RESOURCE GEOLOGY, 43(5), 355•`363, 1993

Comparative Studies of Tin Fertile Granitic Rocks in Space and Time

T. M. BABU*

Abstract: Tin-bearing granites are widely distributed in all the continents yielding many economically valuable deposits. Tin
mineralization related to granite occurred from Proterozoic to Neogene age.
Comparative studies of mineralised granites were carried out, taking examples from well known type areas viz.,
the tin granites from Malaysia of Asia, Cornwall granites from Europe, Bushveld from Africa, Bolivian granites from South
America, Alaskan granites from North America and Tasmania granites from Australia. Geochronologically the tin-bearing
granites could be broadly grouped into 5 tectono-magmatic crustal orogenies viz., Precambrian, Caledonian, Variscan,
Kimmeridigan and Alpine.
Tin-bearing granites range in composition from granite to granodiorite with minor variations. Biotite granite and
two-mica leucocratic granites devoid of amphibole and other ferromagnesian minerals are generally more fertile. Zircon,
apatite, monazite, allanite and xenotime are found as typical accessory minerals. Polyphase palingenetic granites formed in
the last stages of orogeny mostly in hypabyssal intrusion level in the mobile region are found to be more congenial for
mineralization. Shallow dipping Benioff zones with adjoining sialic components, continent-continent collision and intra-
continental rift zones constitute many tin granites. Late magmatic autometasomatism (microclinization, albitization) and
post- magmatic metasomatism (greisenization) are common alterations found in tin-bearing granites.
Geochemically the tin granites have slight rise in silica and potash and appreciable fall in ferromagnesian constituents
especially MgO, CaO, Fe2O3and TiO2than normal granites. There is enrichment of F, Li, B, Rb, Be and depletion of Cr, Ni,
Co and V. The study indicated that geological setup, structural frame work, tectono- magmatic regimes, geochemical
characteristics and alteration patterns of tin fertile granites of the world display many striking similarities and certain
interesting inherent deviations.

out in distinguishing the barren and tin fertile

1. Introduction
granites. Comparative studies are carried out
From what has been established till now it is viewing from different angles viz., geological,
amply clear that the ore metal-bearing granites, structural, geochemical, geochronological and
though superficially appear similar to the normal mineralogical characteristics. Examples of the
granites after in depth detailed study, show dis- well known common areas of tin mineralized
tinctive anomalous characteristics. Efforts were granites in the world are discussed.
and are being made to distinguish the tin metal The term "tin fertile" is used for those granites
bearing granites from barren granitoids of the which eventually yielded economical tin deposits
world. Attempts have been made to bring out the and the "sterile" granites are normal granites de-
significant common features among the granitoids void of any anomalous high tin concentration and
with anomalous tin contents which finally yielded not capable of giving rise to workable deposit.
tin deposits. STEMPROK (1978), TISCHENDORF 2. Spatial Distribution of
(1973), TAYLOR(1979), CLARK et al., (1983) de- Tin Fertile Granites
scribed several significant characteristics of tin-
bearing granites from several areas. The present At present annual production of tin metal in the
paper reviews results of recent researches carried world is about 220 thousand tonnes. From ancient
times to present day South-East Asian region
Received on April 15, 1993, accepted on August 10, 1993 (Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Mayanmar) con-
* Geological Survey of India , A-1: Saraswati, Triveni Com-
tributes about two thirds of total tin production of
plex, Habsiguda, Hyderabad-500007, India the world. Bolivia, Brazil, Australia and United
Keywords : Tin-fertile-granites, Comparative studies, Distri-
bution, Geological set up, Composition, Time, Mineraliza- Kingdom are other important producers of tin.
tion, Alterations, Geochemistry. The geographical distribution of tin occurrences

355
 356 T. M. BABU RESOURCE GEOLOGY:

spread over all the continents did not reveal any ing and poor in magnetite. In Cornwall granites it
regular pattern. The geochronological groups of is found that tourmaline has precipitated through-
the occurrences considering the continental sepa- out the magmatic-hydrothermal activity in the
ration did project certain interesting streaks of province and the boron in complex form played an
mineralization. The correlation of these different important part in transport of tin. (GiAROY,
granitic provinces will help in better understand- 1982). Autometasomatic late magmatic process
ing the common factors governing the origin and leading to microclinisation, albitisation, musco-
distribution of tin-bearing granites. SCHUILLING vitisation and post-magmatic metasomatism like
(1967) attempted to correlate the tin bearing zones greisenisation with intensive "pneumatolytic" ac-
in the world. So to compare and contrast different tivity are prominent in these granites. Crystal
typical examples of tin-bearing granites in the fractionation, crystallochemical dispersion,
world found from each continent viz., the tin gran- magma mixing and assimilation are the processes
ites from Malaysia, Cornwall granites, Bushveld, most widely cited to account for the generally sys-
Bolivian granites, Alaskan and Tasmania granites tematic trends in tin distribution in granitoids
are taken up for this review. (TAYLOR,1992).
Consideration of geotectonics and metalloge- Malaysian granites: The source of tin mineral-
nesis of tin deposits by various workers (e.g. ization in the Malaysian peninsula is north to
MITCHELL and GARSON,1976, MITCHELL,1977, northwesterly trending granitic intrusions run-
BEDHAM,1982) could not convincingly prove the ning right from Southern China through Mayan-
inter-relationship between the mineralization and mar and Thailand to Malaya perhaps into Indone-
plate tectonics. As summarised by TAYLOR sia. The granites within Malaysia broadly classi-
(1979) the tin mineralization could be related to fied as western and eastern tin fields and Central
(1) Shallow dipping Benioff Zones as at Alaska, base metal fields (SENATHI RAJAH,1977).The age
Bolivia, East Malaysia and Thailand, (2) Hercy- of intrusives vary widely from Upper Carbonifer-
nian orogeny related to continent-continent ous to Tertiary. Granite to granodiorite and
collission as in England and Central belt of Ma- adamellite are the major components of the
laysia, and (3) Intracontinental rift zones and hot intrusives. Pegmatites, aplites, quartz veins,
spots like Brazil, Nigeria etc. dolerite and lamprophyre dykes cut across these
intrusive bodies. Cassiterite mineralization is
3. Geological Setup of Tin Fields
closely associated with younger post-tectonic K-
Almost all the significant economic tin deposits rich granites in several mineralized areas in
in the world are directly or indirectly associated Pahang, Perek, Jahore and Trengganu. The potas-
with granite or its variants. The tin fertile granites sic nature is not wholly a primary feature and is
are found to be mostly polyphase, post-kinematic introduced in post-magmatic gresenisation pro-
intrusive complexes confined to the apical levels cess (SANTOK SINGHet al., 1976)
of batholiths. The granites are palingenetic in ori- Cornwall granites: In Cornwall the tin fertile
gin many times related with middle to late stage of granitic masses with their associated dykes and
orogeny. Most of the tin deposits are associated sills are emplaced into a deformed Upper Palaeo-
with true granites with leucocratic mineral assem- zoic volcano-sedimentary sequence of alkali ba-
blage. At places variation to granodiorite and salt flows, hypabyssal sheets, tuffs, sandstone,
adamallite composition are not uncommon. siltstone, chert and limestone. Cornubnian post-
Among various types, biotite granites, two-mica tectonic batholith composed of two mica granite,
granites and tourmaline granites are found to be plutons and granite porphyry stocks and dykes.
more congenial whereas ferro-magnesian miner- The significant feature observed in Cornwall
als (amphibole, hypersthene etc.) bearing granites
granite is ubiquitous tourmaline presence as an ac-
are less favourable. Topaz, tourmaline, fluorite, cessory phase and as a gangue mineral in ore
columbite-tantalite, beryl or even cassiterite are bodies of tin mineralization. The original magma
characteristic accessories of these specialised of Cornwall granite is considered to be rich in B-
granites. Relatively tin granites are ilmenite-bear- F-Li and poor in Ba and Sr. The boron rich fluid
 43(5), 1993 Comparative studies of tin fertile granitic rocks in space and time 357

was generated by differentiation and crystalliza- ties with feldspar.

tion within the granitic magma (PATRICK Alaska : In North America tin mineralization is
ALLMAN-WARD et al., 1982). Post-magmatic found mainly in Seward Peninsula, Alaska espe-
"pneumatolytic" B -F-Li- rich aqueous phase cially in theewestern part. The tin fertile granite
played an important role in the transport and con- with about 140 ppm (SAINSBURY et al., 1968) is
centration of tin. In St. Just mining district, Corn- found emplaced into the sedimentary rocks
wall in Lands end granite as a post main stage hy- mainly limestone and shales. Due to intrusive gra-,
drothermal activity is recognized at 220 Ma with nitic activity in the calcareous sediments exten-
more minor events around 165 Ma and 75 Ma. sive skarn development has been taken place. Cas-
The principal ore bearing main stage fluids were siterite is found associated with fluorite, tourma-
overwhelmingly of meteroric origin with mini- line, topaz, magnetite, arsenopyrite etc. within al-
mum temperature range 280-450•Ž (JACKSON, tered and greisenised zones. In Lost river deposit
1982). cassiterite is also found in banded skarn zones.
Tasmania: In Tasmania of Australia, Blue Tier The tin-bearing granites are mostly Lower Ter-
province is the major tin field. Here the tin fertile tiary to Lower Carboniferous age. The tin miner-
granites are found intruded into the folded Lower alization related to the granitic rocks in Alaska is
Palaeozoic sediments of sandstone, siltstone, considered as a typical example of Benioff zone
shale and sub-greywacks. After Mid-Devonian mineralization with sialic component (REEDand
orogeny the younger granitoids were emplaced LAMPHERE, 1973). Concentration of mineraliza-
during Upper Devonian period. In major Blue Tier tion appears to have taken place in the continental
batholith at least eleven major fractures controlled margins and in rifted continental fragments.
intrusions mainly of adamellite- granodiorite with Bolivia : After South-East Asian tin province,
minor granite has been reported (•¬E and Bolivia posseses the largest known reservoir of tin
GROVES, 1971). The primary tin deposits are as- deposits. The tin fields in Bolivia extend along the
sociated with a scattered series of small bodies of Andean ranges east of the high plateau of Bolivia
biotite granite which are the latest intrusions of from Argentina border to lake Titicaca trending
batholith. Many of these late bodies are essentially NNW-SSE to NS. Tin mineralization is confined
sheet-like emplacements with feeder dykes. Tin to vein and disseminated deposits. The cassiterite-
production is of the order of 70,000 tons predomi- bearing veins are genetically related mainly with
nantly from alluvial sources (TAYLOR, 1979). granodiorite batholiths of Triassic to Miocene age
Bushveld province : In Bushveld Complex of with richer concentration in Miocene period. The
South Africa tin deposits are associated with gran- precambrian tin granites along with tungsten, nio-
itoid members of layered mafic intrusives in an- bium and tantalum occur in the adjoining
cient Precambrian metamorphic cratonic terrains. Rondonia region of Brazilian shield. Associated
The tin mineralization is found within sub-paral- with Mesozoic granite intrusives cassiterite-
lel pegmatitic and quartzo-felspathic fissure veins quartz veins with base metal sulphides occur at
and fissure controlled replacements within the Milluni and Chojlla tin deposits near La Paz, in
main granitic body. Cassiterite mineralization is northern Bolivia.
also found within some enigmatic pipe-like bod- Tin mineralization of Tertiary magmatism and
ies and flat sheet like zones in which disseminated volcanism is closely associated with base metal
cassiterite crystals are seen (HUNTER and polymetallic mineralization. At Cordillera
LENHALL, 1971). These have been considered to Quimsa Cruz and Santanera Cruz deposits north
be of magmatic origin. SOHNGE (1944) reported of Oruro cassiterite-vein swarms are related with
branching of worm like systems of pipes which Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene granitic intru-
show no relation to fracture zones and appear to be sives. At Cerro Rico-de-Potasi the youngest
true pipe form which developed prior to the for- phase of subvolcanic tin mineralization with silver
mation of fractures within granitic host. Enrich- in intra-volcanic pipes and vein swarms are dated
ment of cassiterite is associated with patches of between 12.9 and 13. 8 Ma (DULSKIet al., 1982).
alteration, irregular flat vugs and miarolitic cavi-
 358 T. M. BABU RESOURCE GEOLOGY:

Table I Correlation between Age and Host rock of Tin

4. Geochronology of Tin Fertile Granites Mineralization.

In the annals of geological history, the tin min-

eralization has a wide range from the Proterozoic
to the Neogene. In Bastar tin province of Archean
Indian shield, the cassiterite mineralization is in
metasomatically altered, albitised and greisenised
pegmatites genetically related to post to late kine-
matic Proterozoic younger intrusive granites
(BABU, 1989 and 1991). Its recorded ages range
from 2,650 Ma in African shield to 10-7.5 Ma in
the volcanic ejectments of Bolivia (LUGOV,
1980). Tin mineralization at the Toyoha deposit,
Hokkaido, Japan gives about 1 Ma. (SHIKAZONO,
1993 : personal communication). In Bolivia
Chorolque deposit tin mineralization (along with in most of the tin deposits of South-East Asia.
occurrence of hydro-cassiterite the varlamoffite) Contrary to it the first and least event of tin
in intense hydrothermal alteration of the rhyoda- metallogeny is in Precambrian time in which there
citic breccia core is dated as late as 2 .7 Ma ! are of minor economic importance in the world
(DULSKIet al., 1982). Among the tin deposits of and only the secondary alluvial and colluvial plac-
the world 63.1% are associated with Mesozoic ers derived from the primary source are being
granites, 18.1% with Hercynian (late Palaeozoic) worked as at Monono-kitaloo, in South Congo of
granites, 6.6% with Caledonian (mid- Paleozoic) Africa, in parts of Australia and in India in Bastar
granites and 3.3% with Precambrian granites tin province.
(EVANS,1980). On the basis of statistical analy-
sis it is proved that tin deposits become progres- 5. Geochemical Characteristics

sively more plentiful and economically more im- Efforts have been made since several decades
portant on ascending the geological time scale by various workers to separate out tin fertile gran-
from Precambrian to the Tertiary. In Bushveld ites geochemically from sterile granites.
granites and pegmatites of 2,600 to 2,800 Ma BARSUKOV (1957), RATTIGAN(1964), GROVES
(WATSON,1973), though cassiterite occurs as a (1970), STEMPROK, (1970), TISCHENDORF (1977)
accessory mineral, the tin mineralization of eco- and others are of the opinion that there is a rela-
nomic importance was largely confined to tionship between tin mineralization and geo-
younger intrusive phases. It is interesting to note chemical characteristics of granite. FLINTEAR
that there is a correlation between age and mode of (1971) are doubtful about such an interrelation-
origin of tin mineralization as brought out by ship. In IGCP-26 on metallization associated with
SCHUILLING (1968). It is seen that among various acid magmatism TISCHENDORF (1977) recognised
tin provinces of the world Precambrian pegma- "specialised granitoids" associated with tin depos-
tites, Paleozoic granites, Mesozoic greisen/skarn its with distinctive characteristics. He concluded
and Tertiary volcanics are significant (Table 1). that compared to normal granites the specialised
Among major granitoids associated with main granites are characterised by higher contents of
tectono-magmatic crustal orogenies there is again SiO2 and K2O and by lower contents of TiO2,
age group clustering of the economically valuable Fe2O3, MgO and CaO. The major elements of
tin deposits. It is found that tin is related mainly normal granites with six well known examples of
with five major crustal orogenies in the world viz ., tin-bearing granites in the world are shown in
Precambrian, Caledonian, Varsican , Kimmeridi- Table 2. The comparative study (Fig . 1) shows
gan and Alpine (ITSIKSON,1960). Of these the that in all the tin fertile granites there is increase in
major epochs of tin mineralization have taken SiO2 and K2O. On an average silica increases
place in Kimmeridigan (Jurassic to Cretaceous) as slightly.up to 2.98% where as potash enhances to
 43(5), 1993 Comparative studies of tin fertile granitic rocks in space and time 359

Table 2 The major oxides of normal and tin fertile granites in the world (Data from STEMPROKand SKVOR, 1974).

Fig. 1Variation of oxides of tin fertile granites vs., normal granites.

21.16% than normal granites. Conversely
significant depletion of ferromagnesian
ents. The increase in silica indicates
granite more towards the acidic front while the
K2O enhancement may be accounted for the pro-
nounced microclinization, the potash metasoma-
tism of the granite underwent as noted in most of
there is the tin-bearing granites of the world. Likewise the
constitu- appreciable depletion of Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg and Ti
edging of may indicate impoverishment of such mafic min-
erals as amphibole and calsic plagioclase etc. The
slight fall of Na2O and over predominence of K2O
in all the tin-bearing granites as a rule could be the
overshadowing of microclinization and greiseni-
360 T. M. BABU RESOURCE GEOLOGY:

zation over albitization. Though oxides of all the

tin bearing granites behave similarly, due to local
variations and contamination of country rocks,
some of the Bushveld and Bolivian granites show
slight deviations.
In binary variation diagram of silica with alka-
lies (Fig. 2) it is seen that there is a tendency of
most of the tin-bearing granites to cluster around
72.5% SiO2, 5% K2O and 3% Na2O. Broadly
there is a general trend for an increase in K2O with
rise in silica but no pronounced variation with re-
spect to Na2O content. Another significant fea-
ture observed in tin fertile granite with respect to
silica variations is that K2O and Na2O show in-
verse or antipathic relationship. This may be also
the predominence of microclinization at the ex-
pense of albitization and vice-versa metasomatic
processes finally yielding to the concentration of
tin and the associated elements. Among different
binary variations of tin fertile granites there ap-
pears to be perfect reciprocal relationship between
felsic and mafic constituents. In the binary plot
Fig. 2 Silica vs. alkalies of tin bearing granites in the
world. (Fig. 3) of SiO2+Al2O3+Na2O+K2O against FeO+

Fig. 3 Binary variations between acidic and mafic constituents of tin fertile granitic rocks.
 43(5), 1993 Comparative studies of tin fertile granitic rocks in space and time 361

etc. However HOSKING'S (1967) geochemical

data on Cornwall contradicted this original belief.

CHAURIS (1965) working on North-west France

concluded that neither the tin content of granite

samples nor that of biotite fraction gives a clue to

the stanniferous nature of the granite masses. Re-

viewing the specialised nature of tin fertile gran-

ite, STEMPROK (1978) proposed averages of some

trace elements like Sn=40•}20 ppm, F=3700•}

1500 ppm, Li=400•}200 ppm , Rb= 580•}200

ppm etc. This indicates that along with tin there is

an appreciable increase in fluorine, lithium, ru-

bidium, boron and some times beryllium. It is

also found that there is a considerable decrease in

V, Co, Ni, Cr etc. in these tin bearing granites.

Fig. 4 Ternary diagram of silica-alkalies-total mafics of Recently by experimental investigation TAY-
Tin-bearing granites in the world.
LOR et al (1992) showed that granitic melts con-

tain 400 to 2500 ppm tin. Changes in Pressure-

Fe2O3+MgO+MnO+CaO there is a steep decrease Temperature conditions do not exert any signifi-

in ferromagnesian oxides with an increase in com- cant influence on tin concentration in granitic

bined silica alumina and alkalies. This may sug- melts. But the solvent capacity of the granitoid

melts is increased by decreasing oxygen fugacity

gest the insitu fractional crystallization or differ-
entiation of the tin fertile granitic magma as re- and increasing alkalies/(alkali+alumina) ratio and

cently pointed out by CHENEVOY (1992) that rela- Na/K ratio of the melts.

tive behaviour of the major elements like this indi- Thus it is generally found that almost all tin fer-

cates that the facies differentiation was controlled tile granites are relatively rich in Sn, Li, F, B, Cl,

by fractional crystallization in peralkaline granite Rb, Be acidic suit of trace elements than normal

in Labrador. Thus, the review of geochemical granites probably due to presence of intensive
characteristics indicates that the tin fertile granites " pneumatolytic" activity. However, non-uniform
have affinity to felsic constituents, aversion to assymetrical (log- normal) regional distribution of

mafic constituents and has preference to moder- these enriched rare elements complicate the pic-

ately higher K2O and normal Na2Ocontents. Con- ture of the geochemical map and configuration of

sidering these factors the author proposed a ter- the area.

nary diagram of SiO2, total mafics (CaO+MgO+

7. Summary
MnO+Fe2O3+FeO) and alkalies (K2O+Na2O)
(Fig. 4). It is seen that there is a high degree of Thus the tin fertile granites in the world are
clustering of all the tin-bearing granites in the evolved intrusive "specialized granites" mostly
world within this "tin field" of the plot. All the tin polyphase, palingenetic, post to late kinematic in
granites in the proposed ternary plot indicate 80 to origin. These granites are found mostly concen-
90% silica less than 14% total mafics with cal- trated in the shallow dipping Benioff zones, conti-
cium and 5 to 10 % combined alkalies. nental-continental collision or intra-continental
rift zones.
6. Trace Element Enrichment Medium to coarse grained leucocratic, highly
It is generally found that there is at least three differentiated biotite or two-mica alkali granites
times enrichment of tin content from sterile gran- with tourmaline, topaz, fluorite and ilmenite as ac-
ites to tin fertile granites. This has made many to cessory minerals appear to be more congenial for
conclude that the rocks crystallising from original cassiterite mineralization. Metasomatic alter-
granitic melts contain above average amounts of ations like late magmatic microclinization,
tin and associated elements like Li, F, B, Cl, Rb albitization and post-magmatic greisenization
 362 T. M. BABU RESOURCE GEOLOGY,

with intensive "pneumatolytic" or hydrothermal Metallization Associated with Aacid Magma-tism, Vol.6,

phase is pre-requisite for migration and concentra- 29•`35.

tion of tin yield economically workable deposits. BARSUKOV, V. L. (1957) : The geochemistry of tin. Geochemis

From Precambrian to Tertiary in age the gran- try International, I: 41•`51

ites show different stages of maturity of character- CHAROY, B. (1982) : Tourmalinisation in Cornwall, England.

istics. Clustering of tin granites in Precambrian, Metallization Associated with Acid Magmatism, vol.6

Johb Wiley & Sons

Caledonian, Varsican, Kimmeridigan and Alpine
CHAURIS, L. (1965) : Les mineralization pnemalylitiques du
orogenies are conspicuous. massic armoricain Memoiares due Bureau de Recherches
Review of geochemical characteristics of gran- Geologiques et Minieres. No.31.
ites indicated that the concentration of tin appears CHENEVOY, D., PILLET, E. T. and BELANGER, M. (1992) :
to have taken place at an optimum proportion of Petrologie due granite peralcalin du lac Brisson, Labrador

72.5% SiO2,5% K2O and 3% Na2O. The ternary Central, Nouveau- Quebec.1 Mode de raise enplane et.

plot of major tin granites shown that SiO2 is more evolution chinnique- Can. J. Earth Sci 29, 353•`372.

than 80%, the combined ferro-magnesian con- CLARK, H. Alan, PALMA VICENTE, V., ARCHIBALD, A. DOUGLAS

stituents are less than 4% and alkalies around 8% . and FARRAR, Edward, (1983) : Occurrence and age of tin

In binary plot the distinct inverse relationship be- mineralization in the Cordillera oriental, Southern Peru,

tween acidic, alkali and basic front indicates the Econ.Geol., 78, 514•`520.

DULSKI, P., MOLLER, P., VILLALPANDO, A and SCHNEIDER., H .

attainment of equilibrium in crystallization differ-
J. (1982) : Correlation of trace element fractionation in
entiation of granitic magma. When compared to
cassiteritewith genesis of the Bolivian Metallotect. Metal
normal granites the appreciable enrichment of lization Associated with Acid Magmatism, vol.6, 71•`84.
trace elements especially B, F, Li, Rb and Be is John Wiley & Sons.
another characteristic feature recognized in tin EVANS, Anthony M. (1980) : Introduction to ore geology. Geo
fertile granites. science Texts. vol.2, Black Well Scientific publn.

Acknowledgements : The author would like to FLINTEAR, B. H. (1971) : Tin and granitoids, the search for a

thank sincerely the valuable suggestions of Prof. geochemical scheme of mineral exploration. Geochemical

G. G. DESHPANDE in course of discussions on the Expln. spl. v.II (Canadian Inst. Mining & Metallurugy),

characteristics of tin fertile granites. All the help 323•`330.

of Sri C. KONDANNA and Sri K. SESHAIAH , Geol-

GEE, R. D. and GROVES, D. I. (1971) : Structural features and

ogists of Geological Survey of India it! finalizing mode of emplacement ofpart of the Blue Tier Batholith in

North-east Tasmania. Journal Geol. Socie. of Australia,

the paper is gratefully acknowledged.
18,41•`57.

GROVES, D. I. (1974) : Geochemical variation within tin bear

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錫 に とむ花 崗岩類 の時空間 に関す る比較研 究

T. M. RABU

要 旨:錫 を含 む花崗 岩 は全 て の大 陸 に広 く分 布 し,経 済 レ ン石,ゼ ノ タ イ ム が 典 型 的 随 伴 鉱 物 で あ る.造 山運 動

的 に価 値 の 高 い鉱 床 を伴 う.花 崗岩 に 関係 した錫 鉱 化 作 の 最 後 に 貫 入 した 半 深 成 多 段 階 パ リ ン ジ ネ リ ッ ク 花崗岩

用 は,古 生 代 か ら新 生代 まで に わ た っ て生 じて い る.鉱 が 錫 鉱 化 作 用 と よ り密 接 に 関 係 し て い る.珪 長質成分 に

床 を伴 う花 崗 岩 の比 較研 究 は,以 下 の よ く知 られ た タ イ 隣 接 す る 傾 き のゆ る い ベ ニ オ フ 帯,大 陸 と大 陸 の 衝 突,

プに 対 して な された;ア ジア ・マ レー シ アの 花 崗 岩,マ 大 陸 内 の リ ス ト帯 に 多 く の 錫 花 崗 岩 が み ら れ る.マ グマ

レー シ ア の 花 崗 岩,ヨ ー ロ ッパ の コ ー ン ウ ォ ー ル 花 崗 期 後 期 の 自 己 変 質 作 用(マ イ ク ロ ク リ ン 化,ア ルバ イ ト

岩,ア フ リ カの ブ ッ シュ ベ ル ト,南 米 の ボ リビ アの 花 崗 化)とマ グ マ 期 後 の メ タ ゾ マ テ ィ ズ ム(グ ラ イ ゼ ン化)は,

岩,北 米 の ア ラス カ の花 崗岩,オ ー ス トラ リ アの タス マ 錫 を 含 む 花 崗 岩 に よ くみ ら れ る.

ニ ア 花 崗 岩. 錫 花 崗 岩 は,通 常 の 花 崗 岩 に比 べ て シ リ カが 少 し多

錫 を含 む花 崗岩 は,時 代 的 に5つ に区 分で き る;先 カ く,フ ェロ マ グ ネ シ ア ン,特 にMgO,CaO,Fe2O3とTiO2が

ン ブ リア 紀,カ レ ドニ ア ン,ヴ ァ リス カ ン,キ ンメ リ か な り少.な い.F,Li,B,Rb,Beの 濃 縮 とCr,Ni,Co,Vの 減

デ ィ ガ ン,ア ルパ イ ン.錫 を含 む 花 崗 岩 類 は,花 崗 岩 か 少 が み ら れ る.今 回 の 研 究 に よ っ て 世 界 中 の 錫 に とむ 花

ら花 崗 閃緑 岩 まで の組 成 を もつ.角 閃 石 と他 の フ ェ ロマ 崗 岩 は,地 質 条 件,構 造 条 件,テ ク ト ニ ッ ク ・マ グ マ

グネ シア ン鉱 物 を含 まな い黒 雲 母 花 崗 岩 と両 雲 母 優 白質 テ ィ ッ ク条 件 お よび地 球 化学 的特 徴 に お い て類 似 点 と相

花 崗岩 は もっ と多 産 で あ る.ジ ル コ ン,モ ナ ザ イ ト,褐 異 点 が 見 ら れ る こ と が わ か っ た.