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6-Modern Physics8
6-Modern Physics8
6-Modern Physics8
I A W
W
E P m
- E
E h (1)
-
h h
P …….(2)
C
P
-
Debroglie
1924
-
h
(3)
P
- m
1
h
(4)
m.
m 4
1928 1928
mo 4 4
m
mo
m (5)
v2
1 2
C
5
-
Davisson and Germer 1927
1 Laue
االلكتروناث المشتتت
2
الشعاع االلكتروني
قبل 80o
التسخين الشعاع االلكتروني 45o
الشعاع االلكتروني
() b
a 2
b
V
- 75ev
T e V )(8
me 2
eV
2
2eV
2
me
h h
)…..(9
me V 2eVme
Estermann and Stern
Jehnson
50 54ev
2.15 Ao D
n=1
3
n D Sin
n=1, 50o , D= 2.15 Ao
2.15 Ao Sin 50o
1.646 1.65Ao
-
h
mo
h
2mo eV
6.63 1034 J . sec
2 9.1 1031 kg 1.6 1019 J / e V 54e V
1.66 Ao
Wave Function -
Wave Function
4
t x y Z
P
2
1 0
W
W (1)
h
(2)
m
m
-
E h. (3)
E
4
OR: E / h …..(4)
E m C2 (5)
4 5
C2
m 4 5 (6)
h
1 6 2
mC 2
W
m
2
C
W (7)
C C
7
W
w
w u
ABC w ABC 4
w + dw d
5
A B
C w
x
at t 0
A B C
w dw
x
d
wt
d
A B C
S d
A B C
(w dw)t
4
t=0 B' B
B' t
A A' d B
- u s A' A
s
u ….(8)
t
4
s wt
8
u w ….(9)
t
t B B' d
d (w dw)t wt tdw
d
t
dw
9 t
dw
u w ….(10)
d
w 10
dw
d
uw
6
m2 c 2 2 1 2
w c (1 2 ) ….(11)
h
dw C m2 c 2
d [1 ( M 2 c 2 h2 )2 ] h2
dw
9
d
mo2 c 2
w c (1 2 )1 2
h2
c2
u
w
c2
w
u
h
-b
mV
-c
2
C
< C C W
1Mev 1
8
10 m/sec 2
o
V e A 3
7
mo 4
h 1 2 / c
2 12
mo
100 volt -1 5
800 volt -2
- 6
1/10 -a
20,000 -b
-c
5,000 -d
1ev
300k 7
25
-
h o moC 2 mo
2
h C
W
m
mo
m
2
1 2
C
3×10-8cm 8
0.3Ao
10 Mev 9
T >> mo C2 mo C2 T 10
2
S 11
g
g 12
2
8
Un certainty Principle
x
Px x Px
y y y
y
1927 Heisenberg
PX X
X .PX h 1
1 h
–
X .PX h / 2
-
h
(2)
P
2
Wave number K (3)
2 P hK
K P …..(4)
h 2
- 4 P K
9
h
P K
2
h X
P K .
2 X
h
X .P K .X
2
1
X .K 1 K
X
h
X .P ….(5)
2
h
-
2
1.0541034 J.S
1 1
X x X x X - 5
2 2
1 1
Px 5 X X Px Px Px Px
2 2
Px Px X
X
X
P
t E
-
E t h
-
E t ….(6)
- t E
E h
E h
E
….(7)
h
- 7 6
10-8
E t
E
t
1.05 1034 J . s e c
E
108 s e c
E 1.054 10 26 J
10
-
E h
E
E h
h
26
1.054 10 J
6.63 10 34 J . sec
1.6 107 Hz
1cm/sec -
X 0.07m
10-6 m 1kg
10-6 m
-
Px .X h ….(1)
P m ….(2)
11
2
P m ….(3)
- 1 3
h
x .X
m
h 1
x .
m X
-
34
6.6 10 J . sec 1
6
1kg 10 m
x 6.6 1028 m / sec
-
34
6.6 10 J .sec 1
x 31
10
9.11 10 kg 10 m
x 7.3 106 m / sec
7.2×10-15 m -
7.2×10-15 m
h 6.63 1034 J .sec
X .P h P
X 7.2 1015 m
m2
kg. 2 . sec
P 9.2 1020 sec
m
P 9.2 1020 kg.m / sec
P mP
9.2 10 20 k g .m / sec
P mP
1.67 10 27 k g
5.5 107 m / sec
X -
12
0.005%
0.005
600 0.03
100
0.03 (3)
2 3
P 9.1 10 kg 0.03m. sec1
31
6000Ao E.t -
104 Ao
E h
C
Eh
…..(1)
E hC1
, 1 -
E
hC 2
hC
E 2
6.63 1034 J . sec 3 108 m. sec1 10 4 1010 m
E
600010 10 2
E.t
E.t
t
E
1.054 1034 J . sec
t
5.525 1034 J
t 1.9 sec
m
e P N
13
-1
-2
-3
- The Electron Microscope -1
- V
12.3 Ao
V
Ao
-
h / m
m 2mT
0.122 10,000V V
Electrostatic Lenses -2
V1 V2 V1
2
V2 V1 Ve
Magnetic Lenses -3
3
14
e
e
e e
1kev 1
o
1A
40kev 2
10Ao 3
1
1Ao 6 4
10
t 1011 m 5
1011 m
10m/sec -a 6
0.1%
e -b
15