Name:Gracie Hennessy Quiz Section: AK

Lab Partner: Student ID #:

Rishab Ragineni 2360574

CHEM 152 Experiment #4: Thermodynamics I (Calorimetry)

Goals of this lab:

• Using experimental data, calculate the heat capacity of the calorimeter
• Accurately measure quantities (masses, volumes, and temperature) in the lab
• Apply the mechanics of dimensional analysis in the context of constant-pressure
calorimetry to calculate the enthalpies for three types of reactions (fusion,
neutralization, and hydration)
• Assess the accuracy of experimental data and identify sources of error
• Predict the effect of procedural changes on the resulting data and observations

Your lab report will be graded on the following criteria using a poor/good/excellent
rating system:
• All calculations are clear and accurate, with proper use of significant figures, units,
etc.
• Observations made and data collected in lab are careful and accurate; unexpected
or unusual results are repeated to ensure accuracy
• Lab report is clear, legible, and neat with calculations shown in detail
• Error analysis is well-supported and valid
• All data and tables are clearly and accurately labeled; entire report is typed

By signing below, you certify that you have not falsified data, that you have not
plagiarized any part of this lab report, and that all calculations and responses other
than the reporting of raw data are your own independent work. Failure to sign this
declaration will result in 5 points being deducted from your lab score.

Signature: _______Gracie Hennessy_________________________________

This lab is worth 60 points: 10 points for notebook pages, 50 points for the lab report
(Do NOT include your notebook pages when you scan your report for upload into Gradescope.)

Page 1 of 8
Name:Gracie Hennessy Quiz Section: AK

Note: All sections of this report must be typed

DATA AND CALCULATIONS
A: Heat Capacity of the Calorimeter
Run 1 Run 2 Run 3 Units
Voltage 2.4 2.4 2.37 J/C
Current 7.6 7.6 7.6 C/s
Time 85 86 88 s
Initial temperature 22.4 22.0 22.3 ºC
Final temperature 26.6 26.0 26.5 ºC
*(a) Energy into calorimeter from power supply 1550 1569 1585 J
*(b) Heat Capacity of Calorimeter, Ccal 369.1 392.2 377.4 J/ºC

Average, Ccal 380 Standard Dev 12

Units J/ºC Units J/ºC

E78:E83
In the following boxes, provide examples of the calculations you performed for Run #1:

*(a) qcal
q=(current)(time)(voltage)
q=(7.6 C/s)(85 s)(2.4 J/C)
q= 1550.4 J

*(b) Ccal
Ccal= q/(Tf-Ti) = (current x time x voltage)/(Tf-Ti)
Ccal= (1550.4 J)/(26.6-22.4)
Ccal= 369.1 J/ºC

Page 2 of 8
Name:Gracie Hennessy Quiz Section: AK
B: Enthalpy of Fusion of Water
Run 1 Run 2 Units
Ccal(Average) (autofills from cell D75 & D76)
380 380 J/ºC
Mass of calorimeter, stir bar and water 133.71 154.30 g
Mass of calorimeter, stir bar, and water + mass
of added ice (or melted ice) 80.01 80.05 g
Mass of ice 7.21 6.92 g
Temperature of calorimeter before ice addition 22.4 22.2 ºC
Temperature of ice before addition to the
calorimeter 0.0 0.0 ºC
Temp. of the calorimeter after addition and
melting of the ice 10 2.4 ºC
DTcal -12.4 -19.8 ºC
* (a) Heat lost by calorimeter (qcal) -4,712 -7,524 J
DTwater from ice 10.0 2.4 ºC
Specific heat of water 4.184 4.184 J/gºC
* (b) Heat gained by ice cube to warm water from ice
temperature (q) 302 69 J
*(c) Enthalpy of fusion of ice, DH fusion in J/g 612 1,077 J/g
Average DH 422 J/g
Standard Dev 329 J/g
In the following boxes, provide examples of the calculations you performed for Run #1:
*(a) q cal
qcal= Ccal x (Tf-ti)
= (380)(-12.4)
= -4712 J

*(b) q for heating the water that was ice (warming melted ice)
qwater = Cwater x mass ice x ChangeT water from ice
= (4.184 J/gºC)(7.21 g)(10.0 ºC)
= 301.67 J

*(c) DHfusion (melting the ice)

= (heat lost to calorimeter - heat to warm water) / mass of ice
= (4712 - 302)/(7.21)
= 611.65 J/g

Page 3 of 8
Name:Gracie Hennessy Quiz Section: AK
C & D: Enthalpy of Neutralization of HCl/NaOH and Acetic Acid/NaOH
HCl concentration and volume used: 0.50 M 40 mL
NaOH concentration and volume used: 0.50 M 40 mL
Run 1 Run 2 Units
Ccal(Average) (autofills from cell D75 & D76) 380 380 J/ºC
Tinitial (HCl), ˚C 19.4 20.5 ºC
Tinitial (NaOH), ˚C 20.4 20.7 ºC
Tinitial (average), ˚C 19.9 20.6 ºC
Tfinal , ˚C 23.3 23.7 ºC
∆T, ˚C 3.4 3.1 ºC
* (a) Moles H2O formed in reaction 0.020 0.020 mol
* (b) q (J) (magnitude of heat gained/lost ) 1,292 1,178 J
* (c) ∆H neutralization (kJ/mol) -64.6 -58.9 kJ/mol
Average ∆H neutralization, kJ/mol -61.8 kJ/mol
Standard Dev 4.0 kJ/mol

Acetic acid concentration and volume used: 0.50 M 40 mL

NaOH concentration and volume used: 0.50 M 40 mL
Run 1 Run 2 Units
Ccal(Average) (autofills from cell D75 & D76) 380 380 J/ºC
Tinitial (acetic acid), ˚C 20.6 20.7 ºC
Tinitial (NaOH), ˚C 20.4 20.7 ºC
Tinitial (average), ˚C 20.5 20.7 ºC
Tfinal , ˚C 23.9 24 ºC
∆T, ˚C 3.4 3.3 ºC
Moles H2O formed in reaction 0.020 0.020 mol
q (J) (magnitude of heat gained/lost ) 1,292 1,254 J
∆H neutralization (kJ/mol) -64.6 -62.7 kJ/mol
Average, ∆H neutralization, kJ/mol -63.7 kJ/mol
Standard Dev 1.3 kJ/mol
In the following boxes, provide examples of the calculations you performed for Run #1:
*(a) moles of H2O produced by HCl/NaOH reaction
=M x L
= (0.5 M)(0.04 L)
= 0.02 mol

*(b) the magnitude of the heat gained/lost for the HCl/NaOH reaction
= Ccal x (Tf-Ti)
= (380 J/ºC)(3.4 ºC)
= 1292. J

*(c) DHneutralization for the HCl/NaOH reaction

= (-q)/ mol H2O formed
= (-1292 J)/ 0.02 mol
= -64600 J/mol
= -64.6 kJ/mol

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Name:Gracie Hennessy Quiz Section: AK
E: Enthalpy of Hydration of Magnesium Sulfate
MgSO 4 Run 1 Run 2 Units
Ccal(Average) (autofills from cell D75 & D76) 380 380 J/ºC
Mass MgSO 4 added, g 5.011 4.989 g
* (a) Moles of MgSO 4 0.04163 0.04145 mol
Tinitial, ˚C 22.0 22.7 ºC
Tfinal , ˚C 30 30.3 ºC
∆T, ˚C 8 7.6 ºC
* (b) q (J) (magnitude of heat gained/lost ) 3,040 2,888 J
* (c) ∆H solution (kJ/mol) 73.0 69.7 kJ/mol
Average, ∆H solution, kJ/mol 71.4 kJ/mol
Standard Dev 2.4 kJ/mol

MgSO 4·7H2O Run 1 Run 2 Units

Ccal(Average) (autofills from cell D75 & D76) 380 380 J/ºC
Mass MgSO 4∙7 H2O added, g 10.133 10.201 g
* (a) Moles MgSO 4∙7H2O 0.041104 0.041380 mol
Tinitial, ˚C 22.3 22.6 ºC
Tfinal , ˚C 21 21 ºC
∆T, ˚C -1.3 -1.6 ºC
q (J) (magnitude of heat gained/lost ) -494 -608 J
∆H solution (kJ/mol) -12.0 -14.7 kJ/mol
Average, ∆H solution, kJ/mol -13.4 kJ/mol
Standard Dev 1.9 kJ/mol

* (d) Overall Enthalpy of Hydration 84.8 kJ/mol

In the following boxes, provide examples of the calculations you performed for Run #1:
*(a) moles of each solid moles of MgSO4-7H2O MM(MgSO4-&H2O): 246.52 g/mol
mol= (mass MgSO4)/MM MgSO4 (10.133g)/(246.52 g/mol) = 0.041104 mol
mol = (5.011 g)/(120.37 g/mol)
mol = 0.04163 mol

*(b) the magnitude of q for the MgSO 4 dissolving in water

q= Ccal x (change T)
q= 380 J/ºC x 8.0 ºC
q= 3040 J

*(c) DH solution for MgSO 4 dissolving in water

= q/mol
= 3040 J / 0.04163 mol
= 73024.3 J/mol
= 73.02 kJ/mol

*(d) overall DHhydration

= DHproducts - DHreactants
= (71.4 kJ/mol) - (-13.4 kJ/mol)
= 84.8 kJ/mol

Page 5 of 8
Name:Gracie Hennessy Quiz Section: AK
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
1. Consider your data from this experiment. Ccal from pg 1 380 J/ºC
o
If Ccal = Ccup + Cwater, calculate Cwater *Cwater 335 J/ C
o
and Ccup for this experiment *Ccup 45 J/ C
Provide the calculation for Cwater.
Cwater = (mass of water) x (heat capacity of water)
= (80.065 g) x (4.184 J/gºC)
= 334.992 J/ºC

Provide the calculation for Ccup.

Ccup = Ccal - Cwater
= 380 J/ºC - 335 J/ºC
= 45 J/ºC

2. What would Ccal have been if

you had used 50 mL (or 50 g) of water instead? 255 J/oC

Provide the calculation for the new Ccal for 50 mL.

New Cwater = (4.184 J/gºC)(50g) = 209.2 J/C
New Ccal = 209.2 J/C + 45 J/C = 254.65 J/C

Your result for the DHfusion from pg 3 of the report is autofilled here: 422 J/g
3. The literature value for the DHfusion of water is 334 J/g. Calculate the % error for your result.
% error = (|actual - theoretical|)/(theoretical) x 100
= (|422-334|)/(422) x 100
= 20.85 %

4. How would a different mass of ice affect the determination of the enthalpy of fusion? Explain.

A different mass would have no effect on the caluclation or determination of the enthalpy of fusion. A change in
mass would effect the ratio of final temperature and mass. If a small piece of ice is measured, it will have a smaller
mass and higher final temperature, meaning the calculation of the enthalpy of fusion stays somewhat constant.

Page 6 of 8
Name:Gracie Hennessy Quiz Section: AK

Your results for the DHneutralization from HCl/NaOH -62 kJ/mol

pg 4 of the report is autofilled here: Acetic Acid/NaOH -64 kJ/mol

5. According to the Zumdahl textbook, the enthalpy of neutralization for a strong acid and strong base is
-58 kJ/mole (see section 9.4 in Zumdahl). Explain how your value compares with this literature value
(include a calculation of % error as part of your response)?

% error = (|actual - theoretical|)/(theoretical) x 100

= (|-62-(-58)|)/(|-62|) x 100
= 6.5 % error

My value has a 6.5 percent error and is about 4 kJ lower than the given value.

6. What is the biggest source of error in the enthalpy of neutralization measurements performed in this
experiment?

For this experiement the biggest source of errors would have incorrect readings and procedural mistakes. When
taking the temperatures of HCl and NaOH we could have taken them more than two times and let the thermometer
stabilize for longer in order to find a more accurate value. In addition to this major reason, heat could have
escaped from the calorimeter as well as there was some spillage of HCl in trial one.

7. What, if any, is the effect of acid strength on the enthalpy of neutralization?

Stronger acids have higher enthalpy of neutralizations because the small amount of enthalpy in weak acid
neutralizations are used to dissociate weak acid thath hasn't been dissociated in the solution. My data supports
this because the stronger acid reaction has a larger enthalpy of neutralization value.

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Name:Gracie Hennessy Quiz Section: AK

8. Suppose your thermometer is off by 1.5 oC i.e. it reads values that are 1.5 oC higher. How would this
affect the results in this experiment?

Since the thermometer is shifted by 1.5 degrees C, this would mean both the intial and infal values are shifted by
1.5 degrees in the same direction, meaning the change in temperature would not change. However, the
thermometer should be fixed!

Laboratory Waste Evaluation

Laboratory waste is considered anything generated during an experiment that is disposed of down the sewer drain,
thrown in the garbage, collected in a container for disposal by the UW Environmental Health & Safety department, or
released into the environment. Based on the written lab procedure and your actions during the lab, list the identity and
approximate amount (mass or volume) of waste that you generated while performing this experiment.

- 80 mL HCl
- 80 mL HOAc
- 160 mL NaOH
- 10 g MgSO4
- 20.8 g MgSO4*7H2O
- 1000 g DI Water Approximately
- 3 Pipettes
- 15 Paper Towels
- 15 g Ice Approximately

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