Boost Your Vocabulary - Cam14 - 2023

Cuốn sách này của
........................................................................................................................
Điểm mục tiêu cho phần thi IELTS Reading là: .................
Mình sẽ đạt điếm số này vào ngày ................
Để làm được điều này, mình sẽ đọc cuốn sách này ít nhất ....... lần/tuần
SEBASTIAN BENNETT
JULIANA SILVA

LỜI GIỚI THIỆU

Chào các bạn,
Các bạn đang cầm trên tay cuốn “Boost your vocabulary” được biên soạn bởi thầy Đinh Thắng
và team A&M I IELTS.
Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang muốn cải thiện vốn từ vựng cho phần thi
Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên nền tảng bộ Cambridge IELTS của Nhà xuất bản
Đại học Cambridge – Anh Quốc.
Sau 06 năm phát hành miễn phí, cuốn sách đã giúp cho 24 bạn đạt 9.0 cùng rất nhiều bạn đã
đạt mục tiêu cho phần thi IELTS Reading của mình. Không chỉ được sử dụng bởi đông đảo các
bạn học sinh, sinh viên, người đi làm, cuốn sách còn được các thầy cô, các trung tâm tin tưởng
lựa chọn làm giáo trình học viên của mình. Hơn thế, cuốn sách cũng được đông đảo các bạn bè
quốc tế biết đến, tin tưởng và sử dụng.
Trong quá trình thực hiện, team A&M I IELTS đã dành nhiều thời gian để nghiên cứu cách thức
đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dễ dùng nhất với các bạn. Tuy vậy, cuốn sách không khỏi có
những hạn chế nhất định. Mọi góp ý để cải thiện nội dung cuốn sách mọi người xin gửi về email
amacademic.edu@gmail.com
Trân trọng cảm ơn,

TÁC GIẢ & NHÓM THỰC HIỆN

THẦY ĐINH THẮNG

Là chủ nhiệm và Founder của A&M I IELTS
Giảng viên IELTS tại Hà Nội từ 2012
Chứng chỉ ngành ngôn ngữ Anh, đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc, 2016.
Diễn giả hội thảo IELTS tổ chức bởi IDP Việt Nam (2022)
Tác giả các đầu sách IELTS như Hướng dẫn viết câu trong IELTS writing 7.0-7.5,
Highlight academic phrases in examiners' essays, Boost your comprehension
Cambridge IELTS
cùng các thầy cô và các thành viên trong team A&M I IELTS ...
Cô Ngọc Khuê
Thầ y Hoàng Anh
9.0 IELTS Reading
9.0 IELTS Reading
Cô Phương Anh
Cô Như Ngọc 8.0 IELTS Reading
9.0 IELTS Reading
HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG SÁCH
ĐỐI TƯỢNG SỬ DỤNG SÁCH

Các bạn cần có mức độ từ vựng tương đương 5.5 trở lên (theo thang điểm 9 của IELTS),
nếu không có thể sẽ gặp khó khăn trong việc sử dụng sách này.
CÁC BƯỚC SỬ DỤNG

CÁCH 1: LÀM TEST TRƯỚC, HỌC TỪ VỰNG SAU
Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn
sách được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn
nào đọc online sẽ có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
Bước 2: Tìm mua cuốn Cambridge IELTS (10 cuốn mới nhất từ 8-17) của Nhà xuất
bản Cambridge để làm. Hãy cẩn thận đừng mua nhầm sách lậu. Sách của nhà
xuất bản Cambridge được tái bản tại Việt Nam thường có bìa và giấy dày, chữ rất
rõ nét.
Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách trên. Ví dụ passage
1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13.
Bước 4: Đối chiếu với cuốn sách này, bạn sẽ lọc ra các từ vựng quan trọng cần
học. Ví dụ passage 1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13, bài về Tourism New Zealand
Website: Bạn sẽ thấy
4.1 Cột bên trái là bản text gốc, trong đó bôi đậm các từ học thuật - academic
word
4.2 Cột bên phải chứa các từ vựng này theo kèm định nghĩa (definition) hoặc từ
đồng nghĩa (synonym)
CÁCH 2: HỌC TỪ VỰNG TRƯỚC, ĐỌC TEST SAU

Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn
sách được thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn
nào đọc online sẽ có thể thấy khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng
Bước 2: Đọc cột bên trái như đọc báo. Duy trì hàng ngày. Khi nào không hiểu từ
nào thì xem nghĩa hoặc synonym của từ đó ở cột bên phải. Giai đoạn này giúp bạn
phát triển việc đọc tự nhiên, thay vì đọc theo kiểu làm test. Bạn càng hiểu nhiều
càng tốt. Cố gắng nhớ từ theo ngữ cảnh.
Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách Cambridge IELTS.
Ví dụ bạn đọc xong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 9&10 này thì có thể làm các test
trong cuốn 11 chẳng hạn. Làm test xong thì cố gắng phát hiện các từ đã học trong
cuốn 9&10. Bạn nào có khả năng ghi nhớ tốt chắc chắn sẽ gặp lại rất nhiều từ đã
học. Bạn nào có khả năng ghi nhớ vừa phải cũng sẽ gặp lại không ít từ.
Bước 4: Đọc cuốn Boost your vocabulary tương ứng với test bạn vừa làm.
Ví dụ 1 chu trình đầy đủ theo cách này

B1. Đọc hiểu và học từ vựng trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 9&10
B2. Làm test 1 trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 11
B3. Đọc hiểu và học từ vựng trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 11 & tìm các từ lặp lại
mà bạn đã đọc trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 9&10
BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY – CAMBRIDGE IELTS 14
TEST 1
READING PASSAGE 1
B
brick by brick= steadily in a step-by step manner,
the creation or destruction of smt. ˈbrɪk ˈbaɪ brɪk
rick by brick, six-year-old Alice is building a a magical fairy-tale= enchanted, magical, fabulous feərɪteɪl
turret= a small tower on a large building, especially
a castle. ˈtʌrɪt
kingdom. Imagining fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing fire-breathing = able to produce a stream of fire
from the mouth fajɚˌbriːðɪŋ
dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she's creating an wicked= evil, unkind, sadistic, cruel, #good ˈwɪkɪd
enchanting world. Although she isn't aware of it, this fantasy is gallant= kind, polite, respectful, gracious, #rude,
helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for #cowardly ɡəˈlænt
enchanting= attractive, pleasant delightful,
creativity and so it will have important repercussions in her interesting, compelling ɪnˈtʃɑːntɪŋ
adult life. take the first step= begin, start new things ˈteɪk ðə
ˈfɜ:st step
repercussion= consequence, effect, impact,
outcome (cuss= shake i.e discussion, concussion)
Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of riːpəˈkʌʃn̩
playing schools with her younger brother. When she bosses abandon =, leave behind, give up, walk out on #stay
him around as his 'teacher', she's practising how to regulate with. əˈbændən
her emotions through pretence. Later on, when they tire of this in favour of= preferring to choose someone or
and settle down with a board game, she's learning about the something that you believe is better ɪn ˈfeɪvər ɒv
need to follow rules and take turns with a partner. boss someone around= give orders, order around,
command, bully #obey ˈbɒs ˈsʌmwʌn əˈraʊnd
pretence= pretense, make-believe, imagination,
'Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of #reality prɪˈtens
the human species,' says Dr David Whitebread from the settle down= to relax, doing a quiet activitiy ˈsetl̩
daʊn
Faculty of Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. 'It take turn (take it in turns) = alternate ˈteɪk ˈtɜ:n
4
Tài liệu gốc Cambridge IELTS của NXB Đại học Cambridge-Mua sách gốc tại link
Biên tập cuốn sách Boost your vocabulary này được thực hiện bởi Đinh Thắng & IELTS Family-Các nhóm tự học IELTS
underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving underpin= support, reinforce, strengthen, #weaken
ʌndəˈpɪn
adults and is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable intellectual= philosopher, thinker, scholar (lect= read
species.' i.e prelect, lecture) ɪntəˈlektʃʊəl
adaptable= adjustable, easygoing, flexible,
Recognising the importance of play is not new: over two #inflexible əˈdæptəbl̩
millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Plato extolled its millennia (plural) - millennium (singular)= 1000
virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life, and ideas years (millen= thousand each i.e millionaire, millenary)
about play-based learning have been developing since the mɪˈlenɪə - mɪˈlenɪəm
extol= praise, admire, exalt, #deprecate ɪkˈstəʊl
19th century. virtue= goodness, integrity, morality, #wickedness
(vir= man i.e virtual, virtuality) ˈvɜːtʃuː
But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a
worldwide decline in play, pointing out that over half the mindful of= aware, attentive #unaware #inattentive
ˈmaɪndfəl ɒv
people in the world now live in cities. 'The opportunities for free point out= indicate, show, reveal, #hide poɪnt ˈaʊt
play, which I experienced almost every day of my childhood, scarce= rare, uncommon, limited, in short supply,
are becoming increasingly scarce,' he says. Outdoor play is #plentiful, #abundant skeəs
curtailed by perceptions of risk to do with traffic, as well as curtail= restrain, limit, restrict, reduce kɜːˈteɪl
parents' increased wish to protect their children from being the perception= insight, view, opinion
(per=thoroughly i.e perfection, persistence) pəˈsepʃn̩
victims of crime, and by the emphasis on 'earlier is better' emphasis= stress, importance, highlighting ˈemfəsɪs
which is leading to greater competition in academic learning
and schools.
International bodies like the United Nations and the European implication= effect, inference, association, knock-
Union have begun to develop policies concerned with on effect (plic= fold i.e complicate, application)
ˌɪmplɪˈkeɪʃn̩
children's right to play, and to consider implications for leisure= free time, entertainment, relaxation ˈleʒə
leisure facilities and educational programmes. But what they facilities= buildings, services, equipment, etc. that
often lack is the evidence to base policies on. are provided for a particular purpose (fac=do, make i.e
factory, facilitate) fəˈsɪlɪtɪz
'The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated,
child-initiated play= play in which children choose
spontaneous and unpredictable- but, as soon as you ask a what and how to play and who to play with ʧaɪld-
five-year-old "to play", then you as the researcher have ɪˈnɪʃɪeɪtɪd pleɪ
intervened,' explains Dr Sara Baker. 'And we want to know spontaneous= unplanned, natural, impulsive,
#planned spɒnˈteɪnɪəs
what the long-term impact of play is. It's a real challenge.'
intervene=, , interrupt, get involved become involved
in a situation in order to improve or help it (ven=
Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of come i.e invent, advent) ɪntəˈviːn
the steps in the puzzle of how and why play is important have
been looked at, there is very little data on the impact it has on puzzle= mystery, enigma, riddle, #explanation ˈpʌzl̩
the child's later life.
Now, thanks to the university's new Centre for Research on
Play in Education, Development and Learning (PEDAL),
Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to
provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child possibility= option, probability, likelihood, prospect
develops. pɒsəˈbɪlɪti
self-control= self-discipline, willpower, ability to
'A strong possibility is that play supports the early remain calm and not show your emotions even
development of children's self-control,' explains Baker. 'This is though you are feeling angry, excited, etc. self
our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking processes kənˈtrəʊl
- it influences how effectively we go about undertaking undertake= carry out, embark on, take on,
#relinquish ʌndəˈteɪk
challenging activities.'
In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young pre- toddler= baby, a child who has only recently learnt
to walk ˈtɒdlə
schoolers, she found that children with greater self-control pre-schooler= a child who does not yet go to
school, or who goes to preschool priˌskuːlɚ
solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar
5
set-up requiring scientific reasoning. 'This sort of evidence set-up= arrangement, system, situation,
circumstance ˈset ʌp
makes us think that giving children the chance to play will problem-solver= those who are good at finding
ways of dealing with problems ˈprɒbləm sɒlvə(r)
make them more successful problem-solvers in the long run.' (solv=loosen, set free i.e dissolve, solution)
playful= lively, frisky, full of fun, full of life, #subdued

ˈpleɪfəl
facilitate= enable, aid, help, assist, smooth the
If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, progress of, #impede (fac=do, make i.e factory, facility)
fəˈsɪlɪteɪt
say the researchers, it could be extremely significant for self-regulate= self-control, self-discipline, self-will
(regul=rule i.e regular, regulation) self ˈreɡ.jə.leɪt
educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has predictor= something that can show what will
happen in the future (dic/dict= proclaim, say i.e
been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance. dictation, verdict) prɪˈdɪktə
indicator= pointer, display, sign (dic/dict= proclaim,
Gibson adds: 'Playful behaviour is also an important indicator say i.e dictation, verdict) ˈɪndɪkeɪtə
investigate= examine, explore, inspect, check.
(vestig= track i.e vestigial) ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt
of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous
observe= watch, view, monitor, study, #ignore
(serv= save, protect i.e conserve, reserve) əbˈzɜːv
research, I investigated how observing children at play can well-being= comfort, happiness, welfare wel ˈbiːɪŋ
diagnosis= analysis, discover or identify the exact
give us important clues about their well-being and can even cause of an illness or a problem (gno= know i.e
telegnosis, agnosia) daɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs
neurodevelopmental disorders = a group of
be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders disorders in which the development of the central
nervous system is disturbed (neur= nerve i.e
neurologic, neural) ˌnjʊərəʊdɪˌvɛləpˈmɛnt(ə)l dɪsˈɔːdəz
like autism.' autism= a mental condition in which a person finds
it very difficult to communicate or form relationships
with others (aut=self i.e automatic, authentic) ˈɔːtˌɪzəm
Whitebread's recent research has involved developing a play- approach= method, tactic, methodology əˈprəʊtʃ
based approach to supporting children's writing. 'Many primary
school children find writing difficult, but we showed in a
previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective stimulus= incentive, motivation, incitement,
encouragement (stimul= rouse i.e stimulate) ˈstɪmjʊləs
than an instructional one.'
Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they

first played with dolls representing
characters in the story. In the latest study, children first created
their story with Lego*, with similar results. 'Many teachers
commented that they had always previously had children
saying they didn't know what to write about. With the Lego
building, however, not a single child said this through the whole
year of the project.'
Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school backwater= remote place, the middle of nowhere,
backwoods, sticks ˈbækˌwɔːtə
teacher in the early 1970s, when, as he describes, 'the
untroubled= peaceful, calm, tranquil, undisturbed #
teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater, bothered #troubled ʌnˈtrʌbl̩ d
untroubled by any serious intellectual debate or debate= argument, discuss, dispute dɪˈbeɪt
6
controversy.' Now, the landscape is very different, with hotly controversy= disagreement, discussion, debate,
#agreement (vers=turn i.e convert, adverse) ˈkɒntrəvɜːsi
debated topics such as school starting age. landscape= environment, situation, background
ˈlændskeɪp
hotly= fiercely, angrily, strongly, passionately,
#dispassionately ˈhɒtli
'Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent
decades. It's regarded as something trivial, or even as trivial=minor, unimportant, insignificant, #crucial
ˈtrɪvɪəl
something negative that contrasts with "work". Let's not lose
contrast= differ, conflict, be different from
sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it
something (contra= against i.e contraception,
makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and contradict) kənˈtrɑːst
technology. Let's make sure children have a rich diet of play fundamental= basic, essential, central, important
experiences.' (fund = bottom i.e foundation, profound) fʌndəˈmentl̩
*Lego: coloured plastic building blocks and other pieces that

can be joined together
7
READING PASSAGE 2
H ow Dutch engineer Luud Schimmelpennink helped to

devise urban bike-sharing schemes
devise= invent, create, plan, conceive dɪˈvaɪz
scheme= program, plan, system, strategy
(schem = plan i.e schema, schematic) skiːm
A.
The original idea for an urban bike-sharing scheme dates back come up with= think of, create, produce ˈkʌm
to a summer's day in Amsterdam in 1965. Provo, the ˈʌp wɪð
organisation that came up with the idea, was a group of Dutch activist= protester, advocate, campaigner
(act= do i.e action, actor, agent) ˈæktɪvɪst
activists who wanted to change society. They believed the perceive= understand, notice, recognize,
scheme, which was known as the Witte Fietsenplan, was an distinguish, become aware of, #ignore
answer to the perceived threats of air pollution and (per=thoroughly i.e perfection, persistence) pəˈsiːv
consumerism. In the centre of Amsterdam, they painted a threat = risk, danger, trouble θret
small number of used bikes white. They also distributed consumerism = the belief that it is good to
leaflets describing the dangers of cars and inviting people to buy and use a lot of goods and services –
often used to show disapproval (sum=take i.e
use the white bikes. The bikes were then left unlocked at assume, subsume) kənˈsjuːmərɪzəm
various locations around the city, to be used by anyone in leaflet = flyer, pamphlet, brochure, booklet,
need of transport. handout (piece of paper advertising) ˈliːflɪt
B.
Luud Schimmelpennink, a Dutch industrial engineer who still
recall= remember, remind, elicit, bring to
lives and cycles in Amsterdam, was heavily involved in the mind, #forget rɪˈkɔːl
original scheme. He recalls how the scheme succeeded in
8
attracting a great deal of attention - particularly when it came a great deal= enormous, a large amount,
to publicising Provo's aims - but struggled to get off the significant, #a little, #a few ə ˌgreɪt diːl
struggle= to try very hard to do something
ground. The police were opposed to Provo's initiatives and when it is difficult ˈstrʌɡl̩
almost as soon as the white bikes were distributed around get off the ground (phrase)= start to be
the city, they removed them. However, for Schimmelpennink successful get ɒf ðə graʊnd
and for bike-sharing schemes in general, this was just the be opposed to= disagree with, against,
object to (op/ob=against i.e offend, oblique) bi
beginning. 'The first Witte Fietsenplan was just a symbolic əˈpəʊzd tuː
thing,' he says. 'We painted a few bikes white, that was all. initiative= proposal, scheme, idea, project
ɪˈnɪʃətɪv
Things got more serious when I became a member of the distribute= give out, allocate, spread
Amsterdam city council two years later.' dɪˈstrɪbjuːt
symbolic= figurative, representative,
C. emblematic sɪmˈbɒlɪk
Schimmelpennink seized this opportunity to present a more
seize= grab, get hold of, capture, take, #lose
elaborate Witte Fietsen plan to the city council. 'My idea was siːz
that the municipality of Amsterdam would distribute 10,000 elaborate= complicated, complex, detailed,
white bikes over the city, for everyone to use,' he explains. 'I carefully prepared and organized ɪˈlæbəreɪt
municipality= city, borough, town, metropolis
made serious calculations. It turned out that a white bicycle - mju: nɪsɪˈpælɪti
per person, per kilometre - would cost the municipality only turn out= come out, result, become, end up
ˈtɜ:n aʊt
10% of what it contributed to public transport per person per
unanimously= all together, consistently,
kilometre.' Nevertheless, the council unanimously rejected totally, #partly juːˈnænɪməsli
the plan. 'They said that the bicycle belongs to the past. They glorious= magnificent, wonderful, superb,
saw a glorious future for the car,' says Schimmelpennink. But #inglorious (glori=glory i.e glorify, vainglory) ˈɡlɔːrɪəs
discourage= demoralized, deter, less
he was not in the least discouraged.
confident #encourage dɪsˈkʌrɪdʒ
D.
Schimmelpennink never stopped believing in bike-sharing, and deposit= a sum of money that is paid by
somebody when they rent something and that
in the mid-90s, two Danes asked for his help to set up a
is returned to them if they do not lose or
system in Copenhagen. The result was the world's first large- damage the thing they are renting. (posit= put
scale bike-share programme. It worked on a deposit: 'You i.e position, apposite) dɪˈpɒzɪt
arouse= stimulate, provoke, awaken, stir up,
dropped a coin in the bike and when you returned it, you got
encourage, inspire əˈraʊz
your money back.' After setting up the Danish system, conscious= aware, mindful, deliberate,
Schimmelpennink decided to try his luck again in the #unaware, #unconscious ˈkɒnʃəs
Netherlands - and this time he succeeded in arousing the prove= show, demonstrate, verify #disprove
pruːv
interest of the Dutch Ministry of Transport. 'Times had guilder= the standard unit of money used in
changed,' he recalls. 'People had become more the Netherlands before the Euro ˈɡɪldə
environmentally conscious, and the Danish experiment had chip = microchip = a very small piece
of silicon containing a set of electronic parts,
proved that bike-sharing was a real possibility.' A new Witte which is used in computers and
Fietsenplan was launched in 1999 in Amsterdam. However, other machines tʃɪp
riding a white bike was no longer free; it cost one guilder per conspicuous = visible, clear, noticeable,
trip and payment was made with a chip card developed by the obvious, #inconspicuous (spic= look i.e aspect,
prospect, respect) kənˈspɪkjʊəs
Dutch bank Postbank. Schimmelpennink designed sturdy= robust, durable, strong, well-made,
conspicuous, sturdy white bikes locked in special racks heavy-duty #weak ˈstɜːdi
which could be opened with the chip card - the plan started rack= frame, framework, holder ræk
distribute= deliver, spread, spread out.
with 250 bikes, distributed over five stations. dɪˈstrɪbjuːt
9
E.
Theo Molenaar, who was a system designer for the project, announce= publicize, inform, tell, publish,
#keep secret əˈnaʊns
worked alongside Schimmelpennink. 'I remember when we
prone to= suffer from, vulnerable to,
were testing the bike racks, he announced that he had susceptible, liable to, at risk prəʊn tuː
already designed better ones. But of course, we had to go vandalism=the crime of destroying or
through with the ones we had.' The system, however, was damaging something, especially public
prone to vandalism and theft. 'After every weekend there property (van= empty i.e vain, vanish) ˈvændəlɪzəm
would always be a couple of bikes missing,' Molenaar says. 'I theft= robbery, stealing θeft
really have no idea what people did with them, because they blow= negative impact, set-back, shock,
could instantly be recognised as white bikes.' But the biggest misfortune bləʊ
blow came when Postbank decided to abolish the chip card, abolish= eliminate, stop, end, put an end to,
because it wasn't profitable. 'That chip card was pivotal to #establish əˈbɒlɪʃ
profitable= money-making, lucrative,
the system,' Molenaar says. 'To continue the project we would
commercial #unprofitable ˈprɒfɪtəbl̩
have needed to set up another system, but the business pivotal= key, paramount, crucial, extremely
partner had lost interest.' important, #unimportant, #irrelevant ˈpɪvətəl
F.
Schimmelpennink was disappointed, but- characteristically- characteristically= typically, usually,
not for long. In 2002 he got a call from the French advertising normally #unusually. kærəktəˈrɪstɪkl̩ i
corporation JC Decaux, who wanted to set up his bike- corporation= firm, business, company,
sharing scheme in Vienna. 'That went really well. After Vienna,
enterprise (corpor= body i.e corpus, corporative)
they set up a system in Lyon. Then in 2007, Paris followed. kɔːpəˈreɪʃn̩
That was a decisive moment in the history of bike-sharing.'
decisive= strong-minded, determined,
The huge and unexpected success of the Parisian bike-
resolute, #uncertain dɪˈsaɪsɪv
sharing programme, which now boasts more than 20,000
bicycles, inspired cities all over the world to set up their own boast= possess, have, pride yourself on, lay
schemes, all modelled on Schimmelpennink's. 'It's wonderful claim to bəʊst
that this happened,' he says. 'But financially I didn't really file for= put in place, put in order, to make an
benefit from it, because I never filed for a patent.' official request for something ˈfaɪl fɔː
patent= copyright, right, official document
G. ˈpeɪtnt
In Amsterdam today, 38% of all trips are made by bike and,

along with Copenhagen, it is regarded as one of the two along with= together with, accompanied by,
in company with, as well as əˈlɒŋ wɪð
most cycle-friendly capitals in the world - but the city never got
regarded as=thought of, view as, seen as,
another Witte Fietsenplan. Molenaar believes this may be
considered as rɪˈɡɑːdɪd æz
because everybody in Amsterdam already has a bike.
optimistic= hopeful, positive, bright, cheerful,
Schimmelpennink, however, cannot see that this changes
#pessimistic (optim= best i.e optimal, optimum)
Amsterdam's need for a bike-sharing scheme. 'People who
ɒptɪˈmɪstɪk
travel on the underground don't carry their bikes around. But stand a chance (idiom)= have a chance of
often they need additional transport to reach their final success stænd ə tʃɑːns
destination.' Although he thinks it is strange that a city like
mentality= attitude, approach, outlook,
Amsterdam does not have a successful bike-sharing scheme, mindset (ment= mind i.e reminisce, mental,
he is optimistic about the future. 'In the '60s we didn't stand a memento) menˈtælɪti
chance because people were prepared to give their lives to long for= desire, wish, crave, yearn, want,
keep cars in the city. But that mentality has totally changed. wish for lɒŋ fɔː
Today everybody longs for cities that are not. Maybe it’s time outlook = viewpoint, point of view, attitude,
we changed our outlook. position ˈaʊtlʊk
10
READING PASSAGE 3
A critical ingredient in the success of hotels is developing

hospitality= welcome, friendly, kindness, warmth,
#unfriendliness. (hospit= host i.e hospice, hospital)
hɒspɪˈtælɪti
critical= crucial, significant, vital, important (crit= judge
i.e criterion, apocrine) ˈkrɪtɪkl̩
and maintaining superior performance from their employees. superior= excellent, high-class, top-quality, first-class
(super= above i.e superb, supernova) suːˈpɪərɪə
How is that accomplished? What Human Resource
performance= presentation, show, enactment
Management (HRM) practices should organizations invest in pəˈfɔːməns
accomplish= achieve, done, finish. əˈkʌmplɪʃ
to acquire and retain judicious great employees? acquire= obtain, gain, attain, achieve, get hold of
(quir= seek i.e conquer, inquiry) əˈkwaɪə
retain= keep, hold, maintain rɪˈteɪn
Some hotels aim to provide superior working conditions for judicious= wise, sensible #stupid #foolish dʒuːˈdɪʃəs
their employees. The idea originated from workplaces - usually
aim= goal, purpose, target, intention eɪm
in the non-service sector - that emphasized fun and sector= segment, part, area, zone, field ˈsektə
emphasize= highlight, underline, stress, #understate
enjoyment as part of work-life balance. By contrast, the ˈemfəsaɪz
service sector, and more specifically hotels, has traditionally work-life balance = the ability to give a sensible
amount of time and effort to your work and to your life
not extended these practices to address basic employee outside work wɜːklaɪf ˈbæl. əns
needs, such as good working conditions. address= solve, tackle, deal with, handle, cope with
əˈdres
Pfeffer (1994) emphasizes that in order to succeed in a global

business environment, organizations must make investment in
Human Resource Management (HRM) to allow them to possess= own, have, retain, #lack (sess=sit i.e
obsession, reside) pəˈzes
acquire employees who possess better skills and capabilities capability= ability, competence, potential, #inability
than their competitors. This investment will be to their (cap= hold i.e caption, capacious) keɪpəˈbɪlɪti
11
competitive advantage. Despite this recognition of the competitive advantage = an advantage that makes a
company more able to succeed in competing with
others (pet= strive toward i.e appetite, petition) kəmˈpetətɪv
importance of employee development, the hospitality ədˈvɑːntɪdʒ
recognition= identification, know, awareness (gnit=
know i.e cognition, ignorant) rekəɡˈnɪʃn̩
industry has historically been dominated by hospitality industry= businesses such as hotels,
bars, and restaurants that offer people food, drink, or
a place to sleep hɒspɪˈtælɪti ˈɪndəstri
underdeveloped HR practices (Lucas, 2002). dominated by = the most prevalent, the most
common (domin= master i.e domain, predominate)
ˈdɒmɪneɪtɪd baɪ
underdeveloped= immature, weak, infantile
ˌʌndədɪˈveləpt
practices= does, performs, exercises ˈpræktɪsɪz
Lucas also points out that 'the substance of HRM practices
substance= core, essence, central part ˈsʌbstəns
foster= nurture, raise ˈfɒstə
does not appear to be designed to foster constructive
constructive= beneficial, positive, fruitful,
#destructive (struct= build i.e structure, instruct)
kənˈstrʌktɪv
relations with employees or to represent a managerial represent= stand for, speak for, symbolize,
#misrepresent riːprɪˈzent
managerial= decision-making, administrative,
approach that enables developing and drawing out the full
organizational mænɪˈdʒɪərɪəl
enable= allow, permit, aid, assist. make possible,
potential of people, even though employees may be broadly #prevent ɪˈneɪbl̩
draw out= to mention, explain, elaborate drɔːr ˈaʊt
potential= capacity, ability, aptitude (pot= power i.e
satisfied with many aspects of their work' (Lucas, 2002). In despot, potentate) pəˈtenʃl̩
broadly = largely, roughly, mostly ˈbrɔːdli
aspect= feature, trait, quality (spect= look i.e prospect,
addition, or maybe as a result, high employee turnover has speculate) ˈæspekt
employee turnover= the rate at which employees
leave a company and are replaced by new employees
emploɪˈiː ˈtɜːnəʊvə
been a recurring problem throughout the hospitality industry.
recurring= regular, frequent, repeated rɪˈkɜːrɪŋ
cite = mentioned, refer to, quoted (cit= call i.e solicit,
excite) saɪt
Among the many cited reasons are low compensation,
compensation= reward, benefit, payment
kɒmpenˈseɪʃn̩
inadequate= deficient, unsatisfactory, too little, not
inadequate benefits, poor working conditions and
enough, #sufficient (equ= equal i.e equity, equivalence)
ɪnˈædɪkwət
compromised= worsen, make worse, poor, low
compromised employee morale and attitudes (Maroudas et ˈkɒmprəmaɪzd
morale= spirit, enthusiasm məˈrɑːl
al., 2008).
Ng and Sorensen (2008) demonstrated that when managers demonstrate= show, exhibit, reveal, explain
ˈdemənstreɪt
provide recognition to employees, motivate employees to recognition= gratitude, appreciation,
acknowledgement, respect, #blame (gnit= know i.e
work together, and remove obstacles preventing effective cognition, ignorant) rekəɡˈnɪʃn̩
performance, employees feel more obligated to stay with the motivate= inspire, provoke, encourage (mot= move i.e
mobile, promote) ˈməʊtɪveɪt
company. This was succinctly summarized by Michel et al. obstacle= difficulty, problem, barrier ˈɒbstəkl̩
obligated= grateful, appreciative, thankful ˈɒblɪɡeɪtɪd
(2013): '[P]roviding support to employees gives them the succinctly= briefly, in short, concisely səkˈsɪŋktli
confidence to perform their jobs better and the motivation to summarize= review, sum up, recap (sum= sum i.e
consummate, summation) ˈsʌməraɪz
12
stay with the organization.' Hospitality organizations can enhance= improve, increase, develop ɪnˈhɑːns
retention= keeping, holding, retaining, preservation
therefore enhance employee motivation and retention (tent= hold i.e content, abstain, contain) rɪˈtenʃn̩
inherently= integrally, fundamentally, essentially,
through the development and improvement of their working naturally, intrinsically, #superficially (here= stick i.e
inhere, adhesive) ɪnˈhɪərəntli
conditions. These conditions are inherently linked to the
working environment.
While it seems likely that employees' reactions to their job reaction= response, reply, feedback (act= do i.e action,
characteristics could be affected by a predisposition to view actor, agent) rɪˈækʃn̩
characteristic= trait, quality, personality kærəktəˈrɪstɪk
their work environment negatively, no evidence exists to
predisposition= tendency, predilection, disposition,
support this hypothesis (Spector et al., 2000). However, given bias (posit= put i.e position, apposite) priːdɪspəˈzɪʃn̩
hypothesis= theory, suggestion, assumption
the opportunity, many people will find something to complain (the= put i.e synthesis, anathematic) haɪˈpɒθəsɪs
about in relation to their workplace (Poulston, 2009). There is opportunity= chance, prospect, occasion ɒpəˈtjuːnɪti
in relation to = related to, concerning, with regard to
a strong link between the perceptions of employees and ɪn rɪˈleɪʃn̩ tuː
particular factors of their work environment that are separate perception= insight, awareness, view, opinion,
recognition (per=thoroughly i.e perfection, persistence)
from the work itself, including company policies, salary and pəˈsepʃn̩
vacations. separate= split, divide, disconnect ˈseprət
Such conditions are particularly troubling for the luxury hotel

market, where high-quality service, requiring a sophisticated troubling = worrying, concerning, disturbing,
approach to HRM, is recognized as a critical source of #soothing ˈtrʌbl̩ ɪŋ
competitive advantage (Maroudas et al., 2008). In a real sophisticated= complex, complicated, advanced
(soph= wise i.e philosophy, sophism) səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd
sense, the services of hotel employees represent their in a real sense = sth is partly true, or true in one way,
industry (Schneider and Bowen, 1993). This representation in one aspect (sens= feel i.e sensory, consent) ɪn ə rɪəl
has commonly been limited to guest experiences. This sens
suggests that there has been a dichotomy between the guest dichotomy= contrast, opposition, contradiction (tom=
environment provided in luxury hotels and the wsorking cut i.e anatomy, polytomy) daɪˈkɒtəmi
conditions of their employees.
It is therefore essential for hotel management to develop HRM enable= allow, make possible, permit ɪˈneɪbl̩
practices that enable them to inspire and retain competent retain = keep, hold, maintain rɪˈteɪn
employees. This requires an understanding of what motivates competent= experienced, knowledgeable, skilled
employees at different levels of management and different ˈkɒmpɪtənt
stages of their careers (Enz and Siguaw, 2000). This implies imply= indicate, mean, suggest ɪmˈplaɪ
that it is beneficial for hotel managers to understand what employee retention= the ability of a company to keep
practices are most favorable to increase employee its employees and stop them from going to work
satisfaction and retention. somewhere else emploɪˈiː rɪˈtenʃn̩
Herzberg (1966) proposes that people have two major types of

extrinsic= external, outside, outer ekˈstrɪnsɪk
needs, the first being extrinsic motivation factors relating to
context = situation, environment, circumstance (text=
the context in which work is performed, rather than the work
weave i.e textile, pretext) ˈkɒntekst
itself. These include working conditions and job security. job security = a job with a high level of security is
When these factors are unfavorable, job dissatisfaction may such that a person with the job would have a small
result. Significantly, though, just fulfilling these needs does not chance of losing it. dʒɒb sɪˈkjʊərɪti
result in satisfaction, but only in the reduction of dissatisfaction
(Maroudas et al., 2008).
Employees also have intrinsic motivation needs or intrinsic= inside, inherent, innate, inner, #extrinsic
motivators, which include such factors as achievement and ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk
13
recognition. Unlike extrinsic factors, motivator factors may

ideally result in job satisfaction (Maroudas et al., 2008).
Herzberg's (1966) theory discusses the need for a 'balance' of
these two types of needs.
The impact of fun as a motivating factor at work has also been

explored. For example, Tews, Michel and Stafford (2013)
conduct= do, perform, accomplish, carry out kənˈdʌkt
conducted a study focusing on staff from a chain of themed a chain of = a set of connected or related things ə
ˈtʃeɪn ɒv
restaurants in the United States. It was found that fun themed restaurant = A themed restaurant is a type of
activities had a favorable impact on performance and manager restaurant that uses theming to attract diners by
creating a memorable experience. ðəmd ˈrestrɒnt
support for fun had a favorable impact in reducing turnover. turnover= the rate at which people leave
Their findings support the view that fun may indeed have a an organization and are replaced by others ˈtɜːnəʊvə
framing = bordering, enclosing, surrounding, set up, #
beneficial effect, but the framing of that fun must be carefully insetting ˈfreɪmɪŋ
aligned with both organizational goals and employee aligned = associated, support, side with, line up with
əˈlaɪnd
characteristics. 'Managers must learn how to achieve the delicate= fragile, weak, slight, elegant ˈdelɪkət
delicate balance of allowing employees the freedom to enjoy simultaneously= at the same time, concurrently,
instantaneously, at once (simul= imitating i.e similar,
themselves at work while simultaneously maintaining high assimilate) sɪmlˈteɪnɪəsli
adopt= accept, implement, embrace (opt=choose i.e
levels of performance' (Tews et al., 2013). option, optative) əˈdɒpt
Deery (2008) has recommended several actions that can be assist= support, help, aid (sist= cause to stand i.e
consist, exist, insist) əˈsɪst
adopted at the organizational level to retain good staff as well
appropriate= suitable, fitting, apt, proper (propri=
as assist in balancing work and family life. Those particularly property i.e proper, propriety) əˈprəʊpriət
appropriate to the hospitality industry include allowing adequate = enough, sufficient, #inadequate,
#insufficient (equ= equal i.e equity, equivalence) ˈædɪkwət
adequate breaks during the working day, staff functions that well-being = happiness, comfort, welfare, safety wel
involve families, and providing health and well-being ˈbiːɪŋ
opportunities.
14
Nếu học được một lượng từ vựng lớn thì các bạn
sẽ không phải quan tâm đến tip này hay trick kia
khi làm bài thi IELTS Reading. Mình tin là có những
bạn 1 tuần đọc liên tục được 2 cuốn Boost your
vocabulary, thậm chí là hơn. Truyện dài mấy trăm
trang mà nhiều bạn có thể đọc xong trong 1 đêm,
còn 1 cuốn Boost your vocabulary là khá mỏng, và
lại toàn từ đã được tra sẵn. Vậy nên hãy cố gắng
đọc thật nhanh nhé các bạn 
Đinh Thắng
15
TEST 2
READING PASSAGE 1
B orn in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855

emigrate = migrate, relocate, move, abroad, leave
your country, # return #immigrate. ˈemɪɡreɪt
well-known = famous, celebrated, renowned,
legendary. ˈwel nəʊn
merchant = seller, trader, wholesaler, dealer.
and became a well-known landscape photographer Alexander ˈmɜːtʃənt
found = create, start, establish, set up, #close
Henderson was born in Scotland in 1831 and was the son of a faʊnd
chairman = chairperson, chair, chairwoman
successful merchant. His grandfather, also called Alexander, had (someone who is in charge of a large company or
organization) ˈtʃeəmən
founded the family business, and later became the first chairman extensive = big, large, huge, massive, wide
of the National Bank of Scotland. The family had extensive ɪkˈstensɪv
landholding = the land that is own by someone
landholdings in Scotland. Besides its residence in Edinburgh, it ˈlændhəʊldɪŋ
residence = house, home, dwelling (especially a
owned Press Estate, 650 acres of farmland about 35 miles large or official one) ˈrezɪdəns
acres= a unit for measuring area, equal to 4,840
southeast of the city. The family often stayed at Press Castle, the square yards or 4,047 square metres ˈeɪkəz
large mansion on the northern edge of the property, and mansion = hall, tower, castle ˈmænʃn̩
edge= rim, border, boundary edʒ
Alexander spent much of his childhood in the area, playing on the property = land, building, estate, belongings.
ˈprɒpəti
beach near Eyemouth or fishing in the streams nearby. stream= watercourse, small river, torrent striːm
Even after he went to school at Murcheston Academy on the outskirts = outer edge, border, suburb (that is
outskirts of Edinburgh, Henderson returned to Press at weekends. furthest from its centre) ˈaʊtskɜːts
16
In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an apprenticeship= traineeship, internship, training

əˈprentɪʃɪp
accountant. Although he never liked the prospect of a business accountant = bookeeper, auditor (someone
whose job is to keep and check financial accounts,
career, he stayed with it to please his family. In October 1855, calculate taxes etc) əˈkaʊntənt
the prospect of = possibility, vision, potential. ði:
however, he emigrated to Canada with his wife Agnes Elder
prəˈspekt ɒv
Robertson and they settled in Montreal. please = satisfy, give pleasure to, make happy,
pliːz
settled in= to begin to feel happy and relaxed in a
new situation, home, job, or school ˈsetl̩ d ɪn
Henderson learned photography in Montreal around the year 1857 take it up= to start a new job or have a
and quickly took it up as a serious amateur. He became a new responsibility ˈteɪk ˈɪt ʌp
amateur = layperson, beginner, apprentice,
personal friend and colleague of the Scottish-Canadian #professional #expert ˈæmətə
personal friend= someone who you know well,
photographer William Notman. The two men made a photographic especially a famous or important person ˈpɜːsənl̩
ˈfrend
excursion to Niagara Falls in 1860 and they cooperated on excursion= trip, tour, expedition, journey. ɪkˈskɜːʃn̩
cooperate = work together, work as a team,
experiments with magnesium flares as a source of artificial light collaborate kəʊˈɒpəreɪt
in 1865. They belonged to the same societies and were among the experiments= trial, test, research. ɪkˈsperɪmənts
magnesium=a chemical element (symbol: Mg)
founding members of the Art Association of Montreal. Henderson mæɡˈniːzɪəm
flare= flash, blaze, sparkle fleə
acted as chairman of the association's first meeting, which was held artificial= man-made, non-natural, synthetic,
#natural, #real ɑːtɪˈfɪʃl̩
in Notman's studio on 11 January 1860. association= organisation, union, alliance
əˌsəʊʃiˈeɪʃn̩
In spite of their friendship, their styles of photography were quite in spite of = despite, although, regardless of,
even though ɪn spaɪt ɒv
different. While Notman's landscapes were noted for their bold bold= noticeable, showy, confident bəʊld
realism = practicality, #impracticality
realism, Henderson for the first 20 years of his career produced
#idealism #romanticism ˈrɪəlɪzəm
romantic images, showing the strong influence of the British influence= effect, impact, repercussions ˈɪnflʊəns
artistic= creative, imaginative, inventive, arty
landscape tradition. His artistic and technical progress was rapid
ɑːˈtɪstɪk
and in 1865 he published his first major collection of landscape publication = journal, newspaper, magazine
pʌblɪˈkeɪʃn̩
photographs. The publication had limited circulation (only seven circulation = distribution, readership, sales
copies have ever been found), and was called Canadian Views and sɜːkjʊˈleɪʃn̩
vary= differ, change, diverge, be different ˈveəri
Studies. The contents of each copy vary significantly and have prove= show, demonstrate, evidence #disprove
pruːv
proved a useful source for evaluating Henderson's early work.
evaluate= assess, estimate, value, calculate
ɪˈvæljʊeɪt
In 1866, he gave up his business to open a photographic studio,
advertise= publicize, market, announce, promote
advertising himself as a portrait and landscape photographer. ˈædvətaɪz
drop = stop, give up, abandon, #maintain drɒp
From about 1870 he dropped portraiture to specialize in portrait = a drawing, painting, or photograph of a
person ˈpɔːtrɪt
landscape photography and other views. His numerous specialize = specify, concentrate, focus ˈspeʃəlaɪz
photographs of city life revealed in street scenes, houses, and numerous = many, plentiful, abundant ˈnjuːmərəs
reveal= expose, uncover, bring to light rɪˈviːl
markets are alive with human activity, and although his favourite
compose = produce, create, make, compile
subject was landscape he usually composed his scenes around kəmˈpəʊz
17
such human pursuits as farming the land, cutting ice on a river, or pursuit= pastime, interest, leisure activity pəˈsjuːt
sufficient = enough, adequate, plenty,
sailing down a woodland stream. There was sufficient demand for appropriate. səˈfɪʃnt
depict = show, illustrate, describe, represent
these types of scenes and others he took depicting the lumber dɪˈpɪkt
lumber = wood, logs, timber, planks ˈlʌmbə
trade, steamboats and waterfalls to enable him to make a living. enable = allow, permit, support, assist, aid,
There was little competing hobby or amateur photography before facilitate, #prevent ɪˈneɪbl̩
time-consuming = laborious, slow, timewasting,
the late 1880s because of the time-consuming techniques #timesaving ˈtaɪmkənˈsjuːmɪŋ
involved and the weight of the equipment.
People wanted to buy photographs as souvenirs of a trip or as souvenir = keepsake, memento, reminder, gift.
gifts, and catering to this market, Henderson had stock suːvəˈnɪə
cater= provide, supply, accommodate ˈkeɪtə
photographs on display at his studio for mounting, framing, or
stock= keep, have, carry, sell, supply stɒk
inclusion in albums mounting = encasing, exhibiting, installing,
Henderson frequently exhibited his photographs in Montreal and framing. ˈmaʊntɪŋ
abroad, in London, Edinburgh, Dublin, Paris, New York, and inclusion = insertion, attachment, addition,
Philadelphia. He met with greater success in 1877 and 1878 in New #absence, #exclusion ɪnˈkluːʒn̩
York when he won first prizes in the exhibition held by E and HT exhibit= show, display, reveal, present ɪɡˈzɪbɪt
Anthony and Company for landscapes using the Lambertype
process. In 1878 his work won second prize at the world exhibition
in Paris.
In the 1870s and 1880s Henderson travelled widely throughout throughout = in or into every part of something
θruːˈaʊt
Quebec and Ontario, in Canada, documenting the major cities of document= record, keep a record, write down,
the two provinces and many of the villages in Quebec. He was provide evidence ˈdɒkjʊment
especially fond of the wilderness and often travelled by canoe on be fond of = be keen on, be in love with, enjoy,
find irresistible bi fɒnd ɒv
the Blanche, du Lievre, and other noted eastern rivers. He went on
wilderness= wild, wasteland, desert. ˈwɪldənəs
several occasions to the Maritimes and in 1872 he sailed by yacht canoe = kayak, outrigger, coracle, dugout,
along the lower north shore of the St Lawrence River. That same pirogue, piragua kəˈnuː
sail= cruise, travelling in a ship, go in a boat, set
year, while in the lower St Lawrence River region, he took some
sail seɪl
photographs of the construction of the Intercolonial Railway. This yacht = ship, vessel, cruiser, ferry jɒt
undertaking led in 1875 to a commission from the railway to shore = bank, the waterfront, riverside. ʃɔː
Intercolonial Railway = was a
record the principal structures along the almost-completed line
historic Canadian railway that operated from 1872
connecting Montreal to Halifax. Commissions from other railways
to 1918 ɪntəkəˈləʊnjəl ˈreɪlweɪ
followed. In 1876 he photographed bridges on the Quebec, undertaking =mission, duty, task ʌndəˈteɪkɪŋ
Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway between Montreal and commission= committee, agency, board kəˈmɪʃn̩
record = document, chronicle, keep information
Ottawa. In 1885 he went west along the Canadian Pacific Railway
rɪˈkɔːd
(CPR) as far as Rogers Pass in British Columbia, where he took principal= main, major, prime, key ˈprɪnsəpl̩
photographs of the mountains and the progress of construction.
In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as

manager of a photographic department which he was to set up and
18
administer. His duties included spending four months in the field administer = manage, run, control, govern
ədˈmɪnɪstə
each year. That summer he made his second trip west, duty= task, responsibility, undertaking ˈdjuːti
photographing extensively along the railway line as far as Victoria. extensively= greatly, much, highly, considerably,
significantly ɪkˈstensɪvli
He continued in this post until 1897, when he retired completely post = position, placement, job, workplace pəʊst
from photography. retired = stop working, give up work, be
pensioned off, step down, rɪˈtaɪəd
When Henderson died in 1913, his huge collection of glass glass negatives = The term most commonly
refers to two formats, collodion wet plate
negatives was stored in the basement of his house. Today negatives and gelatin dry plate negatives. Both
collections of his work are held at the National Archives of Canada, formats consist of a light sensitive emulsion fixed
Ottawa, and the McCord Museum of Canadian History, Montreal. to a glass plate base with a binder glɑ:s ˈneɡətɪvz
basement= a part of a building that is below the
level of the first floor ˈbeɪsmənt
19
READING PASSAGE 2
A nswers to the problem of excessive electricity use by

skyscrapers and large public buildings can be found in
excessive= extreme, too much, unnecessary ɪkˈsesɪv
skyscraper = tower, multistory building, high-rise
building. ˈskaɪskreɪpə
ingenious= skillful, creative, effective, clever ɪnˈdʒiːnɪəs
ingenious but forgotten architectural designs of the 19th and
early-20th centuries. recovery= improvement, revival, retrieval, healing,
rɪˈkʌvəri
A the culmination of sth= something, especially
The Recovery of Natural Environments in Architecture by something important, that happens at the end of a long
Professor Alan Short is the culmination of 30 years of period of effort or development ðə ˌkʌlmɪˈneɪʃn̩ əv
Earth sciences = the branch of science dealing with
research and award-winning green building design by Short the physical constitution of the earth and its
and colleagues in Architecture, Engineering, Applied Maths and atmosphere. ˈɜ:θ ˈsaɪənsɪz
crisis= disaster, catastrophe, difficulty ˈkraɪsɪs
Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge. gadget= tool, gizmo, machine, device, appliance
'The crisis in building design is already here,' said Short. ˈɡædʒɪt
squander (on)= waste, consume, spend ˈskwɒndər ɒn
'Policy makers think you can solve energy and building mechanically= automatically, instinctively,
problems with gadgets. You can't. As global temperatures unconsciously, without thinking #consciously mɪˈkænɪkl̩ i
run out (of)= be used up, end, expire, finish, come to
continue to rise, we are going to continue to squander more
an end ˈrʌn aʊt ɒv
and more energy on keeping our buildings mechanically cool capacity= power, ability, volume, #inability kəˈpæsɪti
until we have run out of capacity.'
sweeping= far-reaching, comprehensive, wide-ranging,
B widespread, #restricted ˈswiːpɪŋ
Short is calling for a sweeping reinvention of how skyscrapers reinvent = reform, to make changes in order
to improve it or make it more modern ˌriːɪnˈvent
and major public buildings are designed - to end the reliance reliance = dependence, support, # independence
rɪˈlaɪəns
on sealed buildings which exist solely via the 'life support' sealed = closed, stuck #opened siːld
solely=exclusively, only, lone, merely, just ˈsəʊli
via = through, thru, by, by means of, using ˈvaɪə
20
system of vast air conditioning units. Instead, he shows it is vast = massive, huge, immense, considerable, #small
vɑːst
entirely possible to accommodate natural ventilation and accommodate= supply, provide, assist əˈkɒmədeɪt
ventilation=the movement of fresh air around
cooling in large buildings by looking into the past, before the a closed space, or the system that does this ventɪˈleɪʃn̩
relentless= unstoppable, persistent, #gentle,
widespread introduction of air conditioning systems, which #moderate rɪˈlentləs
aggressive=forceful, strong, insistent #mild əˈɡresɪv
were 'relentlessly and aggressively marketed' by their market (verb)= advertise, promote, sale ˈmɑ:kɪt
inventors.
contemporary = current, modern, latest, up-to-date
C kənˈtemprəri
Short points out that to make most contemporary buildings habitable= livable, comfortable, inhabitable, fit to,
#uninhabitable ˈhæbɪtəbl̩
habitable, they have to be sealed and air conditioned. The sealed= closed, wrapped, stuck down siːld
energy use and carbon emissions this generates is emission= a gas or other substance that is sent into
the air ɪˈmɪʃn̩
spectacular and largely unnecessary. Buildings in the West spectacular= remarkable, outstanding, stunning,
account for 40-50% of electricity usage, generating substantial impressive, #unimpressive spekˈtækjʊlə
substantial= significant, plentiful, abundant səbˈstænʃl̩
carbon emissions, and the rest of the world is catching up at a catching up = to come from behind and reach
frightening rate. Short regards glass, steel and air-conditioned someone in front of you by going faster ˈkætʃɪŋ ʌp
frightening = scary, making you feel afraid or nervous
skyscrapers as symbols of status, rather than practical ways of ˈfraɪtn̩ɪŋ
highlight= underline, emphasize, stress, draw attention
meeting our requirements.
to, bring to light ˈhaɪlaɪt
D
Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art sophisticated= complex, advance, complicated
and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd
pathogen= virus, bacterium, germ ˈpæθədʒən
earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously airstream= a current of air ˈeəstriːm
ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the model = show, demonstrate, display #show off ˈmɒdl̩
designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins tuberculosis = a serious infectious disease that
Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889). can attack many parts of a person's body,
'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' especially their lungs. tju:bɜːkjʊˈləʊsɪs
says Short. 'We put pathogens in the airstreams, modelled coughing= to suddenly push air out of your throat with
a short sound, often repeatedly ˈkɒfɪŋ
for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards ward= a large room in a hospital which is used for
and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have treating people with similar illnesses or conditions wɔːd
kept other patients safe from harm.
E
'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could
generate= produce, make, form, create ˈdʒenəreɪt
generate up to 24 air changes an hour - that's similar to the
air change = a measure of how many times the air
performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating
within a defined space (normally a room or house) is
theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these replaced ˈeə tʃeɪndʒ
principles now.
appropriate= fitting, suitable, applicable, #inappropriate

Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal əˈprəʊpriət
wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with communal= shared, public, #private ˈkɒmjʊnl̩
dementia = a medical condition that affects especially
dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's old people, causing the memory and other mental
abilities to gradually become worse, and leading to
hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.' confused behaviour dɪˈmenʃə
fraction = a small part, segment, part, section ˈfrækʃn̩
21
Professor Short contends the mindset and skill-sets behind contend = argue, claim, insist, declare kənˈtend
mindset = attitude, outlook, approach, belief, frame of
these designs have been completely lost, lamenting the mind, way of thinking ˈmaɪndset
skill-set = the range of things that someone is good at,
disappearance of expertly designed theatres, opera houses, especially things that are useful in a particular job ˈskɪl
set
and other buildings where up to half the volume of the building lament= to express sadness and feeling sorry about
was given over to ensuring everyone got fresh air. something ləˈment
volume= amount, quantity, degree, number ˈvɒljuːm
F ingenuity= creativity, inventiveness, resourcefulness,

Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and imagination, initiative ɪndʒɪˈnjuːɪti
panicked= nervous, worried, frightened, ˈpænɪkt
building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring clamour= demanding, call out, insisting, #whispering
ˈklæmə
for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be lethal= deadly, fatal, mortal, poisonous, toxic ˈliːθl̩
miasma = mist, fog, haze mɪˈæzmə
the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air that spread disease. toxic = harmful, detrimental, damaging ˈtɒksɪk
principal= main, major, key, primary ˈprɪnsəpl̩
Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and agent = cause, vehicle, driving force ˈeɪdʒənt
epidemic= the appearance of a particular disease in a
epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread large number of people at the same time epɪˈdemɪk
infection= disease, illness, virus ɪnˈfekʃn̩
of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera cholera = a serious disease that
causes sickness and sometimes death. It is caused
outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, by eating infected food or drinking infected water. ˈkɒlərə
outbreak= suddenly starts to happen ˈaʊtbreɪk
rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of foul= unpleasant, stinking, disgusting, #clean faʊl
germ= bacteria, virus, bug dʒɜːm
'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The driver = cause, reason, source ˈdraɪvə
the prosperous= rich people, the rich, wealthy people,
prosperous steered clear of hospitals. While miasma theory the wealthy ðə ˈprɒspərəs
steer clear = to avoid sb or sth implesant or difficult.
has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years stɪə klɪə
theory = hypothesis, speculation, assumption ˈθɪəri
advocated a return to some of the building design principles disprove = invalidate, negate, refute, show to be false,
#prove dɪsˈpruːv
produced in its wake. advocate= support, back, suggest, promote ˈædvəkeɪt
in somebody’s/something’s wake= behind or after
someone or something ɪn ˈsəmˌbɑːdi ˈsʌmθɪŋz weɪk
G
Today, huge amounts of a building's space and construction give over= to stop doing or saying something that
cost are given over to air conditioning. 'But I have designed is annoying other people ɡɪv ˈəʊvə
and built a series of buildings over the past three decades
which have tried to reinvent some of these ideas and then reinvent = remake, revive, reform. riːɪnˈvent
measure what happens.
'To go forward into our new low-energy, low-carbon future, we
would be well advised to look back at design before our high- legacy= heritage, inherence, inheritance ˈleɡəsi
energy, high-carbon present appeared. What is surprising is abandon = discard, give up, stop. əˈbændən
what a rich legacy we have abandoned.'
H ventilate = to let fresh air into a room, building etc
ˈventɪleɪt
Successful examples of Short's approach include the Queen's lit = past form of lɪt
Building at De Montfort University in Leicester. Containing as light = to provide light for a place laɪt
many as 2,000 staff and students, the entire building is auditorium- auditoria (plural) = hall, theatre ɔːdɪˈtɔːriəm
naturally ventilated, passively cooled and naturally lit, - ˌɔːdɪˈtɔːriə
seat = accommodate, contain, hold, take siːt
including the two largest auditoria, each seating more than
fraction = portion, segment, part, #whole ˈfrækʃn̩
150 people. The award-winning building uses a fraction of the comparable = similar, equivalent, equal, as good as,
electricity of comparable buildings in the UK. #dissimilar ˈkɒmpərəbl̩
22
Short contends that glass skyscrapers in London and around contend (that) = insist, to argue or state that
the world will become a liability over the next 20 or 30 years if something is true kənˈtend ðæt
liability= accountability, legal responsibility, obligation,
climate modelling predictions and energy price rises come to
charge laɪəˈbɪlɪti
pass as expected.
convince= persuade, prove, influence kənˈvɪns
He is convinced that sufficiently cooled skyscrapers using sufficiently = adequately, satisfactorily, suitably,
the natural environment can be produced in almost any climate. appropriately, #inadequately səˈfɪʃntli
hybrid = combination, mixture, cross ˈhaɪbrɪd
He and his team have worked on hybrid buildings in the harsh harsh= hard, serve, tough hɑːʃ
climates of Beijing and Chicago - built with natural ventilation back-up = something that you can use
assisted by back-up air conditioning - which, surprisingly to replace something that does not work or is lost bæk
ʌp
perhaps, can be switched off more than half the time on switched off= to turn off a machine, light, radio etc
milder days and during the spring and autumn. “My book is a using a switch swɪtʃt ɒf
milder= warmer, pleasanter, clement ˈmaɪldə
recipe book which looks at the past, how we got to where we
recipe= method, formula, guidelines, instructions, steps
are now, and how we might reimagine the cities, offices and resəpi
homes of the future. There are compelling reasons to do this. reimagine= reinterpret (an event, work of art, etc.)
imaginatively; rethink. riːɪˈmædʒɪn)
The Department of Health says new hospitals should be compelling= convincing, powerful, persuasive, forceful,
naturally ventilated, but they are not. Maybe it’s time we undeniable kəmˈpelɪŋ
changed our outlook.” outlook= viewpoint, attitude, view, point of view ˈaʊtlʊk
23
READING PASSAGE 3
A disorder = chaos, disarrange, mess-up dɪsˈɔːdə

structured= arrange, organize, build up ˈstrʌktʃəd
Organisation is big business. Whether it is of our lives - all strategy = plan, scheme, approach, policy, line of
those inboxes and calendars or how companies are attack ˈstrætədʒi
ought to = should, had better, have to ˈɔːt tuː
structured, a multi-billion-dollar industry helps to meet this a means = way, method, measure ə miːnz
need. We have more strategies for time management, productive= energetic, generative, effective,
profitable prəˈdʌktɪv
project management and self-organisation than at any other countless = uncountable, limitless, immeasurable
time in human history. We are told that we ought to organise ˈkaʊntləs
seminar = workshop, meeting, discussion group
our company, our home life, our week, our day and even our ˈsemɪnɑː
sleep, all as a means to becoming more productive. Every take place= happen, occur ( especially after being
week, countless seminars and workshops take place planned or arranged) ˈteɪk ˈpleɪs
a paying public= those who buy or purchase
around the world to tell a paying public that they ought to something (seminars/ workshops) ə ˈpeɪɪŋ ˈpʌblɪk
structure their lives in order to achieve this.
rhetoric= speech or writing that is intended to
influence people, but that is not completely honest or
This rhetoric has also crept into the thinking of business sincere ˈretərɪk
creep = walk quietly and slowly, tiptoe kriːp
leaders and entrepreneurs, much to the delight of self- entrepreneur = businessperson, founder ˌɒntrəprəˈnɜː
proclaimed perfectionists with the need to get everything delight= enjoyment, pleasure, joy, gladness dɪˈlaɪt
proclaim= announce, declare, assert, state, say
right. The number of business schools and graduates has publicly prəˈkleɪm
perfectionist= person who likes to do things perfectly
massively increased over the past 50 years, essentially and is not satisfied with anything less pəˈfekʃənɪst
teaching people how to organise well. massively = hugely, enormously, immensely, vastly
ˈmæsɪvli
24
B
Ironically, however, the number of businesses that fail has ironically= paradoxically, oddly, poignantly, fatefully,
unluckily aɪˈrɒnɪkl̩ i
also steadily increased. Work-related stress has increased. A demographic= data relating to the population and
large proportion of workers from all demographics claim to groups of people in it deməˈɡræfɪk
be dissatisfied with the way their work is structured and the beg the question= raise a question or point that has
way they are managed. This begs the question: what has not been dealt with beɡ ðə ˈkwestʃən
drive = motivation, effort, ambition draɪv
gone wrong? Why is it that on paper the drive for shot = try, attempt, chance ʃɒt
organisation seems a sure shot for increasing productivity, fall short of sth= to be less than
but in reality falls well short of what is expected? the amount or standard that is needed or that you want
fɔːl ʃɔ:t əv
C forefather= ancestor, forebear, precursor ˈfɔːfɑːðə

This has been a problem for a while now. Frederick Taylor efficiency = competence, productivity, effectiveness
ɪˈfɪʃnsi
was one of the forefathers of scientific management. Writing
widespread= extensive, prevalent, common, well-
in the first half of the 20th century, he designed a number of known, general, #limited ˈwaɪdspred
principles to improve the efficiency of the work process, have been around= to have had experience of many
which have since become widespread in modern companies. different situations so that you can deal with new
situations confidently həv biːn əˈraʊnd
So the approach has been around for a while.
obsession = an extremely unhealthy interest in smth
D or worry about sth, which stops you from thinking
about anything else. əbˈseʃn̩
New research suggests that this obsession with efficiency is misguided= mistaken, unwise, foolish, wrong #wise
misguided. The problem is not necessarily the management mɪsˈɡaɪdɪd
theory= concept, hypothesis, philosophy ˈθɪəri
theories or strategies we use to organise our work; it's the assumption= belief, idea, guess, hypothesis, theory
basic assumptions we hold in approaching how we work. əˈsʌmpʃn̩
approach= move toward, come close to, come near
Here it's the assumption that order is a necessary condition to. əˈprəʊtʃ
for productivity. This assumption has also fostered the idea order = well-organized state in which everything is
that disorder must be detrimental to organisational controlled, well organized, and correctly arranged
ˈɔːdə
productivity. The result is that businesses and people spend foster= encourage, promote, raise, #discourage ˈfɒstə
time and money organising themselves for the sake of detrimental= harmful, damaging, negative,
unfavorable, disadvantageous detrɪˈmentl̩
organising, rather than actually looking at the end goal and for the sake of smb/smth= in order to help or bring
usefulness of such an effort. advantage to smb/smth fə ðə seɪk əv
E diminish= reduce, lessen, weaken, make smaller,
What's more, recent studies show that order actually has #increase dɪˈmɪnɪʃ
diminishing returns. Order does increase productivity to a return= profit, gain, earning rɪˈtɜːn
a certain extent = partly, but not completely ə ˈsɜːtn̩
certain extent, but eventually the usefulness of the process ɪkˈstent
of organisation, and the benefit it yields, reduce until the point eventually = finally, ultimately, sooner or later, in the
where any further increase in order reduces productivity. end, #immediately ɪˈventʃʊəli
yield= produce, bear, generate, bring in jiːld
Some argue that in a business, if the cost of formally
formally= properly, correctly, officially, legally ˈfɔːml̩ i
structuring something outweighs the benefit of doing it, then outweigh= to be more important or valuable than
that thing ought not to be formally structured. Instead, the something else aʊtˈweɪ
resources involved can be better used elsewhere.
innovate= to start to use new ideas, methods,
or inventions ˈɪnəveɪt
F be devoid of sth= without, empty, barren (to be
In fact, research shows that, when innovating, the best completely lacking in something) #full be dɪˈvɔɪd əv
hierarchy= grading, rank, order ˈhaɪərɑːki
approach is to create an environment devoid of structure and enable = allow, empower, aid, assist, facilitate, make
hierarchy and enable everyone involved to engage as one possible, #prevent ɪˈneɪbl̩
organic = natural, unprocessed, nonchemical,
organic group. These environments can lead to new #inorganic, #artificial ɔːˈɡænɪk
25
solutions that, under conventionally structured environments conventionally= traditionally, conservatively,

normally, # unconventionally, unusually kənˈvenʃənəli
(filled with bottlenecks in terms of information flow, power bottleneck = delay, postponement, putting off,
structures, rules, and routines) would never be reached. hindrance, impediment ˈbɒtlnek
in terms of sth = in relation to something ɪn tɜːmz əv
G embrace= accept, include, adopt, support, #exclude

ɪmˈbreɪs
In recent times companies have slowly started to embrace disorganisation= disorder, incompetence,
this disorganisation. Many of them embrace it in terms of inefficiency, ineffectiveness, #organization, #efficiency
dɪˌsɔː.ɡə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən
perception (embracing the idea of disorder, as opposed to perception = insight, awareness, view, opinion
pəˈsepʃn̩
fearing it) and in terms of process (putting mechanisms in as opposed to= versus, contrasted with, as against,
compared with əz əˈpəʊzd tuː
place to reduce structure). mechanism= procedure, process, system, operation,
vehicle ˈmekənɪzəm
For example, Oticon, a large Danish manufacturer of hearing
aid = assistance, service, support eɪd
aids, used what it called a 'spaghetti' structure in order to rigid= fixed, inflexible, strict, unbending ˈrɪdʒɪd
reduce the organisation's rigid hierarchies. This involved scrap = reject, eliminate, remove skræp
scrapping formal job titles and giving staff huge amounts of ownership= the right or state of being an owner
ownership over their own time and projects. This approach ˈəʊnəʃɪp
proved to be highly successful initially, with clear initially= firstly, originally, in the beginning, at first.
ɪˈnɪʃəli
improvements in worker productivity in all facets of the
facet= aspect, part, sid ˈfæsɪt
business.
In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric

in a …fashion= in a particular way ɪn ə ˈfæʃ.ən
embraced disorganisation, putting forward the idea of the putting forward = propose, offer, state ˈpʊtɪŋ ˈfɔːwəd
'boundary less' organisation. Again, it involves breaking boundary= border, limit, frontier ˈbaʊndri
down the barriers between different parts of a company and virtual= computer-generated, simulated, cybernetic,
encouraging virtual collaboration and flexible working. #actual ˈvɜːtʃʊəl
collaboration = teamwork, partnership, association
Google and a number of other tech companies have kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃn̩
embraced (at least in part) these kinds of flexible structures, facilitate = enable, assist, aid, make easy, make
facilitated by technology and strong company values which possible, #impede fəˈsɪlɪteɪt
glue= connect, link, join ɡluː
glue people together.
H
A word of warning to others thinking of jumping on this jump/climb on the bandwagon= to join others in
bandwagon: the evidence so far suggests disorder, much doing or supporting something fashionable or likely to
be successful dʒʌmp ˈklaɪm ˈɒn ðə ˈbændˌwæɡən
like order, also seems to have diminishing utility, and can utility = usefulness, effectiveness, efficiency, value
also have detrimental effects on performance if overused. juːˈtɪlɪti
Like order, disorder should be embraced only so far as it is overuse = the act of using something too much or too
often əʊvəˈjuːz
useful. But we should not fear it - nor venerate one over the venerate= revere, respect, admire, look up ˈvenəreɪt
other. This research also shows that we should continually
question whether or not our existing assumptions work.
26
Nhiều bạn ngại là đọc cuốn này xong thì làm test không đánh giá đúng nữa? Thật ra
câu trả lời là KHÔNG PHẢI NHƯ VẬY. Ở đầu sách đã ghi rất rõ là bạn cần phải làm test
trước và sau đó thì dùng cuốn này để không phải mất công tra từ điển, cộng thêm với
việc học synonym (từ đồng nghĩa) để hiểu đoạn văn nói gì.
Tuy nhiên, với các bạn band Reading đã ở tầm 7.0-8.0 thì cũng không cần phải làm test
quá nhiều nữa. Tập trung vào đọc bài cho thật hiểu, đến từ nào không biết thì nhìn sang
cột bên phải quyển Boost này để xem nghĩa của từ và lại đọc tiếp. ĐỌC, ĐỌC, ĐỌC.
HIỂU, HIỂU, HIỂU. Cứ thế đọc mấy cuốn này như đọc báo, KHÔNG PHẢI LÀM TEST
NHIỀU. Tự khắc điểm sẽ lên 8.0-9.0. Vì nếu học từ vựng mà không hiểu nội dung bài
đọc thật sâu thì cũng vô nghĩa.
Hy vọng là sách bộ Boost your vocabulary - Cambridge IELTS này sẽ tiếp tục giúp được
nhiều bạn tiết kiệm thời gian & đạt kết quả thật cao trong Reading!
Đinh Thắng
27
TEST 3
READING PASSAGE 1
A unconscious = unaware, insensible, senseless

#consious ʌnˈkɒnʃəs
Looked at in one way, everyone knows what intelligence is; notion = idea, thought, concept, perception ˈnəʊʃn̩
looked at in another way, no one does. In other words, people implicit = unspoken, indirect, implied, #explicit
ɪmˈplɪsɪt
all have unconscious notions - known as 'implicit theories' theory = hypothesis, assumption, speculation ˈθɪəri
- of intelligence, but no one knows for certain what it actually for certain = for sure, certainly, surely fə ˈsɜːtn̩
address= solve, deal with, tackle əˈdres
is. This chapter addresses how people conceptualize conceptualize = to form an idea or principle in your
intelligence, whatever it may actually be. mind (=theorize, hypothesize) kənˈsep.tʃu.ə.laɪz
But why should we even care what people think intelligence is, as opposed to = used to compare two things and
show that they are different from each other, contrast
as opposed only to valuing whatever it actually is? There are with, əz əˈpəʊzd tuː
at least four reasons people's conceptions of intelligence conception = belief, idea, view, thought, notion
matter. kənˈsepʃn̩
matter = be important, have significant ˈmætə
B
First, implicit theories of intelligence drive the way in which drive(v) = direct, lead, guide ˈdraɪv
people perceive and evaluate their own intelligence and that perceive = sense, realise, feel, understand, become
of others. To better understand the judgments people make aware of pəˈsiːv
about their own and others' abilities, it is useful to learn about evaluate = assess, value, analyze, estimate ɪˈvæljʊeɪt
people's implicit theories. For example, parents' implicit judgment = assessment, view, decision, conclusion,
theories of their children's language development will opinion ˈdʒʌdʒmənt
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determine at what ages they will be willing to make various determine = decide, resolve, influence dɪˈtɜːmɪn
corrections in their children's speech. More generally, parents' willing = ready, eager, keen, #reluctant, #unwilling
ˈwɪlɪŋ
implicit theories of intelligence will determine at what ages they
various = several, numerous, many, a number of,
believe their children are ready to perform various cognitive
#few ˈveərɪəs
tasks. Job interviewers will make hiring decisions on the basis
perform = make, do, implement pəˈfɔːm
of their implicit theories of intelligence. People will decide who cognitive = reasoning, mental, intellectual, rationnal
to be friends with on the basis of such theories. In sum, ˈkɒɡnətɪv
knowledge about implicit theories of intelligence is important on the basis of = based on, by reason of, because
because this knowledge is so often used by people to make of, on account of ˈɒn ðə ˈbeɪsɪs ɒv
judgments in the course of their everyday lives. in sum = in brief, in short, in summary ɪn sʌm
in the course of = during, throughout, in ɪn ðə kɔːs ɒv
C
Second, the implicit theories of scientific investigators investigator = detective, researcher ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪtə
ultimately = eventually, finally, in the end, at last, #at
ultimately give rise to their explicit theories. Thus, it is useful first #initially ˈʌltɪmətli
give rise to = to be the reason why something
to find out what these implicit theories are. Implicit theories happens, especially something bad or unpleasant ɡɪv
raɪz tuː
provide a framework that is useful in defining the general explicit = clear, obvious, plain #implicit #vague
ɪkˈsplɪsɪt
scope of a phenomenon - especially a not-well-understood framework = background, outline, context ˈfreɪmwɜːk
phenomenon. These implicit theories can suggest what defining= decribing, outlining, explaining dɪˈfaɪnɪŋ
scope = range, scale, extent skəʊp
aspects of the phenomenon have been more or less attended phenomenon= occurrence, happening, event
fɪˈnɒmɪnən
to in previous investigations. attend to = deal with, tackle əˈtend tuː
suspect= doubt, question, be suspicious, be wary,

D #trust səˈspekt
Third, implicit theories can be useful when an investigator investigation
ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn̩
= analysis, research, examination.
suspects that existing explicit theories are wrong or misleading = deceptive, misrepresenting, deceiving,
confusing, #truthful mɪsˈliːdɪŋ
misleading. If an investigation of implicit theories reveals reveal = expose, uncover, bring to light, #conceal.
rɪˈviːl
little correspondence between the extant implicit and explicit correspondence = connection, association,
correlation. kɒrɪˈspɒndəns
theories, the implicit theories may be wrong. But the extant = existent, present, existing, in existence,
#lost. ekˈstænt
possibility also needs to be taken into account that the possibility = probability, chance, prospect pɒsəˈbɪlɪti
take into account = take into consideration, consider,
explicit theories are wrong and in need of correction or keep in mind ˈteɪk ˈɪntə əˈkaʊnt
need of = need, require ɪn niːd ɒv
supplementation. For example, some implicit theories of in
supplementation = the act of adding something to
intelligence suggest the need for expansion of some of our something else in order to improve or complete it.
sʌp.lɪ.menˈteɪ.ʃən
explicit theories of the construct expansion = increase, extension, growth ɪkˈspænʃn̩
construct = concept, hypothesis, theory kənˈstrʌkt
elucidate = explain, clarify, reveal, make clear,

E interpret, #confuse ɪˈluːsɪdeɪt
Finally, understanding implicit theories of intelligence can help cross-cultural = multicultural, multiethnic,
cosmopolitan krɒsˈkʌl.tʃər.əl
elucidate developmental and cross-cultural differences. As expectation = hope, prospect, probability,
anticipation ekspekˈteɪʃn̩
mentioned earlier, people have expectations for intellectual intellectual = knowledgeable, academic, highbrow,
intelligent. ɪntəˈlektʃʊəl
performances that differ for children of different ages. How performance = the way that someone does their job,
and how well they do it pəˈfɔːməns
differ = vary, be different, diverge, be unlike ˈdɪfə
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these expectations differ is in part a function of culture. For function(n) = purpose, role, utility ˈfʌŋkʃn̩
example, expectations for children who participate in Western-
style schooling are almost certain to be different from those for
children who do not participate in such schooling.
F
I have suggested that there are three major implicit theories of major = main, prime, key, #minor ˈmeɪdʒə
how intelligence relates to society as a whole (Sternberg, as a whole = all together, as a group, as one, all in all
əz ə həʊl
1997). These might be called Hamiltonian, Jeffersonian, and strictly = exactly, precisely, accurately ˈstrɪkli
Jacksonian. These views are not based strictly, but rather, loosely = freely, roughly, #firmly, #strictly ˈluːsli
philosophy = idea, viewpoint, belief fɪˈlɒsəfi
loosely, on the philosophies of Alexander Hamilton, Thomas statesman (plural: statesmen) = an experienced
Jefferson, and Andrew Jackson, three great statesmen in the politician, especially one who is respected for making
good judgments. ˈsteɪtsmən
history of the United States.
G keep somebody in line = keep under control,
The Hamiltonian view, which is similar to the Platonic view, is govern, control kiːp ˈsʌmbədi ɪn laɪn
term = word, phrase, expression tɜːm
that people are born with different levels of intelligence and that emergence = appearance, occurrence, development.
those who are less intelligent need the good offices of the more ɪˈmɜːdʒəns
IQ (intelligence quotient) = a total score derived from
intelligent to keep them in line, whether they are called several standardized tests designed to assess human
government officials or, in Plato's term, philosopher-kings. intelligence
elite = upper class, superior, first class (a group of
Herrnstein and Murray (1994) seem to have shared this belief people who have a lot of power
when they wrote about the emergence of a cognitive (high-IQ) and influence because they have money, knowledge,
or special skills) eɪˈliːt
elite, which eventually would have to take responsibility for take responsibility for the= something that
the largely irresponsible masses of non-elite (low-IQ) people it is your job or duty to deal with ˈteɪk rɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪlɪti fə
ði:
who cannot take care of themselves. Left to themselves, the irresponsible = careless, imprudent # responsible
unintelligent would create, as they always have created, a kind ɪrɪˈspɒnsəbl̩
mass = majority, main part, largest part mæs
of chaos. chaos = disorder, confusion, mess #order ˈkeɪɒs
equal = equivalent, the same, alike #unequal ˈiːkwəl

H necessarily = essentially, automatically, certainly
The Jeffersonian view is that people should have equal nesəˈserəli
opportunities, but they do not necessarily avail themselves avail one’s self of smt=to make use of smt əˈveɪl
wʌnz self əv
equally of these opportunities and are not necessarily equally accomplishment = achievement, triumph, success.
rewarded for their accomplishments. People are rewarded for əˈkʌmplɪʃmənt
what they accomplish, if given equal opportunity. Low accomplish = achieve, complete, finish, do,
undertake, get done, carry out, pull off əˈkʌmplɪʃ
achievers are not rewarded to the same extent as high extent = level, range, degree, scope ɪkˈstent
achievers. In the Jeffersonian view, the goal of education is not foster = promote, encourage, cultivate, # discourage
to favor or foster an elite, as in the Hamiltonian tradition, but ˈfɒstə
rather to allow children the opportunities to make full use of to make use of = use, take advantage of, avail of,
utilize tu ˈmeɪk ˈjuːs ɒv
the skills they have. My own views are similar to these competency = capability, ability, skill, # inability
(Sternberg, 1997). ˈkɒmpɪtənsi
The Jacksonian view is that all people are equal, not only as jury = a group of 12 ordinary people who listen to the
details of a case in court and decide whether
human beings but in terms of their competencies - that one someone is guilty or not ˈdʒʊəri |
person would serve as well as another in government or on a democracy = a situation or system in which everyone
is equal and has the right to vote, make decisions etc
jury or in almost any position of responsibility. In this view of dɪˈmɒkrəsi
democracy, people are essentially intersubstitutable except intersubstitutable= capable of being substituted for
each other. ɪnˈtɜː-ˈsʌbstɪtjuːtəbl
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for specialised skills, all of which can be learned. In this view, specialised = particular, specific, focused,
concentrated, #generalised. ˈspeʃ.əl.aɪzd
we do not need or want any institutions that might lead to Institution = organization, foundation, school.
ɪnstɪˈtjuːʃn̩
favouring one group over another. favour sth over sth = choose, support, prefer,
promote, benefit, #reject ˈfeɪvə ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈəʊvə ˈsʌmθɪŋ
J
Implicit theories of intelligence and of the relationship of consider
kənˈsɪdə
= respect, take into account, bear in mind.
intelligence to society perhaps need to be considered more serve = function, work, perform sɜːv
underlying = fundamental, basic, core, main
carefully than they have been because they often serve as ʌndəˈlaɪɪŋ
presupposition = assumption, supposition,
underlying presuppositions for explicit theories and even hypothesis. priːsʌpəˈzɪʃn̩
experimental = trial, new, tentative ɪkˌsperɪˈmentl̩
experimental designs that are then taken as scientific scholar = professor, intellectual, researcher,
specialist ˈskɒlə
contributions. Until scholars are able to discuss their implicit assumption = hypothesis, theory, supposition, belief
əˈsʌmpʃn̩
theories and thus their assumptions, they are likely to miss likely = probable, possible, expected, prospective,
#unlikely ˈlaɪkli
the point of what others are saying when discussing their miss the point of = to not understand the main point
of what someone is saying mɪs ðə poɪnt ɒv
explicit theories and their data.
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READING PASSAGE 2
Z oologist Ross Piper looks at the potential of insects

bug= insect, pest. bʌɡ
potential= prospect, possibility, capability. pəˈtenʃl̩
pharmaceutical= medicinal, medical, therapeutic, curative.
fɑːməˈsjuːtɪkl̩
derive= originate, come from, develop, obtain, draw from.
in pharmaceutical research dɪˈraɪv
compound = complex, mixture, mix, combination.
kəmˈpaʊnd
look to sb for sth = to hope that someone will provide
A something for you ˈlʊk tu sb fə sth
More drugs than you might think are derived from, or soothing = reducing, alleviating, lessening, easing ˈsuːðɪŋ
curing = healing, treating, alleviating, restore to health,
inspired by, compounds found in living things. Looking #exacerbating ˈkjʊərɪŋ
ailment= disease, illness, sickness ˈeɪlmənt
primate = a member of the group of animals that includes
to nature for the soothing and curing of our ailments is humans and monkeys ˈpraɪmeɪt
rub = apply, smear, spread rʌb
nothing new - we have been doing it for tens of toxin = poison, venom, contaminant ˈtɒksɪn
ooze = if a thick liquid oozes from something or if
something oozes a thick liquid, that liquid flows from it very
thousands of years. You only have to look at other slowly uːz
millipede (milledepe) = a long thin creature with a very
primates - such as the capuchin monkeys who rub large number of legs ˈmɪlɪpiːd
deter = prevent, discourage, put off, #encourage. dɪˈtɜː
noxious = toxic, lethal, harmful # harmless ˈnɒkʃəs
themselves with toxin-oozing millipedes to deter
to rid themselves of= overcome tu rɪd ðəmˈselvz ɒv
intestinal = relating to the intestines (= a long tube through
mosquitoes, or the chimpanzees who use noxious forest which food travels from the stomach and out of the body
while it is being digested) ɪnˈtestɪnl̩
plants to rid themselves of intestinal parasites - to parasite= a plant or animal that lives on or in another plant
or animal and gets food from it ˈpærəsaɪt
ancient= earliest, primeval, prehistoric, age-old, #modern,
realise that our ancient ancestors too probably had a #contemporary ˈeɪnʃənt
ancestor= predecessor, forefather, forebear, #descendant
basic grasp of medicine. ˈænsestə
grasp = understanding, knowledge, awareness,
perception, sense ɡrɑːsp
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B
Pharmaceutical science and chemistry built on these build on = use your achievements as a base for further
development ˈbɪld ɒn
foundation = basis, groundwork, base, underpinning
ancient foundations and perfected the extraction, faʊnˈdeɪʃn̩
perfect = achieve, reach the summit of, top off, improve
characterisation, modification and testing of these pəˈfekt
extraction= the process of removing or obtaining
natural products. Then, for a while, modern something from something else. ɪkˈstrækʃn̩
characterisation= description, classification, account,
pharmaceutical science moved its focus away from categorisation. kær.ək.tə.raɪˈzeɪ.ʃən
modification = alternation, adjustment, variation, change
nature and into the laboratory, designing chemical mɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn̩
laboratory = a room or building with equipment for doing
compounds from scratch. The main cause of this shift is scientific tests ləˈbɒrətr̩i
from scratch = from the beginning, square one, from the
that although there are plenty of promising chemical ground up, initially frəm skrætʃ
shift= change, move, modification ʃɪft
compounds in nature, finding them is far from easy. promising = hopeful, shows potential, #disappointing
ˈprɒmɪsɪŋ
far from easy = difficult, challenging, tough, hard, complex,
Securing sufficient numbers of the organism in #simple, #easy ˈfɑː frəm ˈiːzi
secure = make safe, safeguard, lock. sɪˈkjʊə
question, isolating and characterising the compounds sufficient = enough, adequate, # inadequate səˈfɪʃnt
organism = creature, life form, living thing ˈɔːɡənɪzəm
of interest, and producing large quantities of these (smth) in question= smth is being discussed ɪn ˈkwestʃən
isolate = separate, set apart, segregate, detach, #include
compounds are all significant hurdles. ˈaɪsəleɪt
characterise = distinguish, exemplify, indicate, set apart
ˈkær.ək.tə.raɪz
hurdle = obstacle, difficulty, barrier, block. ˈhɜːdl̩
C laboratory-based drug = drugs that are synthetized in

Laboratory-based drug discovery has achieved varying laboratory ləˈbɒr.ə.tər.i-beɪs ˈdrʌɡ
varying = changing, shifting, altering, changeable, erratic,
levels of success, something which has now prompted #constant ˈveərɪɪŋ
prompt = stimulate, urge, encourage, provoke, inspire,
motivate, #prevent prɒmpt
the development of new approaches focusing once approach = method, methodology, tactic əˈprəʊtʃ
mine= excavate, dig, extract maɪn
again on natural products. With the ability to mine genome = all the genes in one cell of living thing. ˈdʒiːnəʊm
compound= combination, mixture, complex kəmˈpaʊnd
barely = hardly, just, only, just about ˈbeəli
genomes for useful compounds, it is now evident that scratch the surface = to deal with only a very small part of
a subject or problem ˈskrætʃ ðə ˈsɜːfɪs
we have barely scratched the surface of nature's molecular= relating to molecules, which are the simplest
units of a chemical substance məˈlekjʊlə
diversity= variety, range, assortment, multiplicity. daɪˈvɜːsɪti
molecular diversity. This realisation, together with looming = threatening, alarming, frightening, scary, coming
up ˈluːmɪŋ
several looming health crises, such as antibiotic crisis (plural: crises) = disaster, catastrophe, trouble,
emergency, calamity. ˈkraɪsɪs
antibiotic= a drug that is used to kill bacteria and cure
resistance, has put bioprospecting - the search for
infections æntibaɪˈɒtɪk
resistance = refusing, refusal to accept, refusal to go along
useful compounds in nature - firmly back on the map. with, # acceptance rɪˈzɪstəns
bioprospecting = the process of discovery
and commercialization of new products based on biological
resources. baɪəʊˈprɒspɛktɪŋ
firmly = strongly, decisively, determinedly, #loosely ˈfɜːmli
put smt back on the map = to make a thing, person, or
place famous ˈpʊt ˈsʌmθɪŋ bæk ˈɒn ðə mæp
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D undisputed= unquestionable, undeniable, undoubted,

Insects are the undisputed masters of the terrestrial acknowledged, #questionable. ʌndɪˈspjuːtɪd
master = ruler, owner, chief ˈmɑːstə
terrestrial = earthly, underground, relating to the earth.
domain, where they occupy every possible niche. tɪˈrestrɪəl
domain= area, field, territory. dəʊˈmeɪn
Consequently, they have a bewildering array of occupy= inhabit, live in, reside in, dominate, #vacate
ˈɒkjʊpaɪ
interactions with other organisms, something which has niche = place, position, area. nɪtʃ
bewildering = confusing, baffling, puzzling perplexing,
driven the evolution of an enormous range of very mystifying, #clear bɪˈwɪldərɪŋ
an array of = a wild range of, a number of, many, various,
interesting compounds for defensive and offensive quite a lot ən əˈreɪ ɒv
interaction= communication, collaboration relations,
purposes. Their remarkable diversity exceeds that of connection. ɪntəˈrækʃn̩
evolution=development, growth, progress, advancement,
every other group of animals on the planet combined. Yet #regression iːvəˈluːʃn̩
enormous = huge, vast, giant, massive, gigantic, #tiny.
even though insects are far and away the most diverse ɪˈnɔːməs
defensive= self-protective, defending, shielding, fortified
dɪˈfensɪv
animals in existence, their potential as sources of offensive= attacking, violent, aggressive əˈfensɪv
exceed = surpass, go over, go beyond, go above. ɪkˈsiːd
therapeutic compounds is yet to be realised. far and away = used to say that something is
much better, worse etc than anything else ˈfɑːr ənd əˈweɪ
in existence = existing, extant, #lost ɪn ɪɡˈzɪstəns
therapeutic = healing, curative, #preventive θerəˈpjuːtɪk
E
From the tiny proportion of insects that have been proportion= amount, quantity, percentage prəˈpɔːʃn̩
investigate= look into something, explore, probe.
investigated, several promising compounds have been ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt
identified = recognized, known, acknowledged aɪˈdentɪfaɪd
identified. For example, alloferon, an antimicrobial antimicrobial= able to destroy harmful microbes which are
small living things that can cause disease)
compound produced by blow fly larvae, is used as an æn.ti.maɪˈkrəʊ.bi.əl
blow fly = a fly that lays its eggs on meat or wounds ˈbləʊ
antiviral and antitumor agent in South Korea and flaɪ
larvae= young insect, worms, maggots ˈlɑːviː
Russia. The larvae of a few other insect species are antiviral = an antiviral drug or treatment is used to cure an
infection or disease caused by a virus. æntiˈvaɪrəl
being investigated for the potent antimicrobial antitumor = inhibiting the growth of a tumor or tumors
compounds they produce. Meanwhile, a compound from ˈænti-ˈtjuːmə
agent = a chemical or substance that is used for a
the venom of the wasp Polybia paulista has potential in particular purpose or that has a particular effect ˈeɪdʒənt
potent= strong, powerful, effective, #weak ˈpəʊtnt
cancer treatment. venom= poison, toxin, #antidote ˈvenəm
wasp = bee, large bee wɒsp
F relatively = comparatively, quite, somewhat ˈrelətɪvli

Why is it that insects have received relatively little bioprospecting = the scientific study of plants and other
attention in bioprospecting? Firstly, there are so many living things in order to discover new drugs that can be
used as medicines baɪəʊˈprɒspɛktɪŋ
insects that, without some manner of targeted approach,
manner = way, style, method, means ˈmænə
investigating this huge variety of species is a daunting daunting= difficult, tough. ˈdɔːntɪŋ
task. Secondly, insects are generally very small, and the gland = an organ of the body or of a plant that secretes
glands inside them that secrete potentially useful liquid chemicals that have various purposes ɡlænd
secrete = release, produce, ooze, #absorb. sɪˈkriːt
compounds are smaller still. This can make it difficult to
obtain =gain, find, acquire, achieve, get hold of əbˈteɪn
obtain sufficient quantities of the compound for subsequent = following, successive, later ˈsʌbsɪkwənt
subsequent testing. Thirdly, although we consider reality = real life, actuality, the real world rɪˈælɪti
insects to be everywhere, the reality of this ubiquity is ubiquity= popular, common, all over the place juːˈbɪkwɪti
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vast numbers of a few extremely common species. Many vast = massive, considerable, limitless, #small vɑːst
encounter = meet, see, come across, run into, come upon,
insect species are infrequently encountered and very stumble upon, #avoided ɪnˈkaʊntə
difficult to rear in captivity, which, again, can leave us rear = raise, nurture, look after, take care of, #neglect rɪə
with insufficient material to work with. captivity= cage, prison, custody, #freedom kæpˈtɪvɪti
insufficient= not enough, inadequate, deficient, in short
supply, lacking, #sufficient ɪnsəˈfɪʃnt
G
approach= method, methodology, technique, procedure,
My colleagues and I at Aberystwyth University in the UK tactic əˈprəʊtʃ
have developed an approach in which we use our ecology= ecosystem, bionetwork, biology, environmental
science, natural science iːˈkɒlədʒi
knowledge of ecology as a guide to target our efforts. target = direct, aim, point, focus ˈtɑːɡɪt
creature = animal, living being, living thing ˈkriːtʃə
The creatures that particularly interest us are the many secrete= release, produce, ooze sɪˈkriːt
poison = toxin, venom, contagion, toxic substance ˈpɔɪzn̩
insects that secrete powerful poison for subduing prey subdue = defeat, control səbˈdjuː
prey = quarry, victim, target #predator, #hunter. preɪ
and keeping it fresh for future consumption. There are consumption = feeding, use, eating. kənˈsʌmpʃn̩
exploit = use, utilize, make use of, take advantage of,
even more insects that are masters of exploiting filthy
make the most of, #waste ɪkˈsplɔɪt
habitats, such as faces and carcasses, where they are filthy=dirty, muddy, messy, grubby, #clean ˈfɪlθi
habitat= living environment, surrounding. ˈhæbɪtæt
regularly challenged by thousands of microorganisms. faces=mine=the part of a mine from which coal, stone, etc
is cut ˈfeɪsɪz
These insects have many antimicrobial compounds for carcass = corpse, cadaver, dead body ˈkɑːkəs
microorganism = germ, virus, bacteria maɪkrəʊ ˈɔːɡəˌnɪzəm
dealing with pathogenic bacteria and fungi, suggesting deal with= solve, tackle, cope with, handle diːl wɪð
pathogenic= able to cause disease. ˈpæθədʒən
that there is certainly potential to find many compounds inspire = motivate, encourage, stimulate ɪnˈspaɪə
that can serve as or inspire new antibiotics. points someone in the right direction = to give one
advice or information that helps guide them toward a
H desired outcome or course of action pɔɪnts ˈsʌmwʌn ɪn ðə
Although natural history knowledge points us in the ˈraɪt dɪˈrekʃn̩
associate with = relate to, accompany, mix, consort with
right direction, it doesn't solve the problems associated əˈsəʊsieɪt wɪð
snip out = extract, cut snɪp ˈaʊt
with obtaining useful compounds from insects. stretch= part, section, bit stretʃ
Fortunately, it is now possible to snip out the stretches insert = add, include, make the addition of, #extract ɪnˈsɜːt
cell line = a cell culture developed from a single cell and
of the insect's DNA that carry the codes for the interesting therefore consisting of cells with a uniform genetic makeup.
sel laɪn
compounds and insert them into cell lines that allow isolate = separate, detach, cut off, set apart, #include
larger quantities to be produced. And although the road ˈaɪsəleɪt
characterise= distinguish, typify, exemplify, set apart
from isolating and characterising compounds with ˈkær.ək.tə.raɪz
desirable = wanted, needed, necessary, required,
desirable qualities to developing a commercial product #undesirable dɪˈzaɪərəbl̩
is very long and full of pitfalls, the variety of successful commercial=profitable, trade, marketable, saleable, profit-
making, #charitable kəˈmɜːʃl̩
animal-derived pharmaceuticals on the market pitfall= difficulty, trap ˈpɪtfɔːl
demonstrates there is a precedent here that is worth derive=originate, develope, come from dɪˈraɪv
precedent = something of the same type that has
exploring. With every bit of wilderness that disappears, happened or existed before ˈpresɪdənt
wilderness = a large area of land that has never been
developed or farmed ˈwɪldənəs
35
we deprive ourselves of potential medicines. As much as deprive of = take, remove, withdraw, take away, #provide
dɪˈpraɪv ɒv
I'd love to help develop a groundbreaking insect- groundbreaking= revolutionary, pioneering, innovative,
leading-edge ˈɡraʊndˌbrekɪŋ
derived medicine, my main motivation for looking at
conservation= preservation, protection, maintenance,
insects in this way is conservation. I sincerely believe #destruction kɒnsəˈveɪʃn̩
sincerely = genuinely, truthfully, seriously, earnestly,
that all species, however small and seemingly really, from the bottom of one’s heart, #insincerely sɪnˈsɪəli
insignificant, have a right to exist for their own sake. If seemingly = apparently, on the face of it, superficially
ˈsiːmɪŋli
we can shine a light on the darker recesses of nature's for one’s own sake = in order to help or bring advantage
to someone (=for one’s good or benefit) fə wʌnz əʊn seɪk
medicine cabinet, exploring the useful chemistry of the shine a light = make it clear, brighten, give an explanation,
most diverse animals on the planet, I believe we can investigate, clarify ʃaɪn ə laɪt
the recesses of = a secret or hidden place ðə rɪˈsesɪz ɒv
make people think differently about the value of nature. cabinet= piece of furniture with shelves, cupboards, or
drawers, used for storing or showing things ˈkæbɪnət
36
READING PASSAGE 3
V irtually every child, the world over, plays. The drive to

virtually = almost, nearly, practically ˈvɜːtʃʊəli
the world over = everywhere in the world ðə ˈwɜ:ld ˈəʊvə
drive = urge, desire, need, instinct, passion draɪv
intense =strong, powerful, forceful, deep, passionate.
ɪnˈtens
play is so intense that children will do so in any
circumstance = situation, context, incident, case, event
circumstances, for instance when they have no real toys, or ˈsɜːkəmstəns
encourage = inspire, boost, urge, assist, promote,
when parents do not actively encourage the behavior. In the #discourage ɪnˈkʌrɪdʒ
eyes of a young child, running, pretending, and building are in the eyes of = in the opinion of, in the view of ɪn ði aɪz
ɒv
fun. Researchers and educators know that these playful pretend = imagine, fantasize, not real prɪˈtend
activities benefit the development of the whole child across cognitive= perceptive, rational, thinking, thought, mental,
intellectual, reasoning. ˈkɒɡnətɪv
social, cognitive, physical, and emotional domains. Indeed, domain = area, field. dəʊˈmeɪn
play is such an instrumental component to healthy child indeed = actually, in reality, in fact, as a matter of fact, in
actual fact, in truth ɪnˈdiːd
development that the United Nations High Commission on instrumental = influential, contributory, helpful
ɪnstrʊˈmentl̩
Human Rights (1989) recognised play as a fundamental right
component = part, element, piece, factor, section,
of every child. #whole kəmˈpəʊnənt
fundamental = basic, essential, primary, necessary, vital,
#secondary fʌndəˈmentl̩
Yet, while experts continue to expound a powerful argument
expound = explain, develop, expand, give further details
for the importance of play in children's lives, the actual time
about ɪkˈspaʊnd
children spend playing continues to decrease. Today, children counterpart = colleague, corresponding person
play eight hours less each week than their counterparts did ˈkaʊntəpɑːt
kindergarten = a school for very young children =
two decades ago (Elkind 2008). Under pressure of rising
nursery school, playschool, pre-school playgroup
academic standards, play is being replaced by test ˈkɪndəɡɑːtn̩
grade school = elementary school, primary school ɡreɪd
preparation in kindergartens and grade schools, and
skuːl
37
parents who aim to give their preschoolers a leg up are led aim = plan, intend, try, want, endeavor, aspire, strive for
eɪm
to believe that flashcards and educational 'toys' are the path give sb a leg up = to help someone to improve their
situation, especially at work ɡɪv ˈsʌmbɔdi ə ˈleg ʌp
to success. Our society has created a false dichotomy preschooler = under-five, youngster, child ˈpriːˌskuːlə
path = way, route, direction pɑːθ
between play and learning. dichotomy = contrast, opposition #harmony daɪˈkɒtəmi
Through play, children learn to regulate their behavior, lay regulate = control, adjust, set, standardize ˈreɡjʊleɪt
the foundations for later learning in science and lay = place, put, set, pick up leɪ
mathematics, figure out the complex negotiations of social foundation = basis, base, footing, underpinning faʊnˈdeɪʃn̩
figure out = work out, understand, discover, solve,
relationships, build a repertoire of creative problem-solving realise ˈfɪɡə ˈaʊt
skills, and so much more. There is also an important role for negotiation = cooperation, compromise, intervention,
adults in guiding children through playful learning discussion, finding the middle ground, #confrontation
nɪˌɡəʊʃɪˈeɪʃn̩
opportunities. repertoire = range, list, group, series ˈrepətwɑː
consensus = agreement, harmony, accord kənˈsensəs

Full consensus on a formal definition of play continues to elude = escape, avoid. ɪˈluːd
theorist = philosopher, theoretician, thinker, truth-seeker,
elude the researchers and theorists who study it. Definitions #realist ˈθɪərɪst
range from = vary from, differ from, diverge from reɪndʒ
range from discrete descriptions of various types of play frɒm
discrete = separate, distinct, detached, isolated,
such as physical, construction, language, or symbolic play unconnected. dɪˈskriːt
symbolic = representative, figurative, emblematic,
(Miller & Almon 2009), to lists of broad criteria, based on representational sɪmˈbɒlɪk
broad = wide-ranging, wide, general, large, #restricted,
observations and attitudes, that are meant to capture the #narrow brɔːd
criterion – criteria (plural) = principle, norm, standard,
essence of all play behaviors (e.g. Rubin et al. 1983). measure, condition. kraɪˈtɪərɪən – kraɪˈtɪərɪə
capture = catch, seize, get, acquire, obtain. ˈkæptʃə
essence = spirit, core, principle, fundamental nature
ˈesns
A majority of the contemporary definitions of play focus on
contemporary = modern, current, present-day, modern-
several key criteria. The founder of the National Institute for day, up-to-date, existing, #old kənˈtemprəri
criteria = standards, principles, measures kraɪˈtɪərɪə
Play, Stuart Brown, has described play as 'anything that spontaneously = naturally, freely, unexpectedly,
unprompted, all of a sudden, #deliberately spɒnˈteɪnɪəsli
for one’s own sake = in order to help or bring advantage
spontaneously is done for its own sake'. More specifically, to someone fə wʌnz əʊn seɪk
specifically= particularly, specially, purposely, precisely,
he says it 'appears purposeless, produces pleasure and joy, spəˈsɪfɪkl̩ i
purposeless = senseless, meaningless ˈpɜːpəsləs
[and] leads one to the next stage of mastery' (as quoted in pleasure = amusement, recreation, leisure, relaxation,
happiness, enjoyment, satisfaction #displeasure ˈpleʒə
mastery = proficiency, knowledge, ability, capability
Tippett 2008). Similarly, Miller and Almon (2009) say that play ˈmɑːstəri
quoted = repeated, refer to, recited, mentioned ˈkwəʊtɪd
includes 'activities that are freely chosen and directed by arise from = result from, be the result of, be caused by,
stem from, come from əˈraɪz frɒm
intrinsic = natural, innate, genuine, fundamental, basic,
children and arise from intrinsic motivation'. Often, play is
inherent ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk
continuum = range, band, field kənˈtɪnjuəm
defined along a continuum as more or less playful using the the set of smt = a group of things that belong together or
are used together ðə set əv smt
following set of behavioral and dispositional criteria (e.g. dispositional = related to personality, character, instinct
ˌdɪspəˈzɪʃən(ə)l
38
Rubin et al. 1983): Play is pleasurable: Children must enjoy pleasurable = satisfying, enjoyable, good fun, pleasing,
pleasant ˈpleʒərəbl̩
the activity or it is not play. It is intrinsically motivated:
engage in = participate in, take part in, do, involve in
ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ ɪn
Children engage in play simply for the satisfaction the
satisfaction=fulfilment, enjoyment, pleasure,
behavior itself brings. It has no extrinsically motivated contentment, enjoyment, #dissatisfaction. sætɪsˈfækʃn̩
extrinsically = coming from outside or not directly

function or goal. Play is process oriented: When children relating to something ɛksˈtrɪnsɪkəli
oriented = directed towards or interested in something
play, the means are more important than the ends. It is freely ˈɔːrɪəntɪd
chosen, spontaneous and voluntary. If a child is pressured,
they will likely not think of the activity as play. Play is actively
engaged: Players must be physically and/or mentally involved

literal = factual, truthful, honest, exact #fictional ˈlɪtərəl
in the activity. Play is non-literal. It involves make-believe. make-believe = fantasy, pretense, role-playing, #reality
ˈmeɪk bɪliːv
range = vary, alternate, fluctuate, extend reɪndʒ
According to this view, children's playful behaviors can range assign = allocate, select and give a responsibility əˈsaɪn
dimension = aspect, element, facet, feature, factor,
in degree from 0% to 100% playful. Rubin and colleagues did component dɪˈmenʃn̩
not assign greater weight to any one dimension in determine = identify, find out, specify dɪˈtɜːmɪn
process orientation = emphasize or focus on process,
determining playfulness; however, other researchers have system or procedure ˈprəʊsɪs ˌɔːrɪenˈteɪʃn̩
lack = dearth, shortage, deficiency, absence,
suggested that process orientation and a lack of obvious insufficiency, #abundance #surplus læk
obvious = clear, noticeable, apparent, recognizable,
functional purpose may be the most important aspects of #obscure. ˈɒbvɪəs
play (e.g. Pellegrini 2009). aspect = feature, facet, part. ˈæspekt
perspective = view, viewpoint, thought, point of view

From the perspective of a continuum, play can thus blend pəˈspektɪv
blend = mix, combine, merge. blend
with other motives and attitudes that are less playful, such as motive = reason, purpose, motivation, intention, drive,
work. Unlike play, work is typically not viewed as enjoyable #deterrent ˈməʊtɪv
hybrid = cross, mixture, mix, fusion. ˈhaɪbrɪd
and it is extrinsically motivated (i.e. it is goal oriented). detriment = disadvantage, harm, damage, #advantage,
Researcher Joan Goodman (1994) suggested that hybrid #benefit ˈdetrɪmənt
optimal = finest, prime, most favorable, best possible,
forms of work and play are not a detriment to learning; most advantageous, #worst. ˈɒptɪml̩
engage in= involve, take part ˈɒptɪml̩
rather, they can provide optimal contexts for learning. For mid-point = a point half the distance along something
example, a child may be engaged in a difficult, goal-directed such as a line ˈmɪd.pɔɪnt
couple with = together with, in addition to, as well as
activity set up by their teacher, but they may still be actively ˈkʌpl̩ wɪð
robust = healthy, vigorous, strong, forceful, #weak
engaged and intrinsically motivated. At this mid-point rəʊˈbʌst
critically = significantly, vitally, importantly, essentially,
between play and work, the child's motivation, coupled with
crucially, seriously, #insignificantly ˈkrɪtɪkl̩ i
guidance from an adult, can create robust opportunities for facilitate = aid, assist, accelerate, make easy, make
possible, smooth the progress of, #impede. fəˈsɪlɪteɪt
playful learning. Critically, recent research supports the idea maintain = keep, sustain, conserve, preserve, #destroy
meɪnˈteɪn
that adults can facilitate children's learning while
approach = method, methodology, tactic. əˈprəʊtʃ
maintaining a playful approach in interactions known as interaction =communication, contact, collaboration
ɪntəˈrækʃn̩
39
'guided play' (Fisher et al. 2011). The adult's role in play role = function, responsibility, task, part character rəʊl
varies as a function of their educational goals and the child's vary = differ, diverge, be different, alter, fluctuate ˈveəri
developmental level (Hirsch-Pasek et al. 2009).
Guided play takes two forms. At a very basic level, adults can enrich = enhance, augment, improve. ɪnˈrɪtʃ
promote = support, foster, encourage, help, #suppress
enrich the child's environment by providing objects or prəˈməʊt
curriculum = set of courses, program of study, syllabus
kəˈrɪkjʊləm
experiences that promote aspects of a curriculum. In the
co-player = teammate, ally, partner fellow player ˈkəʊ-
ˈpleɪ.ər
more direct form of guided play, parents or other adults can thoughtful = thorough, deep, considerate ˈθɔːtfəl
comment = remark, mention, state, point out ˈkɒment
support children's play by joining in the fun as a co-player, discovery = exploration, breakthrough, invention, finding
dɪˈskʌvəri
exploration = discovery, adventure, searching.
raising thoughtful questions, commenting on children's ekspləˈreɪʃn̩
facet = aspect, feature, component, factor, side, surface
discoveries, or encouraging further exploration or new ˈfæsɪt
somewhat = partly, slightly, to some extent, to a certain
degree ˈsʌmwɒt
facets to the child's activity. Although playful learning can be centered = focused, concentrated, highlighted,
examined, targeted ˈsentərd
somewhat structured, it must also be child-centered stem from sth = arise from, originate from, come from,
derive from, develop from, be a result of, be caused by
(Nicolopolou et al. 2006). Play should stem from the child's stem frəm ˈsʌmθɪŋ
desire = wish, want, longing, craving dɪˈzaɪə
own desire.
Both free and guided play are essential elements in a child- essential = vital, fundamental basic elemental crucial
important unnecessary ɪˈsenʃl̩
centered approach to playful learning. Intrinsically motivated element = component, factor, part ˈelɪmənt
free play provides the child with true autonomy, while guided autonomy = independence, self-rule, self-government,
#dependence ɔːˈtɒnəmi
play is an avenue through which parents and educators can avenue = opportunity, possibility, chance ˈævənjuː
provide more targeted learning experiences. In either case, educator = teacher, instructor, coach, mentor,
educationalist ˈedʒʊkeɪtə
play should be actively engaged, it should be predominantly predominantly = mainly, mostly, largely, principally, for
child-directed, and it must be fun. the most part partially prɪˈdɒmɪnəntli
40
TEST 4
READING PASSAGE 1
native = resident, local, aboriginal #foreign ˈneɪtɪv
P heidole dentata, a native ant of the south-eastern U.S.,

ant= a small insect that lives in large groups ænt
immortal = eternal, undying, endless. ɪˈmɔːtl̩
aging= the process of growing old ˈeɪdʒɪŋ
youngster = younger ants ˈjʌŋstə
sharp = intelligent #dull #stupid ʃɑːp
decline = fall, decrease, weaken # increase dɪˈklaɪn
isn't immortal. But scientists have found that it doesn't seem thesis = long piece of writing that you do as part of
an advanced university degree such as an MA or
to show any signs of aging. Old worker ants can do a PhD ˈθiːsɪs
defying = disobey, break a law, flout f#obey dɪˈfaɪɪŋ
everything just as well as the youngsters, and their brains feat = achievement, accomplishment fiːt
rare= uncommon, unusual, occasional #common
appear just as sharp. 'We get a picture that these ants really reə
naked = nude, unclothed, stripped, undressed
don't decline,' says Ysabel Giraldo, who studied the ants for #covered ˈneɪkɪd
mole = a small dark furry animal which is almost
her doctoral thesis at Boston University. Such age-defying
blind. moles usually live under the ground. məʊl
feats are rare in the animal kingdom. Naked mole rats can stay fit = keep fit, keep in shape steɪ fɪt
reproduce = breed, give birth to, procreate
live for almost 30 years and stay fit for nearly their entire riːprəˈdjuːs
cancer = a very serious disease in which cells in
lives. They can still reproduce even when old, and they one part of the body start to grow in a way that is
not normal ˈkænsə
never get cancer. But the vast majority of animals vast = huge, enormous, immense, massive #small
vɑːst
deteriorate with age just like people do. Like the naked mole majority = popular, common #minority məˈdʒɒrɪti
deteriorate = decline, worsen, weaken dɪˈtɪərɪəreɪt
rat, ants are social creatures that usually live in highly creature = animal, insect, living thing ˈkriːtʃə
colonies = group, association, society ˈkɒlənɪz
organised colonies. 'It's this social complexity that makes complexity = intricacy, complication #simplicity
kəmˈpleksɪti
41
P. dentata useful for studying aging in people,' says Giraldo,

now at the California Institute of Technology. Humans are trait= attribute, character, feature, personality treɪt
also highly social, a trait that has been connected to by contrast = alternatively, on the other hand, as
opposed to, different ˈbaɪ kənˈtrɑːst
healthier aging. By contrast, most animal studies of aging
fruit fly= a small fly that eats fruit or decaying plants
use mice, worms or fruit flies, which all lead much more ˈfru:t flaɪ
isolated lives. In the lab, P. dentata worker ants typically isolated= separated, lonely, solitary, friendless
ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd
live for around 140 days. Giraldo focused on ants at four age
lab= laboratary, workroom, test center læb
ranges: 20 to 22 days, 45 to 47 days, 95 to 97 days and 120
typically= commonly, usually, normally. ˈtɪpɪkl̩ i
to 122 days. Unlike all previous studies, which only range = variety, serries, collection reɪndʒ
estimated how old the ants were, her work tracked the ants estimate = assess, value, appraise ˈestɪmeɪt
from the time the pupae became adults, so she knew their track= follow, chase, pursue træk
pupa= an insect at the stage before it becomes
exact ages. Then she put them through a range of
adult, when it is protected by a special cover ˈpjuːpə
tests.
Giraldo watched how well the ants took care of the young of watch = observe, survey, examine wɒtʃ
colony= a group of animals or plants of the
the colony, recording how often each ant attended to, same type that are living together ˈkɒləni
carried and fed them. She compared how well 20-day-old attend to sb/sth= to deal with business
or personal matters əˈtend tu ˈsʌmbɔdi/ˈsʌmθɪŋ
and 95-day-old ants followed the telltale scent that the carry = to be pregnant with a child ˈkæri
telltale = revealing, divulging, indicative #hidden
insects usually leave to mark a trail to food. She tested how ˈtelteɪl
ants responded to light and also measured how active they scent= the smell of a particular animal or person
that some other animals can follow sent
were by counting how often ants in a small dish walked trail = path, line, way treɪl
across a line. And she experimented with how ants react to react to= respond, alter, retort #ignore rɪˈækt tuː
prey = an animal that is hunted and eaten by
live prey: a tethered fruit fly. Giraldo expected the older ants another animal # predator preɪ
tether = tie, fasten, secure, rope #untie ˈteðə
to perform poorly in all these tasks. But the elderly insects poorly = disappointingly, badly #well ˈpʊəli
were all good caretakers and trail-followers-the 95-day-old caretaker= someone who looks after other people,
especially a teacher, parent, nurse etc ˈkeəteɪkə
ants could track the scent even longer than their younger counterpart = equivalent, colleague, equal
ˈkaʊntəpɑːt
counterparts. They all responded to light well, and the older
aggressively= violently, hostilely, forcefully #mildly
ants were more active. And when it came to reacting to prey, əˈɡresɪvli
flare = if a person or animal flares their nostrils
the older ants attacked the poor fruit fly just as aggressively (=the openings at the end of the nose), their nostrils
as the young ones did, flaring their mandibles or pulling at become wider because they are angry fleə
mandible= jaw, jawbone, mouth, mouthpiece
the fly's legs. ˈmændɪbl̩
Then Giraldo compared the brains of 20-day-old and 95-day- identify= find, recognize, classify aɪˈdentɪfaɪ
old ants, identifying any cells that were close to death. She
saw no major differences with age, nor was there any specific = particular, certain, exclusive #general
spəˈsɪfɪk
difference in the location of the dying cells, showing that age
didn't seem to affect specific brain functions. function= purpose, role, job ˈfʌŋkʃn̩
42
Ants and other insects have structures in their brains called structure = constitute, construct, form ˈstrʌktʃə
process = handle, deal with, manage ˈprəʊses
mushroom bodies, which are important for processing density= intensity, concentration, extent, degree
ˈdensɪti
synaptic (adj) = related to the place where nerve
information, learning and memory. She also wanted to see if cells meet, especially in the brain ˈsaɪnæps
complex = an emotional problem in which someone
aging affects the density of synaptic complexes within is unnecessarily anxious about something or thinks
too much about something works, systems
these structures-regions where neurons come together. ˈkɒmpleks
region= area, zone, place ˈriːdʒən
Again, the answer was no. What was more, the old ants neuron = a type of cell that makes up the nervous
system and sends messages to other parts of the
body or the brain ˈnjʊərɒn
didn't experience any drop in the levels of either serotonin drop = reduction, decrease, decline drɒp
serotonin = a chemical in the body that helps carry
or dopamine-brain chemicals whose decline often messages from the brain and is believed to make
you feel happy serəˈtəʊnɪn
coincides with aging. In humans, for example, a decrease dopamine = a hormone (= chemical substance) that
is made naturally in the body and may also be given
in serotonin has been linked to Alzheimer's disease. as a drug ˈdəʊpəmiːn
coincide with = to happen at the same time as
something else, especially by chance kəʊɪnˈsaɪd wɪð
link to = connect, relate, combine #seperate ˈlɪŋk tuː
'This is the first time anyone has looked at both behavioral
look at = search, study, investigate, explore ˈlʊk æt
and neural changes in these ants so thoroughly,' says thoroughly= comprehensively, completely,
carefully, meticulously ˈθʌrəli
Giraldo, who recently published the findings in the publish = issue, print, distribute ˈpʌblɪʃ
Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Scientists have looked finding = discovery, conclusion, result ˈfaɪndɪŋ
proceeding = an event or a series of things that
at some similar aspects in bees, but the results of recent bee happen prəˈsiːdɪŋ
mixed = varied, diverse, assorted mɪkst
studies were mixed-some studies showed age-related biologist= a scientist who studies or works in
biology baɪˈɒlədʒɪst
declines, which biologists call senescence, and others senescene = becoming old and showing the effects
didn't. 'For now, the study raises more questions than it of getting older sɪˈnes.əns
raise = produce, create, cause reɪz
answers,' Giraldo says, 'including how P. dentata stays in stay in good shape = keep fit, get fit, keep in shape
ˈsteɪ ɪn gʊd ʃeɪp
such good shape.'
Also, if the ants don't deteriorate with age, why do they die
at all? Out in the wild, the ants probably don't live for a full deteriorate = get worse, go down, degenerate,
decline dɪˈtɪərɪəreɪt
140 days thanks to predators, disease and just being in an predator= an animal that kills and eats other
environment that's much harsher than the comforts of the animals #prey ˈpredətə
harsh=severe = harsh conditions are difficult to live
lab. 'The lucky ants that do live into old age may suffer a in and very uncomfortable hɑːʃ
steep decline just before dying,' Giraldo says, but she can't suffer = experience, undergo, bear, endure ˈsʌfə
steep= dramatic, sharp, extreme stiːp
say for sure because her study wasn't designed to follow an for sure = certainly, definitely fə ʃʊə
ant's final moments.
'It will be important to extend these findings to other species

extend= spread, broaden, expand ɪkˈstend
of social insects,' says Gene E. Robinson, an entomologist insect = bug, pest, creature ˈɪnsekt
entomologist= a scientist who studies insects
at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This ant entəˈmɒlədʒɪst
43
might be unique, or it might represent a broader pattern unique= sole, exclusive, distinctive #common juːˈniːk
represent = signify, characterize, denote, symbolize
among other social bugs with possible clues to the science riːprɪˈzent
broad = wide, large, big brɔːd
of aging in larger animals. Either way, it seems that for these pattern= example, modal, prototype ˈpætn̩
clue= sign, hint, cue, evidence kluː
ants, age really doesn't matter.
44
READING PASSAGE 2
S cientist David Hone makes the case for zoos make a case for sth = to argue that something is the
best thing to do, giving your reasons ˈmeɪk ə keɪs fə sth
species= type, kind, sort, class, group ˈspiːʃiːz
A wildlife= nature, natural world, environment ˈwaɪldlaɪf
varied = diverse, various, mixed #limited ˈveərɪd
In my view, it is perfectly possible for many species of diet= food and drink, eating habits, pattern of eating.
ˈdaɪət
animals living in zoos or wildlife parks to have a quality supplement= addition, complement, enhancement
#deduction ˈsʌplɪment
of life as high as, or higher than, in the wild. Animals in require = need, want, involve rɪˈkwaɪə
treat= cure, care for, heal, remedy triːt
good zoos get a varied and high-quality diet with all the somewhat = to some extent, to a certain degree, rather
ˈsʌmwɒt
supplements required, and any illnesses they might restrict= limit, prohibit, inhibit rɪˈstrɪkt
have will be treated. Their movement might be spare= to prevent someone from having
to experience something unpleasant speə
somewhat restricted, but they have a safe environment bully = frighten, intimidate, harass ˈbʊli
ostracism = isolation, exclusion, keeping out #inclusion
in which to live, and they are spared bullying and social ˈɒstrəsɪzəm
suffer from = undergo, bear, endure, experience, put up
ostracism by others of their kind. They do not suffer with ˈsʌfə frɒm
threat = danger, risk, menace, hazard θret
from the threat or stress of predators, or the irritation predator = an animal that kills and eats other animals
ˈpredətə
and pain of parasites or injuries. The average captive irritation= nuisance, , annoyance (the feeling of
being annoyed) ɪrɪˈteɪʃn̩
animal will have a greater life expectancy compared parasite = a small animal or plant that lives on or inside
another animal or plant and gets its food from it ˈpærəsaɪt
captive= caged, imprisoned, in prison #free ˈkæptɪv
life expectancy= lifespan, lifetime ˈlaɪf ɪkˈspektənsi
45
with its wild counterpart, and will not die of drought, of counterpart = colleague, equal, equivalent ˈkaʊntəpɑːt
starvation = hunger, famine, food shortage, lack of food
starvation or in the jaws of a predator. A lot of very
stɑːˈveɪʃn̩
nasty things happen to truly 'wild' animals that simply jaws= the mouth of a person or animal, especially
don't happen in good zoos, and to view a life that is 'free' a dangerous animal dʒɔːz
nasty= dangerous, painful, horrible #slight ˈnɑːsti
as one that is automatically 'good' is, I think, an error.
serve = perform, do, achieve, fulfill sɜːv
Furthermore, zoos serve several key purposes.
B
Firstly, zoos aid conservation. Colossal numbers of aid = support, help, encourage eɪd
conservation= preservation, protection, maintenance
species are becoming extinct across the world, and kɒnsəˈveɪʃn̩
many more are increasingly threatened and therefore colossal= huge, massive, gigantic, enormous #tiny
kəˈlɒsl̩
risk extinction. Moreover, some of these collapses extinct = inexistent, vanished, defunct, dead ɪkˈstɪŋt
threaten = frighten, intimidate, warn ˈθretn̩
have been sudden, dramatic and unexpected, or were risk = suffer from, endanger, jeopardize. rɪsk
simply discovered very late in the day. A species extinction = disappearance, loss, extermination, death
ɪkˈstɪŋkʃn̩
protected in captivity can be bred up to provide a collapse = illness, injury, breakdown kəˈlæps
reservoir population against a population crash or sudden = unexpected, rapid, quick #gradually ˈsʌdn̩
dramatic = remarkable, impressive, extraordinary
extinction in the wild. A good number of species only drəˈmætɪk
captivity = when a person or animal is kept in
exist in captivity, with many of these living in zoos. Still a prison, cage #freedom kæpˈtɪvɪti
more only exist in the wild because they have been breed = have babies, reproduce, procreate, propagate
briːd
reintroduced from zoos, or have wild populations that reservoir= a large amount of something that is available
and has not yet been used ˈrezəvwɑː
have been boosted by captive bred animals. Without population crash = a sudden decline in the numbers of
these efforts there would be fewer species alive today. individual members in a population pɒpjʊˈleɪʃn̩ kræʃ
reintroduce = restore, reinstate, bring back riːɪntrəˈdjuːs
Although reintroduction successes are few and far boost = increase, improve, enhance #reduce buːst
between, the numbers are increasing, and the very fact be few and far between = to be rare bi fjuː ənd ˈfɑː bɪˈtwiːn
prove= show, demonstrate, confirm pruːv
that species have been saved or reintroduced as a result initiative= plan, program, project, scheme, idea ɪˈnɪʃətɪv
of captive breeding proves the value of such initiatives.
C
beyond= other than, beside bɪˈjɒnd
Zoos also provide education. Many children and adults,
documentary = film, movie, biography dɒkjʊˈmentəri
especially those in cities, will never see a wild animal
detailed = thorough, comprehensive, complete diːteɪld
beyond a fox or pigeon. While it is true that television impressive = remarkable, extraordinary, exciting
documentaries are becoming ever more detailed and #unimpressive ɪmˈpresɪv
impressive, and many natural history specimens are on specimen= sample, example, case ˈspesɪmɪn
display in museums, there really is nothing to compare on display = something that is on display is in a public
with seeing a living creature in the flesh, hearing it, place where people can look at it (= on show) ˈɒn dɪˈspleɪ
creature= animal, living thing, being ˈkriːtʃə
smelling it, watching what it does and having the time to
in the flesh = in person, in real life, in actual life ɪn ðə fleʃ
absorb details. That alone will bring a greater
absorb = learn, understand, get əbˈzɔːb
understanding and perspective to many, and hopefully perspective= aspect, viewpoint, perception pəˈspektɪv
46
give them a greater appreciation for wildlife, appreciation = thankfulness, gratitude, recognition,
gratefulness əˌpriːʃiˈeɪʃn̩
conservation efforts and how they can contribute. contribute= support, aid, impact, participate kənˈtrɪbjuːt
D
In addition to this, there is also the education that can take place = happen, occur ˈteɪk ˈpleɪs
take place in zoos through signs, talks and presentations communicate= reveal, transmit, convey kəˈmjuːnɪkeɪt
which directly communicate information to visitors about lacking = absent, missing #present ˈlækɪŋ
the animals they are seeing and their place in the world. sophisticated= complicated, advanced, complex,
This was an area where zoos used to be lacking, but detailed səˈfɪstɪkeɪtɪd
they are now increasingly sophisticated in their outreach = when help, advice, or other services are
communication and outreach work. Many zoos also provided for people who would not otherwise get these
work directly to educate conservation workers in other services easily ˈaʊtriːtʃ
countries, or send their animal keepers abroad to keeper = guard, caretaker, ranger ˈkiːpə
contribute their knowledge and skills to those working in reverse = an area of land where wild animals and plants
zoos and reserves, thereby helping to improve are protected rɪˈvɜːs
conditions and reintroductions all over the world. thereby= as a result, consequently, by that ðeəˈbaɪ
E
Zoos also play a key role in research. If we are to save restore= bring back, recover, reestablish rɪˈstɔː
ecosystem= environment, bionetwork, ecology
wild species and restore and repair ecosystems we ˈiːkəʊsɪstəm
react = respond, answer, reply rɪˈækt
need to know about how key species live, act and react. undertake= accept, embark on, carry on, take on
ʌndəˈteɪk
Being able to undertake research on animals in zoos variable= change (n) ˈveərɪəbl̩
oestrus cycle = the period in the sexual cycle of female
where there is less risk and fewer variables means real mammals, except the higher primates, during which they
changes can be effected on wild populations. Finding out are in heat—i.e., ready to accept a male and to mate
iːstrəs ˈsaɪkl̩
about, for example, the oestrus cycle of an animal or its breeding rate = birth rate ˈbriːdɪŋ reɪt
procedure= method, process, course of action prəˈsiːdʒə
breeding rate helps us manage wild populations. capture= arrest, detain, imprison ˈkæptʃə
bolster= boost, strengthen, improve, enhance, fortify
Procedures such as capturing and moving at-risk or ˈbəʊlstə
dose = the amount of a medicine or a drug that you
dangerous individuals are bolstered by knowledge should take dəʊs
anaesthetic = a substance that makes you unable to feel
gained in zoos about doses for anaesthetics, and by pain: ænəsˈθetɪk
experience = knowledge, skill, practice, understanding
experience in handling and transporting animals. This ɪkˈspɪərɪəns
handle = control, treat, manage, deal with ˈhændl̩
can make a real difference to conservation efforts and transport = move, bring, carry, transfer trænsˈpɔːt
to the reduction of human-animal conflicts, and can reduction = decrease, drop, fall, decline rɪˈdʌkʃn̩
conflict= disagreement, dispute, oppose kənˈflɪkt
provide a knowledge base for helping with the increasing base = foundation, root, source, origin beɪs
habitat= home, territory, locale, environment ˈhæbɪtæt
threats of habitat destruction and other problems destruction = ruin, damage, devastation #construction
dɪˈstrʌkʃn̩
F ongoing = continuing, constant, incomplete #finished ɒn

ˈɡəʊiŋ
In conclusion, considering the many ongoing global global = worldwide, international #local ˈɡləʊbl̩
essential = fundamental, basic, main, principal ɪˈsenʃl̩
threats to the environment, it is hard for me to see zoos long-term = long-standing, lasting, durable #short-term
ˈlɒŋ tɜːm
as anything other than essential to the long-term survival= existence, persistence #death səˈvaɪvl̩
survival of numerous species. They are vital not just in numerous = many, various, several #few ˈnjuːmərəs
vital= essential, crucial, critical ˈvaɪtl̩
terms of protecting animals, but as a means of learning in terms of = with regard to, as to, in connection with. ɪn
tɜːmz ɒv
47
about them to aid those still in the wild, as well as

inform = tell, notify, update, apprise ɪnˈfɔːm
educating and informing the general population about
these animals and their world so that they can assist or assist = help, support, aid əˈsɪst
accept = consent, acknowledge #reject # deny əkˈsept
at least accept the need to be more environmentally
conscious. Without them, the world would be, and would conscious= aware, understanding, mindful ˈkɒnʃəs
increasingly become, a much poorer place.
48
READING PASSAGE 3
C helsea Rochman, an ecologist at the University of

ecologist = a scientist who studies ecology,
environment iːˈkɒlədʒɪst
dismal= miserable, gloomy, depressing ˈdɪzməl
terrible= awful, dreadful, appalling #wonderful
California, Davis, has been trying to answer a dismal question: Is ˈterəbl̩
analysis = examination, study, investigation
everything terrible, or are things just very, very bad? əˈnæləsɪs
Rochman is a member of the National Center for Ecological synthesis = mixture, combination, blend
#separation ˈsɪnθəsɪs
Analysis and Synthesis's marine debris working group, a marine= nautical, maritime, sea, ocean məˈriːn
debris= wreckage, rubbish, trash, waste, fragment
collection of scientists who study, among other things, the ˈdeɪbriː
collection = group, assembly, gathering kəˈlekʃn̩
growing problem of marine debris, also known as ocean trash. sound alarm bells = if something rings/sounds
alarm bells, it makes you start to worry because it
Plenty of studies have sounded alarm bells about the state of is a sign that there may be a problem ˈsaʊnd əlɑ:m
belz
state = condition, situation, circumstance steɪt
marine debris; in a recent paper published in the journal Ecology,
paper = newspaper, article, document ˈpeɪpə
journal = newsletter, magazine, periodical ˈdʒɜːnl̩
Rochman and her colleagues set out to determine how many of
set out = start, begin, embark set ˈaʊt
those perceived risks are real. determine= verify, establish, uncover, reveal
dɪˈtɜːmɪn
perceive= understand, comprehend, realize,
become aware of pəˈsiːv
Often, Rochman says, scientists will end a paper by speculating
speculate= guess, consider, think, contemplate
about the broader impacts of what they've found. For example, a ˈspekjʊleɪt
study could show that certain seabirds eat plastic bags, and go broad = wide, large, big, comprehensive brɔːd
certain = particular, specific, precise ˈsɜːtn̩
on to warn that whole bird populations are at risk of dying out. go on to do= to do something after completing
something else ˈɡəʊ ˈɒn tu du:
'But the truth was that nobody had yet tested those perceived warn = caution, inform, alert, tell, notify wɔːn
at risk = in a dangerous situation ət rɪsk
die out = vanish, perish, become extinct ˈdaɪ ˈaʊt
49
threats,' Rochman says. 'There wasn't a lot of information.' threat = risk, danger, peril, menace θret
Rochman and her colleagues examined more than a hundred examine = investigate, check, research, explore
ɪɡˈzæmɪn
papers on the impacts of marine debris that were published
through 2013. Within each paper, they asked what threats
scientists had studied-366 perceived threats in all - and what actually = really, truly, in fact, in reality ˈæktʃuəli
they'd actually found.

trash = garbage, waste, rubbish, junk træʃ
In 83 percent of cases, the perceived dangers of ocean trash prove = show, demonstrate, verify pruːv
remaining= the remaining people or things are
those that are left when the others have gone,
were proven true. In the remaining cases, the working group been used, or been dealt with rɪˈmeɪnɪŋ
weakness = limitation, drawback, flaw, fault
found the studies had weaknesses in design and content which ˈwiːknəs
validity= a conclusion, reason…that is based on
affected the validity of their conclusions - they lacked a control what is reasonable or sensible vəˈlɪdɪti
faulty= incorrect, defective, flawed. ˈfɔːlti
statistic= number, figure, measurement, fact
group, for example, or used faulty statistics. stəˈtɪstɪk
strikingly = noticeably, outstandingly, unusually

Strikingly, Rochman says, only one well-designed study failed to ˈstraɪkɪŋli
investigation= study, search, examination,
find the effect it was looking for, an investigation of mussels analysis ɪnˌvestɪˈɡeɪʃn̩
mussel = a small sea animal, with a soft body that
can be eaten and a black shell that is divided into
ingesting microscopic plastic bits. The plastic moved from the two parts ˈmʌsl̩
ingest= swallow, consume, absorb, eat ɪnˈdʒest
mussels' stomachs to their bloodstreams, scientists found, and microscopic = tiny, minute, atomic, mini #gigantic
maɪkrəˈskɒpɪk
bloodstream = the blood flowing in your body
stayed there for weeks - but didn't seem to stress out the ˈblʌdstriːm
stress out = worry, bother, hassle #relax ˈstres
shellfish. ˈaʊt
shellfish = an animal that lives in water, has a
shell, and can be eaten as food, for example,
crabs, lobsters, and oysters ˈʃelfɪʃ
While mussels may be fine eating trash, though, the analysis also
gave a clearer picture of the many ways that ocean debris is bothersome= annoying, troublesome,
bothersome. inconvenient ˈbɒðəsəm
look at = study, investigate, examine ˈlʊk æt

Within the studies they looked at, most of the proven threats involve= contain, include, consist of ɪnˈvɒlv
entangle= (to cause something
came from plastic debris, rather than other materials like metal or to become caught in something such as
wood. Most of the dangers also involved large pieces of debris a net or ropes) twist, tangle, trap ɪnˈtæŋɡl̩
severely= harshly, strictly, brutally, #gently sɪˈvɪəli
animals getting entangled in trash, for example, or eating it and injure = hurt, harm, wound, damage ˈɪndʒə
severely injuring themselves.
microplastic = extremely small pieces of plastic
that are harmful to the environment
ˈmaɪ.krəʊˌplæs.tɪk
But a lot of ocean debris is 'microplastic', or pieces smaller than ingredient= component, element, thing, part
ɪnˈɡriːdɪənt
five millimeters. These may be ingredients used in cosmetics cosmetic= creams, powders, etc that you use on
your face and body in order to look more attractive
kɒzˈmetɪk
and toiletries, fibers shed by synthetic clothing in the wash, or toiletries= things such as soap and toothpaste
that are used for cleaning yourself ˈtɔɪlətriz
50
eroded remnants of larger debris. Compared to the number of fiber = a mass of threads used to make rope,
cloth, etc ˈfaɪbə
shed= drop, cast, discard ʃed
studies investigating large-scale debris, Rochman's group found
synthetic = artificial, fake, manmade #natural
sɪnˈθetɪk
little research on the effects of these tiny bits. 'There are a lot of erode = corrode, destroy, wear down ɪˈrəʊd
remnant = remainder, leftover, residue ˈremnənt
open questions still for microplastic,' Rochman says, though she investigate = look into something, explore, probe
ɪnˈvestɪɡeɪt
notes that more papers on the subject have been published since
2013, the cutoff point for the group's analysis. cutoff = limit, end. ˈkəˌtɒf
There are also, she adds, a lot of open questions about the ways
creature = animal, living thing, being ˈkriːtʃə
that ocean debris can lead to sea-creature death. Many studies individual= singular, personal, characteristic
ɪndɪˈvɪdʒʊəl
have looked at how plastic affects an individual animal, or that tissue = the material forming animal or plant cells
ˈtɪʃuː
animal's tissues or cells, rather than whole populations. And in cell = group, unit, section sel
lab = laboratory, workshop, test center læb
the lab, scientists often use higher concentrations of plastic than concentration= the amount of a substance in a
what's really in the ocean. None of that tells us how many birds or liquid or in another substance kɒnsənˈtreɪʃn̩
turtle = a large reptile with a hard round shell, that
fish or sea turtles could die from plastic pollution - or how deaths lives in the sea ˈtɜːtl̩
the rest of = what is left after everything or
in one species could affect that animal's predators, or the rest of everyone else has gone, been used, dealt with, or
mentioned ðə ˈrest ɒv
the ecosystem.
'We need to be asking more ecologically relevant questions,' relevant= related, pertinent #unrelated ˈreləvənt
Rochman says. Usually, scientists don't know exactly how disaster = tragedy, catastrophe, calamity dɪˈzɑːstə
disasters such as a tanker accidentally spilling its whole cargo tanker = a vehicle or ship specially built to carry
of oil and polluting huge areas of the ocean will affect the large quantities of gas or liquid, especially oil
ˈtæŋkə
environment until after they've happened. 'We don't ask the right spill = leak, drop, fall, drip #absorb spɪl
questions early enough,' she says. But if ecologists can cargo= the goods carried in a ship or plane
understand how the slow-moving effect of ocean trash is ˈkɑːɡəʊ
damaging ecosystems, they might be able to prevent things from prevent= stop, avoid, block, inhibit #permit prɪˈvent
getting worse.
figure out = understand, discover, work out, solve
Asking the right questions can help policy makers, and the public, ˈfɪɡə ˈaʊt
attention = mind, concentration, awareness,
figure out where to focus their attention. The problems that look consideration əˈtenʃn̩
or sound most dramatic may not be the best places to start. For dramatic = impressive, extraordinary, remarkable
drəˈmætɪk
example, the name of the 'Great Pacific Garbage Patch' - a patch = area, space, plot of land pætʃ
collection of marine debris in the northern Pacific Ocean - might conjure st up= to make something appear as a
picture in your mind = evoke. ˈkʌndʒə snt ʌp
conjure up a vast floating trash island. In reality though, much vast = huge, massive, enormous #small vɑːst
of the debris is tiny or below the surface; a person could sail float = to stay or move on the surface of a liquid
without sinking fləʊt
through the area without seeing any trash at all. A Dutch group in reality = really, actually, in fact ɪn rɪˈælɪti
surface = outside, shell, façade ˈsɜːfɪs
called 'The Ocean Cleanup' is currently working on plans to put
sail = to travel on or across an area of water in a
mechanical devices in the Pacific Garbage Patch and similar boat or ship seɪl
mechanical = affecting or involving a machine
areas to suck up plastic. But a recent paper used simulations to mɪˈkænɪkl̩
simulation= model, imitation, virtual reality
sɪmjʊˈleɪʃn̩
51
show that strategically positioning the cleanup devices closer to strategically= deliberately, intentionally,
purposefully strəˈtiːdʒɪkl̩ i
shore would more effectively reduce pollution over the long term. shore = coast, seashore, coastline ʃɔː
clear up = explain, elaborate, solve. ˈklɪər ʌp

'I think clearing up some of these misperceptions is really misperception= misunderstanding, confusion
mɪspərˈsepʃən
important,' Rochman says. Among scientists as well as in the perception = view, opinion, assessment pəˈsepʃn̩
media, she says, 'A lot of the images about strandings and interrogate = question, interview, probe= to ask
someone a lot of questions for a long time in order
entanglement and all of that cause the perception that plastic to get information, sometimes using threats
ɪnˈterəɡeɪt
debris is killing everything in the ocean.' Interrogating the literature= all the books, articles, etc on a
particular subject ˈlɪtrətʃə
existing scientific literature can help ecologists figure out which address = tackle, focus, deal with #ignore əˈdres
problems really need addressing, and which ones they'd be be better off = to be in a better situation, if or after
something happens bi ˈbetər ɒf
better off - like the mussels - absorbing and ignoring. absorb = if something absorbs light, heat, energy,
or noise, it takes it in. əbˈzɔːb
52
PHỤ LỤC
IELTS READING ANSWER SHEET

Phù hợp việc tự luyện IELTS Reading tại nhà
Để làm tốt bài thi IELTS Reading, một điều quan trọng là có chiến lược làm bài nhanh
và hiệu quả. Trong đó, kỹ năng sử dụng answer sheet đóng vai trò rất quan trọng.
Một số bạn thậm chí không sử dụng answer sheet trong lúc luyện tập. Điều này là
không nên vì rất nhiều trường hợp transfer câu trả lời từ sách sang answer sheet sẽ
bị nhầm. Ngoài ra, khác với listening có 10 phút để transfer câu trả lời từ booklet
sang answer sheet, trong bài thi reading, các bạn nên điền câu trả lời trực tiếp vào
answer sheet lúc làm bài để tiết kiệm tối đa thời gian.
Dưới đây là link answer sheet dùng cho bài thi Reading sử dụng trong các kỳ
thi IELTS chính thức
https://ielts-moscow.ru/files/Reading%20Answer%20Sheet.pdf
Tuy nhiên, để phục vụ việc ghi chép các lỗi thường gặp trong quá trình làm bài
và tạo điều kiện cho việc “rút kinh nghiệm” trong các lần làm bài kế tiếp, các
bạn nên sử dụng answer sheet sau
Link download
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1C_bY208s2_zK8FKzJzqCvPpSoCx4TLd8
Ưu điểm của answer sheet này

Các phần thông tin chỉ dùng cho kỳ thi thật đã được cắt bỏ, thay vào đó là
cột thông tin problem và solution để các bạn có thể ghi chú các thông tin
cần thiết sau mỗi lần làm bài
Bảng điểm tham khảo để các bạn tiện đối chiếu sau khi làm bài xong
HƯỚNG DẪ N SỬ DỤNG ANSWER SHEET MỚI
Sau đó ghim các tờ answer sheet của bạn lại thành 1 quyển và đọc đi đọc lại thường
xuyên, và đặc biệt là đọc thật kỹ trước khi làm một test mới.
Rất cám ơn các bạn đã sử dụng cuốn sách. A&M rất mong nhận được thêm
những ý kiến đóng góp cũng như những chia sẻ về việc bạn đã dùng sách hiệu
quả trong việc làm bài IELTS Reading.
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Hội chia sẻ sách Boost your vocabulary

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Một số dự án liên quan:
1. 60s vocabulary: Học từ vựng bằng cách pha trộn giữa tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt trong
các bài Reading của quyển Boost your Vocabulary.
2. Word root: Học từ vựng thông qua gốc từ, bằng cách này các bạn có thể học 1 gốc
từ nhưng có thể biết và hiểu > 10 từ vựng khác.
3. Học từ vựng qua báo chí: Ôn luyện và hệ thống lại từ vựng đã và đang học trong
các quyển Boost Your Vocabualry.
Từ 2017 đến nay, bộ sách vẫn đang được cung cấp hoàn toàn MIỄN PHÍ. Mong các bạn
khi sử dụng bộ sách và đạt kết quả tốt, hãy thông báo lại cho A&M để cả team có
động lực thực hiện nhiều dự án hữu ích cộng đồng hay hơn nữa bạn nhé.
Xin đừng im lặng!
Chân thành cám ơn các bạn!

A&M team

Boost Your Vocabulary - Cam14 - 2023

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Cuốn sách này của

LỜI GIỚI THIỆU

Trân trọng cảm ơn,

THẦY ĐINH THẮNG

ĐỐI TƯỢNG SỬ DỤNG SÁCH

CÁC BƯỚC SỬ DỤNG

CÁCH 1: LÀM TEST TRƯỚC, HỌC TỪ VỰNG SAU

Ví dụ 1 chu trình đầy đủ theo cách này

playful= lively, frisky, full of fun, full of life, #subdued

Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they

*Lego: coloured plastic building blocks and other pieces that

H ow Dutch engineer Luud Schimmelpennink helped to

In Amsterdam today, 38% of all trips are made by bike and,

A critical ingredient in the success of hotels is developing

Pfeffer (1994) emphasizes that in order to succeed in a global

Such conditions are particularly troubling for the luxury hotel

Herzberg (1966) proposes that people have two major types of

recognition. Unlike extrinsic factors, motivator factors may

The impact of fun as a motivating factor at work has also been

B orn in Scotland, Henderson emigrated to Canada in 1855

In 1849 he began a three-year apprenticeship to become an apprenticeship= traineeship, internship, training

In 1892 Henderson accepted a full-time position with the CPR as

A nswers to the problem of excessive electricity use by

appropriate= fitting, suitable, applicable, #inappropriate

F ingenuity= creativity, inventiveness, resourcefulness,

A disorder = chaos, disarrange, mess-up dɪsˈɔːdə

C forefather= ancestor, forebear, precursor ˈfɔːfɑːðə

solutions that, under conventionally structured environments conventionally= traditionally, conservatively,

G embrace= accept, include, adopt, support, #exclude

In similar fashion, the former chairman of General Electric

A unconscious = unaware, insensible, senseless

suspect= doubt, question, be suspicious, be wary,

elucidate = explain, clarify, reveal, make clear,

equal = equivalent, the same, alike #unequal ˈiːkwəl

Z oologist Ross Piper looks at the potential of insects

C laboratory-based drug = drugs that are synthetized in

D undisputed= unquestionable, undeniable, undoubted,

F relatively = comparatively, quite, somewhat ˈrelətɪvli

V irtually every child, the world over, plays. The drive to

consensus = agreement, harmony, accord kənˈsensəs

extrinsically = coming from outside or not directly

chosen, spontaneous and voluntary. If a child is pressured,

engaged: Players must be physically and/or mentally involved

perspective = view, viewpoint, thought, point of view

native = resident, local, aboriginal #foreign ˈneɪtɪv

P heidole dentata, a native ant of the south-eastern U.S.,

P. dentata useful for studying aging in people,' says Giraldo,

'It will be important to extend these findings to other species

F ongoing = continuing, constant, incomplete #finished ɒn

about them to aid those still in the wild, as well as

C helsea Rochman, an ecologist at the University of

they'd actually found.

strikingly = noticeably, outstandingly, unusually

look at = study, investigate, examine ˈlʊk æt

clear up = explain, elaborate, solve. ˈklɪər ʌp

IELTS READING ANSWER SHEET

Ưu điểm của answer sheet này

Group IELTS family – Các nhóm tự học IELTS

Hội chia sẻ sách Boost your vocabulary

Một số dự án liên quan:

Xin đừng im lặng!

Chân thành cám ơn các bạn!

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