Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, Incropera, F.

and Dewitt
D., 7th edition, Wiley, 2011.

• References:

1. Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and Applications, Y. Cengel, A.

Ghajar, 5th edition, McGraw Hill

2. Introduction to Heat Transfer, Arpaci, V.A., Kao, S.H. and Selamet, A.,
Prentice-Hall, 2000.

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Quantity Definition Symbol Unit
The energy associated with microscopic
Thermal Energy U or u* J or J/kg
behavior of matter
A mean of indirectly assessing the amount
Temperature of thermal energy stored T K or °C
in matter
The thermal energy transport due to
Heat Transfer
temperature gradient
The amount of thermal energy transferred
Heat Q J
over a time interval Δt > 0 (s)
Heat Rate Thermal energy transfer per unit time q W
Thermal energy transfer per unit time and
Heat Flux q’’ W/m2
surface area

* U → Thermal energy of the system

u → Thermal energy per unit mass of system
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• Conduction
Heat transfer in a solid or a
stationary fluid (gas or liquid) due to
the random motion of its atoms,
molecules and/or Electrons.
• Convection
Heat transfer due to the
combined influence of bulk and
random motion for fluid flow
over a surface.
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• Radiation
Energy emitted by a matter due to
changes in the electron configurations of
its atoms/molecules and is transported
as electromagnetic waves or photons.
 Heat flux Temperature gradient
[ 𝑊 Τ𝑚 2 ] Thermal conductivity [𝐾/𝑚] or [C/m]
[𝑊 Τ𝑚. 𝐾]

• Consider a one-dimensional, steady heat conduction across a planar wall of a constant thermal
conductivity:
𝑑𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 [𝑊 Τ𝑚2 ] 𝑞𝑥" = −𝑘 = −𝑘 2 1 = 𝑘 1 2
𝑑𝑥 𝐿 𝐿

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑊 𝑞𝑥 = 𝑞𝑥" × 𝐴

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•

Heat flux
[ 𝑊 Τ𝑚 2 ] Convection heat
transfer coefficient Surface temperature Ambient temperature
[𝑊 Τ𝑚2 . 𝐾] [𝐾] [𝐾]

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•

•
σ: Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4)
Eb: Emissive power of a perfect emitter (blackbody) [W/m2]
E: Emissive power [W/m2]
ε: Surface emissivity (0 ≤ ε ≤ 1)
α: Surface absorptivity (0 ≤ α ≤ 1)
G: Irradiance [W/m2] *How much is the solar irradiation above atmosphere?
Gabs: Absorbed incident radiation [W/m2] Eng. Waleed Sunjuq
Eng. Waleed Sunjuq
 4
𝐺 = 𝐺𝑠𝑢𝑟 = 𝜎𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
• α ε
" "
𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝐸𝑏 − 𝛼𝐺 → 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4
)

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 " "
𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝜎 𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟
4 → 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = hr (Ts − Tsur )

hr: Radiative heat transfer coefficient [W/m2.K]

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 ANSYS

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 ANSYS

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