Contemporary

World
 THE STUDY OF GLOBALIZATION
GLOBALIZATION
- increasing interaction of people, states,
or countries, through the growth of the
international flow of money, ideas, and
culture
- interconnectedness of people and
business across the world that
eventually lead to global, cultural,
political and economic integration
- ability to move and communicate easily
with others all over the world in order to
conduct business internationally
- free movement of goods, services, and
people across the world in a seamless
and integrated manner
- liberalization of countries of their impact
protocols and welcoming foreign
investment into sectors are the
mainstays of its economy
- countries acting like a magnet attracting
global capital by opening up their
economies to multinational
corporations
GLOBAL VILLAGE
- worlds are becoming closer and closer
IMPORT
- bring (goods or services) into a country
from abroad for sale
EXPORT
- send (goods or services) to another
country for sale
BUREAU OF CUSTOMS (BOC)
- implements an effective revenue
collection by preventing and
suppressing smuggling and the entry of
prohibited imported goods
- supervises and controls the entrance
and clearance of vessels and aircrafts
engaged in foreign commerce
TARIFF
- tax or duty to be paid on a particular
class of imports or exports
NORTH ATLANTIC TRADING
ORGANIZATION (NATO)
- organization responsible during trade
between different countries
In education or school, foreigners have
no power to own it 100%, but they can
have a share in it
ACCORDING TO MARTIN ALBROW AND
ELIZABETH KING (FORMER DIRECTOR OF
WORLD BANK)
- Globalization is a process by which
those people of the world are
incorporated into a single world society.
ACCORDING TO ANTHONY GIDDENS
(ADVISER OF BILL CLINTON)
- Intensification of worldwide social
relations which links distant localities in
such a way that local happenings are
shaped by events occurring many miles
away and vice Versa.
ACCORDING TO ROLAND ROBERTSON
(1992)
- Compression of the world and the
intensification of the consciousness of
the world as a whole.
THREE MAJOR AREAS OF
GLOBALIZATION
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
- North American Free Trade Agreement
- Multinational Corporations
- BIG TECH
1. Facebook
 2. Apple 1930
3. Google
- Towards New Education
4. Microsoft
- Globalize
5. Amazon
- Mahatma Gandhi
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION - Used as noun which means holistic
view on education
- policies and governing laws
- United Nations 1970
- World Trade Organization
- Globalization
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
1980
- social and technological factors - Theodore Levitt
causing cultures to converge
- Mainstream Business Audience
- social media
- Term globalization has been
- LRT and MRT popularized

2000
PERSPECTIVES ON GLOBALIZATION - International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- Four Basic Aspects (TraMig CapDi)
1. Trade and Transactions
HYPERGLOBALIST 2. Migration of Knowledge
3. Capital and Investment Movements
- Positive effects
4. Dissemination
SKEPTICS
2017
- Americanization or Westernization
- Globalization
- For developed countries only
- Meetings, Conferences, and Lectures
- Negative effects
2018
TRANSFORMATIONALIST
- Phenomenon
- Positive and negative effects
- Full Swing
ORIGIN OF GLOBALIZATION INDICATORS OF GLOBALIZATION
- Modern Times - Jet Engine
- Age of European Discovery - Internet
HISTORICAL FOUNDATION OF - E-banking
- E-bike
GLOBALIZATION
- Light Rail Transit (LRT), Mass Rapid
Transit (MRT)
- Overfishing
1897
- Global Warming
- Charles Taze Russell - Pollution
- Modern-day Jehovah’s Witnesses
KYOTO PROTOCOL
- WATOBITS - Watch Tower by Hall and
Tract Society - operationalizes the United Nations
- Corporate Giants (big companies) Framework Convention on Climate
Change by committing industrialized
 countries and economies in transition to IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING
limit and reduce greenhouse gases GLOBALIZATION
(GHG) emissions in accordance with
agreed individual targets - There is a greater demand in business
- PH signed but US didn’t and industry, health, engineering and
technology to have people who can
MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION work with people of other nations and
cultures.
- Global competition and imports keep a
- There is a greater demand of promoting
lid on prices such that inflation is less
the local business and industry to other
likely to derail economic growth.
countries and if need be, owners travel
- An open economy spurs fast innovation
independently and internationally for a
with fresh ideas from abroad.
better promotion.
- Export jobs often pay more than other
- The contemporary world faces global
jobs
challenges that will take
- Unfettered capital flow keeps interest
interdisciplinary groups to solve these
rates low.
challenges: These challenges are: how
- Living standards go up faster.
to provide access to clean water, clean
- Productivity grows more quickly when
environment, clean renewable energy
countries produce goods and services
that is affordable to everyone and how
in which they are of comparative
to deal with the unpredictable climate
advantage
change just to name a few. These
- Countries liberalize their visa rules and
global challenges need to be solved as
procedures so as to permit the full flow
soon as possible through the gathering
of people from country to country.
and sharing of information across
- It results in freeing up the unproductive
disciplines, institutions, and other
sector to investment and the productive
entities on a global scale.
sector to export related activities
- Creating meaningful, harmonious, and
resulting in a win-win situation for the
workable relationships that link globally
world economy.
is an important aspect of the merits of
DEMERITS OF GLOBALIZATION globalization, especially if one wishes
to be the President of the future
- Several people lose their jobs when
generation.
companies import cheap labor or
- Knowledge of the merits, demerits and
materials or shift production abroad. reasons for globalization will enable the
- Workers face pay cut demands from
students to work as a model of
employers who often threaten to export
collaborative international team in the
jobs.
near future along the areas of business,
- Unregulated globalization can cause
education, health, science, arts,
serious problems to poor and
engineering, hotel industries, etc. and
developing countries in terms of labor
discuss best products in these areas.
force, wages, benefits, job termination,
and others
- High foreign stake in industries where it
is not necessarily needed could affect
the economic growth of domestic
enterprise.
- Sovereignty of a country and company/
institution may be at stake.
 IMPORTANCE OF GLOBALIZATION FOR
EVERYONE
NEIL KOKEMULLER
- globalization is the expansion of local
economies and businesses into a
broader international marketplace
- Even small businesses have gotten
active in the global environment as the
Internet and mobile technology have
enabled communication across
continents and countries.
INTERNET
- revolutionized the business arena
- created a whole new virtual
marketplace that expands beyond
physical and geographical boundaries
The development of business, industry and
income levels in several large population
centers has also contributed to the importance
of globalization. China, India and Brazil are
prominent examples of thriving economies as
of 2013. Nearly two billion people reside in
these countries.
COMPETITION
- influx of foreign competitors in the U.S.
limits the number of companies in some
industries that can succeed
domestically
- if your competitors expand globally, you
have to consider following suit
DIVERSE POPULATION
- Business trends often mirror broader
societal trends.
- United States is home to immigrants
from many countries around the world.
- As people move to different parts of the
world, they spread different ideas,
perspectives and customs.
THE THEORY OF COMPARATIVE
ADVANTAGES
- countries that are good at producing
particular good are better off exporting
it to countries that are less efficient at
producing that good.
- not all countries are good at producing
all sorts of goods and hence they
benefit by trading with each other.
- because of the wage differential and
the way in which different countries are
endowed with different resources,
countries stand to gain by trading with
each other.
PHILOSOPHY UNDERLYING
GLOBALIZATION
- Globalization is one of the most widely
spread recent cultural, social,
economic, and political phenomenon
which has strongly marked the
discourse of the humanities and social
sciences. This new, not-yet constituted
era poses multiple challenges in which
there is room for novel theoretical
paradigm in this new emerging world.
- The concept of globalization has only
recently been widely accepted and
adapted - words like global, globality,
globalization, globalism as well as the
concepts of global market, global
ecology, global citizen, it's more truly
unknown up to the very end of the 20th
century.
- Discussion of world issues used the
derivatives of "international" rather than
"global" relations because of the recent
popularized new concept of
"globalization" has resulted in
innumerable contradicting definitions of
the same.
- While, normatively speaking, some
people associate globalization with
progress, prosperity, and peace, some
others consider it to be retrogression,
disaster and decay.
- The common and indisputable
characteristics of all its definitions is the
view that globalization is "a process of
economic, social, culture, and political
 activity, which transcends nation-state VARIOUS WAYS TO MAKE TRADE EASIER
borders and that it pertains to the world
as a whole." It is within this context that
the multi-dimensionality of the FREE TRADE
globalization process comes to the
face. - exchange of products or goods without
- Globalization is a complex and tariff or barrier
controversial process of the building of - Canada Korea Free Trade Agreement
the world as a whole due to the creation (CKFT)
of global institutional structures and
TRADE BLOCK
global cultural forms like a free market
(economic unification of the world with - agreement made by the government to
uniform patterns of production and reduce trade barriers
consumption; democratic integration of - North American Free Trade Agreement
the world based on common interest of (NAFTA)
humankind, such as equality, human - US, Canada, Mexico (January 1, 1994)
rights protection, rule of law, peace and
security, and moral integration of the OUTSOURCING
world based on humanistic values - - trade of manufacturer
instead of national state particularism.
- Various ideological movements of GIS
resistance to globalization have been
- worldwide system of state interaction
emerging in response to globalization
such as the violent and destructive
mass demonstrations staged in various
THREE TYPES OF INTERACTION AMONG
countries are a manifestation of
resistance. STATES

STRUCTURES OF GLOBALIZATION
UNILATERALISM

Global Economy = World Economy = - 2 or 3 more states interacts, but only 1

Economic Growth state benefits

BILATERALISM

2 TYPES OF ECONOMY - 2 states interact and both states benefit

- Japan Philippines Economic
Corporation (JPEC)
PROTECTIONISM MULTILATERALISM
- act of protecting one's economy / - interaction among multiple states, all
country from foreign competition by states benefit
creating trade barriers - United Nations (UN)
TRADE LIBERALIZATION - World Trade Organization (WTO)

- promoting international trading

- reducing trade barrier
 GLOBAL ECONOMY
- also referred to as world economy
- international exchange of goods and
services that is expressed in monetary
units of money
- free movement of goods, capital,
services, technology, and information
- concerned on the globalization of
production, finance, markets,
technology, organizational regimes,
institutions, corporations, and labor
In some contexts, "global" or
"International" economy is distinguished
and measured separately from national
economies while the "world economy" is
simply an aggregate of the separate
country's measurements.
WORLD ECONOMY
- exclusively limited to human economic
activity and is typically judged in
monetary terms
- typical examples are illegal drugs and
other black market goods which by any
standard are a part of the world
economy, but for which these is by
definition no legal market of any kind.
GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND
TRADE AND WORLD TRADE
ORGANIZATION
- made countries gradually cut down
trade barriers and open up their current
accounts and capital accounts
MARKET INTEGRATION
- prices among different location or
related goods follow the same patterns
over a long period of time, market
integration exist
- when groups of prices often move
proportionally to each other and when
this relation is very clear among
different markets it is said that the
markets are integrated
- indicator that explains how much
different markets are related to each
other
ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS IN THE CREATION OF
GLOBAL ECONOMY
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTION (IFIs)
- international financial institution is
chartered by more than one country
and therefore are subjects to
international law
- owners or shareholders are generally
national governments, although other
international institutions and other
organizations occasionally figure as
shareholders
- most prominent IFIs are creations of
multiple nations, although some
bilateral financial institutions (created
by two countries) exist and are
technically IFIs.
- The best known IFIs were established
after World War II to assist in the
reconstruction of Europe and provide
mechanisms for international
cooperation in managing the global
financial system.
- Today, the world's largest IFI is the
European Investment Bank, with a
balance sheet size of €573 billion
in 2016. This compares to the two
components of the World Bank, the
IBRD (assets of $358 billion in 2014) [3]
and the IDA (assets of $183 billion
in 2014). For comparison, the largest
commercial banks each have assets of
c.$2,000-3,000 billion. (Source:
Website)
 THE INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS (IFIS) ARE:
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
(IMF)
MULTILATERAL DEVELOPMENT BANKS
(MDBS)
- World Bank Group
- African Development Bank
- Asian Development Bank
- Inter-American Development Bank
- European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development
The last four (4) of these each focus on a
single world region and thus are often called
Regional Development Banks (RDB).
Global in scope are International
Monetary Fund and the World Bank. They
are also specialized agencies in the United
Nation system but are governed
independently of it.
MEMBERSHIP COMPOSITION OF IFIs:
- only sovereign countries are admitted
as member-owner
- broad country membership to include
borrowing developing countries and
developed donor countries
- membership in regional development
banks include countries around the
world as members (not limited to
countries from the region)
- has its own independent legal and
operational states
MAIN OBJECTIVES:
- IMF provides temporary financial
assistance to member countries to help
ease balance of payments
adjustments.
- MDBS provide financing for
development to developing countries
through
- long term loans (with maturities of up to
20 years) at interest rates way below
market rates. Funding comes from
international capital markets and relend
to borrowing government in developing
countries.
- very long-term loans (sometimes called
credits with maturities of 30- 40 years)
at interest rates below market rates.
Funding for loans come from direct
contributions by government in the
donor countries.
- Grant financing by some MDBs for
technical assistance advisory service or
project preparation.
- All IFIs are active in supporting
programs that are for the global
economy in addition to their primary
role of financing and providing technical
assistance to programs at the country
level.
HISTORY OF GLOBAL MARKET
INTEGRATION IN THE TWENTIETH
CENTURY
- Labor market integration occurred
between 1882 and 1936 in an area of
Asia stretching from South India to
Southeastern China and encompassing
the three Southeast Asian countries of
Burma, Malaya and Thailand.
By the late nineteenth century,
globalization, of which a principal
feature was the mass migration
nineteenth century, globalization, of
which a principal feature was the mass
migration of Indians and Chinese to
Southeast Asia, gave rise to both an
integrated Asian labor market and a
period of real wage convergence.
Integration did not, however, extend
beyond Asia to include core industrial
countries. Asian and core areas, in
contrast to globally integrated
 commodity markets, showed divergent
trends in unskilled real wages.
By the 1880s steamships had largely
replaced sailing vessels for transport
within Asia as well as to Western
markets, and shipping fares had begun
to fall sharply.
Also, already underway was the mass
migration of Indian and Chinese
workers, principally from the labor-
abundant areas of Madras in India and
the provinces of Kwangtung
(Guangdong) and Fukien (Fujian) in
Southeastern China, to land-abundant
but labor-scarce parts of Asia. Chief
among the immigrant-receiving
countries were Burma, Malaya and
Thailand (Siam) in Southeast Asia.
Indian and Chinese labor inflows to
these countries constituted the bulk of
two of three main late nineteenth- and
early twentieth-century global migration
movements, the other being European
immigration to the New World.
Immigration to Southeast Asia was
almost entirely in response to its
growing demand for workers which, in
turn, derived from rapidly expanding
demand in core industrial countries for
Southeast Asian exports. Studies by
Latham and Neal (1983) and by Brandt
(1985, 1989) established the
development of an integrated Asian rice
market beginning in the latter part of the
nineteenth century.
GLOBAL CORPORATION
- one that operates in more than one
country. Particularly in the United
States, the term can mean different
things to different contexts, with the
characteristics of a global corporation
varying accordingly. (Craig
Berman, 2017)
- Business analysts and academics,
such as the groundbreaking Michael
Porter at Harvard University, defined
global businesses more narrowly and
distinguish them from other operations
overseas
- one that maintains a strong
headquarters in one country, but has
investments in multiple foreign
locations. Such investments may
involve direct investments in foreign
assets, such as manufacturing facilities
or sales offices. The headquarters
generally is its home country, though
some moves to more favorable
regulatory or taxation locations over
time. Global corporations strive to
create economies of scale by selling
the same products in multiple locations
and limiting local customization
- one that has significant investments
and facilities in multiple countries but
lacks a dominant headquarters
- governed by the laws of the country
where they are incorporated
- connects its talents, resources and
opportunities across political
boundaries
- more invested in its overseas locations,
it can be more sensitive to local
opportunities -- and also more
vulnerable to threats. A company that
does business in Africa, for example,
might find itself dealing with the
implication from a local Ebola outbreak
as well as its commercial operations.
In contrast, an international company is
one that has a headquarters, for example
in the United States, but also does
business overseas and might have a large
presence in multiple areas. Such company
would be governed by U.S. regulations,
assuming its headquarters remain in U.S.,
but may also have foreign subsidiaries
such as the Philippines which is governed
by local laws.
 GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM
- existence of a division of labor
- modern world-system has a multi-state
political structure (the interstate
system) and therefore its division of
labor is international division of labor
- In the modern world-system, the
division of labor consists of three
zones according to the prevalence of
profitable industries or activities: core,
semi periphery, and periphery.
Countries tend to fall into one or
another of these interdependent
zones core countries, semi-
periphery countries and the
periphery countries. Resources are
redistributed from the underdeveloped,
typically raw materials-exporting, poor
part of the world (the periphery) to
developed, industrialized core.
World-systems, past world-systems
and the modern world-systems, have
temporal features. Cyclical rhythms
represent the short-term fluctuation of
economy, while secular trends mean
deeper long run tendencies, such as
general economic growth or decline.
The term contradiction means a
general controversy in the system,
usually concerning some short term vs.
long term trade-offs. For example, the
problem of under consumption, wherein
the drive-down of wages increases the
profit for the capitalists on the short-run,
but considering the long run, the
decreasing of wages may have a
crucially harmful effect by reducing the
demand for the product. The last
temporal feature is the crisis: a crisis
occurs if a constellation of
circumstances brings about the end of
the system.
The world-systems theory stresses
that world-systems (and not nation
states) should be the basic unit of
social analysis. Thus we should focus
not on individual states, but on the
relations between their groupings (core,
semi-periphery, and periphery).
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
- sometimes referred to as world
governance
- process of designating laws, rules, or
regulations intended for a global scale
GLOBAL
- movement towards political
cooperation, transnational actors,
negotiating responses to problems that
affect than one state or region
INSTITUTIONS OF GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
- tend to have limited or demarcated
power to enforce compliance
- United Nations
- International Criminal Court
- World Bank
GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IS NOT A WORLD
GOVERNMENT
- not a singular system
- there is no "world government"
- there is no president or ruler of the
world which is the most important role a
government should have
dominant mode of organization
- bureaucratic rational
- regularized and codified
- common to all modern regimes of
political power and frames
UNITED NATION IS NOT A WORLD
GOVERNMENT
- does not rule over countries, collect tax,
and implement policies to the global
population
- directly controlled by member states
- can only take action if directed by the
member states
 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION SEMI-PERIPHERAL COUNTRIES
GOVERNANCE - Developing or newly industrialized
- According to the disciplining - Middle-income countries
hypothesis, globalization restrains - Not powerful enough to dictate
governments by inducing increased economic and political policy
budgetary pressure. As a - Less developed than core countries but
consequence, governments may more developed than peripheral
attempt to curtail the welfare state, countries
which is often seen as a drag on
PERIPHERAL COUNTRIES
international competitiveness, by
reducing especially their expenditures - Least developed countries
on transfers and subsidies. This - Low-income countries
globalization-induced welfare state - Dependent on core nations for capital
retrenchment is potentially mitigated by - Receive small share of global wealth
citizens' preferences to be
compensated for the risks of WORLD SYSTEM THEORY
globalization ("compensation
hypothesis").

COMPENSATION HYPOTHESIS

- suggests that there should be a linear

relationship between globalization and
public expenses/expenditures

WORLD SYSTEM

- Immanuel Wallerstein Model

- Capitalist World Economy
- deals with inter-regional and
transnational division of labor, which
divides the world into core countries,
semi-periphery countries, and the
periphery countries
- also known as world-systems analysis
THREE ECONOMIC ZONES
or world systems perspectives
- unified by division of labor - multidisciplinary, macro- scale
approach to world history and social
CORE COUNTRIES change which emphasizes the world-
- focus on higher skill, capital-intensive system (and not nation states) as the
production primary (but not exclusive) unit of social
- Highly developed or industrialized analysis
- High-income countries CORE SEMI- PERIPHERY
- Centers of banking, finance, and
PERIPHERY
research
Netherlands Mexico Nepal
- Control world trade
- Dominant Canada India Philippines
Japan China Kenya
US South Korea Bolivia
 INSTITUTIONS THAT GOVERN - South American Institute for Policy and
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Strategy (Porto Alegre, Brazil)

- The European Institute for International UNITED NATIONS

Law and International Relations - most prominent international institution
(Brussels)
- ISPI Istituto per gli Studi di Politica ORGANIZATION OF ISLAMIC
Internazionale (Italian Institute for COOPERATION
International Political Studies) Milan,
Italy - Collective voice of Muslim
- Institute of World Politics (Washington, ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN
D.C.)
NATIONS
- Department of International Studies
(Centro Universitario de Ciencias - Economic union in Southeast Asia
Sociales y Humanidades) at University
of Guadalajara located in Guadalajara, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Mexico - Dealing with the rules of trade between
- Department of Latin American Studies nations
(Centro Universitario de Ciencias
Sociales y Humanidades) at University INTERNATIONALISM VERSUS
of Guadalajara located in Guadalajara, GLOBALIZATION
Mexico
- The Royal Institute of International
Affairs, (PIIA) Karachi, Pakistan INTERNATIONALIZATION
- The New Zealand Institute of
International Affairs (Wellington, New - increasing importance of international
Zealand) trade, international relations, treaties,
- The Australian Institute of International alliances, etc.
Affairs (Deakin, ACT Australia)
INTERNATIONAL
- The Canadian Institute of International
Affairs (Toronto, ON, Canada) - between or among nations. The basic
- Geneva School of Diplomacy and unit remains the nation, even as
International Relations (Geneva, relations among nations become
Switzerland) increasingly necessary and important
- Graduate Institute of International and
GLOBALIZATION
Development Studies (Geneva,
Switzerland) - global economic integration of many
- International Strategic Research formerly national economies into one
Organization (ISRO/USAK) global economy, mainly by free trade
- EGMONT - Royal Institute for and free capital mobility, but also by
International Relations (Egmont), easy or uncontrolled migration
Brussels, Belgium - effective erasure of national boundaries
- University of Florida International for economic purposes. International
Center (U.S.A) trade (governed by comparative
- Center for International Affairs advantage) becomes interregional
Jahangirnagar University, (Savar, trade (governed by absolute
Dhaka, Bangladesh) advantage). What was many, becomes
one.
 INTEGRATION
- derived from "integer", meaning "one,"
"complete," or "whole."
- act of combining into one whole. Since
there can be only one whole, only one
unity with reference to which parts are
integrated, it follows that global
economic integration logically implies
national economic disintegration. By
disintegration it does not mean that the
productive plant of each country is
annihilated, but rather that its parts are
torn out of their national context (dis-
integrated), in order to be re-integrated
into the new whole, the globalized
economy. As the saying goes, "to make
an omelette you have to break some
eggs." The disintegration of the national
egg is necessary to integrate the global
omelette.
THE UNITED NATIONS (UN)
MAIN FUNCTIONS:
1. The main function of UN is to maintain
peace and security for all of its member-
states. The UN does not have its own
military but it has peacekeeping force
which are supplied by the member
states.
On approval of the UN Security
Council, these peacekeepers are often
sent to regions where armed conflict
has recently ended to discourage
combatants from resuming fighting.
In 1988, the peacekeeping force won a
Nobel Peace Prize for its actions.
2. Other functions of UN:
The UN aims to protect human rights
and provide humanitarian assistance
when needed. In 1948, the General
Assembly adopted the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights as a
standard for its human rights
operations, The UN currently provides
technical assistance in elections, helps
to improve judicial structures and draft
constitutions, trains human rights
officials, and provides food, drinking
water, shelter, and other humanitarian
services to peoples displaced by
famine, war, and natural disaster.
The UN plays an integral part in social
and economic development through its
UN Development Program. This is the
largest source of technical grant
assistance in the world. In addition, the
World Health Organization, UNAIDS,
The Global Fund to Fight AIDS,
Tuberculosis, and Malaria, the UN
Population Fund, and the World Bank
Group to name a few play an essential
role in this aspect of the UN as well. The
UN also annually publishes the Human
Development Index to rank countries in
terms of poverty, literacy, education,
and life expectancy:
- to investigate any dispute or situation
which might lead to international
friction;
- to recommend methods of adjusting
such disputes or the terms of
settlement;
- to formulate plans for the establishment
of a system to regulate armaments;
- to determine the existence of a threat to
the peace or act of aggression and
- to recommend what action should be
taken;
- to call on members to apply economic
sanctions and other measures not
involving the use of force to prevent or
stop aggression;
- to take military action against an
aggressor;
- to recommend the admission of new
members;
- to recommend to the General Assembly
the appointment of the Secretary-
 General and, together with the
Assembly, to elect the Judges of the
International Court of Justice.
ROLE OF UN TODAY AND THE FUTURE
For the future, the UN has established what it
calls its Millennium Development Goals. Most
of its member states and various international
organizations have all agreed to achieve these
goals relating to reducing poverty, child
mortality, fighting diseases and epidemics,
and developing a global partnership in terms
of international development by 2015.
Some member states have achieved a
number of the agreement's goals while others
have reached none. However, the UN has
been successful over the years and only the
future can tell how the true realization of these
goals will play he out.
The above functions are embodied in the UN
charter.
THE UN GENERAL ASSEMBLY
The UN General Assembly was established
in 1945 under the UN Charter, The General
Assembly occupies a central position as the
chief deliberative, policymaking and
representative organ of the United Nations it
provides a unique forum for multilateral
discussion of the full spectrum of international
issues covered by the Charter.
It also plays a significant role in the process of
standard-setting and the codification of
international law. The Assembly meets in
regular session intensively from September to
December each year, and thereafter as
required.
FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF THE UN
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
According to the Charter of the United Nations,
the General Assembly may:
- Consider and make recommendations
on the general principles of cooperation
for maintaining international peace and
security, including disarmament;
- Discuss any question relating to
international peace and security and,
except where a dispute or situation is
currently being discussed by the
Security Council, make
recommendations on it;
- Discuss, with the same exception, and
make recommendations on any
question within the scope of the Charter
or affecting the powers and functions of
any organ of the United Nations;
- Initiate studies and make
recommendations to promote
international political cooperation, the
development and codification of
international law, the realization of
human rights and fundamental
freedoms, and international
collaboration in the economic, social,
humanitarian, cultural, educational and
health fields;
- Make recommendations for the
peaceful settlement of any situation that
might impair friendly relations among
nations;
- Receive and consider reports from the
Security Council and other United
Nations organs;
- Consider and approve the United
Nations budget and establish the
financial assessments of member
states;
- Elect the non-permanent members of
the Security Council and the members
of other United Nations councils and
organs and, on the recommendation of
the Security Council, appoints the
Secretary-General.
 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL
(ECOSOC)

- Create projects that will help develop a

UNITED NATIONS
country
- Was established after world war II - 17 Sustainable Development Goals
- October 24, 1945 - These goals should be achieved
- 51 founding members on 2030
- Charter of 1945 was signed at San - First goal of SDG is to eradicate poverty
Francisco
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE
- Headquarter: New York
(ICJ)

- Settle or tackle international conflicts

6 ORGANS OF UNITED NATIONS - 15 supreme courts
- Base: Hogue Netherlands

UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECRETARIAT

(UNGA) - Record keeper

- Organize general assembly
- Deliberative making body
- Discuss important and national issue UN GENERAL SECRETARY
- 193 members
- Antonio Guteres (Portugal)
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL
WTO GENERAL SECRETARY
(UNSC)
- Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala (Geneva,
- International security
Switzerland)
- Highest governing body council of UN
- Consists of 5 permanent members and NATO GENERAL SECRETARY
10 non-permanent members
- Jens Stoltenberg
5 PERMANENT COUNTRIES
TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL
FRUCU
- Aims to help the developing countries
1. France - Self-reliant economy for developing
2. Russia countries
3. US
4. UK G8 CORE COUNTRIES
5. China

10 NON-PERMANENT COUNTRIES GIFJUCUR

5+1 = Germany 1. Germany
- Membership expires after 2 years, need 2. Italy
to apply again 3. France
4. Japan
5. US
6. Canada
7. UK
8. Russia
MEMBERSHIP IN THE UNITED NATIONS
HOW TO BECOME A MEMBER OF THE UN
(BASED FROM UN CHARTER)
- state must accept peace and all
obligations outlined in the Charter
- willing to carry out any action to satisfy
those obligations
The final decision on admission to the UN
is carried out by the General Assembly after
recommendation by the Security Council
CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL
GOVERNMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY
JUNE 13, 2016
- Hague Institute welcomed Irina
Bokova, Director- General of UNESCO
to speak on "Challenges of Global
Governance in the 21st Century" as
part of the ongoing Distinguished
Speaker Series at its Institute.
- In her remarks, Bokova noted that while
new technologies have created new
pathways to prosperity, trade and inter-
cultural dialogue, the increasing
fragmentation of the international
community is a cause for concern.
Climate change, poverty, violent
conflict, intolerance and extremism
present direct threats to the unity and
well-being of the international
community.
- Bokova emphasized that we must
learn, at the heart of our cities and
communities to live together
ROLE OF CITIES IN CONFLICT
PREVENTION
- good example of how to develop
innovative and sustainable practices to
foster communal harmony
- Bokova also observed that the alarming
number of individuals displaced by
conflict, which reached a record high
in 2015, continues to put pressure on
countries across the globe. Migration to
Europe has put core values to the test,
while the capacities of receiving states
in the Middle East, like Lebanon and
Jordan, are being pushed to the limit.
Attacks on cultural rights and cultural
heritage, particularly in Syria, Iraq and
Mali, threaten inter-cultural tolerance.
THREE POINTS TO ADDRESS THESE
CHALLENGES
1. OPENNESS OF MIND AND OUT-OF-
THE-BOX THINKING IS CRUCIAL
- New ideas must be transformed into
norms
- Bokova highlighted the historic
changes brought about by the idea of
human rights and human dignity
- United Nations must take a leading role
- UNESCO, as a facilitator of inter-
cultural dialogue and proponent of
education, can also effect change. Its
efforts to teach people about the history
of the Holocaust, as well as programs
promoting internet literacy, help to instill
common values in youth and create
environments that are conducive to
respectful dialogue
2. INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
MUST BUILD RESILIENT SOCIETIES
- By fighting exclusion and fostering
inclusion, societies become stronger
- Key to this resilience is the role of
women being the weakest aspect of the
international community's work
- To facilitate meaningful change, the
international community must improve
the standing and participation of
women in all sectors
- Presently, only 60% of countries have
achieved gender parity in primary
education, and only 38% in secondary
education
 - Education for the refugees must be
prioritized, in order to avoid a "lost
generation" of youth.
3. NEW THINKING ABOUT
PEACEBUILDING
- world urgently needs legitimate and
effective peace efforts, before, during
and after conflicts
- Preventive measures are key and must
involve the soft power embodied by
UNESCO's educational and inter-
cultural programs
PAUL COLLIER (2018)
- Economist
- addressed the plight of the poorest of
the world's poor (those living or less
than $7.25 a day according to him)
- "The Bottom Billion."
- argues "a billion people have been
stuck living in economies and have
been stagnant for 40 years, and hence
diverging from the rest of mankind."
- we can and should help alleviate their
suffering through an alliance of
compassion and enlightened self-
interest; compassion because we are
looking at a human tragedy, and
enlightened self-interest because the
combination of economic divergence
and global social integration "will build
a nightmare for our children."
- argues that this is doable because
we've done it before, and he points to
U.S. efforts in the late 1940s and 1950s
to rebuild Western Europe to prevent it
from falling into the Soviet bloc
FOUR COMPONENTS OF POST-WAR U.S.
ASSISTANCE
1. Aid
2. Trade
3. Security
4. Governments
First, there was the 1948 Marshall Plan
massive injection of foreign aid.
Second, the United States reversed its pre-
war protectionist trade policies, opening up
its markets to Western Europe and
institutionalizing trade liberalization.
Third, the United States reversed its security
policy, shifting from pre-war isolation to a
massive military presence in Western
Europe and other parts of the world.
Fourth, the United States tore up its
"Eleventh Commandment-national
sovereignty-and pursued an aggressive
internationalist policy, becoming
instrumental in the founding of the United
Nations (UN), the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development (OECD), and
the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and,
according to Collier, also encouraging the
creation of the European Community.
ROLE OF CURRENT-DAY
GOVERNMENTS AND "MUTUAL
SYSTEMS OF SUPPORT FOR
GOVERNMENTS"
- "one idea in how we could do
something to strengthen governance."
- This one idea is based on the
opportunity and the "genuine basis of
optimism" created by commodity
booms; "commodity booms are
pumping unprecedented amounts of
money into many, though not all, of the
countries of the bottom billion."
Collier pointed to high commodity
prices (the global recession had yet to
hit when he gave this talk), and new
discoveries of oil and other
commodities in subSaharan Africa, a
trend that has continued since 2008.
He also pointed to his own research on
the relationship between higher
commodity export prices and the
growth of commodity-exporting
countries that shows how short-term,
commodity driven increases in Gross
 Domestic Product (GDP) are followed
by economic crashes. The cause is not
economic, but it is political. It is about
what Collier called it the "level of
governance." If you have "good enough
governance," you don't have a resource
boom. GDP goes up in the short term
and in the long term. But for countries
"below a threshold of governance,"
countries "with bad governance
historically," it's boom and bust or, in
Collier's words "hunky dory" and
"humpty dumpty."
The problem is one of political
structure. Many developing countries
have only the basics of democracy.
They have electoral competitions that
determine how politicians acquire
power, but they lack the checks and
balances that restrain the use of that
power by those in political office. In
commodity-rich developing countries,
elected and appointed officials can
negotiate resource extraction rights
deals in secret that benefit them and
foreign companies but not their
countries.
"HOW CAN WE HELP IMPROVE
GOVERNANCE AND INTRODUCE CHECKS
AND BALANCES?"
- voluntary introduction of the Extractive
Industries Transparency Initiative, part
of which involves the so- called "verified
auctions." This is open and transparent
auctions that reveal the market value of
(in this instance) resource extraction
rights, identify the winning bid, and
publicize the revenues that accrue to
the government, the country, and its
people
- exhorts people, rather plaintively, to
become informed citizens because
"unless we have an informed society,
what politicians do, especially in
relation to Africa and other nations, is
gestures: things that looks good but
don't work"
RELEVANCE OF THE STATE AMIDST
GLOBALIZATION
ALI WAYNE (APRIL 27, 2009)
- economist-writer scholar, these
questions had been discussed for a
long time
JOHN HERZ (1957)
- state would become irrelevant because
of its inability to defend against nuclear
attack
JOHAN GALTUNG
- predicted ten years later that it would
disappear as individuals began to
develop identities at levels below and
beyond that of the state
THE ECONOMIST COUNTERED IN 1995
- state "may have more durability than
people realize, because it is still the
sole possessor of what is needed to be
that basic unit."
Where such discussion was once
largely confined to political economists,
the emergence of globalization as the
principal paradigm for examining
geopolitics has made it a theme of
mainstream discourse.
1990-1999
- Google Scholars return 77,500 items
that contain the word "globalization."
2000-2009
- returns more than three times as many
results.
ROUGH DICHOTOMY
- who see the world as "flat," "borderless"
and "weightless," to cite but a few of the
 familiar formulations. They argue that
the state is irrelevant because it cannot
keep pace with economic forces
- who assert that the state is relevant
because it can influence the direction
that those forces take
The problem with this debate until this
time (2018) is that both camps get the
causation wrong.
The source of a state's legitimacy is not
how effectively it can handle
globalization, but rather, how effectively
it can provide public goods vis. à-vis
other actors given that globalization is
occurring. There are certainly cases
where non-state actors have
undertaken that responsibility in the
face of government incompetence -
witness Hizbollah in Lebanon and
Islamic charities in many East African
countries.
Those cases, however, are exceptions.
Until and unless some other category of
actors can perform that service better
on a macro scale - whether powerful
foundations, innovative start-ups, or
international economic institutions - the
state will remain the fundamental
building block.
Few, of course, would dispute that it is
more difficult for the state to determine
its own economic course today than it
was 20 or 30 years earlier. The
proliferation of sophisticated financial
instruments has created what some call
a "shadow world" shadowy in that it
operates outside of the purview of
those actors that are charged with
shaping economic policy.
The value of derivatives transactions
far exceeds that of global output - by a
factor of seven according to one
estimate. Such transactions can, and
increasingly do, cause tremendous
market instability.
In an April 2008 report, the
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
noted that, "The highest likelihood of a
single default and the likely number of
defaults in the event of a single default
in the group- a measure of contagion -
-have both risen significantly risk within
the global banking system
[between 2007 and 2008]."
Today's financial crisis does little to
inspire confidence in the state's ability.
It has resulted in the destruction of over
$50 trillion in wealth - equal to 71% of
last year's world output.
A WORLD OF REGIONS: ASIA AND EUROPE
IN THE AMERICAN IMPERIUM
IMPERIALIST
- Isolationist
- George Washington
- Foreign entanglement
- Great depression in 1930s
PETER J. KATZENSTEIN
- argues that regions have become
critical to contemporary world politics
- contrast to those who focus on the
purportedly stubborn persistence of the
nation-state or the inevitable march of
globalization. In detailed studies of
technology and foreign investment,
domestic and international security,
and cultural diplomacy and popular
culture
- examines the changing regional
dynamics of Europe and Asia, which
are linked to the United States through
Germany and Japan
Regions, Katzenstein contends, are
interacting closely with an American imperium
that combines territorial and non-territorial
powers. Katzenstein argues that globalization - "interconnected histories of
and internationalization create open or porous colonialism, neo-imperialism, and
regions. Regions may provide solution to the differential economic and social change
contradictions between states and markets, through which large inequalities in living
security, nationalism, and cosmopolitanism. standards, life expectancy, and access
Embedded in the American imperium, regions to resources are maintained."
are now central to world politics.
NORTH SOUTH
COLD WAR
mostly covers the corresponds with the
- Started August 1945 West and the First Third World
- ongoing political rivalry between the World, along with
United States and the Soviet Union and much of the Second
their respective allies that developed World
after World War II richer, more poorer, less
- USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist developed region developed region
Republic [Russia and US]) 95% has enough "lacks appropriate
food and shelter technology, it has no
NORTH-SOUTH DIVIDE
political stability, the
- broadly considered a socio-economic economies are
and political divide disarticulated, and
their foreign
GLOBAL NORTH
exchange earnings
- United States, Canada, Western depend on primary
Europe, as well as Australia and New product exports."
Zealand
- all the members of the G8 one quarter of the three quarters of the
- five permanent members of the United world population - world populations -
Nations Security Council controls four-fifths of has access to one-
the income earned fifth of the world
LATIN AMERICA
anywhere in the income
- Countries that were colonized by the world
Spaniards in American continent 90% of the any nations that do
manufacturing not qualify for
GLOBAL SOUTH
industries "developed" status
- African, Latin America, and developing are in effect deemed
Asia including the Middle East to be part of the
- term that has been emerging in the "South"
transnational and postcolonial studies
to refer to what may also be called the As nations become economically developed,
"Third World" (ie., Africa, Latin America, they may become part of the "North",
and the developing countries in Asia) regardless of geographical location;
- "developing countries," "less developed
GLOBAL SOUTH VERSUS THIRD WORLD
countries," and "less developed
regions." "There is no Third World; There is no global
- poorer "southern" regions of wealthy south" - Martin Lewis.
"northern" countries
In the 1960s, '70s and '80s, scholars
- more than the extension of a "metaphor
divided the earth into three parts: The First
for underdeveloped countries."
World, the Second World, and the Third World. poverty and under-developed. poor
The reigning "three worlds theory," however, Soviet allies-Mongolia, Cuba, North
was conceptually incoherent, combining Korea, and North Vietnam (after 1975,
incommensurate geopolitical and socio- Vietnam) - were thus counted as Third
economic features. World in economic terms and as
Second World in political terms
CAPITALIST ECONOMICS OR "FIRST
WORLD"
China's Cold War situation was even
- Privately owned more ambiguous; a non-industrialized
- encompassed all industrialized, country at the time, it ceased to be a
democratic countries Soviet ally in 1961, and by the 1980s
- assumed to be allied with the United was no longer an enemy of the United
States in its struggle against the Soviet States. Yet it continued to be commonly
Union mapped as part of the Second World
- Yet, not all were: Finland and
Switzerland, among others, maintained - coined in 1952 by Alfred Sauvy, a
strict neutrality French demographer, anthropologist,
- laissez faire (free market capitalism) and economic historian who compared
- Brussels Treaty of 1948 it with the Third Estate, a concept that
- France, UK, Netherlands, Belgium, emerged in the context of the French
Luxembourg Revolution
- NATO (April 1949) - Non-aligned movement
- Neutrality
COMMUNIST ECONOMICS OR “SECOND - Finland, Switzerland, Mongolia, Cuba,
WORLD" North Korea, North Vietnam
- Publicly owned HOW THE "THIRD WORLD" BECAME THE
- anchored on the industrialized, GLOBAL SOUTH": THE ORIGINS OF THE
communist realm of the Soviet Union
THIRD WORLD...
and its eastern European satellites, yet
it often included poor communist states As published in the International Encyclopedia
located elsewhere of the Social Sciences edited by A. Heelblod
- Command economy (2007), the world was largely divided into
- Russian Alliance several empires in the 19th century each
- Warsaw Pact (May 14, 1955) empire possessed a 'civilized central and
- Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) peripheries that were more or less primitive or
- Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, East even "barbaric". It is unlikely the citizens of
Germany, Poland, Hungary, Romania what is now often called the "Global North"
("developed" or high-income countries) would
FOUR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION
have given much thought to the inhabitants of
1. Land what was to become known as the Third
2. Labor World, and now, the Global South, also called
3. Capital "developing" or low-income countries. When
4. Entrepreneurship they did, most would have considered these
peoples to be inferior in some way, by virtue of
INFORMAL ECONOMICS OR "THIRD being non-white, less educated, or even
WORLD" "primitive."
- defined simultaneously as the non-
aligned world and as the global realm of
 FIRST ESTATE
- clergy and the monarch
SECOND ESTATE
- nobility
THIRD ESTATE
- balance of the eighteenth-century
French population - as contrasted the
poor countries to the First World (the
non-Communist, high-income,
"developed" countries) and the Second
World (Communist countries, which
though not as wealthy as those of the
First World, were then characterized by
greater order, higher incomes, and
longer life expectancies.)
- Commoners, peasants, merchants,
farmers, workers
Most people in the Third World, though
rules by European colonies, lived far from
global sources of economic, political, and
military power. Until very recently, most
were subjugated, most illiterate, and few
may have been aware that, even then, they
formed a majority of the world population.
But such awareness was growing among
leaders within these poor countries, many
of whom had been educated, at least
partly, in Europe or America. This
awareness and exposure to Western
culture raised expectations and hopes and
inspired many Third World leaders to try to
improve colonial living conditions and win
political independence.
Opposition to domination by the First World
(colonization) also grew through increasing
migration and travel, including that
stimulated by the two World Wars. Many
troops who had participated in these wars,
particularly on the allied side, were from
what soon to be called the Third World.
GLOBAL CONCEPTION EMERGED FROM
THE EXPERIENCES OF LATIN AMERICAN
COUNTRIES
Growth rate in some Latin American
countries have surprised many. They have
been continuously high for some years and
promise to be so in the next period as well.
Latin American's contributions are
especially visible and relevant such as
regionalism, security management, and
Latin America's relations with the outside
world.
ASIAN REGIONALISM
- product of economic interaction, not
political planning
- as a result of successful, outward
oriented growth strategies, Asian
economies have grown not only richer,
but also closer together. In recent
years, new technological trends have
further them, as have the rise of the
PRC and India and the region's growing
weight in the global economy. But
adversity also played a role.
The 1997/98 financial crisis dealt a
severe setback to much of the region,
highlighting Asia's shared interests and
common vulnerabilities and providing
an impetus for regional cooperation.
The challenge now facing Asia's policy
makers is simply put yet incredibly
complex:
In the early stages of Asia's economic
takeoff, regional integration proceeded
slowly. East Asian economies, in
particular, focused on exporting to
developed country rather than selling to
each other.Initially, they specialized in
simple, labor-intensive manufactures.
As the more advanced among them
graduated to more sophisticated
products, less developed economies
 filled the gap that they left behind. NATURE dividing an promotes the
area into integration of
The Japanese Akamatsu (1962) smaller economics
famously compared this pattern of segments across state
development to flying geese. In this borders all
model, economies moved in formation around the
not because they were directly linked to world
each other, but because they followed MARKET monopolie allows many
similar paths. Since these development s are likely companies to
paths hinged on sequential-and to develop trade on
sometimes competing-ties to markets international
outside the region, they did not initially level so it
yield strong economic links within Asia allows free
itself. market
CULTURAL does not accelerate to
Asian economies are becoming AND support multiculturali
closely intertwined.This is not because SOCIETAL this sm by free
the region's development strategy has RELATIONS and
changed; it remains predominantly inexpensive
nondiscriminatory and outward- movement of
oriented. Rather, interdependence is people
deepening because Asia's economies AID does not more willing
have grown large and prosperous get to come to
enough to become important to each involved in the aid of a
other, and because their patterns of the affairs country
production increasingly depend on of other stricken by a
networks that span several Asian areas natural
economies and involve wide ranging disaster
exchanges of parts and components TECHNOLOGI advanced driven great
among them. CAL technology advances in
ADVANCES is rarely technology
REGIONALISM VERSUS GLOBALIZATION
available in
REGIONAL GLOBALIZAT one
ISM ION country or
process of process of region
dividing an international
area into integration
FACTORS LEADING TO THE GREATER
smaller arising from
INTEGRATION OF THE ASIAN REGIONS
segments the
regions interchange
of world
REGIONAL INTEGRATION
views,
products, - process in which neighboring states
ideas, and enter into an agreement in order to
other upgrade cooperation through common
aspects, institutions and rules
such as - objectives of the agreement could
technology range from economic to political to
 environmental, although it has typically
taken the form of a political economy
RED
initiative where commercial interests
are the focus for achieving broader - courage and dynamism
socio-political and security objectives,
as defined by national governments. BLUE
- Past efforts at regional integration have - peace and stability
often focused on removing barriers to
free trade in the region, increasing the YELLOW
free movement of people, labor, goods, - prosperity
and capital across national borders,
reducing the possibility of regional WHITE
armed conflict (for example, through
- purity
Confidence and Security-Building
Measures), and adopting cohesive CIRCLE
regional stances on policy issues, such
- unity
as the environment, climate change
and migration. ASEAN COUNTRIES

INTRA-REGIONAL TRADE - Thailand

- Vietnam
- trade which focuses on economic
- Cambodia
exchange primarily between countries
- Laos
of the same region or economic zone.
- Indonesia
In recent years countries within
- Philippines
economic-trade regimes such as
- Singapore
ASEAN in SoutheastAsia for example
- Brunei Darussalam
have increased the level of trade and
- Malaysia
commodity exchangebetween
- Myanmar
themselves which reduces the inflation
and tariff barriers associatedwith ORIGINAL ASEAN COUNTRIES
foreign markets resulting in growing
- Malaysia
prosperity.
- Thailand
ASEAN EMBLEM - Indonesia
- Philippines
- Singapore

ASEAN DAY

- August 8, 1967

UN DAY

- October 24, 1945

ASEAN SUMMIT

- February 23-24, 1976

- Bali, Indonesia
 GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE - Shapes the social behavior of users
and reorient family behavior

SMARTPHONE
GLOBAL
- Allows users to keep in touch instantly
- Worldwide with multiple people at the same time
- International lewd
2 IMPORTANT IMPACT
MEDIA
1. Media provide an extensive
- Channel of communication transnational transmission of cultural
CULTURE products
2. It contributes to the formation of
- Ways of life communicative networks and social
TYPES OF CULTURE structures

GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

MATERIAL - Create a continuous cultural exchange,

in which crucial aspects such as identity
- Church, chairs
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION
NON-MATERIAL

- Laws, norms, beliefs

RELIGION
GLOBALIZATION
- Most difficult relationship with globalism
- Entails the spread of various cultures
- Involves the spread of ideas RELIGIOUS PEOPLE
- Relies on media as its main conduit for - Less concerned with wealth and all that
the spread of global culture and ideas comes along with it
LULE - Ascetic
- Spread the word of God
- Describes media as a means of - Simple life
conveying something such as channel
of communication GLOBALIST
1. Print Media - Less worried about whether they will
2. Broadcast Media end up in heaven or hell
3. Digital Media - Business minded
MARSHALL MCLUHAN - Render products and services
- Extravagant life
- Medium is the message
- Added that different media 3 FACTORS THAT HAVE AFFECTED THE
simultaneously extend and amputate PROCESS OF ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION
human senses 1. Improvements in transportation and
- New media may expand the reach of communication technology have
communication, but they also dull the reduced the cost of transporting goods,
user’s communicative capacities services and factors of production and
TELEVISION communicating economically useful
knowledge and technology.
- Simple bearer of messages
 2. Tastes of individuals and societies have
generally favored taking advantage of
the opportunities provided by declining
costs of transportation and
communication through increasing
economic integration.
3. The character and pace of economic
Integration have been significantly
Influenced by public policies, although
it is not always in the direction of
Increasing economic Integration.
ISLAM
- fastest growing religion
CHRISTIANITY
- Largest religion (in terms of followers)
HINDUISM
- oldest religion
WHEN DID GLOBALIZATION STARTED TO
INFLUENCE RELIGION?
Evolving trade routes led to the colonization of
the Asia, Africa, Central and South America.
Religion became an integral part of
colonization and later on globalization.
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION
- flattens cultural differences
- erodes local customs and beliefs
- spreads secular, capitalist way of life
3 WORLD CONFLICT
- culture
- religion
- territory
GLOBAL CITY INDEX
- consists of indicators and parameters
used to determine and measure the
categories of global cities and to what
extent they function as global cities.
Global Cities Index uses criteria across
five dimensions.
BUSINESS ACTIVITY
- presence of headquarters services
firms, the number of international
conferences, and the value of goods
through ports and airports.
HUMAN CAPITAL
- Size of foreign-born population, quality
of universities, number of international
schools, and international student
population.
INFORMATION EXCHANGE
- Accessibility to major TV news and
number of international news bureaus
CULTURAL EXPERIENCE
- Number of sporting events, museums,
performing arts venues.
POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT
- Number of embassies, consulates,
international organizations, and political
conferences.
GLOBAL POWER CITY INDEX
- evaluates and ranks the major cities of
the world according to their magnetism
or their comprehensive power to attract
people, capital, and enterprises from
around the world. In 2011, a report
called “The Global Power City Index
2011” considered several functional
areas.
ECONOMY
- Refers to market attractiveness,
economic vitality, business
environment, regulations, and risk.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
- Refers to research background,
readiness for acceptance and
supporting research, and research
achievement.
CULTURAL INTERACTION
- Refers to trendsetting potential,
accommodation environment, dining
 and shopping, and volume of REMITTANCES
interaction
- Money sent by migrants to their home
LIVABILITY countries
- Refers to the working environment, cost DIASPORA
of living, security and safety, and life
support functions. - The movement of a community of
migrants bound by a common cultural
ENVIRONMENT heritage and/or home country
- Refers to ecology, pollution, and natural EMIGRATION
environment
- Is the act of leaving a resident country
ACCESSIBILITY or place of residence with the intent to
settle somewhere else.
- Refers to international transport
infrastructure and inner-city IMMIGRATION
transportation infrastructure.
- International movement of people into a
TOP 10 GLOBAL POWER CITIES destination country of which they are
not natives or where they do not
1. London
possess citizenship in order to settle or
2. New York City reside there

3. Tokyo EMIGRATE
4. Paris - Think exit
5. Singapore IMMIGRATE
6. Seoul - Think come in.
7. Amsterdam
MIGRATE
8. Berlin
- Think move
9. Hongkong
GLOBAL CITIES
10. Sydney
- Global cities are major nodes in the
GLOBAL POPULATION AND MOBILITY interconnected systems of information
and money, and the wealth they
capture is intimately related to the
MIGRANT specialized businesses that facilitate
flows.
- A citizen who leaves his/her country of - According to Sassen, global cities are
birth to work or reside in another central sites for advanced services and
country facilities of telecommunication which
are necessary for the execution and the
REFUGEE
management of global activities. In
- A person who has been forced to flee those sites, corporate headquarters
from his/her country to escape war, tend to center, particularly companies
political persecution, catastrophe, that are operative in more than one
natural disaster, and the like. country.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GLOBAL THREE LEVELS OF WORLD CITIES
CITIES
1. International, first name familiarity
ALPHA WORLD CITIES
2. Active influence and participation in
international events and world affairs 1. London
3. A fairly large population 2. New York
4. A major international airport that serves 3. Paris
as an established hub for several 4. Tokyo
international airlines. 5. Chicago
5. Presence of an advanced 6. Hongkong
transportation system that includes 7. Los Angeles
several freeways and or a large mass 8. Milan
transit network offering multiple modes 9. Singapore
of transportation
6. Presence of international financial BETA WORLD CITIES
institutions, law firms, and stock 1. San Francisco
exchanges. 2. Sydney
7. Presence of an advanced 3. Toronto
communications infrastructure on 4. Brussels
which modern transnational 5. Madrid
corporations rely 6. Mexico City
8. Presence of world-renowned cultural 7. San Paulo
institutions 8. Moscow
9. Presence of several powerful and 9. Seoul
influential media outlets with an
international reach. GAMMA WORLD CITIES
10. Presence of major sports facilities
1. Amsterdam
home teams in major league sports and
2. Boston
the ability to host international sporting
3. Geneva
events.
4. Jakarta
IDENTIFICATION OF GLOBAL CITIES 5. Washington
6. Taipei
In The Global City by Sassen (1996), she only 7. Bangkok
identified three global cities, New York, 8. Beijing
London, and Tokyo. An attempt to define and 9. Barcelona
categorize world cities was made in 1999 by 10. Manila
the Globalization and the World Cities Study 11. Copenhagen
Group and Network (GAWC). GAWC ranked
cities based on the provision of advanced
producer services such as accountancy,
WELL-ROUNDED GLOBAL CITIES
advertising, finance, and law by international
corporations.

VERY LARGE CONTRIBUTION

1. London
2. New York City

SMALLER CONTRIBUTION
1. Los Angeles
2. Paris
3. San Francisco WHAT ARE THE SUSTAINABLE
INCIPIENT GLOBAL CITIES DEVELOPMENT GOALS?

1. Amsterdam The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),

2. Boston also known as the Global Goals, were adopted
3. Chicago by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal
4. Madrid call to action to end poverty, protect the planet,
5. Milan and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy
6. Moscow peace and prosperity.
7. Toronto
The 17 SDGs are integrated—they recognize
that action in one area will affect outcomes in
GLOBAL NICHE CITIES- SPECIALIZED others, and that development must balance
GLOBAL CONTRIBUTIONS social, economic and environmental
sustainability.

ECONOMIC Countries have committed to prioritize

progress for those who're furthest behind. The
1. Hongkong
SDGs are designed to end poverty, hunger,
2. Singapore
3. Tokyo AIDS, and discrimination against women and
girls.
POLITICAL AND SOCIAL
The creativity, knowhow, technology and
1. Brussels
2. Geneva financial resources from all of society is
3. Washington necessary to achieve the SDGs in every
context.

GOAL 1: NO POVERTY
WORLD CITIES
Eradicating poverty in all its forms remains one
of the greatest challenges facing humanity.
CULTURAL While the number of people living in extreme
poverty dropped by more than half
1. Berlin between 1990 and 2015, too many are still
2. Copenhagen
struggling for the most basic human needs.
3. Melbourne
4. Rome
As of 2015, about 736 million people still lived
5. Stockholm
on less than US$1.90 a day; many lack food,
POLITICAL clean drinking water and sanitation. Rapid
growth in countries such as China and India
1. Bangkok
has lifted millions out of poverty, but progress
2. Beijing
3. Vienna has been uneven. Women are more likely to
be poor than men because they have less paid
SOCIAL work, education, and own less property.
1. Manila
2. Nairobi Progress has also been limited in other
3. Ottawa regions, such as South Asia and sub-Saharan
Africa, which account for 80 percent of those
living in extreme poverty. New threats brought
on by climate change, conflict and food
insecurity, mean even more work is needed to
bring people out of poverty.
The SDGs are a bold commitment to finish
what we started, and end poverty in all forms
and dimensions by 2030. This involves
targeting the most vulnerable, increasing basic
resources and services, and supporting
communities affected by conflict and climate-
related disasters.
GOAL 2: ZERO HUNGER
The number of undernourished people has
dropped by almost half in the past two
decades because of rapid economic growth
and increased agricultural productivity. Many
developing countries that used to suffer from
famine and hunger can now meet their
nutritional needs. Central and East Asia, Latin
America and the Caribbean have all made
huge progress in eradicating extreme hunger.
Unfortunately, extreme hunger and
malnutrition remain a huge barrier to
development in many countries. There
are 821 million people estimated to be
chronically undernourished as of 2017, often
as a direct consequence of environmental
degradation, drought and biodiversity loss.
Over 90 million children under five are
dangerously underweight. Undernourishment
and severe food insecurity appear to be
increasing in almost all regions of Africa, as
well as in South America.
The SDGs aim to end all forms of hunger and
malnutrition by 2030, making sure all people–
especially children–have sufficient and
nutritious food all year. This involves
promoting sustainable agricultural, supporting
small-scale farmers and equal access to land,
technology and markets. It also requires
international cooperation to ensure investment
in infrastructure and technology to improve
agricultural productivity.
GOAL 3: GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-
BEING
We have made great progress against several
leading causes of death and disease. Life
expectancy has increased dramatically; infant
and maternal mortality rates have declined,
we’ve turned the tide on HIV and malaria
deaths have halved.
Good health is essential to sustainable
development and the 2030 Agenda reflects
the complexity and interconnectedness of the
two. It takes into account widening economic
and social inequalities, rapid urbanization,
threats to the climate and the environment, the
continuing burden of HIV and other infectious
diseases, and emerging challenges such as
noncommunicable diseases. Universal health
coverage will be integral to achieving SDG 3,
ending poverty and reducing inequalities.
Emerging global health priorities not explicitly
included in the SDGs, including antimicrobial
resistance, also demand action.
But the world is off-track to achieve the health-
related SDGs. Progress has been uneven,
both between and within countries. There’s a
31-year gap between the countries with the
shortest and longest life expectancies. And
while some countries have made impressive
gains, national averages hide that many are
being left behind. Multisectoral, rights-based
and gender-sensitive approaches are
essential to address inequalities and to build
good health for all.
GOAL 4: QUALITY EDUCATION
Since 2000, there has been enormous
progress in achieving the target of universal
primary education. The total enrollment rate in
developing regions reached 91 percent
in 2015, and the worldwide number of children
out of school has dropped by almost half.
There has also been a dramatic increase in
literacy rates, and many more girls are in
school than ever before. These are all
remarkable successes.

Progress has also been tough in some
developing regions due to high levels of
poverty, armed conflicts and other
emergencies. In Western Asia and North
Africa, ongoing armed conflict has seen an
increase in the number of children out of
school. This is a worrying trend. While Sub-
Saharan Africa made the greatest progress in
primary school enrollment among all
developing regions – from 52 percent in 1990,
up to 78 percent in 2012 – large disparities still
remain. Children from the poorest households
are up to four times more likely to be out of
school than those of the richest households.
Disparities between rural and urban areas also
remain high.
Achieving inclusive and quality education for
all reaffirms the belief that education is one of
the most powerful and proven vehicles for
sustainable development. This goal ensures
that all girls and boys complete free primary
and secondary schooling by 2030. It also aims
to provide equal access to affordable
vocational training, to eliminate gender and
wealth disparities, and achieve universal
access to a quality higher education.
GOAL 5: GENDER EQUALITY
Ending all discrimination against women and
girls is not only a basic human right, it’s crucial
for sustainable future; it’s proven that
empowering women and girls helps economic
growth and development.
UNDP has made gender equality central to its
work and we’ve seen remarkable progress in
the past 20 years. There are more girls in
school now compared to 15 years ago, and
most regions have reached gender parity in
primary education.
But although there are more women than ever
in the labour market, there are still large
inequalities in some regions, with women
systematically denied the same work rights as
men. Sexual violence and exploitation, the
unequal division of unpaid care and domestic
work, and discrimination in public office all
remain huge barriers. Climate change and
disasters continue to have a disproportionate
effect on women and children, as do conflict
and migration.
It is vital to give women equal rights land and
property, sexual and reproductive health, and
to technology and the internet. Today there
are more women in public office than ever
before, but encouraging more women leaders
will help achieve greater gender equality.
GOAL 6: CLEAN WATER AND
SANITATION
Water scarcity affects more than 40 percent of
people, an alarming figure that is projected to
rise as temperatures do. Although 2.1 billion
people have improved water sanitation
since 1990, dwindling drinking water supplies
are affecting every continent.
More and more countries are experiencing
water stress, and increasing drought and
desertification is already worsening these
trends. By 2050, it is projected that at least one
in four people will suffer recurring water
shortages.
Safe and affordable drinking water for all
by 2030 requires we invest in adequate
infrastructure, provide sanitation facilities, and
encourage hygiene. Protecting and restoring
water-related ecosystems is essential.
Ensuring universal safe and affordable
drinking water involves reaching
over 800 million people who lack basic
services and improving accessibility and
safety of services for over two billion.
In 2015, 4.5 billion people lacked safely
managed sanitation services (with adequately
disposed or treated excreta) and 2.3 billion
lacked even basic sanitation.
 GOAL 7: AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN
ENERGY
Between 2000 and 2018, the number of
people with electricity increased from 78 to 90
percent, and the numbers without electricity
dipped to 789 million.
Yet as the population continues to grow, so will
the demand for cheap energy, and an
economy reliant on fossil fuels is creating
drastic changes to our climate.
Investing in solar, wind and thermal power,
improving energy productivity, and ensuring
energy for all is vital if we are to achieve SDG
7 by 2030.
Expanding infrastructure and upgrading
technology to provide clean and more efficient
energy in all countries will encourage growth
and help the environment.
GOAL 8: DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC
GROWTH
Over the past 25 years the number of workers
living in extreme poverty has declined
dramatically, despite the lasting impact of
the 2008 economic crisis and global
recession. In developing countries, the middle
class now makes up more than 34 percent of
total employment – a number that has almost
tripled between 1991 and 2015.
However, as the global economy continues to
recover we are seeing slower growth,
widening inequalities, and not enough jobs to
keep up with a growing labour force. According
to the International Labour Organization, more
than 204 million people were unemployed
in 2015.
The SDGs promote sustained economic
growth, higher levels of productivity and
technological innovation. Encouraging
entrepreneurship and job creation are key to
this, as are effective measures to eradicate
forced labour, slavery and human trafficking.
With these targets in mind, the goal is to
achieve full and productive employment, and
decent work, for all women and men by 2030.
GOAL 9: INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND
INFRASTRUCTURE
Investment in infrastructure and innovation are
crucial drivers of economic growth and
development. With over half the world
population now living in cities, mass transport
and renewable energy are becoming ever
more important, as are the growth of new
industries and information and communication
technologies.
Technological progress is also key to finding
lasting solutions to both economic and
environmental challenges, such as providing
new jobs and promoting energy efficiency.
Promoting sustainable industries, and
investing in scientific research and innovation,
are all important ways to facilitate sustainable
development.
More than 4 billion people still do not have
access to the Internet, and 90 percent are from
the developing world. Bridging this digital
divide is crucial to ensure equal access to
information and knowledge, as well as foster
innovation and entrepreneurship.
GOAL 10: REDUCED INEQUALITIES
Income inequality is on the rise—the richest 10
percent have up to 40 percent of global income
whereas the poorest 10 percent earn only
between 2 to 7 percent. If we take into account
population growth inequality in developing
countries, inequality has increased by 11
percent.
Income inequality has increased in nearly
everywhere in recent decades, but at different
speeds. It’s lowest in Europe and highest in
the Middle East.
These widening disparities require sound
policies to empower lower income earners,
and promote economic inclusion of all
regardless of sex, race or ethnicity.
Income inequality requires global solutions.
This involves improving the regulation and
monitoring of financial markets and
institutions, encouraging development
assistance and foreign direct investment to
regions where the need is greatest. Facilitating
the safe migration and mobility of people is
also key to bridging the widening divide.
GOAL 11: SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND
COMMUNITIES
More than half of us live in cities. By 2050,
two-thirds of all humanity—6.5 billion people—
will be urban. Sustainable development
cannot be achieved without significantly
transforming the way we build and manage our
urban spaces.
The rapid growth of cities—a result of rising
populations and increasing migration—has led
to a boom in mega-cities, especially in the
developing world, and slums are becoming a
more significant feature of urban life.
Making cities sustainable means creating
career and business opportunities, safe and
affordable housing, and building resilient
societies and economies. It involves
investment in public transport, creating green
public spaces, and improving urban planning
and management in participatory and inclusive
ways.
GOAL 12: RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION
AND PRODUCTION
Achieving economic growth and sustainable
development requires that we urgently reduce
our ecological footprint by changing the way
we produce and consume goods and
resources. Agriculture is the biggest user of
water worldwide, and irrigation now claims
close to 70 percent of all freshwater for human
use.
The efficient management of our shared
natural resources, and the way we dispose of
toxic waste and pollutants, are important
targets to achieve this goal. Encouraging
industries, businesses and consumers to
recycle and reduce waste is equally important,
as is supporting developing countries to move
towards more sustainable patterns of
consumption by 2030.
A large share of the world population is still
consuming far too little to meet even their
basic needs. Halving the per capita of global
food waste at the retailer and consumer levels
is also important for creating more efficient
production and supply chains. This can help
with food security, and shift us towards a more
resource efficient economy.
GOAL 13: CLIMATE ACTION
There is no country that is not experiencing the
drastic effects of climate change. Greenhouse
gas emissions are more than 50 percent
higher than in 1990. Global warming is
causing long-lasting changes to our climate
system, which threatens irreversible
consequences if we do not act.
The annual average economic losses from
climate-related disasters are in the hundreds
of billions of dollars. This is not to mention the
human impact of geo-physical disasters,
which are 91 percent climate-related, and
which
between 1998 and 2017 killed 1.3 million
people, and left 4.4 billion injured. The goal
aims to mobilize US$100 billion annually
by 2020 to address the needs of developing
countries to both adapt to climate change and
invest in low-carbon development.
Supporting vulnerable regions will directly
contribute not only to Goal 13 but also to the
other SDGs. These actions must also go hand
in hand with efforts to integrate disaster risk
measures, sustainable natural resource
management, and human security into
national development strategies. It is still
possible, with strong political will, increased
investment, and using existing technology, to
limit the increase in global mean temperature
to two degrees Celsius above pre-industrial
levels, aiming at 1.5°C, but this requires
urgent and ambitious collective action.
GOAL 14: LIFE BELOW WATER
The world’s oceans – their temperature,
chemistry, currents and life – drive global
systems that make the Earth habitable for
humankind. How we manage this vital
resource is essential for humanity as a whole,
and to counterbalance the effects of climate
change.
Over three billion people depend on marine
and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods.
However, today we are seeing 30 percent of
the world’s fish stocks overexploited, reaching
below the level at which they can produce
sustainable yields.
Oceans also absorb about 30 percent of the
carbon dioxide produced by humans, and we
are seeing a 26 percent rise in ocean
acidification since the beginning of the
industrial revolution. Marine pollution, an
overwhelming majority of which comes from
land-based sources, is reaching alarming
levels, with an average of 13,000 pieces of
plastic litter to be found on every square
kilometre of ocean.
The SDGs aim to sustainably manage and
protect marine and coastal ecosystems from
pollution, as well as address the impacts of
ocean acidification. Enhancing conservation
and the sustainable use of ocean-based
resources through international law will also
help mitigate some of the challenges facing
our oceans.
GOAL 15: LIFE ON LAND
Human life depends on the earth as much as
the ocean for our sustenance and livelihoods.
Plant life provides 80 percent of the human
diet, and we rely on agriculture as an important
economic resources. Forests cover 30 percent
of the Earth’s surface, provide vital habitats for
millions of species, and important sources for
clean air and water, as well as being crucial for
combating climate change.
Every year, 13 million hectares of forests are
lost, while the persistent degradation of
drylands has led to the desertification
of 3.6 billion hectares, disproportionately
affecting poor communities.
While 15 percent of land is protected,
biodiversity is still at risk. Nearly 7,000 species
of animals and plants have been illegally
traded. Wildlife trafficking not only erodes
biodiversity, but creates insecurity, fuels
conflict, and feeds corruption.
Urgent action must be taken to reduce the loss
of natural habitats and biodiversity which are
part of our common heritage and support
global food and water security, climate change
mitigation and adaptation, and peace and
security.
GOAL 16: PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG
INSTITUTIONS
We cannot hope for sustainable development
without peace, stability, human rights and
effective governance, based on the rule of law.
Yet our world is increasingly divided. Some
regions enjoy peace, security and prosperity,
while others fall into seemingly endless cycles
of conflict and violence. This is not inevitable
and must be addressed.
Armed violence and insecurity have a
destructive impact on a country’s
development, affecting economic growth, and
often resulting in grievances that last for
generations. Sexual violence, crime,
exploitation and torture are also prevalent
where there is conflict, or no rule of law, and
countries must take measures to protect those
who are most at risk
The SDGs aim to significantly reduce all forms
of violence, and work with governments and
communities to end conflict and insecurity.
Promoting the rule of law and human rights are
key to this process, as is reducing the flow of
illicit arms and strengthening the participation
of developing countries in the institutions of
global governance.

GOAL 17: PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE

GOALS

The SDGs can only be realized with strong

global partnerships and cooperation. Official
Development Assistance remained steady but
below target, at US$147 billion in 2017. While
humanitarian crises brought on by conflict or
natural disasters continue to demand more
financial resources and aid. Many countries
also require Official Development Assistance
to encourage growth and trade.

The world is more interconnected than ever.

Improving access to technology and
knowledge is an important way to share ideas
and foster innovation. Coordinating policies to
help developing countries manage their debt,
as well as promoting investment for the least
developed, is vital for sustainable growth and
development.

The goals aim to enhance North-South and

South-South cooperation by supporting
national plans to achieve all the targets.
Promoting international trade, and helping
developing countries increase their exports is
all part of achieving a universal rules-based
and equitable trading system that is fair and
open and benefits all.