Boost-your-vocabulary-Cam 10 - 18.7.2023

Cuốn sách này của
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Điểm mục tiêu cho phần thi IELTS Reading là: .................
Mình sẽ đạt điếm số này vào ngày ................
Để làm được điều này, mình sẽ đọc cuốn sách này ít nhất ....... lần/tuần
SEBASTIAN BENNETT
JULIANA SILVA
LỜI GIỚI THIỆU
Chào các bạn,
Các bạn đang cầm trên tay cuốn “Boost your vocabulary” được biên soạn bởi thầy Đinh Thắng
và team A&M I IELTS.
Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang muốn cải thiện vốn từ vựng cho phần thi
Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên nền tảng bộ Cambridge IELTS của Nhà xuất bản
Đại học Cambridge – Anh Quốc.
Sau 06 năm phát hành miễn phí, cuốn sách đã giúp cho 24 bạn đạt 9.0 cùng rất nhiều bạn đã
đạt mục tiêu cho phần thi IELTS Reading của mình. Không chỉ được sử dụng bởi đông đảo các
bạn học sinh, sinh viên, người đi làm, cuốn sách còn được các thầy cô, các trung tâm tin tưởng
lựa chọn làm giáo trình học viên của mình. Hơn thế, cuốn sách cũng được đông đảo các bạn bè
quốc tế biết đến, tin tưởng và sử dụng.
Trong quá trình thực hiện, team A&M I IELTS đã dành nhiều thời gian để nghiên cứu cách thức
đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dễ dùng nhất với các bạn. Tuy vậy, cuốn sách không khỏi có
những hạn chế nhất định. Mọi góp ý để cải thiện nội dung cuốn sách mọi người xin gửi về email
amacademic.edu@gmail.com
Trân trọng cảm ơn,

TÁC GIẢ & NHÓM THỰC HIỆN
THẦY ĐINH THẮNG

Là chủ nhiệm và Founder của A&M I IELTS
Giảng viên IELTS tại Hà Nội từ 2012
Chứng chỉ ngành ngôn ngữ Anh, đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc, 2016.
Diễn giả hội thảo IELTS tổ chức bởi IDP Việt Nam (2022)
Tác giả các đầu sách IELTS như Hướng dẫn viết câu trong IELTS writing 7.0-7.5,
Highlight academic phrases in examiners' essays, Boost your comprehension
Cambridge IELTS
cùng các thầy cô và các thành viên trong team A&M I IELTS ...
Cô Ngọc Khuê
Thầ y Hoàng Anh
9.0 IELTS Reading
9.0 IELTS Reading
Cô Phương Anh
Cô Như Ngọc 8.0 IELTS Reading
9.0 IELTS Reading
HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG SÁCH
ĐỐI TƯỢNG SỬ DỤNG SÁCH

Các bạn cần có mức độ từ vựng tương đương 5.5 trở lên (theo thang điểm 9 của IELTS),
nếu không có thể sẽ gặp khó khăn trong việc sử dụng sách này.
CÁC BƯỚC SỬ DỤNG
CÁCH 1: LÀM TEST TRƯỚC, HỌC TỪ VỰNG SAU
Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn
sách được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn
nào đọc online sẽ có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
Bước 2: Tìm mua cuốn Cambridge IELTS (10 cuốn mới nhất từ 8-17) của Nhà xuất
bản Cambridge để làm. Hãy cẩn thận đừng mua nhầm sách lậu. Sách của nhà
xuất bản Cambridge được tái bản tại Việt Nam thường có bìa và giấy dày, chữ rất
rõ nét.
Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách trên. Ví dụ passage
1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13.
Bước 4: Đối chiếu với cuốn sách này, bạn sẽ lọc ra các từ vựng quan trọng cần
học. Ví dụ passage 1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13, bài về Tourism New Zealand
Website: Bạn sẽ thấy
4.1 Cột bên trái là bản text gốc, trong đó bôi đậm các từ học thuật - academic
word
4.2 Cột bên phải chứa các từ vựng này theo kèm định nghĩa (definition) hoặc từ
đồng nghĩa (synonym)
CÁCH 2: HỌC TỪ VỰNG TRƯỚC, ĐỌC TEST SAU
Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn
sách được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn
nào đọc online sẽ có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
Bước 2: Đọc cột bên trái như đọc báo. Duy trì hàng ngày. Khi nào không hiểu từ
nào thì xem nghĩa hoặc synonym của từ đó ở cột bên phải. Giai đoạn này giúp bạn
phát triển việc đọc tự nhiên, thay vì đọc theo kiểu làm test. Bạn càng hiểu nhiều
càng tốt. Cố gắng nhớ từ theo ngữ cảnh.
Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách Cambridge IELTS.
Ví dụ bạn đọc xong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 9&10 này thì có thể làm các test
trong cuốn 11 chẳng hạn. Làm test xong thì cố gắng phát hiện các từ đã học trong
cuốn 9&10. Bạn nào có khả năng ghi nhớ tốt chắc chắn sẽ gặp lại rất nhiều từ đã
học. Bạn nào có khả năng ghi nhớ vừa phải cũng sẽ gặp lại không ít từ.
Bước 4: Đọc cuốn Boost your vocabulary tương ứng với test bạn vừa làm.
Ví dụ 1 chu trình đầy đủ theo cách này

B1. Đọc hiểu và học từ vựng trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 9&10
B2. Làm test 1 trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 11
B3. Đọc hiểu và học từ vựng trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 11 & tìm các từ lặp lại
mà bạn đã đọc trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 9&10
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY 10 – SECOND EDITION 1
Test 1
READING PASSAGE 1
Stepwells
A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to

Neglect= ignore, abandon…
Restoration= repair, renewal…

life in the driest parts of India. Although many have
Former= ex, previous, past…
been neglected, recent restoration has returned
them to their former glory. Richard Cox travelled to Glory= when something is
north-western India to document these spectacular beautiful and impressive in
monuments from a bygone era. appearance.
During the sixth and seventh centuries, the
Spectacular= fantastic, stunning,
inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and amazing, impressive, fabulous…
Rajasthan in North-western India developed a method
of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during Bygone= past, former, previous…
the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals
and irrigation. However, the significance of this Inhabitant= citizen, resident…
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
invention – the stepwell – goes beyond its utilitarian Monument= a building, statue, or
application. other large structure that is built to
remind people of an important
event or famous person.
Unique to the region, stepwells are often
architecturally complex and vary widely in size and Irrigate= to supply land or crops
shape. During their heyday, they were places of with water.
gathering, of leisure, of relaxation and of worship for
Utilitarian= useful, practical,
villagers of all but the lowest castes. Most stepwells effective…
are found dotted around the desert areas of Gujarat
(where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they Unique= sole, only one of its kind,
are known as baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. distinctive…
Some were located in or near villages as public spaces
Heyday= peak of your success,
for the community; others were positioned beside glory days, prime= the time when
roads as resting places for travellers. someone or something was most
popular, successful, or powerful.
As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series
of stone steps descending from ground level to the Caste= social class in India.
water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it Position= locate, situate, place…
recedes following the rains. When the water level was
high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to Comprise= include, contain,
reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to consist of…
be negotiated.
Descend= go down, move down,
tumble down…
Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of
steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others Negotiate= consult, discuss…
are more elaborate, with long stepped passages
leading to the water via several storeys built from Crater= hole.
stone and supported by pillars, they also included
pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless
heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the
intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many
stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing
Tier= one of several levels or
to everyday acts such as women combing their hair layers that rise up one above the
and churning butter. other.
Down the centuries, thousands of wells were Elaborate= intricate, complicated,

constructed throughout northwestern India, but the complex…
majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict
Pillar= Tower of strength= a tall
and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for upright round post used as a
industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water support for a roof or bridge.
table. Their condition hasn’t been helped by recent dry
spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year Pavilion= exhibition area,
drought between 1996 and 2004. spectator area…
Shelter= protect.
However, some important sites in Gujarat have Intricate= complex, complicated,

elaborate…
recently undergone major restoration, and the state
government announced in June last year that it plans Relentless= Endless, persistent…
to restore the stepwells throughout the state.
Sculpture= statue.
In Patan, the state’s ancient capital, the stepwell of
Embellish= decorate, beautify,
Rani Ki Vav (Queen’s Stepwell) is perhaps the finest make fancy…
current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati
during the late 11th century, but became silted up Derelict= neglected,
following a flood during the 13th century. But the abandoned…
Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the
Divert= reroute, turn away…
1960s, and today it’s in pristine
condition . At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 Undergo= experience.
metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 distinct
sculptures carved into niches throughout the Finest= best, most excellent…
monument, depicting gods such as Vishnu and
Pristine= like new, untouched,
Parvati in various incarnations. Incredibly, in January unspoiled…
2001, this ancient structure survived a devastating
earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. Depict= show, represent,
describe, illustrate…
Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera,
Incarnation= the state of living in
northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King the form of a particular person or
Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It’s animal. According to some
actually a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather religions, people have several
than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell different incarnations.
architecture, including four sides of steps that descend
Devastating= harmful, damaging,
to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The ruinous…
terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines
between the sets of steps. Earthquake = a sudden shaking
of the Earth’s surface that often
Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city causes a lot of damage.
of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is reknowned Honour= respect, admire…
for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the
larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by Commissioned= specially
the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 made, custom- built…
metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the
intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris Ruined= broke, destroyed…
commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji.
Dramatic= spectacular,
In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 striking, remarkable,
kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of extraordinary…
India’s oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically, it’s
perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850
AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori Comprise= include, contain,
comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run consist of, involve…
along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys,
resulting in a striking geometric pattern when seen Striking= good-looking,
from afar. On the fourth side, covered verandas attractive…
supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps.
Ornate= covered with a lot
Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off of decoration.
the Jaipur–Dehli highway. Constructed in around 1700,
it’s nine storeys deep, with the last two levels Preserve= protect, save…
underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded
openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to Flock= gather, form a
the deepest water source. group…
Today, following years of neglect, many of these Marvel= wonder, awesome

monuments to medieval engineering have been saved sight, amazing thing…
by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has
recognised the importance of preserving them as part Ingenuity= cleverness,
of the country’s rich history. Tourists flock to wells in inventiveness, creativity…
far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in
wonder at these architectural marvels from 1,000
years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the
ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the
value of water to human existence.
READING PASSAGE 2
European transport
systems 1990-2010
W hat have been the trends and what are the

Prospect= possibility, likelihood, chance,
option…
prospects for European transport systems? Conceive=imagine, visualize, think of….
Vigorous= strong and healthy…

A It is difficult to conceive of vigorous economic
growth without an efficient transport system. Although Efficient= effective, useful, helpful, well-
modern information technologies can reduce the organized…
demand for physical transport by facilitating
Facilitate= aid, help, assist…
teleworking and teleservices, the requirement for
transport continues to increase. There are two key Substantial= significant, considerable…
factors behind this trend. For passenger transport, the
determining factor is the spectacular growth in car use.
The number of cars on European Union (EU) roads Frontier= border, boundary, edge…
saw an increase of three million cars each year from
Abolish= eliminate, put an end to, stop,
1990 to 2010, and in the next decade the EU will see a close down, get rid of…
further substantial increase in its fleet.
Emphasis= stress.
B As far as goods transport is concerned, growth is
due to a large extent to changes in the European Labour-intensive = an industry or type of
economy and its system of production. In the last 20 work that is labour-intensive needs a lot of
years, as internal frontiers have been abolished, the
workers.
EU has moved from a ”stock” economy to a ”flow”
economy. This phenomenon has been emphasised
by the relocation of some industries, particularly those Assembly= gathering, meeting, get-
which are labourintensive, to reduce production together…
costs, even though the production site is hundreds or
Candidate= applicant.
even thousands of kilometres away from the final
assembly plant or away from users. Haulage =moving, carrying, shipping…
C The strong economic growth expected in countries Export= sell abroad, sell overseas, sell to
which are candidates for entry to the EU will also other countries…
increase transport flows, in particular road haulage
Import= bring in, trade in, buy from
traffic. In 1998, some of these countries already abroad, buy from overseas, buy from other
exported more than twice their 1990 volumes and countries…
imported more than five times their 1990 volumes.
And although many candidate countries inherited a Inherit= be left, take over…
transport system which encourages rail, the
distribution between modes has tipped sharply in Distribution= sharing, spreading,
favour of road transport since the 1990s. Between allocation…
1990 and 1998，road haulage increased by 19.4%,
while during the same period rail haulage decreased Imperative= vital, very important,
by 43.5%, although – and this could benefit the crucial, essential…
enlarged EU – it is still on average at a much higher
level than in existing member states. Sustainable= able to continue for
a long time.
D However, a new imperative-sustainable
development – offers an opportunity for adapting the Adapt= get a feel to, get used to,
EU common transport policy. This objective, agreed familiarize yourself…
by the Gothenburg European Council, has to be
achieved by integrating environmental considerations Policy= rule, guiding principle,
into Community policies, and shifting the balance strategy, plan…
between modes of transport lies at the heart of its
strategy. The ambitious objective can only be fully Objective= aim, purpose, goal,
achieved by 2020, but proposed measures are intention…
nonetheless a first essential step towards a
sustainable transport system which will ideally be in Integrate= put together, mix,
place in 30 years‟ time, that is by 2040. combine…
E In 1998, energy consumption in the transport sector Strategy= plan.

was to blame for 28% of emissions of CO2，the
leading greenhouse gas. According to the latest Propose= suggest, recommend,
estimates, if nothing is done to reverse the traffic advise…
growth trend, CO2 emissions from transport can be
expected to increase by around 50% to 1,113 billion Ideally= perfectly, well…
tonnes by 2020，compared with the 739 billion tonnes
recorded in 1990. Once again, road transport is the Blame= hold responsible,
main culprit since it alone accounts for 84% of the accused…
CO2 emissions attributable to transport. Using
alternative fuels and improving energy efficiency is Emission= release, discharge…
thus both an ecological necessity and a technological
challenge. Reverse = overturn.
F At the same time greater efforts must be made to Culprit= cause, reason…
achieve a modal shift. Such a change cannot be
achieved overnight, all the less so after over half a Account for= represent, explain,
century of constant deterioration in favour of road. answer for…
This has reached such a pitch that today rail freight
services are facing marginalisation, with just 8% of Deterioration = worsening,
market share, and with international goods trains decline, weakening…
struggling along at an average speed of 18km/h. Three
possible options have emerged. Marginalise= to make a person or
a group of people unimportant and
G The first approach would consist of focusing on road powerless in an unfair way.
transport solely through pricing. This option would not
be accompanied by complementary measures in the Emerge= appear, come out…
other modes of transport. In the short term it might
curb the growth in road transport through the better
loading ratio of goods vehicles and occupancy rates Accompany= go along with, go
of passenger vehicles expected as a result of the together with…
increase in the price of transport. However, the lack of
measures available to revitalise other modes of Complementary= balancing.
transport would make it impossible for more
sustainable modes of transport to take up the baton. Ratio= proportion, percentage…
H The second approach also concentrates on road Curb= hold back, limit, restrain,
transport pricing but is accompanied by measures to reduce, cut back…
increase the efficiency of the other modes (better
quality of services, logistics, technology). However,
this approach does not include investment in new
infrastructure, nor does it guarantee better regional Occupancy= the number of people
cohesion. It could help to achieve greater uncoupling who stay, work, or live in a room or
than the first approach, but road transport would keep building at the same time.
the lion‟s share of the market and continue to
concentrate on saturated arteries, despite being the Concentrate on= focus on.
most polluting of the modes. It is therefore not enough
to guarantee the necessary shift of the balance. Logistics= the business of
transporting things such as goods
I The third approach, which is not new, comprises a to the place where they are
series of measures ranging from pricing to revitalising needed.
alternative modes of transport and targeting
investment in the trans-European network. This Infrastructure= the basic systems
integrated approach would allow the market shares of and structures that a country or
the other modes to return to their 1998 levels and thus organization needs in order to work
make a shift of balance. It is far more ambitious than it properly, for example roads,
looks, bearing in mind the historical imbalance in railways, banks etc.
favour of roads for the last fifty years, but would
achieve a marked break in the link between road Cohesion= unity, consistency,
transport growth and economic growth, without placing organization…
restrictions on the mobility of people and goods.
Uncoupling= disconnection,
separation…
Saturated= soaked, wet…
Artery= a main road, railway line,

river etc.
Revitalizing= refreshing,
renewing…
Bear in mind=since, given that…
READING PASSAGE 3
The psychology of innovation
Innovation= improvement,
W hy are so few companies truly innovative?

advance, modernization…
Survival= continued existence.

Innovation is key to business survival，and
Substantial= considerable,
companies put substantial resources into inspiring significant…
employees to develop new ideas. There are,
nevertheless, people working in luxurious, state-of-the- Inspire= motivate, encourage…
art centres designed to stimulate innovation who find
that their environment doesn’t make them feel at all Stimulate= inspire, motivate,
creative. And there are those who don’t have a encourage…
budget, or much space, but who innovate
successfully. Budget= the money that is
available to a person.
For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Recruitment= employment,

Arizona State University, one reason that companies staffing…
don’t succeed as often as they should is that
innovation starts with recruitment. Research shows Circumstance= situation,
that the fit between an employee’s values and a condition…
company’s values makes a difference to what
contribution they make and whether, two years after Quartet= four singers or musicians
they join, they’re still at the company. Studies at who sing or play together.
Harvard Business School show that, although some
individuals may be more creative than others, almost Quintet= five singers or musicians
every individual can be creative in the right who perform together.
circumstances.
Revolutionise= transform,
One of the most famous photographs in the story of develop, modernize, change…
rock’n’roll emphasises Ciaidini’s views. The 1956
picture of singers Elvis Presley, Carl Perkins, Johnny Fuse= combine, blend…
Cash and Jerry Lee Lewis jamming at a piano in Sun
Studios in Memphis tells a hidden story. Sun’s ‘million- Ambition= aim, goal, objective…
dollar quartet’ could have been a quintet. Missing
from the picture is Roy Orbison’ a greater natural
singer than Lewis, Perkins or Cash. Sam Phillips, who
owned Sun, wanted to revolutionise popular music
with songs that fused black and white music, and
country and blues. Presley, Cash, Perkins and Lewis
instinctively understood Phillips’s ambition and
believed in it. Orbison wasn’t inspired by the goal, and
only ever achieved one hit with the Sun label.
The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because

innovation is, in part, a process of change, and under
that pressure we, as a species, behave differently,
‘When things change, we are hard-wired to play it Hard-wired= if an attitude, way of
safe.’ Managers should therefore adopt an approach behaving etc is hard-wired, it is a natural
that appears counterintuitive -they should explain what part of a person’s character that they are
stands to be lost if the company fails to seize a born with and cannot change.
particular opportunity. Studies show that we invariably Adopt= embrace, take on, accept,
take more gambles when threatened with a loss than approve….
when offered a reward.
Seize= take advantage of, grab, take…
Managing innovation is a delicate art. It’s easy for a
Gamble= risk.
company to be pulled in conflicting directions as the
marketing, product development, and finance Threatened= in danger, in jeopardy…
departments each get different feedback from different
sets of people. And without a system which ensures Delicate= needing to be dealt with
collaborative exchanges within the company, it’s also carefully or sensitively in order to avoid
problems or failure.
easy for small ‘pockets of innovation‟ to disappear.
Innovation is a contact sport. You can‟t brief people Conflicting= contradictory, disagreeing,
just by saying, ‘We’re going in this direction and I’m differing…
going to take you with me.’
Ensure= make sure, guarantee…
Cialdini believes that this ‘follow-the-leader syndrome, Collaborative= mutual, shared…
is dangerous, not least because it encourages bosses
to go it alone. ‘It’s been scientifically proven that three Brief =inform, tell…
people will be better than one at solving problems,
even if that one person is the smartest person in the Syndrome= a set of qualities, events, or
types of behaviour that is typical of a
field.’ To prove his point, Cialdini cites an interview particular kind of problem.
with molecular biologist James Watson. Watson,
together with Francis Crick, discovered the structure of Cite= refer to, mention…
DNA, the genetic information carrier of all living
organisms. ‘When asked how they had cracked the Organism= an animal, plant, human, or
any other living thing.
code ahead of an array of highly accomplished rival
investigators, he said something that stunned me. He Crack= solve, work out, figure out…
said ”he and Crick had succeeded because they were
aware that they weren’t the most intelligent of the Accomplished= talented, gifted, skilful,
scientists pursuing the answer. The smartest scientist expert….
was called Rosalind Franklin who, Watson said, “was Rival= opponent, competitor…
so intelligent she rarely sought advice”.’
Pursue= chase, follow, hunt
Teamwork taps into one of the basic drivers of human
behaviour. ‘The principle of social proof is so Pervasive= existing everywhere.
pervasive that we don’t even recognise it,’ says Resist= oppose, refuse to accept, deny…
Cialdini. ‘If your project is being resisted, for example,
by a group of veteran employees, ask another old- Veteran= experienced, expert…
timer to speak up for it.’ Cialdini is not alone in
advocating this strategy. Research shows that peer
power, used horizontally not vertically, is much more
powerful than any boss’s speech.
Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the

flow of new ideas. Cialdini cites scores of research Advocate= support, encourage, promote,
be in favor of…
papers and historical events that prove that even
something as simple as writing deepens every Peer= colleague, friend…
individual’s engagement in the project. It is, he says,
the reason why all those competitions on breakfast Engagement= meeting, appointment…
cereal packets encouraged us to write in saying, in no
Inhibit= stop, prevent…
more than 10 words: ‘I like Kellogg’s Com Flakes
because… .’ The very act of writing makes us more Regrettable= undesirable, unwelcome,
likely to believe it. unfortunate…
Tendency= trend.
Authority doesn’t have to inhibit innovation but it often
does. The wrong kind of leadership will lead to what Opt= choose, decide on, select…
Cialdini calls ”captainitis, the regrettable tendency of
team members to opt out of team responsibilities that Overbearing= domineering= always trying
to control other people without considering
are properly their’. He calls it captainitis because, he their wishes or feelings.
says, ”crew members of multipilot aircraft exhibit a
sometimes deadly passivity when the flight captain Interchange= exchange, swap…
makes a clearly wrong-headed decision”. This
behaviour is not, he says, unique to air travel, but can Function= role, purpose, meaning…
happen in any workplace where the leader is Furniture= large objects such as chairs,
overbearing. tables, beds, and cupboards.
At the other end of the scale is the 1980s Memphis Ideal= perfect, best…
design collective, a group of young designers for
Take pride in= to do something very
whom ”the only rule was that there were no rule”. This carefully and well, in a way that gives you
environment encouraged a free interchange of ideas, a lot of satisfaction.
which led to more creativity with form, function, colour
and materials that revolutionised attitudes to furniture Accomplishment= achievement,
design. success…
Simultaneously= at the same time, at

Many theorists believe the ideal boss should lead from once…
behind, taking pride in collective accomplishment
and giving credit where it is due. Cialdini Assure = ensure, make certain,
says:”Leaders should encourage everyone to guarantee…
contribute and simultaneously assure all concerned Frustrating= annoying.
that every recommendation is important to making the
right decision and will be given full attention” The Formula= rule, principle…
frustrating thing about innovation is that there are
many approaches, but no magic formula. However, a
manager who wants to create a truly innovative culture
can make their job a lot easier by recognising these
psychological realities.
Test 2
READING PASSAGE 1
Tea and the Industrial Revolution
C ambridge professor says that a change in
drinking habits was the reason for the Industrial

Revolution in Britain. Anjana Abuja reports
Anthropological = the scientific study of
A Alan Macfarlane, professor of anthropological
people, their societies, cultures etc.
science at King’s College, Cambridge has, like other
historians, spent decades wrestling with the Wrestle with sth = struggle , fight,
enigma of the Industrial Revolution. Why did this grapple, to try to understand or find a
particular Big Bang – the world-changing birth of solution to a difficult problem.
industry-happen in Britain? And why did it strike at Enigma= mystery, puzzle, uncanny.
the end of the 18th century?
Puzzle= mystery, enigma, cryptic.
B Macfarlane compares the puzzle to a combination
Take off= start out, begin, launch.
lock. ‘There are about 20 different factors and all of
them need to be present before the revolution can Drive= run, energy, ambition,
happen,’ he says. For industry to take off, there determination, initiative.
needs to be the technology and power to drive Urban= city, town, metropolitan.
factories, large urban populations to provide cheap Labour= workforce, workers, employees.
labour, easy transport to move goods around, an
Criterion= standard, principle, rule.
affluent middle-class willing to buy mass-produced
objects, a market-driven economy and a political Sufficient= adequate, enough, plenty.
system that allows this to happen. While this was Coal= a hard-black mineral which is dug
the case for England, other nations, such as Japan, out of the ground and burnt to produce
the Netherlands and France also met some of these heat.
criteria but were not industrialising. All these factors
Convinced= persuaded, swayed, prove.
must have been necessary. But not sufficient to
cause the revolution, says Macfarlane. ‘After all,
Holland had everything except coal while China also
had many of these factors. Most historians are
convinced there are one or two missing factors that
you need to open the lock.
C The missing factors, he proposes, are to be

Propose= suggest, intend, advice.
found in almost even kitchen cupboard. Tea and
Goods= items for sale, things, product,
beer, two of the nation’s favourite drinks, fuelled the
commodity.
revolution. The antiseptic properties of tannin, the Ingredient= element, part, factor.
active ingredient in tea, and of hops in beer – plus Flourish= thrive, grow, develop.
the fact that both are made with boiled water – Succumb= give in, surrender, submit.
allowed urban communities to flourish at close Eccentric= unusual, weird, strange.
quarters without succumbing to water-borne Deduction= reasoning, conclusion, logic.
diseases such as dysentery. The theory sounds Scepticism = sceptical, doubt, suspicious.
eccentric but once he starts to explain the detective
work that went into his deduction, the scepticism Strengthen= support, reinforce, care.
gives way to wary admiration. Macfarlane’s case Notable= important, interesting, excellent,
has been strengthened by support from notable or unusual enough to be noticed or
quarters – Roy Porter, the distinguished medical mentioned.
historian, recently wrote a favourable appraisal of Appraisal= assessment, evaluation,
judgment, review.
his research.
D Macfarlane had wondered for a long time how the Wonder= doubt, question, deliberate.
Industrial Revolution came about. Historians had Alight on= to suddenly find, think of or
alighted on one interesting factor around the mid- notice something.
18th century that required explanation. Between
Static= constant, unchanging, still.
about 1650 and 1740，the population in Britain was
Infant= newborn baby, very young child.
static. But then there was a burst in population
growth. Macfarlane says: ‘The infant mortality rate Mortality= death, demise, the way that
halved in the space of 20 years, and this happened people do not live forever.
in both rural areas and cities, and across all classes.
People suggested four possible causes. Was there
a sudden change in the viruses and bacteria
around? Unlikely. Was there a revolution in medical
science? But this was a century before Lister’s
revolution*. Was there a change in environmental
conditions? There were improvements in agriculture Wipe out= destroy, eliminate, remove.
that wiped out malaria, but these were small gains.
Sanitation = the protection of public
Sanitation did not become widespread until the
19th century. The only option left is food. But the health by removing
height and weight statistics show a decline. So the and treating waste, dirty water etc
food must have got worse. Efforts to explain this Statistics= data, information, figures.
sudden reduction in child deaths appeared to draw a
blank.’
E This population burst seemed to happen at just

the right time to provide labour for the Industrial
Revolution. ‘When you start moving towards an Deduce= assume, reason, figure out.
industrial revolution, it is economically efficient to Regulate= to control an activity or
have people living close together,’ says Macfarlane.
process, especially by rules.
‘But then you get disease, particularly from human
Preserve= protect, conserve, reserve.
waste.’ Some digging around in historical records
revealed that there was a change in the incidence Malt= grain, usually barley, that has been
of water-borne disease at that time, especially kept in water for a time and then dried. It is
dysentery. Macfarlane deduced that whatever the used for making beer, whisky etc.
British were drinking must have been important in
regulating disease. He says, ‘We drank beer. For a
long time, the English were protected by the strong
antibacterial agent in hops, which were added to
help preserve the beer. But in the late 17th century
a tax was introduced on malt, the basic ingredient of
beer. The poor turned to water and gin and in the
1720s the mortality rate began to rise again. Then it
suddenly dropped again. What caused this?’
F Macfarlane looked to Japan, which was also

developing large cities about the same time, and Prevalence= dominance, common,
also had no sanitation. Water-borne diseases had a
occurrence.
much looser grip on the Japanese population than
those in Britain. Could it be the prevalence of tea in Extraordinary= strange, unusual,
their culture? Macfarlane then noted that the history surprising.
of tea in Britain provided an extraordinary Coincidence= when two things happen at
coincidence of dates. Tea was relatively expensive the same time.
until Britain started a direct dipper trade with China
Mortality = the number of deaths.
in the early 18th century. By the 1740s, about the
time that infant mortality was dipping, the drink Dip= fall, decline, drop.Purify = clean, get
was common. Macfarlane guessed that the fact that rid of impurities, sanitize.
water had to be boiled, together with the stomach- Out of contention= no longer having a
purifying properties of tea meant that the breast chance of winning something.
milk provided by mothers was healthier than it had
ever been. No other European nation sipped tea like
the British, which, by Macfarlanes logic, pushed
these other countries out of contention for the
revolution.
G But, if tea is a factor in the combination lock, why

didn’t Japan forge ahead in a tea-soaked industrial Forge ahead= to make progress,
revolution of its own? Macfarlane notes that even especially quickly.
though 17th-century Japan had large cities, high Revolution= revolt, rebellion, uprising.
literacy rates, even a futures market, it had turned Literacy= the state of being able to read
its back on the essence of any work-based
and write.
revolution by giving up labour-saving devices such
Abandoned= neglected, left and no longer
as animals, afraid that they would put people out of
work. So, the nation that we now think of as one of wanted, used or needed.
the most technologically advanced entered the 19th
century having ‘abandoned the wheel’.
READING PASSAGE 2
Air traffic control in the USA
A Establishment = founding, launch, creation

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the
An accident that occurred in the skies over the United States = a national authority with powers to
Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the regulate all aspects of flying in aircraft.
establishment of the Federal Aviation
Congested = full of traffic, overfilled, blocked,
Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the
crowded.
operation of aircraft in the skies over the United
States, which were becoming quite congested. The Procedure = process, way, method.
resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly
increased the safety of flight in the United States,
and similar air traffic control procedures are also in
place over much of the rest of the world.
Rudimentary = basic, simple, undeveloped,

B elementary.
Manual = physical, blue-collar, labor-intensive.
Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well
Vicinity (of something) = in the area around a
before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the
1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually particular place.
guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using Beacons= a light that is put somewhere to warn or
lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights guide people, ships, vehicles or aircraft.
were placed along cross-country routes to establish Visual = relating to seeing
the earliest airways. However, this purely visual
Metropolitan= city, urban, municipal.
system was useless in bad weather, and, by the
1930s, radio communication was coming into use for
ATC. The first region to have something
approximating today’s ATC was New York City, with
other major metropolitan areas following soon Regulation= rule, directive, guideline.
after.
Fortuitous= lucky, fortunate, miraculous.
C Jet engine = an engine that pushes out a stream

of hot air and gases behind it, used in aircraft.
In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take
advantage of the newly developed radar and
improved radio communication brought about by the
Second World War, but the system remained
rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the
FAA that full-scale regulation of America’s airspace
took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent
of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large
number of very fast planes, reducing pilots’ margin
of error and practically demanding some set of rules
to keep everyone well separated and operating
safely in the air. Consist of = comprise, be made up of, be
compose of, comprise, make up
D Accommodate = adapt, acclimatize, adjust
Many people think that ATC consists of a row of

controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at
the nation’s airports, telling arriving and departing
traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of
the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over
the United States would at any time have many
different kinds of planes, flying for many different
purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the
same kind of structure was needed to

accommodate all of them.
E
To meet this challenge, the following elements were
put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the Blanket(v) = to cover something with a thick layer
entire United States. In general, from 365m above Bind = require,force,oblige
the ground and higher, the entire country is Recreation = fun = enjoyment = pleasure =
blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, good/great time = a blast = entertainment =
mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends
relaxation = leisure
down to 215m above the ground, and, in the
immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to Impose= force, require, obey, make rules.
the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in
which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in
uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer
regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who
simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the
restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in
uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot
who does want the protection afforded by ATC can
easily enter the controlled airspace.
F
The FAA then recognised two types of operating Meteorological= the scientific study of weather
environments. In good meteorological conditions, conditions.
flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules Reliance = dependence, rely on, hinge on
(VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual
cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor Necessitate = to make it necessary for you to do
visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight something, essential.

Altitude= height above sea level
Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude
Navigation= direction-finding…
and navigational information provided by the
Devise sth= to invent something new or a new way
plane’s instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear
of doing something
day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR
Accommodate: if a room, building etc can
or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were accommodate a particular number of people or
devised in a way which accommodates both VFR things, it has enough space for them.
and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, Possess= to have or own something, or to have a
a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an particular quality
instrument rating which is above and beyond the

basic pilot’s license that must also be held.
Designate: to choose someone or something for a

G
particular job or purpose.
Controlled airspace is divided into several different Stem from= arise from, originate from, come
types, designated by letters of the alphabet. from…
Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while
Turboprop: an aircraft that gets power from this
controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level
type of engine.
and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All
airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The Realm = a general area of knowledge, activity or
reason for the division of Class E and Class A thought.
airspace stems from the type of planes operating in Engine= the part of a vehicle that produces power
them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one to make the vehicle move.
finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can
Altitude= the height of an object or place above
climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial
turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the sea.
the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more Municipal=relating to or belonging to the
efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference government of a town or city.
between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, Encompass=to include a wide range of ideas,
all operations are IFR, and pilots must be
subjects, etc.
instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in
aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control Rigorous= very severe or strict, done carefully and
of the entire space is essential. Three other types of with a lot of attention to detail.
airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of
airports. These correspond roughly to small
municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major
metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass
an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For Govern=to control and direct the public business of
example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C a country, city, group of people, etc.:
airspace is establish two-way radio contact with Cruise= travel, journey, tour.
ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is
needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all
regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B
airspace, such as on approach to a major
metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is
required. The private pilot who cruises without
permission into this airspace risks losing their
license.
READING PASSAGE 3
Museums of fine art and

their public
T he fact that people go to the Louvre museum Original= real, initial, primary.
Reproduction= copy, imitation, replica,
in Paris to see the original painting Mona Lisa duplicate.
when they can see a reproduction anywhere Assumption= supposition, guess,
leads us to question some assumptions about the hypothesis.
role of museums of fine art in today’s world Fine= very well, excellent, top quality.
One of the most famous works of art in the world is

Leonardo da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Nearly everyone Novel= work of fiction, story, book.
who goes to see the original will already be familiar Bother= to make the effort to do
with it from reproductions, but they accept that fine something.
art is more rewardingly viewed in its original form. Evolve= develop, grow, advance.
However, if Mona Lisa was a famous novel, few
Precisely= exactly, correctly, accurately.
people would bother to go to a museum to read
the writer’s actual manuscript rather than a printed Interpret= translate, express, analyze,
reproduction. This might be explained by the fact explain
that the novel has evolved precisely because of Convention= rule, principle, standard.
technological developments that made it possible
Signify= mean, indicate, show, be a sign
to print out huge numbers of texts, whereas oil
paintings have always been produced as unique of smt.
objects. In addition, it could be argued that the
practice of interpreting or ‘reading’ each medium
follows different conventions. With novels, the
reader attends mainly to the meaning of words
rather than the way they are printed on the page,
whereas the ‘reader’ of a painting must attend just
as closely to the material form of marks and
shapes in the picture as to any ideas they may
signify.
Facsimile= exact copy, duplicate,
Yet it has always been possible to make very
accurate facsimiles of pretty well any fine art reproduction.
work. The seven surviving versions of Mona Lisa Witness= see, observe, watcher.
bear witness to the fact that in the 16th century, Assign= allocate, give, distribute.
artists seemed perfectly content to assign the Workshop= class, seminar, factory.
reproduction of their creations to their workshop
Apprentice= trainee, learner, beginner.
apprentices as regular ‘bread and butter’ work. Bread and butter work= bread-and-butter
And today the task of reproducing pictures is more work is work that is not very exciting but
simple and reliable, with reprographic techniques provides you with most of the money that
that allow the production of high- incomparably you need in order to live.
quality prints made exactly to the original scale, Incomparable = extremely
with faithful colour values, and even with good, beautiful etc, and much better than
duplication of the surface relief of the painting. others.
But despite an implicit recognition that the spread Scale= a set of numbers, amounts, etc,
of good reproductions can be culturally valuable, used to measure or compare the level of
something, size.
museums continue to promote the special status of
Faithful= true, exact, reliable.
original work.
Duplication= replication, copying, mimic.
Unfortunately, this seems to place severe
limitations on the kind of experience offered to
visitors.
One limitation is related to the way the museum Exhibit= display, show, demonstrate.
presents its exhibits. As repositories of unique Repository = store, container, storeroom.
historical objects, art museums are often called Treasure= paragon, pearl, prize, very
‘treasure houses’. We are reminded of this even valuable things.
before we view a collection by the presence of
security guards, attendants, ropes and display Content = happy, satisfied, gratified.
cases to keep us away from the exhibits. In many Rope= very strong thick string made by
cases, the architectural style of the building further twisting thinner strings, wires, etc.
reinforces that notion. In addition, a major
together.
collection like that of London’s National Gallery is
housed in numerous rooms, each with dozens of Reinforce= strengthen, support, underpin,
works, any one of which is likely to be worth more advocate, fortify.
than all the average visitor possesses. In a society Notion=idea, view, opinion, belief.
that judges the personal status of the individual so Possess= have, own, hold.
much by their material worth, it is therefore difficult
not to be impressed by one’s own relative
‘worthlessness’ in such an environment.
Furthermore, consideration of the ‘value’ of the Monetary= financial, economic, currency.

original work in its treasure house setting Institution= organization, foundation,
impresses upon the viewer that, since these works
institute.
were originally produced, they have been assigned
a huge monetary value by some person or Alter= to become different; to make
institution more powerful than themselves. somebody/something different, change.
Evidently, nothing the viewer thinks about the work Deter= discourage, prevent, frighten.
is going to alter that value, and so today’s viewer is
deterred from trying to extend that spontaneous,
Spontaneous= unstructured, unplanned,
immediate, self-reliant kind of reading which would
originally have met the work. disorganized, natural.
The visitor may then be struck by the strangeness Diverse= various, varied, varied.
of seeing such diverse paintings, drawings and Realistically= sensibly, practically,
sculptures brought together in an environment for logically.
which they were not originally created. This
‘displacement effect’ is further heightened by the
sheer volume of exhibits. In the case of a major
collection, there are probably more works on
display than we could realistically view in weeks
or even months.
Distressing= upsetting, painful, sad.

This is particularly distressing because time
seems to be a vital factor in the appreciation of all Vital= very important, fundamental,
art forms. A fundamental difference between essential, crucial, central.
paintings and other art forms is that there is no Appreciation= admiration, approval,
prescribed time over which a painting is viewed. enjoyment.
By contrast, the audience encourage an opera or a
Fundamental = basic, primary, essential.
play over a specific time, which is the duration of
the performance. Similarly novels and poems are Prescribed = decided by a rule.
read in a prescribed temporal sequence, whereas Superficially= apparently, cursorily,

a picture has no clear place at which to start rapidly.
viewing, or at which to finish. Thus art works
themselves encourage us to view them
superficially, without appreciating the richness of
detail and labour that is involved.
Consequently, the dominant critical approach Dominant= main, leading, prevailing.

becomes that of the art historian, a specialised Critical= significant, dramatical, important.
academic approach devoted to ‘discovering the Devote= give, dedicate, offer.
meaning’ of art within the cultural context of its Harmony= a state of peaceful existence
time. This is in perfect harmony with the museum and agreement.
s function, since the approach is dedicated to Conserve= protect, save, preserve.
Criticism= a statement showing
seeking out and conserving ‘authentic’, original,
disapproval.
readings of the exhibits. Again, this seems to put
Abundance= loads, great quantity, plenty.
paid to that spontaneous, participators criticism Absent=not in the place where you are
which can be found in abundance in criticism of expected to be.
classic works of literature, but is absent from most
art history. Warning= notice of a possible danger or
The displays of art museums serve as a warning problem.
of what critical practices can emerge when Suppress = overpower, conquer, defeat.
spontaneous criticism is suppressed. The Rewarding= satisfying, worthwhile
museum public, like any other audience, Render = express, present
experience art more rewardingly when given the permanently = forever, lastingly,
confidence to express their views. If appropriate eternally.
works of fine art could be rendered permanently Somewhat = rather, slightly, fairly.
accessible to the public by means of high-fidelity Establishment= organization, institution.
reproductions, as literature and music already are,
the public may feel somewhat less in awe of them.
Unfortunately, that may be too much to ask from
those who seek to maintain and control the art
establishment.
Test 3
READING PASSAGE 1
The Context, Meaning and Scope

of Tourism
A Travel has existed since the beginning of
time, when primitive man set out, often traversing Primitive= prehistoric, ancient, original.
great distances in search of game, which provided Survival= continued existence,
the food and clothing necessary for his survival.
endurance.
Throughout the course of history, people have
travelled for purposes of trade, religious Conviction= belief, faith, principle.
conviction, economic gain, war, migration and Compelling= persuasive, convincing,
other equally compelling motivations. In the gripping, fascinating, very interesting.
Roman era, wealthy aristocrats and high Afford= give, offer, allow.
government officials also travelled for pleasure.
Villa= holiday home, cabin, lodge.
Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and

Herculaneum afforded citizens the opportunity to
escape to their vacation villas in order to avoid the
summer heat of Rome. Travel, except during the
Dark Ages, has continued to grow and, throughout
recorded history, has played a vital role in the
development of civilisations and their economies.
B Tourism in the mass form as we know it today is Advent= start, beginning, dawn.
a distinctly twentieth-century phenomenon.
Relatively= fairly, rather, comparatively.
Historians suggest that the advent of mass tourism
Rapid= fast, quick, speedy.
began in England during the industrial revolution
with the rise of the middle class and the availability Expansion= growth, development,
of relatively inexpensive transportation. The increase,extension.
creation of the commercial airline industry following Exchange= swap, trade, import and
the Second World War and the subsequent export.
development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s
signalled the rapid growth and expansion of
international travel. This growth led to the
development of a major new industry: tourism. In
turn, international tourism became the concern of a
number of world governments since it not only
provided new employment opportunities but also
produced a means of earning foreign exchange.
Segment= part, section, piece.
C Tourism today has grown significantly in both
economic and social importance. In most Entity = object, being, thing.
industrialised countries over the past few years the Tax= an amount of money that you must
fastest growth has been seen in the area of pay to the government according to your
services. One of the largest segments of the
service industry, although largely unrecognised as income, property, goods etc and that is
an entity in some of these countries, is travel and used to pay for public services.
tourism. According to the World Travel and
Estimate= calculate approximately,
Tourism Council (1992),Travel and tourism is the
largest industry in the world on virtually any approximate, guess, evaluate.
economic measure including value-added capital Capital= money or property, especially
investment, employment and tax contributions,. In
1992’ the industry’s gross output was estimated to when it is used to start a business or to
be $3.5 trillion, over 12 per cent of all consumer produce more wealth.
spending. The travel and tourism industry is the Excess = a larger amount of something
world’s largest employer the almost 130 million
jobs, or almost 7 per cent of all employees. This than is allowed or needed
industry is the world’s leading industrial contributor, Profound= deep, great, extreme.
producing over 6 per cent of the world’s national
product and accounting for capital investment in
excess of $422 billion m direct indirect and

personal taxes each year. Thus, tourism has a
profound impact both on the world economy and,
because of the educative effect of travel and the
effects on employment, on society itself.
D However, the major problems of the travel and Obscure= hidden, cover, bury, unclear.
tourism industry that have hidden, or obscured, its Diversity= variety, assortment, multiplicity.
economic impact are the diversity and Fragmentation= breakup, division,
fragmentation of the industry itself. The travel shattering.
Accommodation= somewhere to live,
industry includes: hotels, motels and other types of
somewhere to stay, logging, housing,
accommodation; restaurants and other food
place.
services; transportation services and facilities; Amusement= entertainment, recreation,
amusements, attractions and other leisure pursuit.
facilities; gift shops and a large number of other Facility= service, feature, resources.
enterprises. Since many of these businesses also Enterprise= company, organization,
serve local residents, the impact of spending by business.
visitors can easily be overlooked or Overlook= fail to notice, ignore, miss,
underestimated. In addition, Meis (1992) points out forget, neglect.
that the tourism industry involves concepts that Concept= idea, thought, impression, view.
have remained amorphous to both analysts and Credible= believable, convincing,
plausible, probable.
decision makers. Moreover, in all nations this
problem has made it difficult for the industry to
develop any type of reliable or credible tourism
information base in order to estimate the
contribution it makes to regional, national and
global economies. However, the nature of this very
diversity makes travel and tourism ideal vehicles
for economic development in a wide variety of
countries, regions or communities.
Exclusive = high-class, so expensive
E Once the exclusive province of the wealthy, Commodity= product, goods, item.
travel and tourism have become an Institutionalized = traditional, long-
institutionalised way of life for most of the standing.
population. In fact, McIntosh and Goeldner (1990) Significant= considerable, large, major.
suggest that tourism has become the largest quoting
commodity in international trade for many nations Statistic= number, figure, digit, indicator.
and, for a significant number of other countries, it Precise= exact, specific, accurate.
ranks second or third. For example, tourism is the Arise= happen, occur, ascend.
major source of income in Bermuda, Greece, Italy, Attempt= effort, try, endeavor.
Spain, Switzerland and most Caribbean countries.
In addition published, Hawkins and Ritchie,
quoting from data by the American Express
Company, suggest that the travel and tourism
industry is the number one ranked employer in the
Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former)

West Germany, Hong Kong, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,
Singapore, the United Kingdom and the United
States. However, because of problems of
definition, which directly affect statistical
measurement, it is not possible with any degree of
certainty to provide precise, valid or reliable data
about the extent of world-wide tourism participation
or its economic impact. In many cases, similar
difficulties arise when attempts are made to
measure domestic tourism.
READING PASSAGE 2
Autumn leaves
C anadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the

mystery of why leaves turn red in the fall
Investigate= examine, study, explore.
Mystery= secrecy, unknow, anonymous.
A One of the most captivating natural events of Captivating= charming, attractive,

the year in many areas throughout North America fascinating.
is the turning of the leaves in the fall. The colours
Magnificent= wonderful, outstanding,
are magnificent, but the question of exactly why
some trees turn yellow or orange, and others red brilliant.
or purple, is something which has long puzzled
scientists.
B Summer leaves are green because they are full

of chlorophyll, the molecule that captures sunlight Molecule= tiny part, smallest unit
converts that energy into new building materials for Hemisphere= a half of the Earth,
the tree. As fall approaches in the northern especially one of the halves above and
hemisphere, the amount of solar energy available below the equator.
declines considerably. For many trees – evergreen
Redundant=unneeded, unnecessary,
conifers being an exception – the best strategy is
to abandon photosynthesis* until the spring. So dismissed.
rather than maintaining the now redundant leaves
throughout the winter, the tree saves its precious Precious= valuable, important, treasured,
resources and discards them. But before letting its cherished.
leaves go, the tree dismantles their chlorophyll Discard= get rid of, throw away, remove.
molecules and ships their valuable nitrogen back
Dismantle= take to pieces, demolish,
into the twigs. As chlorophyll is depleted, other
break up, get rid of.
colours that have been dominated by it throughout
the summer begin to be revealed. This unmasking Twig= a small very thin stem of wood that
explains the autumn colours of yellow and orange, grows from a branch on a tree.
but not the brilliant reds and purples of trees such
as the maple or sumac.
Spectrum= the set of bands of coloured

C The source of the red is widely known: it is
created by anthocyanins, water-soluble plant light into which a beam of light separates
pigments reflecting the red to blue range of the when it is passed through a prism. The
visible spectrum. They belong to a class of sugar- whole range of a classified concept.
based chemical compounds also known as Puzzling= confusing.
flavonoids. What’s puzzling is that anthocyanins
Manufacture= produce, create, make.
are actually newly minted, made in the leaves at
the same time as the tree is preparing to drop Bother= to make the effort to do
them. But it is hard to make sense of the something.
manufacture of anthocyanins – why should a tree Scramble= move quickly, rush.
bother making new chemicals in its leaves when Preserve= protect, secure, reserve.
it’s already scrambling to withdraw and preserve
the ones already there?
D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued

that they might act as a chemical defence against Fungus= a simple type of plant that has
attacks by insects or fungi, or that they might no leaves or flowers and that grows on
attract fruit-eating birds or increase a leafs plants or other surfaces. Mushrooms and
tolerance to freezing. However there are problems mold are both fungi.
with each of these theories, including the fact that
leaves are red for such a relatively short period Expense= cost, price, expenditure.
that the expense of energy needed to manufacture
the anthocyanins would outweigh any anti-fungal Outweigh= be greater or more important
than something
or anti-herbivore activity achieved.*
photosynthesis: the production of new material

from sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
E It has also been proposed that trees may

produce vivid red colours to convince herbivorous
Propose= recommend, suggest, offer.
insects that they are healthy and robust and would
Infestation= if insects, rats etc infest a
be easily able to mount chemical defences against place, there are a lot of them and they
infestation. If insects paid attention to such usually cause damage.
advertisements, they might be prompted to lay Prompt= bring about, result to, incite.
their eggs on a duller, and presumably less Proof= evidence, resistant, immune.
resistant host. The flaw in this theory lies in the Ascertain=determine, establish, discover.
lack of proof to support it. No one has as yet
ascertained whether more robust trees sport the
brightest leaves, or whether insects make choices
according to colour intensity. Plausible= believable, reasonable,
possible.
Hypothesis= suggestion, assumption,
F Perhaps the most plausible suggestion as to
supposition.
why leaves would go to the trouble of making
anthocyanins when they’re busy packing up for the
winter is the theory known as the ‘light screen’
hypothesis. It sounds paradoxical, because the
idea behind this hypothesis is that the red pigment
is made in autumn leaves to protect chlorophyll,
the light-absorbing chemical, from too much light.
Why does chlorophyll need protection when it is
the natural world’s supreme light absorber? Why
protect chlorophyll at a time when the tree is
breaking it down to salvage as much of it as
possible? Intact= unbroken, undamaged, unharmed.
Vulnerable= at risk, in danger,

G Chlorophyll, although exquisitely evolved to
defenseless, weak.
capture the energy of sunlight, can sometimes be
overwhelmed by it, especially in situations of Destructive= damaging, devastating,
drought, low temperatures, or nutrient deficiency. harmful, detrimental.
Moreover, the problem of oversensitivity to light is
even more acute in the fall, when the leaf is busy
preparing for winter by dismantling its internal
machinery. The energy absorbed by the
chlorophyll molecules of the unstable autumn leaf
is not immediately channelled into useful products
and processes, as it would be in an intact summer
leaf. The weakened fall leaf then becomes
vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the

oxygen created by the excited chlorophyll Suspect= doubt, disbelieve, distrust.
molecules. Clue= evidence, sign, trace.
Straightforward= simple, uncomplicated,
frank.
H Even if you had never suspected that this is
Intense= strong, extreme, severe.
what was going on when leaves turn red, there are
Susceptible = likely to suffer from a
clues out there. One is straightforward: on many particular illness or be affected by a
trees, the leaves that are the reddest are those on particular problem
the side of the tree which gets most sun. Not only Excess= surplus, intense, extra.
that, but the red is brighter on the upper side of the
leaf. It has also been recognised for decades that
the best conditions for intense red colours are dry,
sunny days and coo nights, conditions that nicely
match those that make leaves susceptible to
excess light. And finally, trees such as maples
usually get much redder the more north you travel
in the northern hemisphere. It’s colder there,
they’re more stressed, their chlorophyll is more
sensitive and it needs more sunblock.
Disposal= removal, clearance, removal.
I What is still not fully understood, however, is why
Overexposure= too much
some trees resort to producing red pigments while
light, radiation etc
others don’t bother, and simply reveal their orange
or yellow hues. Do these trees have other means Spectacular= stunning, amazing,
at their disposal to prevent overexposure to light impressive, fantastic, brilliant.
in autumn? Their story, though not as spectacular
to the eye, will surely turn out to be as subtle and
as complex.
READING PASSAGE 3
Beyond the blue horizon
A ncient voyagers who settled the far-flung
islands of the Pacific Ocean

(1)
An important archaeological discovery on the Trace= a small sign that shows that
island of Efate in the Pacific archipelago of someone or something was present or
Vanuatu has revealed traces of an ancient existed.
seafaring people, the distant ancestors of todays, Ancient= very old. Antique, olden,
Polynesians. The site came to light only by earliest.
chance. An agricultural worker, digging in the By chance= by accident, accidentally,
grounds of a derelict plantation, scraped open a unintentionally.
grave – the first of dozens in a burial ground some Dig = make a hole, excavate, plough.
3,000 years old. It is the oldest cemetery ever
found in the Pacific islands, and it harbors the Cemetery= a large burial ground
remains of an ancient people archaeologists call
the Lapita.
(2) Rove= roam, wander, travel.
They were daring blue-water adventurers who
used basic canoes to rove across the ocean. But Pioneer= innovator, discoverer, inventor.
they were not just explorers. They were also
pioneers who carried with them everything they Livestock= farm animals.
would need to build new lives – their livestock,
Boundary= border, limitation, margin.
taro seedlings and stone tools. Within the span of
several centuries, the Lapita stretched the
boundaries of their world from the jungle-clad
volcanoes of Papua New Guinea to the loneliest
coral outliers of Tonga. Precious= valuable, important, costly.
(3)
The Lapita left precious few clues about Thrilled= excited, delighted, exhilarated.
themselves, but Efate expands the volume of data
available to researchers dramatically. The remains
of 62 individuals have been uncovered so far, and
archaeologists were also thrilled to find six
complete Lapita pots. Other items included a
Lapita burial urn with modeled birds arranged on
the rim as though peering down at the human
remains sealed inside. ‘It’s an important discovery,’
says Matthew Spriggs, professor of archaeology at Identify= detect, find, recognize
the Australian National University and head of the
international team digging up the site, ‘for it
conclusively identifies the remains as Lapita.’
(4)
DNA teased from these human remains may help Puzzling= confusing, perplexing, baffling.
answer one of the most puzzling questions in
Descendant= offspring, young generation,
Pacific anthropology: did all Pacific islanders spring
child.
from one source or many? Was there only one
outward migration from a single point in Asia, or
several from different points? ‘This represents the
best opportunity we’ve had yet,’ says Spriggs, ‘to
find out who the Lapita actually were, where they
came from, and who their closest descendants
are today.’
(5) Accomplish= achieve, complete, do,
There is one stubborn question for which
finish, get done.
archaeology has yet to provide any answers: how
did the Lapita accomplish the ancient equivalent Equivalent= something that has the same
of a moon landing, many times over? No-one has value, purpose, job etc as something else.
found one of their canoes or any rigging, which Oral= spoken, by word of mouth, verbal.
could reveal how the canoes were sailed. Nor do Myth= legend, fairy tale, legend.
the oral histories and traditions of later
Polynesians offer any insights, for they turn into
myths long before they reach as far back in time Voyage = journey, trip, tour, excursion,
as the Lapita. expedition
(6) Mariner = sailor
‘All we can say for certain is that the Lapita had Archipelago= a group of small islands
canoes that were capable of ocean voyages, and Distinguish = recognize, indentify,
they had the ability to sail them,’ says Geoff Irwin, discern, know.
a professor of archaeology at the University of Courage= brave, nerve, valor.
Auckland. Those sailing skills, he says, were
developed and passed down over thousands of
years by earlier mariners who worked their way
through the archipelagoes of the western Pacific,
making short crossings to nearby islands. The real
adventure didn’t begin, however, until their Lapita
descendants sailed out of sight of land, with empty
horizons on every side. This must have been as
difficult for them as landing on the moon is for us
today. Certainly it distinguished them from their
ancestors, but what gave them the courage to
launch out on such risky voyages?
(7)
The Lap it as thrust into the Pacific was eastward, Prevailing = current, existing.
against the prevailing trade winds, Irwin notes. nagging = annoying, worrying, troubling
Those nagging headwinds, he argues, may have headwinds= a wind that blows directly
been the key to their success. ‘They could sail out towards you when you are moving
for days into the unknown and assess the area, Swift= speedy, fast, quick, rapid.
secure in the knowledge that if they didn’t find Seafarer = a sailor or someone who
anything, they could turn about and catch a swift travels regularly by ship
ride back on the trade winds. This is what would Indicate= point out, show, suggest.
have made the whole thing work.’ Once out there,
skilled seafarers would have detected abundant
leads to follow to land: seabirds, coconuts and
twigs carried out to sea by the tides, and the
afternoon pile-up of clouds on the horizon which
often indicates an island in the distance. Overshoot= pass, go beyond, go past.
(8)
For returning explorers, successful or not, the Eternity= time without end.
geography of their own archipelagoes would have
provided a safety net. Without this to go by, Stretch= widen, enlarge, make
overshooting their home ports, getting lost and longer/bigger, broaden.
sailing off into eternity would have been all too
easy. Vanuatu, for example, stretches more than

500 miles in a northwest-southeast trend, its
scores of inrervisible islands forming a backstop for
mariners riding the trade winds home.
(9) Presuppose= assume, presume, accept.
All this presupposes one essential detail, says
Atholl Anderson, professor of prehistory at the Proof= evidence, resistant, impervious.
Australian National University: the Lapita had
mastered the advanced art of sailing against the
Rig= machinery, equipment, dress,
wind. ‘And there’s no proof they could do any such
put ropes, sails etc on a ship
thing,’ Anderson says. ‘There has been this
assumption they did, and people have built canoes
to re-create those early voyages based on that
assumption. But nobody has any idea what their
canoes looked like or how they were rigged.’
(10) Disruption= interruption, disturbance,
Rather than give all the credit to human skill, distraction.
Anderson invokes the winds of chance. El Nino, Scatter=spread out, throw, strew.
the same climate disruption that affects the Expansion= extension, enlargement,
Pacific today, may have helped scatter the Lapita, growth.
Anderson suggests. He points out that climate data
obtained from slow-growing corals around the
Pacific indicate a series of unusually frequent El
Ninos around the time of the Lapita expansion. By
reversing the regular east-to-west flow of the trade Reverse= adversary, opposite, contrary.
winds for weeks at a time, these super El Ninos
might have taken the Lapita on long unplanned
voyages.
(11) Stretch = widen, extend, broaden.
However they did it, the Lapita spread themselves Venture= project, risk, mission, enterprise.
a third of the way across the Pacific, then called it Encounter= come across, meet, face.
quits for reasons known only to them. Ahead lay
the vast emptiness of the central Pacific and
perhaps they were too thinly stretched to venture
farther. They probably never numbered more than
a few thousand in total, and in their rapid migration
eastward they encountered hundreds of islands –
more than 300 in Fiji alone.
TEST 4
READING PASSAGE 1
The megafires of California
D rought, housing expansion, and oversupply

Drought = a long period of dry weather
when there is not enough water for plants
and animals to live.
of tinder make for bigger, hotter fires in the western Oversupply= the state of having more of
United States something than you need or can sell.
Tinder = dry material that burns easily
and can be used for lighting fires.
Wildfires are becoming an increasing menace in

Wildfire= a fire that moves quickly and
the western United States, with Southern California
being the hardest hit area. There's a reason fire cannot be controlled.
squads battling more frequent blazes in Southern Menace= threat, danger, risk.
California are having such difficulty containing the Squad= team, crew, group.
flames, despite better preparedness than ever and Battle = fight, combat, conflict.
decades of experience fighting fires fanned by the Blaze= fire, inferno, combustion.
‘Santa Ana Winds’. The wildfires themselves,
Erratically= randomly, unpredictably,
experts say, are generally hotter, faster, and spread
more erratically than in the past. suddenly.
Megafires, also called ‘siege fires’, are the

increasingly frequent blazes that burn 500,000 acres Acreage= the area of a piece of land
measured in acres.
or more - 10 times the size of the average forest fire
of 20 years ago. Some recent wildfires are among
the biggest ever in California in terms of acreage
burned, according to state figures and news reports.
One explanation for the trend to more superhot fires

is that the region, which usually has dry summers,
Unintentional= unplanned, accidental,
has had significantly below normal precipitation in
not deliberately.
many recent years. Another reason, experts say, is
related to the century- long policy of the US Forest Consequence= result, effect, outcome.
Service to stop wildfires as quickly as possible.
The unintentional consequence has been to halt Halt = stop, pause, terminate.
the natural eradication of underbrush, now the
primary fuel for megafires.
Eradication= get rid of, remove,
eliminate.
Underbrush= undergrowth, brushwood,
scrub.
Three other factors contribute to the trend, they add. Fuel= a substance such as coal, gas or
First is climate change, marked by a 1-degree oil, which can be burned to produce heat
Fahrenheit rise in average yearly temperature and power.
across the western states. Second is fire seasons
that on average are 78 days longer than they were
20 years ago. Third is increased construction of
homes in wooded areas. Prone = likely to do something or suffer
from something bad or harmful.
‘We are increasingly building our homes in fire-
prone ecosystems,’ says Dominik Kulakowski,
Active= lively, dynamic, energetic.
adjunct professor of biology at Clark University
Graduate School of Geography in Worcester, Volcano= a mountain with a large hole
Massachusetts. ‘Doing that in many of the forests of at the top, through which lava (=very hot
the western US is like building homes on the side of liquid rock) is sometimes forced out.
an active volcano.'
In California, where population growth has averaged

more than 600,000 a year for at least a decade,
more residential housing is being built. ‘What once

was open space is now residential homes providing Intensity= strength, power, amount.
fuel to make fires burn with greater intensity,’ says
Progress= development, growth,
Terry McHale of the California Department of
improvement.
Forestry firefighters' union. ‘With so much dryness,
so many communities to catch fire, so many fronts Scorch= burn, set fire to something.
to fight, it becomes an almost incredible job.'
Stung= to be made to feel upset by
That said, many experts give California high marks
something someone says.
for making progress on preparedness in recent
years, after some of the largest fires in state history Criticism= disapproval, censure.
scorched thousands of acres, burned thousands of Bungle= mishandle, miscalculate,
homes, and killed numerous people. Stung in the mismanage
past by criticism of bungling that allowed fires to Personnel= workers, staff, employees,
spread when they might have been contained,
workforce, human resources.
personnel are meeting the peculiar challenges of
neighborhood - and canyon- hopping fires better Peculiar= strange, weird, unusual, odd.
than previously, observers say.
State promises to provide more up-to-date engines,

planes, and helicopters to fight fires have been
fulfilled. Firefighters’ unions that in the past
complained of dilapidated equipment, old fire Up-to-date = modern, latest, new.
engines, and insufficient blueprints for fire safety Fulfilled = satisfied, please, happy,
are now praising the state's commitment, noting that pleased.
funding for firefighting has increased, despite huge
Dilapidated= old-fashioned, outdated.
cuts in many other programs. ‘We are pleased that
the current state administration has been very Insufficient= lacking, not enough.
proactive in its support of us, and [has] come Funding= financial support, investment
through with budgetary support of the infrastructure in, subsidizing.
needs we have long sought,' says Mr. McHale of the Administration = management,
government, the excecutive
firefighters’ union.
Proactive = make things change or
happen rather than reacting to events.
Besides providing money to upgrade the fire
Union = organization, association,
engines that must traverse the mammoth state and institution.
wind along serpentine canyon roads, the state has
invested in better command-and-control facilities as Upgrade= improve, enhance, make
well as in the strategies to run them. ‘In the fire something better.
Traverse= cross, pass though.
sieges of earlier years, we found that other Mammoth= enormous, huge, massive.
jurisdictions and states were willing to offer mutual- Serpentine= winding like a snake.
aid help, but we were not able to communicate

adequately with them,’ says Kim Zagaris, chief of Command= the control of a group of
people or a situation.
the state's Office of Emergency Services Fire and
Strategy= plan, policy, idea.
Rescue Branch. Siege = blockade, barrier, restriction.
Jurisdiction= the right to use an official
power to make legal decisions, or the
After a commission examined and revamped
area where this right exists.
communications procedures, the statewide
Adequately= sufficiently, satisfactorily,
response ‘has become far more professional and effectively.
responsive,’ he says. There is a sense among both
government officials and residents that the speed,
dedication, and coordination of firefighters from
several states and jurisdictions are resulting in Revamp= improve, refurbish, restore, do
greater efficiency than in past ‘siege fire’ situations. up.
In recent years, the Southern California region has Responsive= quick to respond.
improved building codes, evacuation procedures, Dedication = devotion, commitment
and procurement of new technology. ‘I am Coordination= the organization of
extraordinarily impressed by the improvements people or things so that they work
we have witnessed,’ says Randy Jacobs, a
together well.
Southern California- based lawyer who has had to
evacuate both his home and business to escape Extraordinarily= extremely, very,
wildfires. ‘Not withstanding all the damage that will particularly.
continue to be caused by wildfires, we will no longer Impress= amaze, excite, strike
suffer the loss of life endured in the past because of Evacuate= leave, remove, move out.
the fire prevention and firefighting measures that
have been put in place,’ he says.
Endure = tolerate, stand/bear, live with

something.
Prevention= avoidance, when
something bad is stopped from
happening.
READING PASSAGE 2
Second nature
Personality= character, traits, qualities.
Y our personality isn't necessarily set in stone.

Experimentation= testing, trying.
Temperament = character, personality,
nature.
With a little experimentation, people can reshape Inject= add, insert, bring in.
their temperaments and inject passion, optimism, Optimism= hopefulness, cheerfulness,
joy and courage into their lives confidence
Courage= bravery, guts, heroism.
A Psychologists have long held that a person's
character cannot undergo a transformation in any Undergo= experience, happen to, meet
with.
meaningful way and that the key traits of personality
Quality = characteristic, feature,
are determined at a very young age. However,
property, attribute.
researchers have begun looking more closely at Transformation= change, alteration,
ways we can change. Positive psychologists have conversion, revolution.
identified 24 qualities we admire, such as loyalty
and kindness, and are studying them to find out why
they come so naturally to some people. What they're

discovering is that many of these qualities amount to
habitual behaviour that determines the way we
respond to the world. The good news is that all this
can be learned.
Some qualities are less challenging to develop than
Diverse = vary, differ, different, contrast
others, optimism being one of them. However, with
developing qualities requires mastering a range of Negative = bad, poor, not very good,
skills which are diverse and sometimes surprising. undesirable.
For example, to bring more joy and passion into Cultivate= develop, nurture, promote,
your life, you must be open to experiencing encourage, foster.
negative emotions. Cultivating such qualities will
help you realise your full potential. Alter= change, modify, adjust.
Inherently = characteristically,
B 'The evidence is good that most personality traits fundamentally.
Introverted= someone who is quiet and
can be altered,' says Christopher Peterson,
shy and does not enjoy being with other
professor of psychology at the University of
people.
Michigan, who cites himself as an example. Reticence= shyness, quietness,
Inherently introverted, he realised early on that as introversion.
an academic, his reticence would prove disastrous Disastrous= unsuccessful, unfortunate,
in the lecture hall. So he learned to be more luckless.
outgoing and to entertain his classes. 'Now my Outgoing = sociable, friendly,
extroverted behaviour is spontaneous,' he says. extroverted.
Spontaneous= natural, unplanned,
C David Fajgenbaum had to make a similar impulsive, unorganized.
transition. He was preparing for university, when he
Transition= change, conversion, move.
had an accident that put an end to his sports career.
Ordinary= normal, usual, regular.
On campus, he quickly found that beyond ordinary
Counsel= advise, support, help, guide,
counselling, the university had no services for assist.
students who were undergoing physical rehabilitation = care, regimen , therapy.
rehabilitation and suffering from depression like depression = sadness, unhappiness,
him. He therefore launched a support group to help hopelessness.
others in similar situations. He took action despite
his own pain - a typical response of an optimist.
D Suzanne Segerstrom, professor of psychology at cultivating = promoting, encouraging,

the University of Kentucky, believes that the key to fostering.
Fortune= wealth, riches, treasure,
increasing optimism is through cultivating optimistic
poverty.
behaviour, rather than positive thinking. She
recommends you train yourself to pay attention to
good fortune by writing down three positive things
that come about each day. This will help you
convince yourself that favourable outcomes actually
happen all the time, making it easier to begin taking

action.
E You can recognise a person who is passionate Passionate about= keen about, mad
about, crazy about.
about a pursuit by the way they are so strongly
Pursuit= hobby, chase, hunt, interest.
involved in it. Tanya Streeter's passion is freediving
Freediving = the sport or activity of
- the sport of plunging deep into the water without diving under water without the use of
tanks or other breathing equipment. Beginning in breathing apparatus, especially in deep
1998, she set nine world records and can hold her water.
breath for six minutes. The physical stamina Stamina= energy, strength, endurance.
required for this sport is intense but the Overwhelm= overpower, overcome.
psychological demands are even more untangle = to make something less
overwhelming. Streeter learned to untangle her complicated
fears from her judgment of what her body and mind judgment = opinion, view, feeling.
could do. 'In my career as a competitive freediver, competitive = determined or trying very
hard to be more successful than other
there was a limit to what I could do - but it wasn't
people or businesses
anywhere near what I thought it was/ she says.
F Finding a pursuit that excites you can improve Discipline= obedience, regulation,
anyone's life. The secret about consuming passions, control
though, according to psychologist Paul Silvia of the Rewarding = satisfying, pleasing,
University of North Carolina, is that 'they require fulfilling.
discipline, hard work and ability, which is why they Tolerate= stand, bear, put up with,
are so rewarding.' Psychologist Todd Kashdan has accept.
this advice for those people taking up a new Ignorance = unawareness,
passion: 'As a newcomer, you also have to tolerate inexperience, lack of knowledge.
and laugh at your own ignorance. You must be
willing to accept the negative feelings that come
your way,' he says. Unfortunately = unluckily, unhappily,
sadly.
G In 2004, physician-scientist Mauro Zappaterra Miserable= unhappy, fed-up, sad,
began his PhD research at Harvard Medical School. depressed, down.
Unfortunately, he was miserable as his research Curiosity= the desire to know about
wasn't compatible with his curiosity about healing. something.
He finally took a break and during eight months in Alternative = different, new, other,
Santa Fe, Zappaterra learned about alternative another, substitute.
healing techniques not taught at Harvard. When he Switch= change, convert, move, transfer
got back, he switched labs to study how Lab = workroom, laboratory.
Cerebrospinal = relating to the brain
cerebrospinal fluid nourishes the developing
and spine
nervous system. He also vowed to look for the joy Nervous = anxious, tense, uneasy
in everything, including failure, as this could help Vow= promise, oath, pledge, guarantee.
him learn about his research and himself. Failure = not a success, disappointment,
One thing that can hold joy back is a person's disaster.
concentration on avoiding failure rather than their
looking forward to doing something well. 'Focusing Embarrassing= make shy, humiliate,
on being safe might get in the way of your reaching uncomfortable.
your goals,' explains Kashdan. For example, are you Fascinating = extremely interesting,
hoping to get through a business lunch without stimulating, intriguing.
embarrassing yourself, or are you thinking about
how fascinating the conversation might be?
H Usually, we think of courage in physical terms but Demand= require, ask, want.
ordinary life demands something else. For
Executive= senior manager, director,
marketing executive Kenneth Pedeleose, it meant
speaking out against something he thought was administrator.
ethically wrong. The new manager was Ethically= morally, decently, properly.
intimidating staff so Pedeleose carefully recorded Intimidate= threaten, frighten, scare,
each instance of bullying and eventually took the
bully.
evidence to a senior director, knowing his own job
security would be threatened. Eventually the Obligation= compulsion, duty,
manager was the one to go. According to Cynthia responsibility, requirement.
Pury, a psychologist at Clemson University, Mitigate= lessen, reduce, alleviate.
Pedeleose's story proves the point that courage is
Allegation= a statement that someone
not motivated by fearlessness, but by moral
obligation. Pury also believes that people can has done something wrong or illegal, but
acquire courage. Many of her students said that that has not been proved.
faced with a risky situation, they first tried to calm
themselves down, then looked for a way to mitigate
the danger, just as Pedeleose did by documenting Internal = inner, inside, interior
his allegations.
Over the long term, picking up a new character trait
may help you move toward being the person you
want to be. And in the short term, the effort itself
could be surprisingly rewarding, a kind of internal
adventure.
READING PASSAGE 3
When evolution runs

backwards
Evolution = development, progress,
E volution isn’t supposed to run backwards -

progression.
Backward = toward the back ><toward

yet an increasing number of examples show that it
does and that it can sometimes represent the future Represent= describe, mean, show.
of a species.
The description of any animal as an ‘evolutionary Controversial= contentious = causing a

throwback’ is controversial. For the better part of a lot of disagreement, because many people
century, most biologists have been reluctant to use have strong opinions about the subject
being discussed.
those words, mindful of a principle of evolution that
says ‘evolution cannot run backwards. But as more
Reluctant= unwilling, hesitant, shy.
and more examples come to light and modern
genetics enters the scene, that principle is having to March = walk, hike, move.
be rewritten. Not only are evolutionary throwbacks

possible, they sometimes play an important role in Connotation= denotation, meaning.
the forward march of evolution. The technical term
for an evolutionary throwback is an ‘atavism’, from Medic= a medical doctor.
the Latin atavus, meaning forefather. The word has
Primitive= prehistoric, ancient >< modern,
ugly connotations thanks largely to Cesare
advanced
Lombroso, a 19th-century Italian medic who argued
that criminals were born not made and could be
identified by certain physical features that were
throwbacks to a primitive, sub-human state.
While Lombroso was measuring criminals, a Measure= assess, evaluate, calculate.

Belgian palaeontologist called Louis Dollo was Paleontologist = those who study of
studying fossil records and coming to the opposite fossils.
conclusion. In 1890 he proposed that evolution was
Irreversible= unalterable, not possible to
irreversible: that ‘an organism is unable to return,
even partially, to a previous stage already realised in change.
the ranks of its ancestors. Early 20th-century Organism= an animal, plant, human, or
biologists came to a similar conclusion, though they any other living thing.
qualified it in terms of probability, stating that there Qualify = be considered something.
is no reason why evolution cannot run backwards -it
State = say, announce, declare.
is just very unlikely. And so the idea of irreversibility
Stick (past sense: stuck) = stand, stay in
in evolution stuck and came to be known as ‘Dollo’s
law. bad situation.
If Dollo’s law is right, atavisms should occur only

very rarely, if at all. Yet almost since the idea took a. Atavism= the reappearance in
root, exceptions have been cropping up. In 1919, an individual of characteristics of some
remote ancestor that have been
for example, a humpback whale with a pair of leglike absent in intervening generations
appendages over a metre long, complete with a full b.
set of limb bones, was caught off Vancouver Island c. Exception= something or someone that is
in Canada. Explorer Roy Chapman Andrews argued not included in a general statement or
at the time that the whale must be a throwback to a does not follow a rule or pattern.
land-living ancestor. ‘I can see no other explanation,
crop up = arise, appear, occur, happen.
he wrote in 1921.
Since then, so many other examples have been

discovered that it no longer makes sense to say that Characteristic= trait, feature, quality.
evolution is as good as irreversible. And this poses a Disappear= vanish, fade away, go.
puzzle: how can characteristics that disappeared
millions of years ago suddenly reappear? In 1994, Reappear= comeback, return, recur.
Rudolf Raff and colleagues at Indiana University in Probability= likelihood, chance,
the USA decided to use genetics to put a number on possibility.
the probability of evolution going into reverse. Reverse = transform, overturn, turn
They reasoned that while some evolutionary something/somebody into.
changes involve the loss of genes and are therefore
Switch off = shut off, unplug, turn off.
irreversible, others may be the result of genes being
switched off. If these silent genes are somehow
switched back on, they argued, long lost traits could
reappear.
Calculate= work out, analyze, estimate.
Raff’s team went on to calculate the likelihood of it
Likelihood= probability, possibility,
happening. Silent genes accumulate random
mutations, they reasoned, eventually rendering chance.
them useless. So how long can a gene survive in a Accumulate = collect, gather, build up,
species if it is no longer used? The team calculated amass.
that there is a good chance of silent genes surviving
Mutation = Metamorphosis, change.
for up to 6 million years in at least a few individuals
in a population, and that some might survive as long Relatively= comparatively, quite, fairly.
as 10 million years. In other words, throwbacks are
possible, but only to the relatively recent Salamander = similar to a lizard.
evolutionary past. Amphibian = such as frog.
As a possible example, the team pointed to the mole
Juvenile= young, childish, immature.
salamanders of Mexico and California. Like most
amphibians these begin life in a juvenile ‘tadpole’ Lineage= the way in which members of a
state, then metamorphose into the adult form – family are descended from other
except for one species, the axolotl, which famously members.
lives its entire life as a juvenile. The simplest
Retain= keep, hold, maintain.
explanation for this is that the axolotl lineage alone
lost the ability to metamorphose, while others
retained it. From a detailed analysis of the
salamanders’ family tree, however, it is clear that the
other lineages evolved from an ancestor that itself
had lost the ability to metamorphose. In other words,
metamorphosis in mole salamanders is an atavism.
The salamander example fits with Raff’s 10million- Minuscule= tiny, extremely small, minute.
year time frame.
Limb= an arm or leg.
More recently, however, examples have been
reported that break the time limit, suggesting that digit = number, figure, symbol.
silent genes may not be the whole story. In a paper
published last year, biologist Gunter Wagner of Yale Hind= back, rear, final.
University reported some work on the evolutionary
Occasion= time, chance, case.
history of a group of South American lizards called
Bachia. Many of these have minuscule limbs;
some look more like snakes than lizards and a few
have completely lost the toes on their hind limbs.
Other species, however, sport up to four toes on

their hind legs. The simplest explanation is that the
toed lineages never lost their toes, but Wagner begs
to differ. According to his analysis of the Bachia
family tree, the toed species re-evolved toes from
toeless ancestors and, what is more, digit loss and
gain has occurred on more than one occasion over Trait= characteristic, feature, mannerism,
tens of millions of years. personality.
So what’s going on? One possibility is that these Reverse= turn around.
traits are lost and then simply reappear, in much the
same way that similar structures can independently Atavistic = naive, simple, undeveloped.
arise in unrelated species, such as the dorsal fins of
sharks and killer whales. Another more intriguing
possibility is that the genetic information needed to
make toes somehow survived for tens or perhaps
hundreds of millions of years in the lizards and was
reactivated. These atavistic traits provided an
advantage and spread through the population, degrade = reduce, cheapen, corrupt.,
effectively reversing evolution.
womb = uterus = the part of a woman’s or
But if silent genes degrade within 6 to million years, female animal’s body where her baby
how can long-lost traits be reactivated over longer grows before it is born.
timescales? The answer may lie in the womb. Early
embryos of many species develop ancestral embryos = foetus =
features. Snake embryos, for example, sprout hind an animal or human that has not yet
been born, and has just begun to develop.
limb buds. Later in development these features
disappear thanks to developmental programs that
say ‘lose the leg’. If for any reason this does not
happen, the ancestral feature may not disappear,
leading to an atavism.
PHỤ LỤC
IELTS READING ANSWER SHEET

Phù hợp việc tự luyện IELTS Reading tại nhà
Để làm tốt bài thi IELTS Reading, một điều quan trọng là có chiến lược làm bài nhanh
và hiệu quả. Trong đó, kỹ năng sử dụng answer sheet đóng vai trò rất quan trọng.
Một số bạn thậm chí không sử dụng answer sheet trong lúc luyện tập. Điều này là
không nên vì rất nhiều trường hợp transfer câu trả lời từ sách sang answer sheet sẽ
bị nhầm. Ngoài ra, khác với listening có 10 phút để transfer câu trả lời từ booklet
sang answer sheet, trong bài thi reading, các bạn nên điền câu trả lời trực tiếp vào
answer sheet lúc làm bài để tiết kiệm tối đa thời gian.
Dưới đây là link answer sheet dùng cho bài thi Reading sử dụng trong các kỳ
thi IELTS chính thức
https://ielts-moscow.ru/files/Reading%20Answer%20Sheet.pdf
Tuy nhiên, để phục vụ việc ghi chép các lỗi thường gặp trong quá trình làm bài
và tạo điều kiện cho việc “rút kinh nghiệm” trong các lần làm bài kế tiếp, các
bạn nên sử dụng answer sheet sau
Link download
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1C_bY208s2_zK8FKzJzqCvPpSoCx4TLd8
Ưu điểm của answer sheet này

Các phần thông tin chỉ dùng cho kỳ thi thật đã được cắt bỏ, thay vào đó là
cột thông tin problem và solution để các bạn có thể ghi chú các thông tin
cần thiết sau mỗi lần làm bài
Bảng điểm tham khảo để các bạn tiện đối chiếu sau khi làm bài xong
HƯỚNG DẪ N SỬ DỤNG ANSWER SHEET MỚI
Sau đó ghim các tờ answer sheet của bạn lại thành 1 quyển và đọc đi đọc lại thường
xuyên, và đặc biệt là đọc thật kỹ trước khi làm một test mới.
Rất cám ơn các bạn đã sử dụng cuốn sách. A&M rất mong nhận được thêm
những ý kiến đóng góp cũng như những chia sẻ về việc bạn đã dùng sách hiệu
quả trong việc làm bài IELTS Reading.
VÀ SẼ LÀ MỘT ĐỘNG LỰC TO LỚN CHO TEAM SOẠN SÁCH KHI BẠN SHARE NHỮNG ĐÁNH
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Lấy sách Boost your vocabulary ở đâu?
Bạn có thể tìm các tài liệu FULL bộ sách Boost your vocabulary MIỄN PHÍ tại
https://www.facebook.com/AMIELTScenter
https://ameducation.vn/
Hoặc
Group IELTS family – Các nhóm tự học IELTS
Hội chia sẻ sách Boost your vocabulary

--------------------------
Một số dự án liên quan:
1. 60s vocabulary: Học từ vựng bằng cách pha trộn giữa tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt trong
các bài Reading của quyển Boost your Vocabulary.
2. Word root: Học từ vựng thông qua gốc từ, bằng cách này các bạn có thể học 1 gốc
từ nhưng có thể biết và hiểu > 10 từ vựng khác.
3. Học từ vựng qua báo chí: Ôn luyện và hệ thống lại từ vựng đã và đang học trong
các quyển Boost Your Vocabualry.
Từ 2017 đến nay, bộ sách vẫn đang được cung cấp hoàn toàn MIỄN PHÍ. Mong các bạn
khi sử dụng bộ sách và đạt kết quả tốt, hãy thông báo lại cho A&M để cả team có
động lực thực hiện nhiều dự án hữu ích cộng đồng hay hơn nữa bạn nhé.
Xin đừng im lặng!
Chân thành cám ơn các bạn!

A&M team

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Cuốn sách này của

Trân trọng cảm ơn,

THẦY ĐINH THẮNG

ĐỐI TƯỢNG SỬ DỤNG SÁCH

CÁC BƯỚC SỬ DỤNG

CÁCH 1: LÀM TEST TRƯỚC, HỌC TỪ VỰNG SAU

Ví dụ 1 chu trình đầy đủ theo cách này

A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to

Restoration= repair, renewal…

Down the centuries, thousands of wells were Elaborate= intricate, complicated,

However, some important sites in Gujarat have Intricate= complex, complicated,

Today, following years of neglect, many of these Marvel= wonder, awesome

W hat have been the trends and what are the

prospects for European transport systems? Conceive=imagine, visualize, think of….

Vigorous= strong and healthy…

E In 1998, energy consumption in the transport sector Strategy= plan.

Saturated= soaked, wet…

Artery= a main road, railway line,

Bear in mind=since, given that…

The psychology of innovation

W hy are so few companies truly innovative?

Survival= continued existence.

For Robert B. Cialdini, Professor of Psychology at Recruitment= employment,

The value fit matters, says Cialdini, because

Writing, visualising and prototyping can stimulate the

Simultaneously= at the same time, at

Tea and the Industrial Revolution

C ambridge professor says that a change in

drinking habits was the reason for the Industrial

C The missing factors, he proposes, are to be

E This population burst seemed to happen at just

F Macfarlane looked to Japan, which was also

G But, if tea is a factor in the combination lock, why

Air traffic control in the USA

A Establishment = founding, launch, creation

Rudimentary = basic, simple, undeveloped,

C Jet engine = an engine that pushes out a stream

Many people think that ATC consists of a row of

same kind of structure was needed to

visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight something, essential.

instrument rating which is above and beyond the

Designate: to choose someone or something for a

Museums of fine art and

One of the most famous works of art in the world is

Furthermore, consideration of the ‘value’ of the Monetary= financial, economic, currency.

Distressing= upsetting, painful, sad.

read in a prescribed temporal sequence, whereas Superficially= apparently, cursorily,

Consequently, the dominant critical approach Dominant= main, leading, prevailing.

The Context, Meaning and Scope

A Travel has existed since the beginning of

Seaside resorts located at Pompeii and

excess of $422 billion m direct indirect and

Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, France, (the former)

C anadian writer Jay Ingram investigates the

A One of the most captivating natural events of Captivating= charming, attractive,

B Summer leaves are green because they are full

Spectrum= the set of bands of coloured

D Some theories about anthocyanins have argued

photosynthesis: the production of new material

E It has also been proposed that trees may

Vulnerable= at risk, in danger,

vulnerable to the highly destructive effects of the

Beyond the blue horizon