EF 2 (MODULE 1) - Biological profile: SEX, ANCESTRY, AGE

AND HEIGHT.
Introduction to Forensic Anthropology
FORENSIC(S) BIOLOGICAL PROFILE
- came from the
Forensis – “before latin word forensis, • Trauma (ante, peri, post).
the forum” meaning “before • Fractures and Dislocations
the forum” • Diseases
• Taphonomy - is the study of how
- is an adjective, organisms decay and become
which means fossilized or preserved in the
“relating to, used paleontological record.
in, or appropriate
for courts of law or SEX
for public
discussion or - Differences due to sexual dimorphism
argumentation”. - PHENOTYPIC differences between
males and females of the same species
- Anything with - Sex is sex in the pelvis
Forensic is - Skull and long bones.
basically as
applied to the
law.
- is an interpretive
science.

- There is no
absolute.
- is
multidisciplinary,
the more fields in - Females have wider pubic
collaboration, the arch.
better. - Females have a broad,
PELVIS shovel-like ilium.
- Females have a flexible
Anthropology pubic symphysis.
A. Male’s cranial mass is
• From the Greek Anthropos, blockier and more massive
meaning “man or human”, and compared to the females
logos for study. which is rounder and tapers
• Simply put, anthropology is the at the top.
study of man. SKULL B. Temporal Ridge – runs
• Views human as both biological along the outer side of the
and cultural beings. upper skull creating the
square shaped of the upper
Four Branches of Anthropology head. More prominent in
men than women.
1. Cultural Anthropology (study of C. A woman’s supraorbital
LIVING CULTURES) margin (the ridge above the
2. Archaeology (study of PAST eyes) is sharper, while the
CULTURE) males is rather round and
3. Linguistic Anthropology (study of dull.
LANGUAGE) D. The Zygomatic bone (the
4. Biological anthropology (study of cheekbone that lies under
HUMAN BIOLOGY) the lower eye ridge) is more
pronounced on the male
Forensic Anthropology skull.
E. The Mandible (lower jaw)
- it is the scientific discipline that appears bone of a woman is rounded,
the methods of physical anthropology while the male's is squared.
and archaeology to the collection and
analysis of legal evidence. F. Frontal bone - forehead
structure terminates at the
 brow. The male forehead is
lower and more slopping.
G. Men have a deeper
cranial mass.
H. The supercillary arch is
large and pronounced in the
man.
I. Male's gonion (most
posterior inferior point on
angle of mandible) is more
flared out and sharply
angled.
J. The teeth of men tend to
be larger.
TEETH - Males have a larger crown
diameter than females
- Greater in permanent than
in primary dentition
- Varies among populations
- Males are more likely to
express certain crown
features than females, eg
Carabelli trait.
SKULL
- Everyone begins with essentially female-
like skulls.
- This starts to change at puberty.
- Give greater weight to male
characteristics when sexing.
- Less common for females to have male
like cranial characteristics.
FILIPINO-SPECIFIC SEX FORMULA(E)
- Needs more research
- Pelvis, skull, femur, and humerus for sex
- Teeth
- Hand and footprints
- At least 200 samples (100 males, 100
females)
FILIPINO-SPECIFIC ANCESTRAL
ESTIMATION
- Needs to be studied
- Visual assessment of skull
- Tooth morphology
- Skull and teeth measurements
- 200 cadavers (100 males, 100 females).
AGE
- Ages 0-5: teeth are best. Baby teeth
are lost, and adult teeth erupt in
predictable patterns.
- Ages 6-25: epiphyseal fusion - fusion of
bone ends to bone shaft. Epiphyseal
fusion varies with sex and is typically
complete by age 25.
- Ages 25-40: very hard bones
- Ages 40+: basically, wear and tear on
bones, periodontal disease, arthritis,
breakdown of pelvis, etc.
EPIPHYSEAL FUSION
- The figures are of the epiphyses of the
femur or thigh bone the ball end of the
joint, joined by a layer of cartilage).
- The lines in the illustrated Image 1 show
the lines or layers of cartilage between
the bone and the epiphyses. The lines are
very clear the bone when a person,
either on male or female is not out of
puberty.
- In Image 2, you see no visible lines. This
person is out of puberty. The epiphyses
have fully joined when a person reaches
adulthood, closing oft the ability to grow
taller or in the case of the arms, to grow
longer.
 - Rainfall has little effect on
decomposition and insect activity.
- Bodies on the surface will decay at a
faster rate than buried remains because
it's cooler underground.
- Decomposition (of buried remains)
doesn't slow down when clothed or
wrapped; unless it's nylon or plastic (they
keep things moist).

- Both carnivores and rodents are

attracted to fresh remains.
- Carnivores may carry remains away
FILIPINO-SPECIFIC AGE ESTIMULATION (=<0.5 km.) from the body and they like
FORMULAE chewing the spongy bones (articular
ends of long bones, hip bones).
- Needs to be studied - Rodents gnaw primarily on dry bones
but may also damage face, hands, and
- Ageing is affected by biological,
environmental, and cultural factors feet.
- Clavicle, Pelvis, 4th Rib
TAPHONOMY MYTHS AND FACTS
- Teeth
- 500 cadavers (250 males, 250 females)
MYTH FACTS
Any penetration Nope
STATURE OR HEIGHT will cause a body
to decay more
- Anatomical method preferred rapidly.
- Long bone length (femur, tibia, Flies are quickly Flies choose
humerus) is proportional to height attracted to open wounds
- There are tables that forensic wounds. secondarily to
anthropologists use facial orifices. Flies
- Should be population-specific Love gases.
- Since this is inexact, there are Maggots feed Yes, but not faster
'Confidence intervals' assigned to each and destroy tissue than they do
calculation surrounding the anywhere else
wound. they have easy
FILIPINO-SPECIFIC HEIGHT FORMULAE access.

- Orophilla, et al. (1991) used only 28 DECOMPOSITION STAGES

cadavers (16 males, 12 females)
(Length of femur in cm × 2.32 + 65.53) /
2.54 = height in inches
(Length of humerus in cm x 2.89 + 78.10)
/ 2.54 = height in inches
- Needs more s tatistically sound research
- Long bones
- 200 cadavers (100 males, 100 females),
from 21 to 40 years old
- Anatomical method preferred as of
now
TAPHONOMY
- refers to everything that happens to a
body following death.
Taphonomy Basics
- Temperature affects insects and
activity.
- Flies will lay eggs down to 13 °C.
1. EARLY DECOMPOSITION – bloating,
skin lippage, discoloration, features
still recognizable, tattoo still visible.
2. INTERMEDIATE DECOMPOSITION –
initial maggot activity at orifices,
advanced skin discoloration,
seepage fluids from orifices.
3. ADVANCED DECOMPOSITION –
normal decomposition pattern is
evident, with the most advanced
decay around and spreading
outward from the orifices, profuse
maggot activity.
DIFFERENTIAL DECOMPOSITION
§ Normally, head is more advanced
than limbs.
§ Embalmed bodies decompose at the
hands and feet first.
§ Bodies decomposing in water have
loosened joints. Loss of body parts is
correlated with time of death. Bones
 turn black when in water for a long • Information about postmortem
time. events

DECOMPOSITION CONNECTIVE TISSUE

• Needs more research.
• He used formula from other countries.
• Decomposition rate will be compute
in Accumulated degree days (ADD)
• Decomposition pattern will be
assessed using TOTAL BODY SCORING
(TBS)
• Insect succession and soil pH
BAD SCIENCE
- a report in February 2009 by a
committee of the National Academy of
Sciences US found serious problems with
much if the work performed by forensic
practitioners.
- The most damning conclusion was that
many forensic disciplines were not
grounded in the kind of rigorous, peer-
reviewed research that is the hallmark of
classic science.
EF 2 MODULE 2
- Includes connective tissue proper,
cartilage, bone, and blood.
- Forms the supporting framework of
many large organs.
• LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE – More
collagen; contributes more
directly to skeletal system – (e.g.:
cartilage and bone).
• TISSUE – group of closely
associated cells
- Similar structure and performing related
functions. Cells are bound of non-living
extra cellular.
- Consist of more or less humerus cells
surrounded by extra cellular fibers and
ground substances.
- Epithelial – skin, hair, and nails
- Muscle tissue – nerves
- is in the bone cartilage fats and blood
which has a main function to support,
protect and migrate.

BONE BIOLOGY GENERAL FUNCTION OF CONNECTIVE

TISSUE
OSTEOLOGY - It explores • Support areas that require
development, structure, durable flexibility
function, and variation • Hydration and maintenance of
of bones. body fluids
- It includes effects of • Attachment if various parts to one
genetic origin, age, sex, another
diet, trauma, disease, • Protection for bones and joints
and decomposition. during activity
HUMAN - More durable than the • Encasement of organs and
OSTEOLOGY rest of the human body. groups of structures
- Often the only
surviving record of a file DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
on this earth. - tensile strength
-Reading physical - white fibers parallel to the direction of
record of humankind pull.
• Irregular Dense Connective
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Tissue-fibrous capsules
- mostly the bones remain being find is surrounding kidneys, nerve,
insufficient or kulang. bones, aponeurosis), muscles)
- Strongest bone: femur, clavicle, • Regular Dense Connective Tissue -
humerus forms ligaments and
- If the remains are identified beforehand tendons dense connective tissue
then you have antemortem info. • Elastic dense connective-
• Description of living persons combines greater elasticity with
• Evaluation of health of the person- strength makes up our vocal cords
can recognize disease. and some ligaments adjacent to
• Recognition of habitual activities- spinal form.
you can know the person where • Ligaments- connected to bones
you determine what does he do. to bones.
• Identification of the cause and • Tendons- attach muscles to
manner of death- especially bones.
decomposing remains. • Periosteum- encases outer
• Determination of the surfaces of compact bone.
approximate time since death • Endosteum- cover the inner
surface of compact bone.

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE
TISSUE
• Support in areas that require
durable flexibility.
• Hydration and maintenance of
body fluids
• Attachment or the various body
parts to one another
• Protection for bones and joints
during activity
• Encasement of organs and
groups of structures
CARTILAGE
Functions: support, flexibility, friction
reduction and model for growing bone.
- Consists primarily of water because of
high water contents.
- Capable of springing back when
compressed, resistant to tension. (Due to
strong network of collagen fibrous but
not resistant to sheer forces, twisting and
bending which causes torn to cartilages
in sports).
- No blood vessels
• Capable of fast growth – but little
capacity for regeneration especially
adults.
Types:
§ Hyaline – ends of bone, shapes
nose, completes ribcage, form
fetal skeleton, provides for model
growing bones.
§ Elastic – basically hyaline with
elastic fibers
§ Fibrocartilage – embedded in
dense collagenous tissue which
forms vertebral disk.
- Compose of mineral salts
primarily calcium phosphate,
crystalline material.
GROSS ANATOMY OF BONE
- The basic macrostructure of a long
bone is defined by its growth and
development.
Diaphysis – Forms in the primary center of
ossification
- it appears first before the shaft of the
adult bone
Epiphyses – forms the ends of the bone
and provide dense smooth surface for
articular cartilage.
- Pressure
- Traction (attachment areas)
- Atavistic – small, irregular with no
specific function in humans.
Metaphysis – an area of active growth.
- Growing cartilage, calcifying at each
bony surface.
- The site of epiphysis-diaphysis fusion.
*If there is no fusion hindi lalaki yung tao.

BONE
- Support is the primary function of bone.
- Protection, movement, blood cell
formation, and mineral storage.

Types:
• Dense – known as compact, lamellar,
or cortical bone.
- Forms bone cortex (main portion of
the shaft surrounding the medullar
cavity)
• Spongy – also called as cancellous or
trabecular bone, have thin bones
spicules/trabeculae.
• Woven – not seen in healthy adult but
its normal in the embryonic or skeletal
bone.

Bone Chemistry:
§ Organic – 35% bone mass,
compose of cells, collagen, fibers
substances.
§ Inorganic – 65% bone mass

LAYERS OF A LONG BONE SHAFT
§ Periosteum – outermost layer
§ Sharpey’s fibers – holds periosteum
tightly in place.
§ Nutrient foramen – pierces the
periosteum and the bone providing
access to nutrient vessels.
§ Medullary cavity – where the vessels
pass through compact and
trabecular bone inside the shaft.
Micro verse
3 Basic types of cells in bones
• Osteoblast – build bone matrix.
• Osteoclast – large multi nucleated
cells capable breaking down bone.
• Osteocytes – long term maintenance
cells.
- Bone is built by cells called osteoblast
- Maintained by osteocytes
- Broken down by osteoclasts and built
again.
• Osteons – Basic structural
components of dense bone.
- Made of vascular Haversian
canal surrounded by calcified
concentric lamellae.
Osteogenesis – Bone formation and
growth.
o All bone develops by replacing a
pre-existing connective tissue, either
a connective tissue membrane or a
cartilaginous model.
2 Types of Ossification
o Intramembranous ossification – bone
growth take place within the
membrane. Begins early in fetal
development and continues
throughout life as bone heals and
remodels beneath the terioustal
membrane cartilaginous model
which takes place after a template
for the bones is form in cartilage and
muscular and vascular.
o Endochondral ossification – bone
growth that takes place within
o Stress is the key to form – formation
of bones which the shape of each
bone is a result of stress most
commonly place on it.
o Wolff’s law – based from the fact
that bone grows and thrives under
tension due to the balance of
muscle groups. Form of bone
changes when it used changes.
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF
BONES
• Location – action skeleton which is
the foundation/base of
appendicular is attached.
- Action skeleton is composed of skull,
hyoid bone, back bone, sternum, and
ribs.
- Appendicular skeleton is attach to
actual skeleton.
- All appendicular bones are paired (left
and right such as the arms, hands, etc.)
• Size and shape
• Origin – bone are endochondral
• Structure – either dense or spongy
JOINTS
• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial
ANATOMICAL POSITION
- Correct orientation of the body
1. Anatomical Planes
2. Anatomical Directional Terms
IMPORTANCE:
• Provide a universal way and
consistent way of
describing/discussing anatomy.
• Describe location of pain, injury, and
surgical procedure.
• Creating a reference point when
describing anatomical positions.
BODY PLANES – Imaginary lines drawn
vertically or horizontally in an upright
body position that is in anatomical
position.
 o Trans – meaning horizontal or
cutting across
o In the X axis

MEDIAL AND LATERAL (left and right)

- uses sagittal plane
Reference point: midsagittal plane

MEDIAL – moves towards the middle or

midline.
LATERAL – moves away from the middle
or midline.

BODY SECTION – portions of the body

created by a cut through a plane.

Examples:
o nose is medial to your eyes
BODY PLANES
o arms are lateral to your torso
1. Sagittal plane
2. Coronal plane
SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR (top and
3. Transverse plane
bottom)
- uses transverse plane
SAGITTAL PLANES – left and right
Reference point: transverse line
sections.
SUPERIOR – moves towards the head.
2 types
Also called Cranial.
A. Midsagittal plane – equal
INFERIOR – moves away from the head.
parts/section
Also called Caudal = tail.
B. Parasagittal plane – unequal
parts/section.

Examples:
o nose is inferior to the eyes
o head is superior to torso
CORONAL PLANE – front and back
sections. It is also called as “Frontal ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR (front and
plane”. back)
- uses coronal plane
Reference point: coronal line

ANTERIOR – moves towards the front.

Also called ventral.
POSTERIOR – moves towards the back.
Also called dorsal.

TRANSVERSE PLANE – up and down (top

or bottom) sections. Also called
“Axial/Horizontal plane”.

Example:
o frontal bone is anterior to
occipital bone
PROXIMAL AND DISTAL
- used by lower and upper extremities
(limbs).
PROXIMAL – moves towards the trunk.
DISTAL – moves away from the trunk.
• Viscerocranium – lower or sa face.
Collection of bones that forms face
or facial bone.
1. Characteristics of face and
protect the organs of the face
2. Bony surface for attachment of
facial muscle
3. Foramina for the passage of the
neurovascular structure.
JOINT (ARTICULATION) – adjacent bone
or bone and cartilage together to form
a connection.
SUTURES – Fixed or immovable. It
provides strength to the joint by
attaching the irregular intervening
edges of the cranial bones.

WHAT’S THE SKULL ABOUT?

- 22 bones
- joined together by sutures and
synarthrodial joints.

CRANIAL BONES
PAIRED:
Examples:
• Parietals
o wrist is proximal to fingers
• Temporals
o elbow is proximal to wrist
UNPAIRED:
o elbow is distal to shoulder
• Frontal
• Occipital
SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP
• Sphenoid
– skin / internal organs
• Ethmoid
SUPERFICIAL – closer to the surface of
FACIAL BONES
the body.
PAIRED:
DEEP – away from the surface of the
• Lacrimals
body.
• Nasals
Examples:
• Zygomatics
o lungs is deeper than the ribs
• Maxillae
o skin is superficial than the ribs
• Palatines
• Inferior nasal conchae
EF 2 MODULE 3
UNPAIRED:
• Vomer
THE SKULL
• Mandible
Structure:
• Hyoid
• Vault
o Frontal to Parietal = Coronal
FRONTAL BONE
suture
ARTICULATION:
o Parietal = sagittal plane
o Sphenoid
o Parietal to Occipital =
o Parietals
Lambdoidal suture
o Ethmoid
o Parietal to Temporal = Temporal
o Lacrimals
suture
o Nasals
• Base – spinal column will attached
o Zygomatics
with the skull
o Maxillae
• Face – Junction of chin up to the
IDENTIFICATION:
root of the nose.
o Orbital rims and Orbital plates
Function:
SIDEING:
• Neurocranium – upper (STEPOF).
o Orbital Margin
BRAIN CASE.
1. Protects the brain and organs
1-2 years old – Anterior Fontanelle (7-19
2. Forms the shape of the head.
months) closed.
2-4 years old – Metopic Sutures normally IDENTIFICATION:
closed. o Attachments
Posterior Fontanelle – 1 to 2 months/ at SIDEING:
Birth. o Greater wing and lesser wing

PARIETAL BONE ETHMOID

ARTICULATION: ARTICULATION:
o Occipital o Sphenoid
o Frontal o Frontal
o Temporal o Maxillae
o Sphenoid o Palatines
o Parietal o Vomer
IDENTIFICATION: o Lacrimal
o Parietal foramen; meningeal IDENTIFICATION:
groove o Rarely found by itself, pieces
SIDEING: adhere to other bones.
o Four borders and angles SIDEING:
o Crista Galli
FONTANELLE – soft bone. Spaces o Perpendicular plate
between the bones that remain open in
babies and young children. 20-30 years – Ethmoid and Vomer Fuse.
- Cranial bones remain separate for
about 12-18 months. LACRIMAL
Function: ARTICULATION:
1. Brain growth and development o Frontal
2. Flexible so bones can overlap o Ethmoid
3. Avoid brain damage o Maxillae
IDENTIFICATION:
TEMPORAL BONE o Lacrimal Crest
ARTICULATION: SIDEING:
o Occipital o Orbital and Nasal sutures
o Sphenoid
o Parietals 2-3 years old – assumes adult
o Zygomatics morphology.
o Mandible
TWO MAIN PARTS: NASAL
o Petrosal ARTICULATION:
o Squamous o Frontal
IDENTIFICATION: o Maxilla
o Unique Morphology o Nasal
SIDEING: IDENTIFICATION:
o Digastric groove o Unique morphology
SIDEING:
OCCIPITAL BONE o Free edge
ARTICULATION: o Articular edge
o Parietal o Frontal suture
o Temporal
o Sphenoid ZYGOMATIC
o Atlas ARTICULATION:
IDENTIFICATION: o Frontal
o Unique Morphology o Sphenoid
SIDEING: o Maxillae
o Lambdoidal suture o Temporals
IDENTIFICATION:
SPHENOID o Unique Morphology
ARTICULATION: SIDEING:
o Vomer o Convex Surface
o Ethmoid
o Frontal MAXILLA
o Occipital ARTICULATION:
o Parietals o Frontal
o Temporals o Ethmoid
o Zygomatic o Zygomatic
o Palatines o Vomer
 o Lacrimal HYOID
o Maxillae ARTICULATION:
o Nasal o NONE
o Palatine IDENTIFICATION:
o Mandible o Body
o Inferior nasal concha o Horns
IDENTIFICATION: SIDEING:
o Diagnostic Features • Lesser horns
o Alveolar region – sharp edges of
nasal apertures. 2 years old - body usually completely
o Edge of Lacrimal Canal ossified
o Large Maxillary Sinus
o Serrated intermaxillary suture EF 2 MODULE 4
SIDEING:
o Comparative specimens The shoulder girdle or the Pectoral
Girdle, thorax, the arm and the hand
12-14 years old – permanent teeth
emerges except 3rd molars. THE UPPER BODY
• Clavicle
PALATINE • Scapula
ARTICULATION: • Ribs
o Sphenoid • Sternum
o Ethmoid • Humerus
o Maxilla • Radius
o Vomer • Ulna
o Palatine • Hand bones
IDENTIFICATION:
o Attachments CLAVICLE
SIDEING: - Also known as the COLLAR BONE
o Surfaces and edge - An S-shaped, horizontal long bone.
ARTICULATION:
INFERIOR NASAL CONCHA o Sternum
ARTICULATION: o Scapula
o Ethmoid SIDEING:
o Lacrimal o Lateral end is flattened
o Maxilla o Medial end is rounded
o Palatine
IDENTIFICATION: - One of the strongest bone
o Usually never found - 5-6 weeks primary ossification centers
SIDEING: appears.
o Duh!? - 29+ years Fusion of medial epiphysis will
be complete in all individuals.
VOMER
ARTICULATION: SCAPULA
o Sphenoid - Also known as the SHOULDER BLADE
o Ethmoid (SCAPULAE)
o Palatines - Flat bones that cover the upper part of
o Maxillae the back
IDENTIFICATION: ARTICULATION:
o Usually never found o Humerus
SIDEING: o Clavicle
o Duh!? SIDEING:
o Glenoid fossa is lateral
3-5 months change from U-shape to Y-
shape based. RIBS
- Circle the chest cavity – thoracic part
MANDIBLE - Simply disregarded because they are
ARTICULATION: fragile.
o Temporal - Also known as the HOUSE OF THE
o Maxillae ORGANS
IDENTIFICATION: ARTICULATION:
o Unique Morphology o Vertebrae
SIDEING: SIDEING:
o Teeth and ramus o Head is posterior
 o The cup-shaped costochondral
junction is anterior
o The inner surface is concave
o The outer surface is convex

STERNUM
-Also known as the BREAST BONE
- Compromised of three elements;
manubrium, body of the sternum, and
xiphoid process
ARTICULATION:
o Clavicle
SIDEING: None

HUMERUS
- Also known as the UPPER ARM
- Upper long bone
ARTICULATION:
SCARED
o Scapula
LOVERS
SIDEING:
TRY
o Head at the proximal end
POSITION
o Medial epicondyle is larger than
THAT
the larger epicondyle.
THEY
CAN’T
In male the humeral head is bigger than
HANDLE
in female.

RADIUS
- Also known as the ROTATION BONE
- Long bone lateral to the ulna, on the
same side of the forearm as the thumb.
ARTICULATION:
o Humerus
o Ulna
o Scaphoid
o Lunate
SIDEING:
o Styloid process at the distal end
of the radius is lateral and
indicates the direction of the
thumb.

ULNA
- Also known as the ELBOW BONE
- Long bone medial to the radius
ARTICULATION:
o Humerus
o Radius
o Lunate
SIDEING:
o Radial notch is on the side of
origin

HANDBONES
- CARPALS, METACARPALS, and
PHALANGES