7 Applications

Operations
of Four

Learning Objectives:
• To learn BODMAS rule
To learn the unitary method
* To solve problems on cost price,
Selling price, profit and los
To understand the concept of
average
To solve real-life applications of
percentage

eL
Get Started
Let's

went oa
to a vegetable

Nakul
buy sometomatoes.
tob
shop
Hebought
He
2kg of tomatoes

that shop.
for
108 from
he
On his
way back home,
that. another shop is
found
2.5 kg of tomatoes
offering

at127.50.

Vegetable shop A Vegetable shop B

2 kg tomatoes at 108 2.5 kg tomatoes at 127.50

Which store is offering a better deal?

IHint: Calculatethe price of 1kg of tomatoes of each store and then compare.]

193
 Bodmas
When we have a combination of
complex question, which is a
addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division, we follow a particular r
order:
wefirst
open the brackets, of, division, followed by multiplication,additionn
andthen
subtraction. This process is termed as simplification through
BODMAS.
X X

Brackets of Division Multiplication Addition

Example 1: 54 + (7-5) of 3- 4 x 2 +6 NoTE

Subtracion

Solution: Following the rule of BODMAS, we

willfirst do the operation within the brackets. In both 'of and

Therest of the expression should be written the we multiply the numbers
multiplication,

way it is.
but 'of is solved
before and
=54 + 2 of 3 -4 x 2+6 multiplication
division.
is done after

Now,we perform the 'of'operation, writing

rest of the expression as it is.

= 54 + 6-4×2+6
Next, we divide,writing the rest of the expression as it is.

=9-4x 2+6
After that, we multiply.
=9-8+6
Then, we do addition, followed by subtraction, which gives us the answer.
= 15 -8
NorE
Answer =7
Example 2:78 - [5 When there
+3 of (25 -2x 10)]
one
are more than
bracket, we should
Solution: solve
the innermost bracket first.

78 - (5 + 3 (25- 2x 10)]
of

= 78 - (5+3 (25 -20)] (Simplifying 'multiplication': 2 x

of
10 =20)
=78 - [5 +3of 5](Simplifying 'subtraction':25 - 20 =5)
= 78- [5 +3 x5] (Simplifying 'of)
=78 - (5+ 15] (Simplifying'multiplication':3 x 5 = 15)

194
 'addition': 5 + 15 = 20)
o(Simplifying
78- 20 = 58)
Simplitying subtraction':

S8
Answer

ExERCISE 7A

.
Solvethe
18

c
following.
+9 + (16- 2) x 5
36 + 3x 5- 17x2
b.

d.
25-8
(49 - 17)
of +
2 (27 -23)
×2 +(9+3) –4

9x(3 x 14) + 7-
50 f. 13 of2 - 16 2+ 8
e.

of
17+46 + 23 x 19 - (3 + 9) + 6 h. 60 + 2 of (3 + 2) + 13

Unitary Method
means one item of a certain quantity. In unitary method, we first
'unit'
The word
of one unit and then the value of required number of units.
itthe value
find
When thevalue of one unit is given and we need to find for more, we multiply.
When the value of many units is given and we need to find for one, we divide.
. When thevalue of many units is given and we need to find the value for
find the value for one by dividing and
then
quantity other than one, we first
ind the value for the quantity other than one by multiplying.

3: 5 pens cost T80. What is the cost of 3 pens?

Example
Solution: To find the cost of 3 pens,
we need to find the cost ofl pen first.

Cost of 5pens =80

Cost of 1 pen =80 5 =l6
Now. we want to find out the cost of 3 pens.

Cost of 3 pens =3x 16 =48

Therefore, the cost of 3 pens is 748.
one day. How many trees would have
Example 4: 13 children planted 260 trees
in

been planted if there were

20 children?
number of trees to be planted by 20 children,
we need to
Solution:To find the
find thenumber of trees planted by l child.
Trees planted by 13 children= 260

Trees planted by l child = 260

+ 13 = 20

195
 Now, we want to indthe number of trees 20 children would Ihave
planted.
Thees planted by 20 children = 20 × 20 400
Therefore, 20 childen would haveplanted 400 tre

Solve

a. I
jgO
the olowing poblems
Solhethe

book costs12, find the cost

EXERCISE

of Sbooka,
7B

l2 5 R b

b. 0pens cost200,find the cost of 20pens, lop oo

If Ramesh earns 750in3 days, how much moncy earn in: 5days?
d.
G

2 boxes of applesweigh S kg. what will be the weight

1l books?
will he

of 8 boxes?
e 6books cost t900, What is the cost of

Profit and LossgCod

Binod is a He sells wooden furniturein his shop. He spends
carpenter.
moneylo
buy things such as wood, drill machines, glue, screws, etc. The cost o
of
something is called its cost price (C.P). making

Binod sells his furniture for a price that is more than the cost of making the
furniture. The price at which something is sold called
is its selling price(SP)

Profit

It costs him 765 to make a table. He sells it for 900.

Here, 765 is the cost price (C.P) of the table.
2900is the selling price (S.P.) of the table.
The value of selling price is more than the
cost prices
therefore, Binod earns some money from
it. The
G difference between sellingprice and cost price is called
profit.

Selling price =7900 Cost price= 765

Profit = Selling price - Cost price= 900- 765 =R135
Therefore, Binod earns a profit of 135 on each table he sells.
S.P. - C.P. = Profit =S.P.- Profit
C.P. S.P. = C.P.+ Profit

196
LOss pricee (C.P) is more than the selling price (S.P),the difference is
the cost
Hhen
So Binod sold
i
loss.
Wassignuy damaged,
the NoTE
table

When, CP. > S.P. = Loss

oro00. Selling price =T600 CP.= Profit
price=765 When, S.P >
Cost - Selling price = 765-600=165
Loss
=CCost price laloss of 165 on this table.
Binod suffered
Therefore,
Loss = -S,p
C.P.
C.P.= S.P. +Loss S.P. = CP.- Loss

Expenses
Overhead
such
shopkeepers have to spend money on certain other expenses,
These are
Sometimes paying rents and giving salaries totheiremployees.
as transportation,
and
and are added tothe cost price.
alledoverheads
Binod spends 150 to transport thefurnitureto the buyer's place.
Sometimes,
totalC.P.
Therefore,
= C.P. +Overheads
NoTE
=765
CP = C.P. + Overheads
Overheads
=150 Total C.P.

915 Total cost price

much profit will earn?

I
for 12, how
buy a book for 10 and sell it
Example 5: If I

Solution:C.P. of book =0 S.P. of book =12

Profit =S.P. -C.P = 12 - 10 =2 Thus, I earn a profit of ?2.
and sells it for 88, how much would
a pen for 100
Example 6: If Charlie buys
he earn or lose?
=100 S.P. of pen =88
Solution:C.P. of pen
C.P. is more than S.P.
He will suffer a loss because
suffer a loss of U2.
- 88 =12 Thus, Charlie would
Loss =C.P. -S.P.= 100
He spends T800 on repairing
a used chair for 73500.
Example 7: A dealer buys
is the profit?
sells it at 4500,what
and polishing it. If he
Overheads =800
Solution:C.P. of chair=3500

Therefore,final cost
price =3500 + T800 =R4300
Now, S.P. of chair =4500
19
 As selling more than
price is the cost price, he earns a profit.

Profit = -
S.P. C.P. = 4500 -4300 =7200

EXERCISE 7C
Solve the following word
problems. S
a. Rahul baught sofa set for 25,000 and sold it for
a

32,000. What was his profit or loss?

b. Harish weaves bamboo baskets at his home in Assam.
He makes a proft of 350,on a basket he sells for t800.
What is the cost of the basket?

C. A shopkeeper bought goodsworth 7800. His overhead

expenses were 3500. He sold the goods for 13,600.
What was his profit or loss?
d. Parth bought a bike for 742,000.He
spent 1800 on
repairing some of its parts. ILater, he sold it for 41,000. How much profit or locs
did he make
e. Rohit bought goods worth 1300. He sold them to make a profit of 250. What
was the selling price?

Average
Average of a certain number of values/quantities
indicates what the equal
distribution of that quantities would have
been.
Sum of all the values in the group
Average
Total number of values in the group
Another name for average is arithmetic mean, commonly referred
of a set of values. to as the mean

GO If the average and the number of items are given to us, then
13
Sum of the values =Average x Number of values
Example 8: Find the average of 5 and 7.
Solution:

Average = 5+7
2
12
2
-=6
Therefore, the average of 5and 7is 6. Note that 6 lies in between 5 and 7.

198
 9,: the average of 12
kg, 11kg and
Example 13 kg.
Solution: 12 + 11 + 13 36
Average 3 3
=12kg MENTAL MATHS
the average c of 12 kg, l kg and
Therefore, Find the average of 2, 3 and 4.

13kg is 12 kg.

of Fractions
Average

Example 10: Find the average of2 1

and
3
2 64 12
Solution:
1421 3 6+4+ 3+3 16 4
2 6 4 12 12
= 12 3 4 1

Average 4 4 4 4 3x 4 3
1 21
2 -andjs
1

Therefore, the average

of

26 4 12 3
Word Problems on Average

Example 11: Raman bought 3 books on Monday,7 books on Tuesday and

2books on Wednesday. Find the average number of books he bought per day.
Solution: Total number of books bought in 3 days =3 +7 +2= 12
3+7+2 12
=4
Average = 3 3
This means that on those 3 days, if he had bought equal number of books out of
12books, he would have bought books per day. 4
Example 12: Samira cycled 4 km on day 1, 3 km on day 2, 5 km on day 3 and
4000 m on day 4. Find the average number of kilometres she cycled per day.
Solution: First,we need to convert m into km.We know that

1km = 1000 m, therefore, 4000 m =4 km.

Now,total kilometres she cycled CoMMON ERRORS

=4+3+5+4=16 Make sure that all measurements
Number of days =4 are in the same unit.

Average number of kilometres Total km = 4 +3 +5+4

16
per day = 4 =4 Total km = 4 + 3 + 5 + 4000 m

Thus, Samira cycled an average of 4 km per day.

199
 ExERCISE 7D

1. Find the average of each of the following

a. Numbers froml to 10 b. Numbers between 10and 20
C. Factorsof 12 d. Multiples of 6 between 10and 50
e. Prime numbers between 10and 30 f Even numbers between 21 and 31

2. Find the average of each of the following.

C.
a. 5, 10 and 15 b. 12, 13 and 14 50, 52 and 54

1 2 1 1 2 3
d.
1 1

and f and.
- and. e

3 5
4 4 4 15 2 10
4 km, 4.2 km and
4.8 km i. 3.5, 4.5 and
g 14 kg, 2.3 kg and 4.8 kg h.
5.5

3. Solve the following word problems.

a. Meher read 5 pages of a book on
Monday, 4 pages on Tuesday and 6 pages
on Wednesday. What was the average
number of pages she read per day?
b. John got 90 marks in his first test, 82
marks in his secondtest and 68 marks in
his third test. Find his averagemarks.
c. On a road trip, Rohan and his family
drove 270 km on the first day, 180 km on
the second day, 250 km on the third day
and 100 km on the fourth day. Find the

averagedistance they travelled per day. lce avea

d. An ice cream vendor sold 55 ice creams

on Thursday,60 ice creams on Friday, 62

icecreams on Saturdayand 43 ice creams
on Sunday. What is the averagenumber TceC)
of ice creams he sold per day? aeam
e. Following arethe marks scoredby l2
G4 studentsof Class 5in Mathematics class
test: 80, 75, 94, 82, 77, 96, 91, 85, 79, 80, 85, 96.
i. Find the averagemarks of these 12 students.
ii. Are
the average marks above 80?
ii. How many studentsscored more than the averagemarks?

200
 Percentage
express a quantity as a fraction of 100.
means The symbol of
Percentage %. When we say per cent, we mean per
tis 100. The word 'per cent 1s
cent the Latin word per
per centum.
from
erived

and Fractions
Percentages

a fraction into a percentage, 100%.

multiply the fraction with
Toconvert

13: Convert 5 into a percentage.

Example
2
To convert we multiply the fraction with 100%.
Solution: 5
20
NoTE
2x100o 2x 100
%= 40%
2
5 As percentage means per 100,

1
mathematically % =
100 1
Convert 2 into a percentage.
=
Example14: 4 So, 100% means 100 x 1.
100

To convert a mixed fractioninto

Solution: Thus,when we multiply a fraction
first we change it into an by 100%,its value does not
a percentage,
fraction. change.

2x
improper
9 25

4 4

Solution: First

percentage

2-2x 100% =200%

100% =

Example 15:Convert

convert

by multiplying
x 100 % =225%

2 into a percentage.
2 into a fraction,that

it by 100%.
is, .2
1
Now convert
2 into a
1

and divide by 100.

To convert a percentage into a fraction, remove the per cent sign

Example 16: Convert 35% into a fraction in its lowest term.

7

Solution: 35% =5 7
20
100
20

201
 Example 17: Convert 2%
4
into a fraction in its lowest term.

Solution: First, convert the mixed fraction into animproper fraction and
9
Tollow the step as in the previous example. 2%
4
=4 4x 100 400
into a fraction in its lowest term.
Example 18; Convert 9.5%
19

9.5 95 19
Solution: 9.5% = 200
100 1000 1000
200

Percentages and Decimals

To convert a decimal number into a percentage, first convert the decimal

number into a fraction and then the fraction into a percentage.

Example 19:Convert 12.5 into a percentage.

Solution: Decimal Fraction Percentage
10
125 125
12.5
10
x J00 9% = 1250%
1

To convert a percentage into a decimal, first convert the percentage into a

fraction and then the fraction into a decimal.

Example 20: Convert 75% into a decimal.

Solution: Percentage Fraction Decimal
75
75% =0.75
100

NoTE

To convert a fraction into a percentage, we multiply it by 100 and put the symbol %.
To convert a percentage into a fraction, we divide by 100. it

To convert a decimal number into a percentage, we first convert the decimal into a
fraction and then the fraction into a
percentage.
To convert a percentage into a decimal,we first convert the percentage into a
fractionand then the fraction into a decimal.

202
 21: Convert D% into a decimal.
4
Example

Solution:
3 3
=0.0075
400
4x 100
4
22; Convert 7.9% into a decimal.
Example
Solution:
Fraction Decimal
Percentage
7.9
=0.079
7.9% 100

EXERCISE 7E
Convert the following fractions into percentages.
1.

2 7 2 18 31
b. C.
a, d. e.
100 100 5 20 50
9 3 7
f 8. 2l h. 7 21 j. 13
9 2 4 i.
5 50
Convertthefollowing numbers into percentages.
a. 3 b. 11 C. 72 d. 153
3. Convert the following percentages into fractions.
a. 2% b. 15% C. 25% d. 35% e. 50%

f. 100% g. 200% h. 3%
2
i. 29%
4
j. 12.25%

4. Convert the following decimal numbers into fractionsand then percentages.

a. 0.15 b. 0.25 C. 0.50 d. 1.25 e. 4.5

f. 2.245 g. 5.5 h. 12.725 i. 15.025 j. 10.5

5. Convert the following percentages into decimals.

a. 12% b. 5% C. 18% d. 45% e. 21%

f. 82% g. 145% h. 2% 2
i. 5%
4
3
j. 39%
1

203
 a Given Quantity
Finding the Percentage of
What was his
in 50-marks test. score out
Sahil got 40% of his answers correct
a of S02

lIt is given that, Sahil scored 40% of 50.

Go EASY!
In order to find 40% of 50,you need to
To find the percentage of a given
convert the per cent into a fraction and
then multiply with the given number. number, convert p% into
20 100 and
40
X 50=20 multiplyby the given number.
J00

Therefore, Sahil scored 20 out of 50.

Writing the Percentage

of 1 day.
Example 23: Express 12 hours as a percentage
Solution: 1 day =24 hours
loexpress 12 hours as a percentage of 24 hours, we write the fraction as

50
12
24 -x 100 %= 24 -x100 % =50%

Therefore, 12 hours is 50% of a day.

Example 24: Express 55 paise as a percentage of one rupee.
Solution: We know = 100 paise. 1
So,the required percentage is

55 paise 55 paise
100 paise L00 paise

EXERCISE 7F
1. Find the following.

a. 15% of 200 b. 25% of 40 C. 50% of 90 d. 35% of 300

2. Express the following.

a. 25 paise as a percentage of 24 b. 45 cm as a percentage of 1 m

C. 400 g as a percentage of 3 kg d. 250 l as a percentage of 5 kl
e. 120 mm asa percentage of 2 cm t 50 paise as a percentage of 3
204
 thecfollowing word problems.
Solve 1
120flowers,
garden, out 30% are
of

a. In a, flowers are roses?

How many
roses,
has 50 books, out of which 30%
h Sumit books. How many books
are
are English
books?
Engish
cars parked outside an ofhce,
Out of 40
C
off them are red in colour. How
25%
are red in colour?
many cars

of Profit and Loss

Percentage
orloss% is always calculated on the cost price (C.P)
profit%
7he
profit% or loss%, we use the following relations:Eo)
Toocalculate

Protit9%
= Profit

C.P. x 100 Loss% = Loss

C.P.
X

25: Asshopkeeper bought rice atthe rate 20 per kg from the wholesaler.
of

Example
He sold
Solution:
:
the rice atthe rate of t25 per kg. What will be his loss/profit percentage?
C.P. of rice =

>
20
CP, there is profit.
S.P.of rice =25
Since S.P.

Profit
=S.P - C.P. =25 -R20 =5
Therefore,
profit =5.

Profit%
= Profit
C.P.

Therefore, profit% = 25%

EXERCISE 7G
Solve thefollowing word problems.
A dress was bought for 1000 and sold for 800. Find the
a.
loss/profit and loss/profit percentage.

Dev purchaseda skateboard for 1000 and sold it for 1250. Find his
b.
profit/loss%.

c Kritika purchased a sareefor 500and sold it for 450.Find the profit

orloss incurredby her. What is the percentage of profit or loss?

205
 made a
735,Shaheen 35. Find
of
profit
d. By seling a cooker at the
R5000 is sold at 4000 profit%.
e. Find the loss% when a phone costing

and spent 7500 on extra

f. Divya bought a radio for 2000 fhittings.

sold it for 3000.Find the overallprofit or loss percentage.

Shethen

MATHS LAB CTIVITY

Aim: To reinforce the concept of percentage

required: Number cards from 1 to 20, a pair of dice, paper and

Materials I pencil
Procedure:

1. Make groups of 3 students.

2. First student rolls the pair of dice and adds both the numbers that annas

say +
3 6=9.
3. Second student picks up a card and adds zerotothe number appears on the
in card
to calculate the percentage. For example, he/she draws a 7, he/she will
if ordet
write 70%.
4. Third studentcalculates the appropriatepercentage of that number.Here. be
calculates 70% of 9.
5. The activity is repeated till each student has had a turn to calculate
the
percentage.

CONCEPT MAP
BODMAS
0 of x + -
The method by which
we find the value of
can be used in solving
one unit and then Unitary Method Real-life

find the value of the problems

required units.

Buying and Selling

involves

Overhead expenses Cost Price (C.P.) Selling Price (S.P.)

includes
Transport, packing, repairs Price at which Price at which
and other expenses items are bought items are sold

If S.P. > CP. If S.P. < CP.

Profit = S.P. -.P. Loss=C.P, -S.P.

Profit Loss
Profit% = x 100 Loss% = 100 x

C.P. C.P.

206
 the measurements
All

should be in same units

condition

that is evenly can be used solving Real-life

The value
in

among a given Average problems

distributed
of quantities
number is calculated by

Sum of the quantities

Average =
Number of quantities

% Per 100

symbol means

can be Can be
Fractions
Decimals Percentage
converted into converted into

involved in

Word
Problems

KEY CONCEPTS before and

numbers, but of solved
and multiplication, we multiply the
is
In both 'of'

multiplication is done
after division.

one and then the value of required number

In unitary method, we first find the value of unit

ofunits.

When C.P.> S.P, then there is a loss.

When S.P>C.P,then there is a profit.

indicates what the equal distribution of that

Average of a certain number ofvalues/quantities

quantity would have been.

of 100. The symbol of per cent is %.

Percentage means to express a quantity as a fraction

207
 CHAPTER REVISION

A. Choose the correctoption.

1. The decimal form of 75% is

b. 0.075 c. 7.5
a. 0.75 d.
0.075
20
is
2. The percentageof 25

b. 60% C. 120%
a. 80% d. 75%

3. The average of 25, 36 and 20 is

a. 25 b. 27 C. 30 d. 32
4. When S.P. =C.P, then there is

a. loss b. profit c. both loss and profit

d. neither profit nor loss

If ten balloonscost 40, what is the cost of one balloon?
5.

a. 10 b. 75 c. 7 d. 34

6. 3120 20 of 2 +3 x6 of3 =
a. 74 b. 170 C. 132 d. 200

7. 48 + 2 X9+3 =
a. 200 b. 300 C. 475 d. 219

8. Total C.P. =C.P. +

a. Overheads b. Profit c. Selling price d. Loss

B. Fillin the blanks.

1. Per cent means per ,which means out of
2. 3% means 3 out of 100and as a fraction it is written as
3. When the cost price is more than the selling price, then it is a

4. The averageof 6, 7 and 8 is

5. thereis a loss, then cost price=
If
C. Solve the following.
1. 15- (2 x 6) +2 2. 1800 + 10 ×(12–6) + (24- 12)
3. 25-5+ (3 +2) 4. 78- [5 +3 of (25-2 x 10)]
5. (100 -45) +(7 x 7) 6. (345 +843) + (6x 3)

208
 the following decimals to percentages.
Convert
p.

1.
06
0.27
2.
0.45
3.
4.
1.25

5. 3.48

the following percentages to decimals.

Convert

1. 4%
2.
112%
3. 16%
4.
24%
5. 33%
following.
E Solvethe
35
1. 12% of

2. 78% of600
3. 64% of 75
4. 35% of 80
5. 98% of 50

Solve the following

word problems.
G.

10 kg of potatoes for 70.

1. Kritika sells 5kg of potatoes for 745 and Ali sells

are profited?
Whom should you buy potatoes from so that you
5 chairs for
2. Ram sells 6 sofa chairs for 16,200 and Amit sells
Which is a better deal? (Hint: Find out how much
they
13,600.
sell each chair for and compare.)
and incurred a loss of
3. Cherry sold a Christmas tree for 74675
7500.What was the cost price of the Christmas
tree?

4. Aditya bought a television for 50,000 and spent 5000 on

extra fittings. He then sold it for T60,500.Find the profit or loss

percentage.
5. The average of 9 numbers is 45. What is their total?

a week?
a day. How many apples does she eat in
6. Farah eats on an average 2 apples
Damini scored 82% in English, 95% in Maths and
96% in Science in the annual
7.

exam. Express her marks in fractions.

8. Out of 240 children, 180 took part in the school sports day. What percentage of
studentstook part in the sports day?

20
 SKILL UP!

A.
the studentsin your class. Find the
Make a list ofthe weight of
average
weight
of the studentsof your class.

Understanding Values in Relationships

B.

Create a menu for a Add about 10 dishes. Write the cost

restaurant.
of
each
with 12% tax and without tax. Also, write the
cost of the
meal,
dishes
discount of 10% tothe elderly people
and then after
providing calculating 12%6tax
on the bill.

C. HC Why Education

Rohit is a bright and disciplined I student. He regularly attends his

classes.
He attendsschool for 198 days out of 220 days. What is his percentageof
attendance?

Why you should regularly go to school?Give reasons for your answer

D.

Which is greater: 15% of 380 or 25% of 210?

sUsTAINABLEGALS
DEVELOPMENT

Question C is in line with SDG 4 Quality Education. How does being well educated help in
the overall upliftment of the society we live in? There are different types of schools such as
government schools, private schools and schools run by NGOs. Do all the schools ofer same
kind of facilities to the students? Try to find out.

210