Cell Membrane Structure

Cell membranes are an essential component of the cell, providing separation between the intracellular and
extracellular environment. They are composed of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.
In this article we shall consider the main functions of the cell membrane, the composition of membranes and clinical
conditions in which a portion of the cell membrane is abnormal.

In a cell, different parts of the membrane have different functions and therefore their structure is specialised for this.
 Components

Phospholipids
The membrane bilayer contains many kinds of phospholipid molecules, with different sized head and tail molecules. Head end is
hydrophilic and tail end is hydrophobic.

Cholesterol
Cholesterol is important in the membrane as it helps to maintain cell membrane stability and fluidity at varying temperatures.
Cholesterol is bound to neighbouring phospholipid molecules via hydrogen bonds and therefore at low temperatures, reduces their
packing. Overall this means at low temperatures, when rate of movement is lowest, a fluid phase is maintained.

Membrane Proteins
As part of the cell membrane, proteins can either be deeply embedded within the bilayer (integral) or be associated with the surface of
the cell (peripheral).

Functions of the Cell Membrane

Cell membranes are vital for the normal functioning of all the cells in our bodies.
Their main functions consist of:
Forming a continuous, highly selectively permeable barrier – both around cells and intracellular compartments.
Allowing the control of an enclosed chemical environment – important to maintain ion gradients.
Communication – both with the extracellular and extra-organelle space.
Recognition – including recognition of signalling molecules, adhesion proteins and other host cells (very important in the immune
system).
Signal generation – in response to a stimulus creating a change in membrane potential.