑖 = 1.5 × 1010 𝑐𝑚−3 ).
Ans.
𝜎 = 𝑛𝑖 (𝜇𝑒 + 𝜇ℎ) 𝑞
= 1.5 × 1010 𝑐𝑚−3 (1200 𝑐𝑚2 ⁄𝑉. 𝑠 + 600 𝑚2 ⁄𝑉. 𝑠 ) × 1.6 × 10−19 𝑐𝑜𝑙
= 4.32 × 10−4 𝑆/𝑚
(2) A 𝑃+ 𝑁 junction has 𝑁𝐴 = 1020 𝑐𝑚−3 and 𝑁𝐷 = 1017 𝑐𝑚−3 . What is (a) built-
in-potential, (b) depletion region width, (c) 𝑥𝑛 , and (d) 𝑥𝑝 ? (𝑛𝑖 = 1.5 ×
1010 𝑐𝑚−3 ).
Ans.
𝐾𝐵 𝑇 𝑁𝐷 𝑁𝐴
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑙𝑛 ( 2 )
𝑞 𝑛𝑖
1.38 × 10−23 𝐽⁄𝐾 × 300 𝐾 1017 × 1020 𝑐𝑚−3
𝑉𝑏 = 𝑙𝑛 ( )
1.6 × 10−19 𝑐𝑜𝑙 2.25 × 1020 𝑐𝑚−3
𝑉𝑏 = 0.99 𝑉
𝑁𝐴 ≫ 𝑁𝐷 Thus
𝑁𝐴 + 𝑁𝐷 1
≅
𝑁𝐴 𝑁𝐷 𝑁𝐷
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Electronics I Department of Physics Fall Semester
Dr. Emad Aljaberi College of Science 2022/2023
2𝜀𝑠 𝑉𝑏
𝑤 ≅√
𝑞𝑁𝐷
−14 𝐹
√2 × 12 × 8.85 × 10 𝑐𝑚
× 0.99𝑉
= = 114 𝑛𝑚
1.6 × 10−19 𝑐𝑜𝑙 × 1017 𝑐𝑚−3
Since 𝑁𝐴 ≫ 𝑁𝐷 , the entire depletion layer exists on the N-side 𝑥𝑛 , which is
approximately equal to 𝑤.
𝑥𝑛 𝑁𝐷
𝑥𝑝 =
𝑁𝐴
𝑥𝑛 𝑁𝐷
𝑥𝑝 =
𝑁𝐴
114 × 10−7 𝑐𝑚 × 1017 𝑐𝑚−3
𝑥𝑝 =
1020 𝑐𝑚−3
𝑥𝑝 = 11.46 × 10−10 𝑐𝑚
𝑥𝑝 = 0.1146 𝑛𝑚
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