Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Water steam power plant

Vapor Power Cycles

Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Turbine Generator Layout of a water steam power plant

Dry steam Superheated steam

Super-heater
Generator
Steam supply
Turbine Steam supply Boiler Turbine
Gas from
combustion
Water (liquid)

Bled steam
Cooling
water

Vaporizer

Economizer
Condenser

Feed water heater

Feed water Pump I
Fuel To atmosphere Feed water Pump II
 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3
Processes of water state change
Critical point:
Melting The limit of
distinction
Freezing between a
WATER LIQUID liquid and
WATER vapor
Water properties SOLID
(ICE) Vaporization

Condensation Triple point:

State at which
the solid,
WATER liquid and
Sublimation
VAPOR vapor coexist
Deposition (STEAM) in equilibrium

Sublimation line

Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Iso-specific volume
T-s h-s / Mollier
diagram diagram Isobaric

Critical point
Critical point Isothermic

Iso-Quality / Dryness fraction

Isenthalpic

Iso-Quality / Dryness fraction

 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3
p-h diagram Critical point Steam formation
T-s diagram
Saturated
Saturation
Critical point pressure
T vapor line 1 : water at liquid state
Saturated
line (Pst)
liquid line 5 2 : saturated water
3 : wet vapor
L L+V V
4: dry vapor
5 : superheated vapor
2 3 4 Saturation
Isothermal Tst temp. (Tst) 1 to 2 : water heating, heat is
the sensible heat (=c.DT
T0 1 where c = 4.18 J/g.K)
s
2 to 4 : Evaporation, the heat is
sf s sg the Latent heat
sfg 4 to 5 : Vapor is superheated,
Sensible Latent Heat of heat of superheating
heat heat superheating
Iso-Quality / Dryness fraction

Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Steam formation Mixture properties
Critical point Pst @ 5 : superheated vapor
@ 2 : saturated liquid T
Line  h5 : specific enthalpy
h-s diagram p-h diagram h f : specific enthalpy Line
of x=1 
p  of x=0 5 v5 : specific volume
h v f : specific volume  s : specific entropy

s f : specific entropy
L L+V V  5
5 Isobaric 
Isobaric @ 4 : saturated (dry) vapor
 x  0 : quality / dryness
4 L L+V V Tst
2 3 4 hg : specific enthalpy

3 1 2 3 4 5 v g : specific volume

L T0
1
s g : specific entropy
2 s 
 x  1 : quality
L+V V sf s sg
@1 : Compressed liquid @ 3 : wet vapor ( Liquid - Vapor mixture )
1 h
vapor mass mg
sf s sg s hf h hg  h1 : specific enthalpy Quality or dryness fraction : x  
 total mass m f  mg
v1 : specific volume
 s : specific entropy  
specific enthalpy : h  x .hg  1  x .h f  h f  x. hg  h f  h f  x .h fg
1 
 
specific entropy : s  x.s g  1  x .s f  s f  x. s g  s f  s f  x.s fg

 
specific volume : v  x.v g  1  x .v f  v f  x. v g  v f  v f  x.v fg
 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3
Water steam tables

Vapor thermal cycles

Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Ideal Rankine cycle Ideal Hirn cycle : superheated Rankine cycle
Superheat vapor to avoid vapor condensation which can
significantly damage the turbine due to corrosion.
Gustave-Adolphe Hirn
T 3 (1815-1890)
Superheating
Wi. J. M. Rankine T ( 3g to 3)
Superheater 3
(1820-1872),
3g 3f 3g
3g

4
Carnot 3f
Boiler cycle 3g
2 4

Condenser Boiler
3f 2 Rankine cycle
1 4
3f Condenser
Economizor 1
Pump s Economizer 1 1 4
2 1
Pump
2 s
h3g  h4  h2  h1 
Efficiency :  
h3g  h2 Efficiency :  
h3  h4   h2  h1 
h3  h2
 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3
Non-ideal Hirn cycle How to improve the thermal cycle?→Increasing the cycle area
T T 3 T 3
3
Actual 1 2
compression Actual
( 1 to 2) expansion 3f 3f
( 3 to 4) Area
3g increase
3g
3f
2 3g Superheating the 2
2 Lowering the condenser
Rankine cycle 2’ pressure ( P4’ < P4 )
2s 1 4
1 s 4 s
1’ 4’
1 4s 4 3’ 3’ 3
T Area T
3 increase
s 4
PUMP 3
TURBINE
W h h v. p2  p1  3f 3f Area
isP  is  2s 1  T WT WT 3g 3g decrease
W WP WP is  
Wis h3  h4 s Superheating to higher Increasing the boiler
v. p2  p1  2 temperature ( T3’ > T3 ) 2 pressure ( P3’ > P3 )
 WP  T
isP  WT  is . h3  h4 s   4 4’
1 s 4’ 1 s 4

Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Efficiency improvement Ideal superheated and reheated cycle
Reheat vapor to avoid excessive moisture at the turbine exit
Effect of boiler which can significantly cause damage to the turbine. Reheating
pressure Superheating (4 to 5)
T ( 3g to 3)
3 5
4
Effect of superheat Superheater Reheater
temperature 5
3 3f 4
HPT LPT 3g

3g 2

6 1 6
Boiler
Effect of condenser Condenser
pressure 3f
s
Economizor Pump 1
2
Efficiency :  
h3  h4   h5  h6   h2  h1 
h3  h2   h5  h4 
 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3
Ideal regenerative cycle Ideal reheated and regenerative cycle

T Bled steam  m kg )
3 3 Reheater
Bled steam  m kg )
Superheater 3 4’
3
4’ T
Superheater 4
4
T 3f 1 kg
3g 2c 3g HPT LPT 3f 1 kg
5 m kg 4
Condenser 2c 3g
bled steam 2b 3g m kg
Extracted 5
Boiler 2b 4 2a steam (m)
2b
(1-m ) kg Condenser
3f 2b 4 2a
1 5 Boiler (1-m) kg
Economizer Feed water 1 1
2a 3f 5
heater s Feed water 1
2c Economizor
heater 2a
Pump II Pump I 2c s
Pump II Pump I

Efficiency :  
h3  h4   1  m . h4  h5   1  m. h2a  h1   h2c  h2b  h3  h4   1  m . h4'  h5   1  m. h2a  h1   h2c  h2b 
h3  h2c  Efficiency : 
h3  h2c   1  m . h4'  h4 

Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Feed water heater arrangements

1- With open
feed water
heater
Vapor plants (continued)

2- Closed surface
type feed water
heater
 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

2- Closed surface
1- With open
type feed water
feed water
heater
heater
Bled steam  m kg ) Bled steam  m kg )
T 3 4’ T 3 4’
4 m kg 5 4 m kg 5
6 6 2c
3f 1 kg 4 1 kg 4
2c 3g 3f 3g
2c m kg 2c 2a 2a m kg
1m kg
1m kg 2b m kg 1
2b 1m kg 2b
2a 1 2b
2a
(1-m) kg (1-m) kg
1 5 1 5
s s

m.h4  ( 1  m ).h2a  h2b

m.h4  ( 1  m ).h2 a  m.h2b  ( 1  m ).h6

Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Example:
• Vapor at 10 MPa and 550 °C
• Condenser pressure : 5 kPa
• Turbine isentropic efficiency : 85 %

1 2 3f 3g 3 4s 4
T °C 32.9 35.3 311.01 311.01 550 32.9 32.9
h kJ/kg 137.7 147.7 1407.9 2756.2 3499.7 2060.2 2275.9
s kJ/kg.K 0.4763 0.4763 3.3580 5.6228 6.755 6.755 7.4617
v m3/kg 0.001 0.001 0.0014 0.0180 0.035 23.35 24.863
p kPa 5 10000 10000 10000 10000 5 5
x 0 liquid 0 1 vapor 0.793 0.882
Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

1 2 3f 3g 3 4s 4
T-s diagram
T °C 32.9 35.3 311.01 311.01 550 32.9 32.9
h kJ/kg 137.7 147.7 1407.9 2756.2 3499.7 2060.2 2275.9
s kJ/kg.K 0.4763 0.4763 3.3580 5.6228 6.755 6.755 7.4617
v m3/kg 0.001 0.001 0.0014 0.0180 0.035 23.35 24.863
p kPa 5 10000 10000 10000 10000 5 5
x 0 liquid 0 1 vapor 0.793 0.882
3

Isentropic
3f 3g
Efficiency = 36.2 %

Rankine
1
4s 4
 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3
p-h diagram

Total heat

2 3f 3g 3

Combined cycle
And
Cogeneration

1 4s 4
Actual work

Ideal work

Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Combined cycle TAHADDART Power Plant (384 MW)

Exhaust

Boiler Gas turbine: 264 MW Steam turbine: 120 MW

17 % of national production

Gas turbine Steam turbine

Sream generator
 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3
Effciency improvement Gas / Steam combined cycle (CC)

Two separated cycles Combined cycles

Heat in 100% Gas turbine
Gas turbine Steam turbine
Gas turbine QFUEL
Heat in 100% Heat in 100%
Efficiency: 30%  W
 P  
WGT  WC   WST  WCEP  WBEP  Steam turbine
 
Efficiency Heat recovery 70% CC   
Efficiency QFUEL WC WGT WST
30% 40% Steam turbine WGT  WC 
GT 
QFUEL
Eff: 40%
CC  GT

Heat lost 70% Heat lost 60% Heat lost 42%

Total Efficiency: Total Efficiency: WCEP
(30+40)/ (100+100)= 35% (30+28)/ (100)= 58%
WBFP

Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3

Energy analysis Cogeneration
Qlost
Goal: Electricity generation and Industrial processes
heating simultaneously, which increases efficiency
QFuel Gas Turbine HRSG Steam Turbine Qout
QGT QST

net
WGT net
WST TURBINE ELECTRICITY

net

 
WST
 
 net
WGT WSTnet FUEL HEAT COGENERATION • Food processing industry
 WGTnet  
   
W
P 
 GT  and  ST  • Chemical industry
WGT  WC   WST  WCEP  WBEP  QFUEL QST • Building heating
    • Domestic water heating
    QST Thermal




HRSG effectiveness:   • Pulp and paper
CC 
QFUEL
QGT energy • Oil production and refining
• Steel making
• Textile industry
we get :CC  GT   1  GT  ST • etc.

Process heat in these industries uses steam at 5 to 7 atm and 150 to 250 °C.
Habitually this heat is furnished by burning coal, oil, natural gas or other fuel.
 Thermodynamics II / AERO - 3
Utilization factor QFUEL
̇
WST
Utilizatio n factor :
W  QPROCESS
 u  ST ̇ ̇
QFUEL
QPROCESS
Qout Qout
u  1 
QFUEL

Q FUEL  m 1h1  h9 
Q PROCESS  m 5 h5  h7   m 6 h6  h7 
W ST  m 1  m 5 h1  h6   m 1  m 5  m 6 h6  h2 
W PUMP  m 5  m 6 h8  h7   m 1  m 5  m 6 h4  h3 
Q out  m 1  m 5  m 6 . h2  h3 
When there is no process heating flow rates at 5 and
6 are equal to zero.