EE330A: Power Systems

Module V
Transmission line parameters
Lecture 3
 Previous lectures

 Shunt conductance – Corona loss

 Line resistance
 Inductance of conductor due to internal flux

27 August 2018 EE330A 2

Inductance of conductor due to internal flux
 The total inductance of a current carrying conductor due
to the internal magnetic flux is
µr
Lint = ×10 −7 H / m
2
µ r − Relative permeability of conductor wrt free space
 It is independent of conductor’s radius
 Generally, conductors are non-magnetic materials µ r ≈ 1
 Assumptions
• Current density is uniform in cross section of conductor
(No skin effect)
• Return conductor is far away – no distortions in concentric
magnetic flux lines

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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Same assumptions
• Current density is uniform in cross section of conductor
• Return conductor is far away

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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Same assumptions
• Current density is uniform in cross section of conductor
• Return conductor is far away
 Conductor of radius r with
current I out of plane

r
I

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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Same assumptions
• Current density is uniform in cross section of conductor
• Return conductor is far away
 Conductor of radius r with
current I out of plane
 Points P1 and P2 are at P1
distances D1 and D2 from

D1
centre of conductor
r
I

D2
P2
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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Same assumptions
• Current density is uniform in cross section of conductor
• Return conductor is far away
 Conductor of radius r with
current I out of plane
 Points P1 and P2 are at P1
distances D1 and D2 from

D1
centre of conductor
r
I
 By right hand thumb rule,
concentric flux lines are in
counterclockwise direction

D2
P2
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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Consider a cross section of width dx and length dl at
distance x > r, from the centre of the conductor

P1

x dl

D1
r
I
dx

D2
P2
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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Consider a cross section of width dx and length dl at
distance x > r, from the centre of the conductor
 Directions of length vector dl, field intensity Hx & flux dl
density Bx are shown Hx
Bx

P1

x dl

D1
r
I
dx

D2
P2
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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Consider a cross section of width dx and length dl at
distance x > r, from the centre of the conductor
 Directions of length vector dl, field intensity Hx & flux dl
density Bx are shown Hx
Bx
 By Ampere’s law, net mmf
around a closed path is P1
equal to net current
enclosed which is also the x dl

D1
line integral of field intensity r
I
dx
tangent to circumference of
closed path

D2
P2
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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Consider a cross section of width dx and length dl at
distance x > r, from the centre of the conductor
 Directions of length vector dl, field intensity Hx & flux dl
density Bx are shown Hx
Bx
 By Ampere’s law, net mmf
around a closed path is P1
equal to net current
enclosed which is also the x dl

D1
line integral of field intensity r
I
dx
tangent to circumference of
closed path

D2
∫H x .dl = I
P2
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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Since, current density is uniform, hence Hx is same at all
points on circumference of circle
 Thus, line integral results to dl
Hx
H x ∫ dl = I Bx
⇒ H x 2πx = I
P1
I
⇒ Hx = At / m x dl

D1
2πx
r
I
 Flux density is dx
µ0 I
Bx = µ 0 µ r ,air H x = Wb / m 2

D2
2πx
where µ r ,air = 1 P2
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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Stored magnetic energy density is
Bx H x µ0 I 2
u Bx = = 2 2 J / m3
2 8π x dl
Hx
 Stored energy is density Bx
times volume, which is
µ0 I 2 P1
dE = u Bx 2πx.1.dx = dxJ / m
4πx x dl

D1
 Total stored energy is r
I
dx
µ 0 I 2  D2 
E= ln  J / m

D2
4π  D1 
P2
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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 Total stored is also LI 2
E= J /m
2
 Hence, inductance between P1 & P2 outside the conductor
due to the conductor’s current is
µ 0  D2 
Lext , P1 , P2 = ln  H / m
2π  D1 
 Alternatively, flux linkage per unit length b/w P1 and P2 is
µ0 I
dλ = Bx .dx.1 = dxWbt / m
2πx
 Thus, total flux linkage between P1 and P2 is
µ 0 I  D2 
D2

λ = ∫ dλ = ln Wbt / m
D1
2π  D1 
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 Inductance b/w points outside conductor
 By definition of inductance,
λ
L= H
I
 Hence, inductance between P1 & P2 outside the conductor
due to the conductor’s current is
µ 0  D2 
Lext , P1 , P2 = ln  H / m
2π  D1 
 Thus, effective inductance b/w centre of conductor and a
point which is distance D away from centre is
 µ 0 µ r µ 0  D  −7  D 
LD = Lint + Lext ,r , D = + ln  = 2 ×10 ln − µ r / 4  H / m
 8π 2π  r   re 
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 Inductance of single phase two wire lines

 One conductor acts as return conductor, i.e. I2 = -I1

 The conductors are spaced apart, i.e. D >> r1,r2 so that
concentric flux lines are undistorted
 Also, current densities are uniform in the conductors
 Flux lines due to I1 are in clockwise direction while the
same due to I2 are in counterclockwise direction
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 Inductance of single phase two wire lines

 By Ampere’s law, a flux line set up by I1 at a distance more

than D + r2 from centre of conductor 1 does not link
conductor 2 as net current is 0
 At distance less than D - r2 from centre of conductor 1,
current I1 links the circuit

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 Inductance of single phase two wire lines
 Hence, inductance of circuit due to I1 is
D
L1 = 2 ×10 ln  H / m where r1 ' = r1e − µ r / 4
−7

 r1 ' 
 Similarly, inductance of circuit due to I2 is
D
L2 = 2 ×10 ln  H / m where r2 ' = r2 e − µ r / 4
−7

 r2 ' 
 Since, mmfs are additive due to the direction of currents,
thus total inductance of the circuit is
 D 
L = L1 + L2 = 4 ×10 ln
−7 H / m
 r 'r ' 
 1 2 

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 Flux linkages of a conductor in a group of
conductors
 Group of n spaced
apart conductors
carrying currents I1,
I2,…, In such that
I1 + I 2 +  + I n = 0
 One or more conductors in the group act as return path(s)
 Recollect that the flux linkage between points P1 and P2
per unit length due to a current carrying conductor is
µ 0 I  D2 
λ= ln Wbt / m
2π  D1 
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 Flux linkages of a conductor in a group of
conductors

D21 is center to centre

distance between conductors
1 and 2. So are other centre to
centre distances

 Hence, flux linkage between P and centre of conductor 1

due to I1 is µ 0 I1  D1P 
λ1P ,1 = ln Wbt / m, r1 ' = r1e − µ r /4

2π  r1 ' 
 Similarly,
µ 0 I 2  D2 P  µ 0 I n  DnP 
λ1P , 2 = ln Wbt / m,  , λ1P ,n = ln Wbt / m
2π  D21  2π  Dn1 
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 Flux linkages of a conductor in a group of
conductors

D21 is center to centre

distance between conductors
1 and 2. So are other centre to
centre distances

 Net flux linkage is sum of all flux linkages

µ0   D1P   D2 P   DnP 
λ1P =  I1 ln  + I 2 ln  +  + I n ln 
2π   r1 '   D21   Dn1 
 Also
I n = −(I1 + I 2 +  + I n −1 )

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 Flux linkages of a conductor in a group of
conductors
 Hence,
µ0   D1P   D2 P   DnP 
λ1P =  I1 ln  + I 2 ln  +  + I n ln 

2π   r1 '   D21   Dn1 
µ 0  I1 ln D1P + I 2 ln D2 P  + I n ln DnP 
λ1P =  
2π − (I1 ln r1 '+ I 2 ln D21  + I n ln Dn1 )
  D1P   D2 P   Dn −1P 
µ 0  I1 ln  + I 2 ln   + I n −1 ln 
λ1P =   DnP   DnP   DnP 
2π  
− (
 1 1 2
I ln r '+ I ln D 21  + I n ln Dn1 ) 
 As P moves towards infinity, distance of P from centres of
conductors are same i.e. D1P ≈ D2P ≈ … ≈ DnP
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 Flux linkages of a conductor in a group of
conductors
 Thus,

  D1P   D2 P   Dn −1P 
µ 0  I1 ln  + I 2 ln
   + I n −1 ln 
λ1P =   DnP   DnP   DnP 
2π  
− (
 1 1 2
I ln r '+ I ln D 21  + I n ln Dn1 ) 
µ0
λ1∞ = − (I1 ln r1 '+ I 2 ln D21  + I n ln Dn1 )Wbt / m
2π
 This is the flux linkage of conductor 1 in a group of net
current zero conductors
 Similar, flux linkage can be evaluated for other conductors

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 Inductance of composite conductors
 Stranded conductors are example of composite
conductors that contain a number of strands arranged in
parallel to each other
 Two such composite conductors with one as return are
shown

I/n -I/m

 Assumptions
• Strands are all similar
• Strands have uniform current density
• Flux lines are concentric and undistorted

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 Inductance of composite conductors

I/n -I/m

 Hence, total flux linkage of strand a per unit length is

µ0 I −I 
λa = −  ln (r ' D D  D ) + ln ( D D  D )
am ' Wbt / m
2π
a ab ac an aa ' ab '
n m 
µ 0 I  (Daa ' Dab '  Dam ' )1/ m 
λa = ln 1/ n 
where Daa = ra '
2π  (Daa Dab  Dan ) 
 Inductance of strand a is

La =
λa
=
nµ 0 
ln
( Daa ' Dab '  Dam ' ) 
1/ m
H / m
1/ n 
I / n 2π  (Daa Dab  Dan ) 
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