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Chapter 3.2 - Basic Equations in Fluid Mechanics (Momentum Equation)
Chapter 3.2 - Basic Equations in Fluid Mechanics (Momentum Equation)
ρ1 ρ2
A1 v1 A2 v2
B C C’
B’
The fluid contain in tube ABCD will moving to A’B’C’D
after time changing in dt.
Momentum = mass x velocity
AA’B’B = ρ1 A1 v1 dt x v1
= ρ1 A1 v12 dt
Momentum = ρ2 A2 v2 dt x v2
CC’D’D = ρ2 A2 v22 dt
Momentum changing in time= ρ2 A2 v22dt - ρ1 A1 v12dt
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v1 dt v2 dt
A A’ D D’
ρ1
A1 v1 ρ2
A2 v2
B C C’
B’
Divide by dt,
Momentum rate = ρ2 A2 v22 - ρ1 A1 v12
In steady flow, ρ1A1 v1 = ρ2 A2 v2 = ṁ
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The water passage is 3 m wide normal to the plane of the
figure. Determine the horizontal force acting on the shaded Example 15
structure. Assume ideal flow.
Solution:
1 2
Continuity Equation:
A1V1 A2V2
(2x3)V1 (1x3)V2 V2 2V1 (ii)
Energy Equation:
p1 V12 p2 V22 Insert (ii) into (i)
z z2
g 1 2g g 2g V12 V22 V12 (2V1 ) 2
2 1 2 1
2g
P1 and P2 = 0 (open to atmosphere pressure) Therefore, 2g 2g 2g
V12 V22
2 1 (i)
2g 2g
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Applying momentum equation to the free-body diagram.
F1 F2 Fx Q(V2 V1 )
(PA)1 (PA) 2 Fx Q(V2 V1 )
(9.81x103 )(1)(2x3) (9.81x103 )(0.5)(1x3) Fx (103 )(15.34)(5.11 2.56)
Fx 4.91KN ()
Area = height x wide z/2
ρg
+ve
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Example 16
Flow occurs over the spillway of constant section as
shown in Figure. Given that y1, = 4.2 m and y2 = 0.7 m,
determine the horizontal force on the spillway per meter
of spillway width (perpendicular to the spillway section).
Assume ideal flow.
Assume width = 1 m V12 V22
4.2 0.7
2g 2g
Continuity Equation:
A1V1 A2V2
(4.2 x1)V1 (0.7 x1)V2
Energy Equation: Therefore,
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2 V1 = 1.401 m/s, V2 = 8.40 m/s
g 2g g 2g
P1 and P2 = 0 Q = A1V1 = 5.88 m3/s
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Fx
F1
F2
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Force of Pressure Conduits and Bend
Consider the case of horizontal flow to the right through the
reducer. A free-body diagram of the forces acting on the fluid
mass contained in the reducer (the control volume (CV) is
shown. We shall apply Fx = ṁ (vx2 – vx1) to this fluid mass to
examine the forces that are acting in the x direction.
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The forces P1A1 and P2A2 represent pressure forces that fluid
located just upstream and just downstream exerts on the control
volume. The forces Fx represents the force exerted by the
reducer on the fluid ( CV) in the x direction.
Neglecting shear forces at the boundary of the reducer, the force
Fx is the resultant (integrated) effect of the normal pressure
forces that the wall of the reducer exerts on the fluid.
since the entry and exit velocities are parallel to the x direction,
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Example 17
A water flows in a pipe which bend to the horizontal axis at
450. The inlet pipe’s diameter is 600mm and reduce to 300mm
at the end. Given the inlet’s pressure and flow rate are
140kPa and 0.425 m3/s respectively. Neglecting the friction,
calculate the resultant force at the bend. P2 A2
Q 2
V1
Q V2
A1 A1
0.425 0.425 v2
V1 V2
0.62 0.32
4 4 v1 = 450
P1A1
V1 1.5 m/s V2 6.0 m/s
Energy Equation: 1
p1 V12 p2 V22
z1 z2
g 2g g 2g
0 – P2A2sin + Fy = Q(v2sin - 0)
–(123x 103) (0.071) (sin 45o) + Fy = (103) (0.425) (6 sin 45o)
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Example 19
Assume that friction is negligible, that =115°, and that the
water jet has a velocity of 25 m/s and a diameter of 40 mm.
Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant force exerted
on the blade.
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Q AFVF FR
0.04 2
Q 25
4
Q 0.0314 m3 /s
Fx : Fy :
- Fx = Q(-v2cos 65o - v1) - Fy = Q(-v2sin 65o - 0)
- Fx = (103)(0.0314) (-25cos 65o -25) - Fy = (103)(0.0314) (-25sin 65o)
- Fx = - 1.117kN - Fy = - 0.711kN
Fx = 1.117kN ( ) Fy = 0.711kN ( )
Flow rate Q AV
0.025 2
Q 6
4
Q 2.95 103 m3 /s
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V2 = 6 m/s y
control volume
x
3
Q 2.95 10 m /s 3
Ry
Rx 17.67 N Ry 17.67 N
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Example 21
3
In a fountain, 0.05 m /s of water having a velocity of 8 m/s is being deflected by the angled
chute shown in figure. Determine the reactions on the chute in the x and y directions shown.
Also calculate the total resultant force and the direction in which it acts. Neglect elevation
changes.
V2 = 8 m/s
V1 = 8 m/s 3
Q = 0.05 m /s
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V2 = 8 m/s x-direction force equation:
3 Fx QV2 x V1x
Q = 0.05 m /s
V1 = 8 m/s
Rx 1000 0.05 8sin15 8cos45
Rx 179.32 N