Results in Physics 19 (2020) 103578

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

Temperature-controlled and multi-functional splitter based on dual-core

photonic crystal fiber
Yanzeng Zhang a, b, Hai Liu a, b, *, Cong Chen b, Bingbing Bai b, Shoufeng Tang a, b
a
Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Control for Underground Space, Ministry of Education, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
b
School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: A temperature-controlled dual-core photonic crystal fiber splitter having multiple coupling characteristics is
Temperature-controlled splitter designed through infiltrating a mixture of toluene and chloroform into the twin-core holes. Multiple splitting
Dual-core photonic crystal fiber functions are integrated in the same PCF structure with a fixed length. The incident light within the range of
Passive fiber component
1.30–1.70 μm can be divided into two polarized components in orthogonal directions. The maximum bandwidth
and extinction ratio can reach 255 nm and − 68 dB when the external temperature varies from 10 ◦ C to 27 ◦ C.
Especially, the polarized light waves in one core can shift from previous y-polarization to x-polarization at certain
higher temperatures or vice versa. Meanwhile, the proposed splitter can realize the wavelength splitting of 1.30
μm/1.49 μm, 1.30 μm/1.55 μm, 0.85 μm/1.55 μm and 1.49 μm/1.63 μm through manipulating the operating
temperature. The PCF-based splitter has simpler structure and better performance, and has great potential ap­
plications in the field of integrated optoelectronics.

Introduction magnetic-fluid filling within a wavelength range of 1.45–1.55 μm [14].

Dual-core photonic crystal fibers (DC-PCFs) are widely used in the
design of fiber optic devices due to their high birefringence and coupling
characteristics, including fiber optic sensors, polarization beam splitters,
fiber filters and wavelength division multiplexers [1–4]. As a necessary
component in optical-fiber communication and sensing fields, polari­
zation splitter is usually used to separate the incident beam into two
orthogonal polarizations [5]. Some PCF-based polarization splitters
have a better performance owning to flexible structural design [6,7]. In
2015, Fan et al. used a high refractive-index As2S3 core to enhance the
coupling characteristics of the soft glass DC-PCF, which has a length of
52.29 mm and a bandwidth of 86 nm [8]. In 2016, Zhao et al. proposed a
polarization splitter with two fluorine-doped cores, the splitter length is
52.8 mm and ultra-wide bandwidth is about 320 nm [9]. Many other
splitters are designed through introducing metal wires, noble metal
films, rectangle lattice, or elliptical holes into the PCF structure, but such
PCF is vary difficult to fabricate [10–13]. The above-mentioned pho­
tonic crystal fiber polarization beam splitters (PCF-PBS) are focus on the
splitting of single wavelength beam, how to manipulate the operating
wavelength and the diversity of splitter function is still a interesting
question. In 2017, Wang et al. proposed a SPR-based PCF-PBS by
In 2018, Younis et al. infiltrated nematic liquid crystal (NLC) into the
cladding holes of PCF to achieve polarization splitting of 1.30 μm and
1.55 μm with a fiber length of 5.678 mm and 7.178 mm, respectively
[15]. In 2019, Hagras et al. selected chalcogenide glass (As2S3) and NLC
to realize polarization splitter at 1.55 μm and 1.30 μm with a PCF length
of 83 μm and 166 μm, respectively [16]. Saitoh et al. designed a
multiplexer-demultiplexer by choosing different structure parameters
and splitter lengths [17]. However, such splitters require a adjustable
splitter length to manipulate the operation wavelength, and it is still a
challenge to ensure the accuracy of the cutting length. Therefore, it is
very necessary to design a tunable splitter device with fixed splitter
length.
Clearly, multifunctionality of integrated optoelectronic devices is a
trend. It makes sense to add essential functions besides basic polariza­
tion splitting. We infiltrate a mixed solution into the core holes of the
DC-PCF and regulate the operating wavelength and splitting behavior of
the splitter just by adjusting external temperature. The multi-functional
splitter we proposed can be used as a polarization splitter with adjust­
able central wavelength, A-port polarization converter and a wave­
length splitter. Firstly, we verified the tunability of the central
wavelength of the polarization splitter. By varying the temperature from

* Corresponding author at: School of Information and Control Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China.
E-mail address: lhai_hust@hotmail.com (H. Liu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2020.103578
Received 8 September 2020; Received in revised form 12 October 2020; Accepted 31 October 2020
Available online 6 November 2020
2211-3797/© 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Y. Zhang et al. Results in Physics 19 (2020) 103578

Fig. 1. (a, b) The cross-section of the DC-PCF and (c) principle diagram of the experimental setup.

10 ◦ C to 27 ◦ C, the tuning range of 1.30–1.70 μm can be obtained. The 44,630 domain elements and 2486 boundary elements. In addition, we
maximum bandwidth can reach up to 255 nm. Secondly, we set three use Sellimeier equation to describe the dispersion of pure silica which
sets of operating temperatures for shifting different functions. For the can be seen from Eq.(1) [21].
first set of temperatures (26.5 ◦ C, 22.3 ◦ C, 20.0 ◦ C and 16.2 ◦ C), the
0.6961663λ2 0.4079426λ2 0.8974794λ2
incident light of 1.30 μm, 1.49 μm, 1.55 μm and 1.63 μm can be divided n2 = 1 + 2
+ 2
+ (1)
into two polarized components in orthogonal directions, and the
2
λ − (0.0684043) 2
λ − (0.1162414) λ − (9.896161)2
2

extinction ratio is better than − 60 dB. As the increasing of temperature,

the output of the polarized light in fiber core will change. For the second ntoluene = 1.474775 + 0.00699031λ− 2 + 2.1776 × 10− 4 λ− 4
(2)
set of temperatures (38.4 ◦ C, 37.4 ◦ C, 36.3 ◦ C and 34.4 ◦ C), the y-po­
larization mode output form the A port will be completely replaced by nchloroform = 1.431364 + 0.00563241λ− 2 − 2.0805 × 10− 4 λ− 4 + 1.2613
the x-polarization mode. For the last set of temperatures (12.6 ◦ C , × 10− 5 λ− 6
(3)
31.3 ◦ C, 15.7 ◦ C, 15.9 ◦ C), a tunable wavelength division multiplexer
realized for 0.85 μm/1.55 μm, 1.30 μm/1.55 μm, 1.30 μm/1.49 μm and dn
n = n0 + (T − T0 ) (4)
1.49 μm/1.63 μm is obtained. It is worth noting that the three functions dT
are integrated in a same DC-PCF structure with a fixed splitter length of
13.581 mm. n2 − 1 n2 − 1 n2 − 1
= ϕ1 12 + ϕ2 22 (5)
n2 + 2 n1 + 2 n2 + 2
Model and method The introduction of toluene enhances the refractive index of filled
liquid and ensures that the energy can be limited to the twin-core. So the
The cross-section of proposed PCF-based splitter is shown in Fig. 1 (a- refractive index of the mixture will be slightly lower than that of pure
b), and a mixture of toluene and chloroform is infiltrated into dual-core silica. The RI of the toluene and chloroform (T = 20 ◦ C) is defined as Eq.
holes (labeled as A and B) to make the refractive index (RI) of the cores (2) and Eq.(3) [22]. The temperature-dependent dielectric material RI is
realize continuous variation by adjusting external temperature. The assumed as a linear approximate expression Eq.(4), where n0 is the RI at
diameter of the twin-core is d1 . Two larger air holes with diameter of d2 temperature T0 . The thermo-optical coefficients dn/dT amount to − 5.
are introduced into the PCF to increase the coupling length difference 723 × 10− 4 /◦ C for toluene, − 6.328 × 10− 4 /◦ C for chloroform and 8.6 ×
between × and y-polarization state. Smaller holes with diameter of d3 10− 6 /◦ C for SiO2 [23,24]. The thermo-optical coefficient of SiO2 is
are placed around the larger holes to reduce the coupling length and derived from the temperature dependent sellmeier equation for silica.
facilitate the stacking of capillaries. The other cladding holes have a The Lorentz-Lorenz equation (5) describes the RI of the liquid mixtures
diameter of d4 , and the lattice period is Λ. The DC-PCF can be prepared [25]. In Eq.(5), n, n1 , and n2 represent the RI of the liquid mixture and
through multi-step “stack and draw” procedure [18]. Silica rods and the constituents, respectively. ϕ1 and ϕ2 are the volume fractions of the
capillaries are stacked together and drawn down by using a standard constituents and ϕ2 can be replaced by (1 − ϕ1 ).
fiber drawing tower. A UV-curable adhesive is used to close holes except
for the cores, infiltrate the mixture into the twin-core through capillary LCx,y =
π
=
λ
(6)
force [19]. Fig. 1 (c) indicates the schematic diagram of the experi­ 2(nx,y x,y
βx,y x,y
e − βo e − no )

mental setup, and a temperature controller is used to regulate the ( )

external temperature. The continuous incident light emitted from a Px,y x,y 2
A− out = Pin cos Cx,y L (7)
broadband source (BBS) travels to the PCF through SMF and we can ( )
observe the transmission spectrum by Optical spectrum analyzer (OSA). Px,y x,y 2
B− out = Pin sin Cx,y L (8)
Finite element method (FEM) is used to investigate the coupling char­ ( )/
acteristics of the splitter [20], and the modeling region is meshed into Cx,y = k0 nx,y x,y
e − no 2 = π/2LCx,y (9)

2
Y. Zhang et al.
Fig. 2. Coupling lengths and coupling length ratio versus (A) the volume fraction of toluene, (B) diameter ofd1 , (C) d2 ,(D) d3 , (E) d4 , (F) lattice period of Λ.
(
PxA−
) coupling theory, the energy is coupled periodically along the fiber in two
ER = 10lg out
(10)
PyA−
out
The coupling length LC denotes the propagation distance of the po­
larization beam completely transferred from one core to another. Ac­
cording to the super modes theory, there are four super modes existing
in the DC-PCF [26], including two odd modes and two even modes in
two different polarization directions. LC can be defined by the Eq.(6),
where, βx,y x,y
e and βo are the propagation constants of the even modes and
odd modes respectively, nx,y
e andno are the effective refractive indices of
x,y
the corresponding modes. Since the RI of filled liquid changes contin­
uously with temperature, we can manipulate the coupling length
through regulating the temperature. If the splitter length L = mLxC =
nLyC , the incident beam can be completely split into two orthogonal
polarizations at the output port, where m and n are positive integers with
opposite parity [27]. We define the coupling length ratio of the two
polarizations as CLR = n/m = LxC /LyC . Without loss of generality, we
assume the initial power is launched into core A. According to the mode-
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Results in Physics 19 (2020) 103578
cores. The normalized output powers of two polarized light in core A and
B are described by Eq.(7) and Eq.(8) [28], where L is the transmission
distance. Cx,y is the coupling coefficients of two polarizations. If k0 =
2π/λ, we can defined Cx,y as is shown in Eq.(9). The extinction ratio (ER)
is defined as the comparison of the normalized powers of the two po­
larization modes at the output port of one core. For A-core, it is defined
as Eq.(10) [29]. When the absolute value of ER is greater than − 20dB, it
means that a single polarization mode of interest can be obtained at the
output port.
Next, we analyse the effect of volume fractions and the diameter of
air holes on the splitting performance. Fig. 2 indicates the variation of
the coupling length for x and y-polarized state, and the coupling length
ratio (CLR) under different volume fraction of toluene and structure
parameters (at 20 ◦ C). Generally, when the CLR is 2, the shortest splitter
y
length (L = LxC = 2⋅LC = 4527μm) can be obtained [16]. Therefore,
through comprehensive analysis of the above results, optimal structural
parameters are selected asd1 = 0.99μm,d2 = 3.14μm, d3 = 1.20μm,
Y. Zhang et al. Results in Physics 19 (2020) 103578

Fig. 3. (A) The coupling length and the coupling length ratio, (B) The output normalized power versus propagation distance, (C) The extinction ratio, and (D) The
confinement losses spectrum of the four modes, where the illustrations represent the electric field distribution of (a) y-polarized even mode, (b) y-polarized odd
mode, (c) x-polarized even mode, (d) x-polarized odd mode.

d4 = 1.96μm, Λ = 2.7μm. A mixtures of toluene and chloroform with a
volume ratio of 1:9 have been infiltrated into the twin-core holes. The
proposed structure has shorter coupling length (LxC = 4527μm) and a
CLR of 2 at 1550 nm (20 ◦ C).
Here, we select splitter length L = 3 × LxC = 13.581mm, and two
kinds of polarized light can be separated at the fiber length of L.
Although we have appropriately increased the coupling lengthL, the
splitter with a length of 3LxC has richer coupling properties than that case
of L = LxC .We will compare the coupling properties of the cases with two
different splitter lengths at the end of Section 3.
Fig. 3 shows the basic coupling characteristics of the polarization
splitter obtained at a room temperature of 20 ◦ C. Fig. 3 (A) shows LC of
y
the x and y-polarization, whereLC = 2263μm, LxC = 4527μm and CLR =
2 at 1550 nm. Fig. 3 (B) is calculated from Eq. (7), and indicates the
normalized power variations along the propagation distance in A-core
when the incident beam is launched into A-core. It can be seen that the
two orthogonal polarization modes are split from each other at L =
13.581 mm, and all the power of the y- polarization mode will be output
from A-port. Based on Eq. (10), Fig. 3(C) can be obtained to describe ER
as a function of wavelength. Polarization beam splitting can be realized
at 1550 nm when T = 20 ◦ C, and the bandwidth below − 20 dB is 43 nm
and ER can reach − 68 dB. Fig. 3 (D) describes the confinement losses of

Fig. 4. (A) x-polarization coupling length and (B) ER as functions of wavelength at different temperatures.

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Y. Zhang et al.
Fig. 5. Central wavelength and bandwidth of the splitter versus temperature.
The length of the bar represents the bandwidth.
the four modes, and the mode fields are well confined in two fiber cores.
Eq. (11) shows the relationship between imaginary part of the effective
refractive index and the confinement loss [21]. The four illustrations
represent the electric field distribution of four super modes, where have
different directions of the electric field vectors.
20 2π ( )
αCL = × × Im neff (11)
ln(10) λ
Results and discussion
Polarization splitter with adjustable central wavelength
Since the mixture is infiltrated into twin-core holes, the coupling
length can be continuously adjusted by changing external temperature
of the PCF. Therefore, temperature-controlled polarization splitting can
be achieved under fixed structural parameters and splitter length. Fig. 4
(A) shows the variation of LxC with temperature within the range of
10–27 ◦ C. As the increases of T, the coupling length decreases. As is seen
from Eq.(7), if LxC = 4527μm (the horizontal dashed line in Fig. 4(A)), the
x-polarization mode will be completely coupled to the B-core and the A-
core will retain only y-polarization mode. The values of ER in Fig. 4 (B)
show a good illustration of the output power. It is worth noting that
when the temperature rises to 27 ◦ C, the coupling length LxC at the
wavelengths of 1120 nm and 1232 nm is equal to 4527 μm. Therefore,
Fig. 6. (A) Normalized power of the four incident wavelengths versus propagation distance, (B) extinction ratio at 26.5 ◦ C, 22.3 ◦ C, 20.0 ◦ C and 16.2 ◦ C.
5
Results in Physics 19 (2020) 103578
the extinction ratio will have two dips. According to Eq.(10), when ER is
lower than − 20 dB, the two polarization modes are split at the output
port. As the increases of temperature, the bandwidth of the splitter in­
creases, and the operating wavelength shifts toward the shorter wave­
length direction.
Fig. 5 shows the central wavelength (CW) and bandwidth of the
polarization splitter at different external temperatures. That is, the
splitter separates the two polarizations of the incident wavelengths at a
certain temperature. The bandwidth increases with rising temperature.
Thus, the external temperature of the PCF can be adjusted to select
the actual desired wavelength for beam splitting operation. The oper­
able wavelength range can cover the OESCLU telecom wavebands [30].
According to the relationship between CW and temperature in Fig. 5,
it can be deduced that when the temperature is adjusted to 26.5 ◦ C,
22.3 ◦ C, 20.0 ◦ C and 16.2 ◦ C, polarization splitting can be realized at
1.30 μm, 1.49 μm, 1.55 μm and 1.63 μm, respectively. Fig. 6 (A) depicts
the normalized power of two polarization modes as a function of
propagation distance at above temperatures. It can be seen that the two
orthogonal polarizations all can be effectively split at the splitter length
for different incident wavelengths. Among them, the solid line and the
dotted line represent the y-polarization mode and the x-polarization
mode, respectively. Fig. 6 (B) indicates the wavelength range when the
ER of splitter at corresponding temperature is below − 20 dB. Obviously,
the higher the temperature, the shorter the beam splitting wavelength.
Table 1 shows the central wavelength and bandwidth of the tunable
polarization splitter at the above temperatures.
Polarization converter with adjustable operating wavelength
y
Fig. 7 (A) shows the variations of LC with different temperatures at an
y
incident wavelength of 1.55 μm. With a constant length of PCF, LC de­
y y
creases from LC = L/6 = 2263 μm (20.0 C) to LC = L/9 = 1509 μm
◦
(36.3 ◦ C). If L is divided by an even number, y-polarized light will be
output from the output port of A-core (incident fiber core). When the L is
divided by an odd number, the y- polarized light would be completely
y
coupled to another core. Fig. 7 (B) illustrates the variation of LC with
Table 1
The central wavelength and bandwidth of polarization splitter at operating
temperatures.
Operating temperature (◦ C) Central wavelength (μm) Bandwidth (nm)
26.5 C
◦
1.30 124
22.3 ◦ C 1.49 55
20.0 ◦ C 1.55 43
16.2 ◦ C 1.63 38
Y. Zhang et al. Results in Physics 19 (2020) 103578

Fig. 7. (A) The coupling length of the y-polarization mode at 1.55 μm varies with temperature. (B) The , (C) normalized power, (D) extinction ratio at 38.4 ◦ C,
37.4 ◦ C, 36.3 ◦ C and 34.4 ◦ C.

Table 2
Output polarizations of A at different temperatures.
A output polarization Wavelength (μm)

1.30 μm 1.49 μm 1.55 μm 1.63 μm

only y-pol. 26.5 C

◦
22.3 C
◦
20.0 C◦
16.2 ◦ C
hybrid y/x-pol. 35.1 ◦ C 33.3 ◦ C 31.9 ◦ C 29.3 ◦ C
only x-pol. 38.4 ◦ C 37.4 ◦ C 36.3 ◦ C 34.2 ◦ C

the B core at this wavelength. Therefore, the extinction ratio curve at

Fig. 8. The extinction ratio curves under different temperatures.
different incident wavelengths at higher temperatures. At above four
y
temperature points, the values of LC at 1.30 μm, 1.49 μm, 1.55 μm and
1.63 μm are approximately equal to 1509 μm. Thus, the energy of the y-
polarization mode for these four wavelengths will be completely
coupled into B-core at the corresponding temperature, and only the x-
y
polarization mode present in A-core. At 38.4 ◦ C, LC increases first and
then decreases with the wavelength, so it is also equal to 1509 μm at
1386 nm. Obviously, the y polarization mode is completely coupled into
38.4 ◦ C has double dips (black line in the Fig. 7 (D)). Fig. 7 (C) describes
the coupling process of the power, and solid line and dashed line
represent y-polarized light and x-polarized light respectively. Compared
to Fig. 6 (A), it can be seen that at a higher temperature (38.4 ◦ C,
37.4 ◦ C, 36.3 ◦ C and 34.4 ◦ C), the polarization state of output A-port is
converted from original y-polarization to x-polarization. It is worth
noting that the x-polarization is not completely coupled at this point due
to the fixed splitter length. At a distance of 13.581 mm, the power of the
x-polarization mode is larger than 70% and the insertion loss is less than
1.55 dB, which is an acceptable design [31]. The curve in Fig. 7 (D) can
be derived from Eq.(10), and the ER is positive since only x-polarization
mode is output from the A port at this time.
Fig. 8 shows the ER as a function of temperature for above-
mentioned four incident wavelengths. The negative and positive peaks
are corresponding to Fig. 6 (B) and Fig. 7 (D), respectively. When ER is
lower than − 20 dB, it indicates that only y-polarization mode is
remained in A-core at the output port; If ER is greater than 20 dB, the
output of A-port is converted to x-polarization state. From these figures,
a set of temperature points that can effectively control the output po­
larization state of A-port can be deduced, as is shown in Table 2. When

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Y. Zhang et al. Results in Physics 19 (2020) 103578

Fig. 9. De-multiplexing characteristics of proposed PCF splitter.

Fig. 10. Crosstalk between the two cores of the PCF, (A) and (B).

the temperature is set to 35.1 ◦ C, 33.3 ◦ C, 31.9 ◦ C and 29.3 ◦ C, two

polarization states of the corresponding incident wavelengths would not
Table 3 separate after passing through the splitter, but completely coupling back
The operating wavelengths and bandwidth of wavelength splitter at operating to the A-core. At this point, the A-core outputs a hybrid beam of y and x-
temperatures. polarization. Thus, the A-core can output three different polarization
Operating temperature (◦ C) Operating wavelengths (μm) Bandwidth (nm) modes (y-pol., x-pol. or hybrid state).
15.7 C
◦
1.3 22
1.49 29
Wavelength splitter with adjustable operating wavelength
31.3 C
◦
1.3 23
1.55 84
12.6 ◦ C 0.85 19 The proposed PCF splitter can also be used to separate multiple sets
1.55 48 of operating wavelengths through adjusting the temperature, such as
15.9 ◦ C 1.49 18 1.30 μm/1.49 μm, 1.30 μm/1.55 μm, 0.85 μm/1.55 μm, and 1.49 μm/
1.63 22
1.63 μm, for y-polarization mode with a same splitter length of 13.581

7
Y. Zhang et al. Results in Physics 19 (2020) 103578

Fig. 11. (A) The polarization splitter bandwidth (20 ◦ C) and (B) normalized power of 1.30 μm/1.55 μm under different temperatures with a splitter length of
4527 μm.

bandwidth.
Table 4
Contrast with other polarization splitters based on dual-core PCF.
Conclusion
References Tunable Central wavelength Bandwidth
(μm) (nm)
In conclusion, a temperature-controlled tunable splitter based on a
Wang et al. [5] No 1.55 44 dual-core photonic crystal fiber is designed. A mixture of toluene and
Fan et al. [8] No 1.31 86
Younis et al. [15] Yes 1.3 3
chloroform is infiltrated into the twin-core holes. A tunable polarization
1.55 3 splitter operating in the wavelength range of 1.30 μm-1.70 μm is ach­
Hagras et al. [16] Yes 1.3 38 ieved under a fixed splitter structure and fiber length. The proposed PCF
1.5 46 splitter can manipulate the polarization state of the light waves at output
Liu et al. [27] No 1.55 20
port. The tunable splitter also can operate as a demultiplexer for 1.30
Chen et al. [30] No 1.55 40
Zi et al. [33] Yes 1.31 12 μm/1.49 μm, 1.30 μm/1.55 μm, 0.85 μm/1.55 μm and 1.49 μm/1.63 μm,
1.55 17 respectively. It provides a new method for the further design of multi-
He et al. [34] No 1.55 150 functional fiber integrated devices.
Zi et al. [35] Yes 1.31 20
1.55 30
Proposed polarization Yes 1.3 124
Declaration of Competing Interest
splitter 1.49 50
1.55 43
1.63 38 The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
mm. Fig. 9 represents the normalized power variation along the prop­
agation distance. Fig. 9 (A) indicate that two wavelength beams can be
Acknowledgements
separated into two cores at 15.7 ◦ C. The A-core and B-core output 1.49
μm and 1.30 μm seperately. An important reference for measuring
This work was supported by the Assistance Program for Future
performance metrics for wavelength splitters is the relationship between
Outstanding Talents of China University of Mining and Technology
crosstalk and wavelength. Crosstalk is expressed as the ratio of the
(Grant No. 2020WLJCRCZL021), the Postgraduate Research & Practice
output power of unwanted wavelength to the desired wavelength, and
Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. KYCX20_2051), the
can be defined as Eq.(12) [32]. Fig. 10 shows the crosstalk between the
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51874301),
two operation wavelengths in Fig. 9 (A) with bandwidths of 22 nm and
and the Primary Research & Developement Plan of Xuzhou City (Grant
29 nm, respectively. The remaining three groups have similar crosstalk
No. KC20162).
curves. Table 3 shows the bandwidth of the 4 groups described in Fig. 9
when the crosstalk is lower than − 20db.
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