Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF NORTHERN PHILIPPINES

Tamag, Vigan City
2700 Ilocos Sur
College of Nursing

COMMUNAL (BAYANIHAN) SPIRITS OF ILOCANOES DURING THE COVID- 19

PANDEMIC

_________________________________

A Research

Presented to
Dr. Francis Don Nero, Ed. D.
Faculty of the College of Nursing
University of Northern Philippines
Vigan City, Ilocos Sur

______________________________

In Partial Fulfilment of the

Requirements for the Subject
NCM III: Nursing research I

_____________________________

by:

ARELLANO, MA. FRANCES THERESE D.

BALLANO, LEAH MAE D.
FIELDAD, JORELLY MYLES F.
PAGALANAN, KRISHIA P.
VERZOLA, ASHRA STEPHANIE P.

Bachelor of Science in Nursing

2021
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Cooperation and helping each other out will never be new to the Ilocano community, the

notion sanctified in the concept of and most referred to as the “Bayanihan Spirit”. The participation

of communities in averting and managing the spread of COVID-19 is a critical strategy to address the

said pandemic. The people of Ilocos Sur are looking for innovative ways to get through this on-going

COVID-19 pandemic. With the emerging number of cases in Ilocos Sur, lockdown has been

experienced with prolonged restrictions that have reshaped and re-wired the daily life of every

Ilocanoes. Never has the idea and spirit of bayanihan being in the community has been more

profoundly relevant in the daily lives of the Ilocanoes.

In Ilocos Sur, the Bayanihan spirit is one of communal unity, helping others without

expecting rewards, to achieve a certain goal. In earlier days, when houses were made of lighter

materials such as coconut leaves, Bayanihan also meant helping one’s neighbours move their house

— literally.

Upon the implementation of the lockdown, numerous people have made frenzied rounds of

panic-buying to stock up on supplies, leaving the people with limited mobility with insufficient

supplies. Because of this, donation drives have been providing marginalized sectors with care

packages to help them get by during this crisis. Through accredited organizations, restaurants and

individuals responded to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic with an outpouring of

the Bayanihan spirit manifested in various projects and acts of kindness such as the provision of food

to healthcare front liners, production and donation of cotton facemasks, and provision of relief goods

to localities in the Philippines.

In the pursuit of the pandemic, despite the fear towards Covid 19, to help our fellow citizens,

relief goods distribution was done to every town of Ilocos Sur. In April 20,2020, 15 families living in

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Gawad Kalinga, San Vicente, Ilocos Sur and 118 families from Sitio Namnama, Brgy. Tamorong, Sta

Catalina, Ilocos Sur has been given relief packs distributed by the University of Northern Philippines.

Students of the University who were stranded were given first because of the Enhanced Community

Quarantine declared because of Covid-19

Additionally, In the locality of Lungog, Narvacan, SK Chairman Monis along with the

Sanguniang Kabataan members introduced the ‘Sana All’ Project where in 69 college students were

given the ‘Sana All Kits’(16gb flash drive, yellow paper, ballpen and correction tape) and free access

to using the laptop provided by the barangay and also giving free internet and printing to all students.

Medical equipment and supplies are also given such as foot operated alcohol dispenser, thermal

scanner, face mask and sanitizer. 610 food packs were also distributed to all citizens of the said

barangay. Another event showcasing bayanihan in the NCR, Bayan Bayanihan, based on the

traditional Filipino Bayanihan principle of community spirit, was funded through a $5 million

technical assistance under the Rapid Emergency Supplies Provision project approved by ADB on 26

March 2020. The project addresses the health crisis caused by COVID-19 by delivering critical food

supplies to as many as 140,000 vulnerable households in Metro Manila and neighbouring provinces.

Target beneficiaries are the poor and marginalized, including people with disabilities and the elderly,

as well as daily wage earners in the informal labor market.

“We felt strongly that we had to play our part during these extraordinary times to immediately

help the poor and vulnerable groups,” said ADB’s Director General for Southeast Asia Ramesh

Subramaniam, who led Bayan Bayanihan. “At the same time, we worked with the government to

rapidly prepare our broader support for the country’s fiscal stimulus programs and social protection

initiative

Accordingly on March 31, five days after the project approval, Philippine Army trucks rolled

out of Army headquarters in Taguig City with rice for 2,000 target households in four cities in Metro

Manila -- Pasay, Caloocan, Quezon, and Manila. On 4 April, Army trucks started going deep into

hard-to-reach barangays or villages, delivering 4,613 food packs to residents of Barangay Hulong

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Duhat in Malabon City. E-tricycles and bicycle taxis were hired to take the food packs to residents

who lived down narrow alleyways, allowing them to abide by government guidelines to limit

movement outside their homes.

Bayanihan may be seen as an act of kindness for some it is still seen as an act of promotion of

an organization, or a person particularly those who are in the political area. Numbers of memes and

posts are seen in the web particularly criticized by the netizens that some of them are promoting their

name to make the public see them as a hero. Several foundations are named to have given help but

rather the foundations, in the headline’s names are highlighted more than the main organization who

put up the help. Questions and assumptions have also rise about the Ayuda or Cash Assistance Aid

that was given supposedly to people in need who are fit in the criteria, but reports sighted that a lot of

people particularly those who are in the poorest of the poor level are unable to claim their cash

assistance up to this 2021.

The findings of the study will help how bayanihan is practiced in this era of the pandemic and

the outlook of the Ilocano community on how bayanihan, camaraderie and helpfulness is preserved

and showcased in times of need.

Benefiting the study are the various sectors as follows:

The Students

The study may serve as a guide and reference for the students undertaking similar studies.

The Frontliners

The study will help boost the frontliners in our locality to support and showcase the

bayanihan spirit of the frontliners.

The Ilocano Community

The study will help bring awareness to the Ilocano community of how the bayanihan spirit of

Ilocano people is still alive even at this time of pandemic.

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Objectives of the Study

The aim of this study is to explore the lived experiences of Ilocanoes on Bayanihan. The

purpose of this study are:

 To test the preparedness and cooperation of the community members during the

COVID-19 pandemic.

 To explore the lived experience of Ilocanoes on Bayanihan.

 To evaluate the liveliness of the culture of Ilocanoes in being helpful and courageous

in times of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Review of Literature

This section presents the review of the related literature and studies pertaining to the current

research with variable covering the history and origin of the bayanihan in Ilocanoes.

Bayan is a Filipino term that refers to a nation, town or community. According to P. Juan de

Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar ( n.d.), bayanihan came from the root word bayani which first

appeared in 1745 in a manuscript entitled “Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala” which means Obra

Comun or group work. A requisite of bayanihan is the presence of a group initiative to achieve a

common particular objective or a common noble purpose and equitably sharing the fruits of labor.

Accoding to Sylvia Guerrer (n.d.), a social scientist, bayanihan embodies mutual sense of

brotherhood and solidarity among co-equals, in facing concerns which may be physical or financial in

nature. Taken from another perspective, bayanihan is a unique way of showing heroism (bayani)- a

different nature of helping others because one readily offers his/her own self, sometimes giving up

one’s life just to extend a helping hand. Usually, this kind of help trandscends beyond boundaries of

personal or intimate relationships, depending upon the how sincere a person exercises his/her

leadership or authority (Aguiling-Dalisay (n.d). However, in the Tagalog speaking provinces, the term

bayanihan is a common tradition being practiced when community members volunteer to help a

family move to a new place

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 The Filipino culture could be best expressed and understood with bayanihan as its core. A

neighbor in need is the concern of the whole community. The whole neighborhood believes that

workload is lessened and job is easier if done together. This practice is being observed all over the

Philippines, in different terminologies, like tiklos by the Waray people of Leyte, pintakasi in Samar,

kapanyidungan by the Ivatans of Batanes. In Ilocos, it is called tagnawa.

Amidst the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic, it cannot deny the fact that sometimes healthcare

workers were not able to meet their needs in rendering services. They sometimes lack collaborative

effort, in which it may be viewed as an inadequacy of team work within the hospital settings. Indeed,

they are still individuals who has diverse needs and perspectives towards one another. However, in the

end, they have the same goals and objectives which is to provide the best quality and care to their

patients. Sometimes, lack of coordination and support from the government affects the health care

system which then turns out lack of resources, and there is a poor evaluation of the interventions that

has been provided.

Moreover, the Iluko culture is a rich blend of religion, literature, tradition, practices and built

environment. The tagnawa system, as one of the most valuable character of Ilocanoes, encompasses

tradition, practices and built environment. Since time immemorial, poverty has been the most

challenging problem to solve; a glimpse of the past recalls the effectiveness of the Ilokano value

among households situated in barangays which was originally called “purok”. The households may be

relatives or just mere friends. Living in clusters keep them solid at all times, but even more solid

during times of calamity and undesirable conditions like sickness, death and the like.

As the pandemic continues to rage, it is making clear that people around the world are

surprisingly alike. No matter what divides us, gratitude for health care personnel for their titanic work

is one thing we all have in common. In their name, authorities around the globe have asked people to

follow the recommendations, to ignore false information and to protect them from discrimination.

Their dedication to their calling has inspired the rest of us to help them succeed by doing our part.

Responding to the Covid-19 health crisis

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 ADB’s Director General for Southeast Asia Ramesh Subramaniam, who led Bayan

Bayanihan, said that they had to do their part to help people in need and vulnerable in these times of

pandemic. At the same time, they worked with the government to support for the country’s fiscal

stimulus programs and social protection initiatives.

On 26 of March 2020, ADB approved Rapid Emergency Supplies Provision project in

funding Bayan Bayanihan a $5 million technical assistance which is to provide health assistance and

food supplies to the vulnerable households in Metro Manila and nearby provinces. The selected

beneficiaries are the elderlies, people with disability, and poverty-stricken people.

Methodology

This section presents the research design, population of the study, data gathering instrument

and procedure, ethical considerations, analysis of data and establishing trustworthiness that will be

used in this study.

Research Design. The researchers will utilize the descriptive method using qualitative

approach in gathering information. Furthermore, findings and outputs will be derived from the actual

experiences to be shared by the respondents.

A qualitative descriptive approach aims to accurately and systematically describe a

population, situation or phenomenon. It involves a straight forward descriptive summary of the

informational contents of the data that is organized in a logical manner. This research design can

answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions. A descriptive research design

can use a wide variety of research methods to investigate one or more variables in discovering the

nature of specific events under study.

According to Krathwohl, D. R., (2009), descriptive research as a purposive

process of gathering, analyzing, classifying, and tabulating data aboutprevailing condition, practices,

beliefs, processes, trends, and cause-effect relationships and then making adequate and accurate

interpretation about such data with or without the aid of statistical methods.

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 Qualitative descriptive research is the choice of researchers to investigate and gather

important data to the events happening and experiences of Ilocanoes during this Covid 19 pandemic

and describes how communal spirits flow into every ilocanoes. Researchers will interact and ask

questions to the selected participants. They will also visit the community to observe. The data

gathered will be summarized in a descriptive qualitative approach.

Participants. The participants of this study will be Ilocanoes, whose age ranges from 21-50

years old, residing in Vigan City, especially in the following barangays: San Julian Norte, Cabaroan

Daya, and Bongtolan. The researchers will be conducting an interview to the Barangay Captain, two

Barangay Kagawad, and two permanent residents in each respective barangays.

The researchers will forward a letter to selected agencies serving the public as frontliners in

Vigan City to determine the communal spirits of Ilocanoes during the Covid pandemic. Also, a letter

will be addressed to the Municipal Mayors of selected Municipalities in Vigan City and file's review

was done to establish a socio-demographic profile and condition of the frontliners.

Purposive sampling will be utilized in identifying the participants, which will be selected

individuals based on the inclusion criteria. The study will be conducted during the first semester of the

school year 2020-2021. In which, purposive sampling is described as a random selection of sampling

units within the segment of the population with the most information on the characteristic of interest.

Nonparametric bootstrap is proposed in estimating location parameters and the corresponding

variances. An estimate of bias and a measure of variance of the point estimate are computed using the

Monte Carlo method. The bootstrap estimator of the population mean is efficient and consistent in the

homogeneous, heterogeneous, and two-segment populations simulated. The design-unbiased

approximation of the standard error estimate differs substantially from the bootstrap estimate in

severely heterogeneous and positively skewed populations. (Guarte & Barrios, 2007).

Data Gathering Techniques. According to Hanson, Sugden, & Alberts (2011), we must all

accept that science is data and that data are science, and thus provide for, and justify the need for the

support of, much-improved data curation.

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 Research data is defined as recorded factual material commonly retained by and accepted in

the scientific community as necessary to validate research findings (Engineering and Physical

Sciences Research Council-EPSRC, n.d.). Qualitative data is extremely varied in nature. It includes

virtually any information that can be captured that is not numerical in nature (Trochim, 2006).

Prior to the conduct of the study, the researchers will forward a research proposal to the

Ethics Review and Committee of the University of Northern Philippines be reviewed, to ensure that

prospective participants will be free from harm. After it has been reviewed and approved, the

researcher will secure an informed consent that is patterned to the template of the World Health

Organization. Included in the consent form is a statement that participants may withdraw at any time,

ask questions, and refuse to answer questions. The consent states that the participation of the

respondents will be voluntary and they can withdraw anytime. Prospective participants will be given

adequate information on both the possible risks and the potential benefits of their involvement to

allow them to make informed decisions about whether or not to participate in the research. The

participants’ rights, as depicted in the consent, will be reiterated at the beginning of each interview.

The researchers will conduct an interview to the people residing in Vigan City, specifically in:

San Julian Norte, Cabaroan Daya, and Bangtolan. Each Barangay will have five participants: The

Barangay Captain, two Barangay Kagawad/Konsehal, and two permanent residents. They will be

given three to five minutes to complete the interview. As a reward, they will receive 5 medical

disposable masks, a face shield, and rubbing alcohol.

The researcher will serve as the data gathering instrument because the researcher will take

note of all the data that will be transcribed. Structured interview will be used. A questionnaire will be

prepared as guide, though relevant follow up questions to be asked. With an acquaintance in the area

as lead person, each respondent will be reached in his/her respective residence. Ethics will be strictly

observed, respect to the elderly and middle-aged adults will be assured. The responses will all be

welcomed, processed; noting all the similar and varying ones, then will draw a general statement

therefrom.

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 The intention is to have the participants describe the experience of communal (bayanihan)

spirit amidst COVID-19. The interview will start with the lead question: “What inspired you to do

communal spirit?” The narration will be supported by questions such as, “In what ways did you help

other people, and at the same time, protecting yourself from COVID-19?” “Do you hesitate every

time you help others?” “Did you encounter any difficulties in reaching out other people?” “What is

the biggest impact of communal spirit in your lives?” The participants will be encouraged to talk

freely about their experiences about communal (bayanihan) spirit. The interviews will be taken in the

form of a conversation, and the interviewer will utilize active listening skills in the process. The

interviews will be tape recorded, transcribe into verbatim, and the transcriptions will be reviewed for

accuracy.

The researcher will use three types of field notes during the research process. The transcript

file, personal file, and analytical file. The transcript file will contain raw data from the interviews. The

personal file will contain a detailed chronological account of the participants and their settings, the

reflective notes on the research experience and methodological issues. The analytical file will contain

a detailed examination of the ideas that emerged in relation to the research questions as the research

progresses. It will also contain reflections and insights related to the research that influences its

directions.

Collection of data will be done after identifying the participants who are qualified within the

criteria set above. The researcher will inform the prospective participants what the study was about,

including possible benefits and risks. The participant’s privacy, confidentiality, anonymity, and self-

determination will be assured. The researcher will ask their consent to participate and permission to

use audio-recording during the interview. When the participants give their consent and are already

available for the interview, data collection will start. The researcher will make transcript files,

personal files, and analytical files for individual unstructured interviews.

Data collection will continue until data saturation, which means until the time that there is no

information and new code of the interviews that could be extracted. Audio recording and note-taking

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will be done to collect the data. After data collection, the researcher will recall and clarify the

statements of the participants.

Participants consented on participating in the study and recording their interview, using

pseudonyms of the interviewees on the tapes and written texts, respecting the principle of

confidentiality, and confidentiality of the information and maintaining the right to withdraw will be in

every step of the research.

Ethical Considerations

In order to make the coherent and variety of the results of the study, the following ethical

principles in conducting a research study will be observed by the researchers; i) organizational and

honesty in reporting the research carefulness in receiving the details to ensure credible results; ii)

respect for intellectual property by acknowledging any contributions to follow guidelines. This is for

the protection of sensitive information from the informants.

Hence, during the course of the interview, each the researchers will have their own

part in making the credibility of the interviews. One researcher will be interviewing while the

two researchers will be noting and recording of the interviewee’s answers. The informants

will subsequently authenticate the notes which will be taken down. After which the

researchers will let the interviewees sign on the informed consent to prove that they affirmed

to the exactness of the recorded information of the researchers.

Principles in ethics were always considered in every step of the research. The main

ethical considerations for this study were informed consent, confidentiality, and anonymity.

Informed consent means the knowing consent of an individual without undue

inducement or any element of force, fraud, duress or any other form of constraint or coercion.

Sufficient information will be presented (in understandable language) so that the potential

subject can make an informed judgment about their participation. Included in the consent

form is a statement that participants may withdraw at any time, ask questions, and refuse to

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answer questions. The consent states that the participation of the respondents will be

voluntary and they can withdraw anytime.

Prospective participants will be given adequate information on both the possible risks

and the potential benefits of their involvement to allow them to make informed decisions

about whether or not to participate in the research. The participants’ rights, as depicted in the

consent, will be reiterated at the beginning of each interview. Signed consent forms will be

obtained before the initial interview.

Confidentiality pertains to the treatment of information that an individual has

disclosed in a relationship of trust and with the expectation that it will not be divulged to

others without permission in ways that are inconsistent with the understanding of the original

disclosure. During the informed consent process, participants will be informed of the

precautions that will be taken to protect the confidentiality of the data that will be gathered.

Confidentiality and anonymity of participants will be ensured by the researcher by choosing a

code to be attached to the transcribed interviews and data analysis; using of pseudonyms to

the interviewees on the tapes and written texts; and respecting the principle of confidentiality

and anonymity of the information.

The Belmont Report states that “persons are treated in an ethical manner not only by

respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to

secure their well-being.” Securing a research subject’s well-being falls under the principle of

beneficence. In this research, the welfare of the participants is the main consideration.

Research must not cause harm to the participants in particular and to people in

general. Thus, respondents will not be subjected to any unnecessary risks of harm; their

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participation in research will be important to achieving scientifically and socially important

aims that cannot be achieved without the participation of human participants.

The researcher will provide privacy during the data gathering by means of ensuring a

safe and trustworthy environment. No identifying information about the individual will be

revealed in written or other communication. Pseudonyms will be used in transcripts to

prevent disclosure of participants’ identities.

Analysis of Data

Once all data has been collected and filled up, a soft copy of the files for clustering

and classifying data will be secured. Transcript files will be ‘cut and pasted’ using the

Microsoft Word program and will be grouped into tentative themes or categories. After

collection, data analysis will be done immediately.

For analyzing the data, Colaizzi 7-steps process will be used. This is enumerated as

follow:

1. Transcribing all the subject’s descriptions;

2. Extracting significant statements;

3. Creating formulated meanings;

4. Aggregating formulated meanings into theme clusters;

5. Developing an exhaustive description;

6. Identifying the fundamental structure of the phenomenon; and

7. Returning to participants for validation.

Establishing Trustworthiness

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 According to Devault (2019), qualitative market research focuses on data

trustworthiness rather than focusing on the data, which would be defined as quantitative

research. Qualitative research is important because it measures things that numbers might not

be able to define, qualitative methods sometimes identify trends before they show up in the

quantitative data. Data trustworthiness has four key components: credibility, transferability,

dependability, and confirmability.

In credibility, triangulation and member checks help establish credibility and

contribute to trustworthiness. Other factors include prolonged engagement with and persistent

observations of research subjects. Triangulation asks the same research questions of different

study participants and collects data from different sources through different methods to

answer the same questions. Member checks occur when researchers ask participants to

review the data collected by interviewers and the researchers' interpretations of that data.

Participants generally appreciate the member check process because it gives them a chance to

verify their statements and fill in any gaps from earlier interviews. Trust is an important

aspect of the member check process (Devault, 2019).

Transferability generalizes study findings and attempts to apply them to other

situations and contexts. Researchers cannot prove definitively that outcomes based on

the interpretation of the data are transferable, but they can establish that it is likely.

Purposive sampling, a form of nonprobability sampling, is used to maximize specific data

relative to the context in which it was collected. This differs from the aggregate information

that would be the outcome in quantitative research. Purposive sampling considers the sample

subjects' characteristics, which are directly related to the research questions (Devault, 2019).

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 Many qualitative researchers believe that if credibility has been demonstrated, it is not

necessary to also and separately demonstrate dependability. However, if a researcher permits

parsing of the terms, then credibility seems more related to validity, and dependability seems

more related to reliability. Sometimes data validity is assessed through the use of a data audit.

A data audit can be conducted if the data set is both rich-thick so that an auditor can

determine if the research situation applies to their circumstances. Without sufficient details

and contextual information, this is not possible. Regardless, it is important to remember that

the aim is not to generalize beyond the sample (Devault, 2019).

Qualitative research can be conducted to replicate earlier work, and when that is the

goal, it is important for the data categories to be made internally consistent. Authors Yvonna

S. Lincoln and Egon G. Guba stated in their 1985 book "Naturalistic Inquiry" that researchers

must devise rules that describe category properties and that can, ultimately, be used to justify

the inclusion of each data bit that remains assigned to the category as well as to provide a

basis for later tests of replicability. It's important for other researchers to be able to replicate

the results to show that those results are a product of independent research methods and not

of conscious or unconscious bias (Devault, 2019).

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