Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School (Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this English final investigatory project has been successfully submitted by Master T.SANTHOSH of class XI- S, under the guidance of MRS M. ARUN SHENBAGA MALAR M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil. in partial fulfillment of curriculum of Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) for Annual Examination of the academic year 2023-2024. Date: Teacher’s signatureKSHATRIYA VIDHYA SALA ENGLISH MEDIUM SCHOOL, VIRUDHUNAGAR CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the project entitled “ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF PHENOPTHALEIN” is a project work done by Master T.SANTHOSH, Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School, Virudhunagar, under my guidance during the academic year 2023-2024. PROJECT GUIDE Mrs |. Elavarasi, M.Sc., M.Phil. B.Ed., PGT (Chemistry) Department of Chemistry Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School VirudhunagarConnective tissue is one of the four primary types of animal tissue along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. It develops from the mesenchyme, derived from the mesoderm. Connective tissue is found in between other tissues everywhere in the body. Most types of connective tissue consists of three main components: elastic and collagen fibres, ground substance, and cells. Blood, and lymph are classed as specialized fluid connective tissues that do not contain fibre. The cells of connective tissue include fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells and leucocytes. The body fluid consists of water and substances dissolved in them. There are two types of fluid connective tissues, 1. Intracellular fluid present inside the cells (Blood) 2. Extracellular fluid present outside the cells. (Lymph) Blood « Formation: © Haemopoiesis: It occurs in the red marrow, a connective tissue within the spaces of spongy (cancellous) bone tissue. All formed elements arise from stem cells of the redbone marrow. All the formed elements of blood originate from haemopoietic stem cell, or haemocytoblast. Haemopoiesis begins when the haemopoietic stem cell is exposed to haemopoietic growth factors, which prompt it to divide and differentiate. One daughter cell remains a haemopoietic stem cell, allowing haemopoiesis to continue. The other daughter cell becomes either of two types of more specialised stem cells. Aer cision, some ca i) romain stom cols Muitipotont hematopoietic stem coll (hemocytoblast) oN ‘The remaining col goes down one of two paths ‘depending on the chemical signals received, @ @ Myeloid stem cell Lymphoid stem cell de ok | e e Megakaryoblast ie 2. 2. Lymphobiast | cs pe co uc ee “> Mogakaryocyte Erythrocyte Basophil Neutrophil Eosinophil Monocyte Tlymphocyte 8 lymphocyte These stem cells can be classified as: = Lymphoid stem cells = Myeloid stem cells® Lymphoid Stem Cells: These give rise to lymphocytes, which include the various T cells, B cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Lymphoid stem cells quickly migrate from the bone marrow to lymphatic tissues, including the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, where their production and differentiation continues. B cells mature in the bone marrow, while T cells mature in the thymus. @ Myeloid Stem Cells: These give rise to erythrocytes; megakaryocytes that produce platelets; and a myeloblast lineage that gives rise to monocytes and three forms of granular leukocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Megakaryoblasts are the precursors of megakaryocytes, and proerythroblasts become reticulocytes, having lost their nucleus and other organelles yet retaining residual ribosomal RNA, before maturing into erythrocytes E Blood is the most common body fluid that transports substances from one part of the body to the other. Blood is a connective tissue consisting of o Plasma (fluid matrix) o Formed elements. 55% Plasma \ a * a) aye 1% Leukocytes and Thrombocytes 44% Erythrocytes4. Fibrinogen: Fibrinogen is involved in blood clotting. Fibrinogen is a protein produced by the liver. This protein helps stop bleeding by helping blood clots to form. 5. Organic constituents: It include urea, amino acids, glucose, fats and vitamins 6. Inorganic constituents: It include chlorides, carbonates and phosphates of potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium. The composition of plasma is not always constant. 7.1.2 Formed Elements Alll these cells are derived from pluripotent haematopoietic stem cells. Each stem cell has the capacity to produce RBC, WBC and platelets. The remaining 45% is the formed elements that consist of blood cells. * Red blood cells (erythrocytes), © White blood cells (Leucocytes) * Platelets (Thrombocytes) are collectively called formed element. RBC PLATELETSWhite blood cells (leucocytes) are colourless, amoeboid, nucleated cells devoid of haemoglobin and other pigments. Approximately 6000 to 8000 per cubic mm of WBCs are seen in the blood of an average healthy individual. Depending on the presence or absence of granules, WBCs are divided into two types, v Granulocytes Y Agranulocytes locytes, Granulocytes are characterised by the presence of granules in the cytoplasm and are classified as + Neutrophils + Eosinophils + Basophils 1. Neutrophils: These are also called heterophils or polymorphonuclear (cells with 3-4 lobes of nucleus connected with delicate threads) cells which constitute about 60%- 65% of the total WBCs. They are phagocytic in nature. They appear in large numbers in and around the infected tissues. EX2. Eosinophils: They have distinctly bilobed nucleus and the lobes are joined by thin strands. They are non-phagocytic and constitute about 2-3% of the total WBCs. Eosinophils increase during certain types of parasitic infections and allergic reactions. 3. Basophils: They are less numerous than any other type of WBCs constituting 0.5% - 1.0% of the total number of leucocytes. The cytoplasmic granules are large sized, but fewer than eosinophils. Nucleus is large sized and constricted into several lobes but not joined by delicate threads. Basophils secrete substances such as heparin, serotonin and histamines. They are also involved in inflammatory reactions.Agra locytes Agranulocytes are characterised by the absence of granules in the cytoplasm and are differentiated in the lymph glands and spleen. These are of two types, * Lymphocytes * Monocytes 1. Lymphocytes: These constitute 28% of WBCs. These have large round nucleus and small amount of cytoplasm. The two types of lymphocytes are B and T cells. Both B and T cells are responsible for the immune responses of the body. B cells produce antibodies to neutralize the harmful effects of foreign substances and T cells are involved in cell mediated immunity. These also include Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) ("innate T cell-like" cells involved in mucosal immunity and homeostasis), of which natural killer cells are an important subtype (which functions in cell- mediated, cytotoxic innate immunity). B CELL T CELL2. Monocytes (Macrophages): These are phagocytic cells that are similar to mast cells and have kidney shaped nucleus. They constitute 1-3% of the total WBCs. The macrophages of the central nervous system are the ‘microglia’, in the sinusoids of the liver they are called ‘Kupffer cells’ and in the pulmonary region they are the ‘alveolar macrophages”. Platelets are also called thrombocytes that are produced from megakaryocytes (special cells in bone marrow) and lack nuclei. Blood normally contains 1, 50,000 -3, 50,000 platelets /mm4 of blood. They secrete substances involved in coagulation or clotting of blood. The reduction in platelet number can lead to clotting disorders that result in excessive loss of blood from the body. « Lymph: 1) Formation: About 90% of fluid that leaks from capillaries eventually seeps back into the capillaries and the remaining 10% is collected and returned to blood system by means of a series of tubules known as lymph vessels or lymphatics. The fluid inside the lymphatics is called lymph.Kshatriya Vidhyasala English Medium School (Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi) CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this Biology final investigatory project on the topic ‘FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE” has been successfully submitted by Master T.SANTHOSH of class XI, under the guidance of Mr. K. MUTHUKARUPPASAMI »M.Sc., M.Phil. B.Ed., in partial fulfillment of curriculum of Central Board of secondary Education (CBSE) for Annual Examination of the academic year 2023-2024, Date: Teacher’s signatureFLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROJECT REPORT Submitted to Kshatriya Vidhyasala English Medium School in partial fulfillment of curriculum of Central Board of secondary Education (CBSE) for the academic year 2023-2024 Submitted by T.Santhosh Class: XI-S Roll No: 118115 Under the guidance and supervision of MR. K. MUTHUKARUPPASAMY M.Sc., M.Phil. B.Ed., PG-TEACHER, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY, Kshatriya Vidhyasala English Medium School (Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi)Chemistry Project ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF PHENOLPTHALEIN A project report Submitted to Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School in partial fulfilment of curriculum of Central Board of secondary Education (CBSE) for the academic year 2023-2024 Submitted by NAME : T.SANTHOSH CLASS & SECTION: XI-S ROLL NO :118115 Under the Guidance of Mrs. |. Elavarasi, M.Sc., B.Ed., M.Phil., PG Teacher / Department of chemistry Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School Virudhunagar“COMPETENCY SKILLS IN ENGLISH” PROJECT REPORT Submitted to Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School in partial fulfillment of curriculum of Central Board of secondary Education (CBSE) for the academic year 2023-2024 Submitted by T.SANTHOSH XI-A Roll No: 118115 Under the guidance and supervision of MRS. M. ARUN SHENBAGA MALAR M.A., B.Ed., M.Phil. PG-TEACHER, DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, Kshatriya Vidhya Sala English Medium School (Affiliated to CBSE, New Delhi)