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Curved Alignment
Changes in direction of sewer lines are usually Figure 11 Deflected
DeflectedStraight
StraightPipe
Pipe
accomplished at manhole structures. Grade and align- Figure
ment changes in concrete pipe sewers, however, can be
incorporated into the line through the use of deflected L
straight pipe, radius pipe or specials. t L
2
DEFLECTED STRAIGHT PIPE Pull
With concrete pipe installed in straight alignment
Bc D
and the joints in a home (or normal) position, the joint ∆
space, or distance between the ends of adjacent pipe 1/2 N
sections, is essentially uniform around the periphery of
the pipe. Starting from this home position any joint may t
be opened up to the maximum permissible on one side
while the other side remains in the home position. The
difference between the home and opened joint space
is generally designated as the pull. The maximum per-
missible pull must be limited to that opening which will
provide satisfactory joint performance. This varies for R
different joint configurations and is best obtained from
the pipe manufacturer. 1/2 N
∆
( )
R= (1)
1 ∆
2 TAN
2 N
Figure 2 Curved Alignment Using Deflected
Figure 2 Curved Alignment Using Deflected
where: Straight Pipe
Straight Pipe
R = radius of curvature, meters
L = length of pipe sections measured along
the centerline, meters ∆
∆ = total deflection angle of curve, degrees P.I.
∆
N = number of pipe with pulled joints /N
∆
/N
∆ = total deflection of each pipe, degrees ∆
/N
L
N
1 D ∆
/N
From Figure 1, the deflection angle is further
L
2 N
2
defined as:
C. ∆
/N
P.
P.
where: o
N ctio ing ∆/
DI
N
re y
US
∆
PULL = joint opening, millimeters Di La
D = inside pipe diameter, millimeters
t = wall thickness, millimeters
PULLx =
Lx
L8 ( ) ( )(
Ru
Rx
PULL8 (3) ) = +
L(D total
R =N = number
DROP ( )
2t) deflection
D angle of curve, degrees
- of +radius
2
t pipe (6)
Rx = (Lx/L8)(PULL8/PULLx) Ru (4) L = standard pipe length being used, meters
where: (
R =NBc= total
L
DROP 2 )
-1
deflection angle of each pipe (7)
Figure 3 3 Radius
Figure Pipe
Radius Pipe Figure 4 Curved Alignment Using Radius Pipe
Figure 4 Curved Alignment Using Radius Pipe
L L
L
2
t
D ∆
P.C.
L
∆
2
t N
DROP
T.
P.
Radius
yin n
La tio
g
∆ True
of irec
Radius
D
L Point
t
R
90 +
∆ L
N 2
90 D
Projection of joints
∆ do not converge at
N Drop common point, but
Common method of are tangents to a
common circle
manufacturing radius pipe. whose diameter
is equal to pipe length.
Table 1 Unit Radius of Curvature For 2.44 Meter Straight Deflected Pipe With 25 mm Pull
Size 300 375 450 525 600 675 750 825 900 1050 1200 1350 1500 1650 1800 1950 2100 2250 2400
Radius 39 47.7 56.2 64.7 73.2 81.9 90.4 98.9 107.4 124.5 141.5 158.7 175.7 192.9 209.8 227 244 261.2 278.2
80
Le
ng
th
70
L
=
4.
88
m
60
3.
66
m
3.
05
50
m
2. .28
44 m
2
40
1.
83
m
1.
22
30
m
20
R/Bc Ratio
Outside
Inside Diameter
Diameter Bc, Meters
D, mm B wall
600 0.750
675 0.840
750 0.930
825 1.010
900 1.100
10 1050 1.276
1200 1.450
9 1350 1.626
1500 1.800
8 1650 1.976
1800 2.150
7 1950 2.326
2100 2.500
2250 2.675
6 2400 2.850
2550 3.026
2700 3.200
5 2850 3.380
3000 3.556
3300 3.912
3600 4.268
4
3
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 300 325 350 375
Drop in Millimeters
American Concrete Pipe Association • www.concrete-pipe.org • info@concrete-pipe.org 4
© 2012 American Concrete Pipe Association, all rights reserved. DD 21M (11/12)
Technical data herein is considered reliable, but no guarantee is made or liability assumed.