FOUNDATION COURSE

READING LESSON 3
Nội dung
Kỹ năng nền tảng cho IELTS Reading (2): liên kết câu và đoạn

Đọc hiểu sự liên kết thông tin

Đôi khi để hiểu được toàn bộ ý nghĩa của một từ hoặc một cấu trúc, người đọc cần phải hiểu cả những
câu xung quanh để có bức tranh toàn cảnh hơn do người viết đã sử dụng các cách liên kết ý (ví dụ: dùng
đại từ: him, her..) nhằm tránh lặp từ. Do đó, nhận diện được các loại mối liên hệ này sẽ giúp người đọc
hiểu được dụng ý của tác giả.
1. Đại từ thay thế cho danh từ trước đó (Reference words)
Để tránh lặp các cụm từ đã được đề cập trước đó, người viết thường sử dụng các đại từ để thay thế.
Ví dụ 1:

“At the high latitude location of ALOMAR, the sun is on or above the horizon for approximately 10 weeks
around the summer solstice. Despite this, the ALOMAR RMR lidar measures temperature profiles up to
middle mesosphere altitudes (75 km) at any local time, throughout the summer period”.
à Từ “this” trong đoạn trên là một đại từ chỉ định ý chỉ toàn bộ câu trước nó.
- Các loại đại từ phổ biến khác:

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Bài tập 1: Dựa vào kiến thức về đại từ, hãy chọn đáp án đúng cho các câu hỏi 1-4:
Although New Zealand is sounding confident about ridding itself of COVID-19, success isn’t guaranteed.
Countries like Singapore that seemed to have the virus under control have since struggled with a second
wave of infections. And China, which appeared to have stopped the spread completely, is now contending
with flare-ups.
Even if New Zealand manages to snuff out COVID-19, the road ahead won’t be easy. Once the country is
virus free, it will need to maintain the total halt on arrivals until a vaccine is developed and widely
disseminated—or risk the threat of reinfection. That’s a tough prospect for a country where tourism—
New Zealand’s largest export industry in terms of foreign exchange earnings—accounts for 10 percent of
GDP and nearly 15 percent of the workforce.
(Adapted from New Zealand has ‘effectively eliminated’ coronavirus. Here’s what they did right –
National Geographic)
1. Từ “itself” trong đoạn văn trên ý chỉ:

A. COVID-19 B. success C. New Zealand

2. Từ “that” trong đoạn văn trên ý chỉ:

A. countries B. Singapore C. virus

3. Từ “which” trong đoạn văn trên ý chỉ:

A. China B. second wave of infections C. the spread

4. Từ “it” trong đoạn văn trên ý chỉ:

A. virus B. the country C. vaccine

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2. Từ nối (conjunction)
Từ nối cho thấy mối quan hệ giữa các vế câu, mệnh đề hoặc cho thấy câu trước và câu sau liên quan tới
nhau như thế nào.
Một số từ nối phổ biến:

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II. So sánh thông tin trong câu hỏi và bài đọc – Trả lời TRUE / FALSE / NOT GIVEN

Với một số dạng câu hỏi nhất định trong IELTS Reading (ví dụ: T / F / NG), bạn cần xác định các thành phần
của câu hỏi và sau đó so sánh chúng với thông tin được đưa ra trong văn bản để trả lời câu hỏi một cách
chính xác.

AIMEE FULLER – SNOWBOARDING STAR

Aimee Fuller was born in England but now lives in the USA. She moved to the east coast of the United
States at the age of 12 because she knew she wanted to be a professional snowboarder. It wasn't possible
to train properly in her hometown because it hardly ever snowed. There was a dry ski slope in her town,
where she learnt how to ski and snowboard, but there weren't any mountains with snow to practise the
sport.

Aimee quickly found sponsors and a coach when she arrived in the USA, and she is now a successful and
well-known snowboarding star. She has done really well in many national competitions and her dream is
to win an Olympic gold medal one day.

Aimee spends most of her time practising on the snow, and trains in the gym four to five times a week.
She also goes cycling and running. Aimee says it is very important to keep fit because that helps her stay
safe when she is doing snowboarding tricks and jumps. Her advice to people who want to learn how to do
jumps, is to start small and only do bigger jumps when they feel ready.

(Source: Mindset for IELTS 0)

Questions 1-7

Instruction: Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write

- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

Bước 1: Analyse questions (phân tích câu hỏi)

E.g. Aimee spent the first few years of her life in England.

S V O

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 1. Aimee learnt to ski before she started snowboarding.

2. It often snowed during winter in Aimee's hometown.

3. It took Aimee a long time to find a coach after she moved to the USA.

4. Aimee has won an Olympic medal.

5. Aimee thinks that snowboarding is more dangerous for her when she is not fit.

Bước 2: Skim and Scan the text (Tìm thông tin)

Bước 3: Choose the correct answers (Chọn đáp án đúng)

● khi tất cả các thành phần của nó khớp với thông tin được cung cấp trong văn bản, câu lệnh là
True

● khi một trong các thành phần của nó không chính xác hoặc mâu thuẫn với (đi ngược lại hoàn
toàn) với thông tin được đưa ra trong văn bản, thì câu lệnh là False

● khi không thể tìm thấy một trong các thành phần của nó trong đoạn văn, câu lệnh là Not Given

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Luyện tập
Bài 1:

Sylvia Earle, underwater hero.

She has spent her working life studying the world’s oceans.

Sylvia Earle is an underwater explorer and marine biologist who was born in the USA in 1935. She became
interested in the world’s oceans from an early age. As a child, she liked to stand on the beach for hours
and look at the sea, wondering what it must be like under the surface.

When she was 16, she finally got a chance to make her first dive, it was this dive that inspired her to
become an underwater explorer. Since then, she has spent more than 6,500 hours under water, and has
led more than seventy expeditions worldwide. She has also made the deepest dive ever, reaching a
record-breaking depth of 381 metres.

In 1970, she became famous around the world when she became the captain of the first all female team
to live under water. The team spent two weeks in an underwater house. The research they carried out
showed the damage that pollution was causing to marine life, and especially to coral reefs. Her team also
studied the problem of overfishing. Fishing methods meant that people were catching too many fish, Earle
warned, and many species were in danger of becoming extinct.

Since then she has written several books and magazine articles in which she suggests ways of reducing
the damage that is being done to the world’s oceans. One way, she believes, is to rely on fish farms for
seafood, and reduce the amount of fishing that is done out at sea. Although she no longer eats seafood
herself, she realizes that the importance it plays in our diets. It would be wrong to tell people they should
stop eating fish from the sea, she says. However, they need to reduce the impact they are having on the
ocean’s supplies

(Source: Complete IELTS Band 4-5 workbook)

Từ vựng cần lưu ý

● marine biologist: nhà sinh học biển

● from an early age: từ khi còn nhỏ

● surface: bề mặt

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 ● dive: lặn

● expedition: cuộc thám hiểm

● carry out: tiến hành/thực hiện

● coral reefs: đá ngầm san hô

● extinct: tuyệt chủng

Decide if these statements are TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN according to the information in the passage.

1. Sylvia Earle lives in the USA.

2. Until 1970, nobody had lived underwater before.

3. Sylvia Earle was worried about the amount of fish that were being caught.

4. Her books offer some solutions to marine problems.

5. She thinks people should avoid eating seafood.

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Bài 2:

Unusual Sports

A. Do you ever get bored with the same old sports? If you're tired of tennis, fed up with football or
bored of basketball, don't worry. There are plenty of new and unusual sports out there for you to try.
Many of these are a mix of existing sports, sometimes with a local element added. Bossaball, for example,
is a mix of football and volleyball, played on an inflatable pitch with a trampoline in the middle. To make
it more exciting, it also has elements of Brazilian martial arts!

B. If you are very good at horse riding, you could try the national sport of Afghanistan, buzkashi.
Many versions have been played in the Central Asian region for hundreds of years. The game involves
players on horseback trying to get hold of a dead goat. The Afghan Buzkashi Federation wants the game
to spread throughout the world and has finally written down the rules because they hope to get Olympic
status for the sport.

C. A sport that is more likely to become famous is kabaddi. It is popular in India and other parts of
South Asia. It is similar in some ways to the game called 'tag' or 'it' which school children play. One person
is 'it' and has to catch the others. In kabaddi, a 'raider' from one team tries to tag a player from the other
team and then return to their own half of the field without getting caught. In some versions of the game,
the raider must chant the word 'kabaddi' as he returns to his place. Kabaddi is good fun, good exercise
and doesn't need any equipment. It is played at the Asian Games.

D. There is an unusual sport which describes itself as a 'classic mix of brains and brawn'. The game,
called 'chess boxing', involves a round of chess and then a round of boxing, then another of chess, and so
on. There is one minute between rounds. The first chess boxing world championship took place in 2003
in Amsterdam and was won by a Dutchman, lepe Rubingh. Since then, it has become more popular,
particularly in Germany, the UK, India and Russia. It is a difficult sport, as players need to be very good· at
two very different activities and be able to switch quickly between the two.

E. Finally, an unusual sport that will be familiar to most of us is roshambo, which began in China
about 2000 years ago and spread gradually to the rest of the world. Played by young and old, in the UK it
is known as 'rock-paper- scissors'. It is surprising that it is called a sport and taken so seriously: there's a
World Rock Paper Scissors Society and a league which holds championships every year. So, whatever kinds
of sport you like, there is something new and interesting for you to try.

(Source: Mindset for IELTS 1)

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Từ vựng cần lưu ý

● fed up: chán

● inflatable pitch: sân chơi được bơm hơi

● trampoline: tấm đệm nhảy

● martial arts: võ thuật

● rules: luật lệ

● chant: ca hát

● take place: diễn ra

Questions 1-5

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write

- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. People play bossaball on a soft surface.

2. Buzkashi is an Olympic sport.

3. Kabaddi is often played in schools.

4. lepe Rubingh invented chess boxing.

5. Lepe Rubingh is from Germany.

6. People consider roshambo a serious sport.

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Bài 3:

PARKOUR

A. Parkour was developed in France in the 1980s by Raymond Belle and later by his son David Belle and
his friends. It is based on military obstacle course training. The aim is to get from one point to another in
any way you can, and express yourself while doing so. There are no limits on how you move in parkour:
running, climbing, swinging, jumping, rolling and any other types of movement are possible. Parkour is
more of a philosophy or set of ideas than a sport. It is a new way of seeing the environment and finding
ways to go over, under, around, across or through obstacles.

B. Parkour can be done alone or in groups. The most famous group of traceurs (people who do parkour)
were the Yamakasi, a group made up of David Belle and his friends and cousins. They formed in the late
1980s and became popular during the 1990s and 2000s after appearing in several films, documentaries
and advertisements. In the Yamakasi, there were strict rules. Members had to arrive on time and they
were not allowed to complain or make excuses. They valued humility, so they were not allowed to show
off or compete with other members.

C. Parkour is a 'state of mind'. It is about getting over mental as well as physical barriers. It teaches people
to touch the world and interact with it. It is about understanding what it means to be human. The
organisation Parkour.net believes that parkour can never be a competitive sport. It is an art and is
concerned with self-development. They say you can't ask, 'Who is the best at parkour?' Raymond Belle's
advice is: 'If two roads open up before you, always take the more difficult one. Because you know you can
travel the easy one.'

D. There are some gyms and camps where you can practise and learn parkour. However, many traceurs
do not like the idea of special places for their activity. The idea behind parkour is to adapt to any
environment and be creative about how you get through it. It is about freedom and self- expression. The
founder of parkour refused to teach people how to do moves or get over obstacles. The whole point is to
learn your own technique and way of moving. So the idea of having classes or a limited space to practise
in conflicts with the values of parkour.

E. Parkour is also known as freerunning. Sometimes freerunning refers to another form of parkour
developed by Sebastien Foucan, which has more focus on the individual. The term freerunning came out
of the film Jump London (2003). It told the story of three French traceurs practising parkour around the
famous monuments of London. Freerunning was the English translation of parkour. There are more

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similarities than differences between the two activities, and the Parkour UK website uses the two terms
to refer to the same activity.

(Source: Mindset for IELTS 1)

Từ vựng cần lưu ý

● military obstacle course training: huấn luyện vượt chướng ngại vật quân sự

● form: thành lập

● value: trân trọng

● humility: sự khiêm tốn

● show off: khoe khoang

● mental/physical barriers: rào cản tinh thần / thể chất

● self- expression: sự thể hiện của bản thân

Questions 1-8

Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write

- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information

- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this

1. You have to use a limited number of moves in parkour.

2. Parkour is mainly done in the countryside.

3. Parkour began in the twentieth century.

4. The Yamakasi did not allow latecomers.

5. When doing parkour, Raymond Belle recommends that you always choose the easy route.

6. There are many gyms in France where you can do parkour.

7. The founder of parkour was a very good teacher of parkour.

8. Freerunning and parkour are similar.

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Bài 4:
Mau Piailug, Ocean Navigator
Mau sailed from Hawaii to Tahiti using traditional methods
In early 1976, Mau Piailug, a fisherman, led an expedition in which he sailed a traditional Polynesian boat
across 2,500 miles of ocean from Hawaii to Tahiti. The Polynesiai Voyaging Society had organised the
expedition. Its purpose was to find out if seafarers in the distant past could have found their way from
one island to the other without navigational instruments, or whether the islands had been populated by
accident. At the time, Mau was the only man alive who knew how to navigate just by observing the stars,
the wind and the sea. He had never before sailed to Tahiti, which was a long way to the south. However,
he understood how the wind and the sea behave around islands, so he was confident he could find his
way. The voyage took him and his crew a month to complete and he did it without a compass or charts.
His grandfather began the task of teaching him how to navigate when he was still a baby. He showed him
pools of water on the beach to teach him how the behaviour of the waves and wind changed in different
places. Later, Mau used a circle of stones to memorise the positions of the stars. Each stone was laid out
in the sand to represent a star.
The voyage proved that Hawaii’s first inhabitants came in small boats and navigated by reading the sea
and the stars. Mau himself became a keen teacher, passing on his traditional secrets to people of other
cultures so that his knowledge would not be lost. He explained the positions of the stars to his students,
but he allowed them to write things down because he knew they would never be able to remember
everything as he had done.
(Source: Complete IELTS Band 4-5)
Từ vựng cần lưu ý
● in the distant past: cách đây từ rất lâu
● navigational instruments: dụng cụ điều hướng
● observe: quan sát
● voyage: hành trình/chuyến đi
● memorise: ghi nhớ
● represent: đại diện
● lay out: bố trí/bày ra/đề ra

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Questions 1-7
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet, write
- TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
- FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
- NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
1. At the time of his voyage, Mau had unique navigational skills.
2. Mau was familiar with the sea around Tahiti.
3. Mau thought it would be difficult to use a compass and charts.
4. Mau’s grandfather was his only teacher.
5. Mau used stones to learn where each star was situated in the sky.
6. The first inhabitants of Hawaii could read and write.
7. Mau expected his students to memorise the positions of the stars.

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