⃰ The Following Texts and Images are credited to the original authors, publishers

and the relevant pages on the internet. These contents are intended to use
only for in-classroom-education.⃰

Wise Wish METC

Aye Swe (WW METC) 1
Digital
Technique

AYE SWE (WW METC)

LOGIC GATES

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 The term logic is applied to digital circuits used to implement logic
functions.

 Several kinds of digital logic circuits (called Logic Gates) are the
basic elements that form the building blocks for such complex digital
systems as the computer.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 The basic logic functions and symbols.

 The lines connected to each symbol are the inputs and outputs.
 The inputs are on the left of each symbol and the output is on the right.
 A circuit that performs a specified logic function (AND, OR) is called a
logic gate.
 AND and OR gates can have any number of inputs, as indicated by the
dashes in the figure.
AYE SWE (WW METC)
 In logic functions, the true/false conditions mentioned earlier are
represented by a HIGH (true) and a LOW (false).

 Each of the three basic logic functions produces a unique

response to a given set of conditions.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 NOT

 The NOT function changes one logic level to the opposite logic level.

 When the input is HIGH

(1), the output is LOW
(0). When the input is
LOW, the output is
HIGH.

 The NOT function is

implemented by a logic
circuit known as an
inverter.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 NOT

 The NOT function changes one logic

level to the opposite logic level.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 AND
 The AND function produces a HIGH output only when all the inputs are HIGH,
(for the case of two inputs).
 When one input is HIGH and the other input is HIGH, the output is HIGH.
 When any or all inputs are LOW, the output is LOW. The AND function is
implemented by a logic circuit known as an AND gate.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 AND
 The AND function produces a HIGH
output only when all the inputs are
HIGH, (for the case of two inputs).

 Only when both input (A and

B) is one (i.e. both A and B is
closed), the load will get
energized (i.e., the output,
will get one),

AYE SWE (WW METC)

Simple Seat Belt Alarm Circuit

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 OR
 The OR function produces a HIGH output when one or more inputs are HIGH (for
the case of two inputs).
 When one input is HIGH or the other input is HIGH or both inputs are HIGH, the
output is HIGH.
 When both inputs are LOW, the output is LOW. The OR function is implemented
by a logic circuit known as an OR gate.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 OR
 The OR function produces a HIGH
output when one or more inputs are
HIGH (for the case of two inputs).
Q

The output load is energized when if at least

one switch (A or B) is closed.
The output is TRUE if input A OR input B is
TRUE.
Or Both A and B are TRUE.
AYE SWE (WW METC)
A simplified intrusion detection system

AYE SWE (WW METC)

AYE SWE (WW METC)
 Universal gate NAND

Distinctive shape, 2-input NAND gate and its NOT/AND equivalent

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 Universal gate NAND

Operation of a 2-input NAND gate

AYE SWE (WW METC)

  If tank A and tank B are
above one-quarter full,
the LED is on.

 As long as both sensor

outputs are HIGH (5
V), indicating that both
tanks are more than
one-quarter full, the
NAND gate output is
LOW (0 V).

 The green LED circuit

is connected so that a
LOW voltage turns it
on. The resistor limits
the LED current.
AYE SWE (WW METC)
 A NAND gate can be used for an OR operation that requires one or more LOW
inputs to produce a HIGH output.
 This aspect of NAND operation is referred to as negative-OR. The term
negative in this context means that the inputs are defined to be in the active or
asserted state when LOW.

 For a 2-input NAND gate performing a negative-OR operation, output X is

HIGH when either input A or input B is LOW, or when both A and B are LOW.
AYE SWE (WW METC)
  If tank A or tank B or both
are below one-quarter full,
the LED is on.

 The same 2-input NAND

gate is used, but in this
example, it is operating as
a negative-OR gate and a
different gate symbol is
used in the schematic.

 This illustrates the different

way in which the NAND
and equivalent negative-
OR operations are used.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 Universal NOR Gate

Distinctive shape, 2-input NOR gate and its NOT/OR equivalent

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 Universal NOR Gate

Operation of a 2-input NOR gate

AYE SWE (WW METC)
 A NOR gate can be used for an AND operation that requires all LOW inputs to
produce a HIGH output.
 This aspect of NOR operation is called negative-AND. The term negative in this
context means that the inputs are defined to be in the active or asserted state
when LOW.

 For a 2-input NOR gate performing a negative-AND operation, output X is HIGH

only when both inputs A and B are LOW.
AYE SWE (WW METC)
 A green LED display turns on if all three gears are properly extended when the “gear down” switch
has been activated in preparation for landing.
 A red LED display turns on if any of the gears fail to extend properly prior to landing.

 When a landing
gear is
extended, its
sensor produces
a LOW voltage.

 When a landing
gear is
retracted, its
sensor produces
a HIGH voltage.
Implement a
circuit to meet
this requirement.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 Logic Gates (Logic ICs)
Logic gates are available on ICs (chips) which usually contain several gates of the
same type, for example the 4001 IC contains four 2-input NOR gates. There are
several families of logic ICs, and they can be split into two groups:
the 4000 series and the 74 Series

AYE SWE (WW METC)

Two input TTL NAND gate

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 Two input CMOS NOR gate
AYE SWE (WW METC)
AYE SWE (WW METC)
AYE SWE (WW METC)
EX-OR function using NAND gates

EX-NOR function using NANDAYE

gates
SWE (WW METC)
AYE SWE (WW METC)
AYE SWE (WW METC)
XNOR Function in practical use

HIGH FLOAT LOW FLOAT ALM

UP UP 1
DN UP 0
UP DN 0
DN DN 1

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 The three basic logic functions AND, OR, and NOT can be
combined to form various other types of more complex logic
functions, such as comparison, arithmetic, code conversion,
encoding, decoding, data selection, counting, and storage.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

 A digital system is an arrangement of the individual logic functions
connected to perform a specified operation or produce a defined output.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

Tank with level and temperature sensors and controls.

AYE SWE (WW METC)

AYE SWE (WW METC)
 Logic diagram of the temperature control
AYE SWE (WW METC) logic
Block diagram for temperature control circuit
AYE SWE (WW METC) ⃰ BCD: Binary Coded Decimal
 circuit screen
for the valve control logic
 The inlet and
outlet valve
control logic
simulation screen
is shown here.

 SPDT switches
are used to
represent the
level and flow
sensor inputs and
the temperature
indication.

 Probes are used

to indicate the
outputs

AYE SWE (WW METC)