2020 Pqsse hmeyw 54 e°w- 7

sI.-Fkv.-Sn.-F ap-J]{Xw-

\-£{- X-ßs
- f {]-Wb
- n-°p-∂h
- ¿ (kn-\n-a)
36 hnt\mZv Ip´-aØv

Hello English -34

D≈S°w-

41 Dr. P.K.Jayaraj

ImØn-cn-∏n\v HSp-hn¬ (IY)

46 ]∏≥ Im\mbn

A]-IS- I
- c
- a- mb Ime-Øns‚ Imsem®
5 F hnP-bc - m-Lh - ≥

hnZym-`ymk cwKsØ B[p-\n-Ih

- ¬°-cWw
9 s{]m^. kn cho-{μ-\mYv

sImtdmW sshd-kns\ AXn-Po-hn-°m≥

13 Icp-Xt- emsS tIcfw
sI sI ssieP So®¿

tImhnUv ImesØ kwkvImcw

18 Fw F t__n

tImhnUv ImesØ kmº-ØnI Nn¥-Iƒ Ihn-Xb

- nse {]Xn-tcm[w
22 ]n cmPohv 48 Fw kn t]mƒ

a-dp-hm-b\ Adn-hns‚ PmeIw

26 tUm. ]n ]n {]-Im-i≥ 52 AIv_¿ jm

tZiob hnZym-`ymk \bw; tX≥]pc-´nb hnjw Z- rjvSn

30 sI kn lcn-Ir-jvW≥ 58 tkma≥ IS-eq¿

No-^v- FUn-‰¿ : sI. kn lcn-Ir-jvW≥

Atkm.-FUn-‰¿ : Sn sI F jm^n Adhyapakalokam, k_v FUn-‰¿ : ]n. jmPn
am-t\P¿ : Sn.-hn aZ-\-tam-l-\≥ KSTA State Centre, Ih¿ : cmtPjv NmtemSv
Thiruvananthapuram - 14 teHu´v : kp{ip-X≥. _n
]{Xm-[n-]kan-Xn- Email: adhyapakalokam@gmail.com
sI sP lcn-Ip-am¿, sI _Z-dp-∂o-k, Ph. 0471 2324997 Printed at MUDRA, Sivakasi, Thamilnadu
G sI _o\, F≥ Sn inh-cm-P≥ Phone 9447410514
 sI.-Fkv.-Sn.-F ap-J]{Xw
Im-gv-N∏m-Sv-
s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k kw-c-
£-Wb - ⁄
- Ø
- n-eq-sS
\m-ev- h¿-jw-sIm-≠v- hn-
Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn¬ k¿-
°m¿ \-S-∏m-°n-b ssl-
sS-Iv- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ^-ew I-
≠p-sh-∂-Xn-\v- sX-fn-hm-
Wv- \q-dp-ta-\n t\-Sn-b k¿-
°m¿ kv-Iq-fp-I-fp-sS F-
Æ-Øn-se h¿-[-\. F-{X
{]-f-b-Øn¬ ap-ßn-bm-
epw a-lm-am-cn-Iƒ t{Zm-
ln-®m-epw k¿-°m¿ H-∏-
ap-s≠-¶n¬ F-∂pw F-hn-
sS-bpw tIcfw H-∂m-a-Xm-
Ip-sa-∂-Xn-s‚ km-£y-am-
Wn-Xv. P-\-Io-b hn-Zym-`ym-
k-Øn-\v- tI-c-fw \¬-Ip-
∂ I-cp-X-epw {]-Xn-k-‘n-
I-sf X-c-Ww sN-øm-\p-
≈ P-\-]n-¥p-W-bp-am-Wv
Cu ^-e-ß-fn-eq-sS sh-fn-
hm-Ip-∂-Xv.
4 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
COm-i-‡n-bpsS
alm-hn-Pbw
F {X-h-en-b {]-Xn-k-‘n-bp-≠m-bm-epw Ip-´n-I-fp-sS `m-hn `-
{Z-am-°-W-sa-∂ k¿-°m-cn-s‚ C-—m-i-‡n-bp-sS a-lm-hn-
P-b-am-bn F-k-F v- -k-F
- w-`n-®p-\n¬-°m-sX F-k-F
v- ¬-kn, l-b¿-k-s°-°-dn, shm-t°-
j-W¬ l-b¿-sk-‚-dn ]-co-£m-^-e-{]-Jym-]-\-߃. {]-Xn-k-‘n
L-´-Øn¬ kv-X v- -k-F v- ¬-kn, l-b¿ sk-
°≥-U-dn-˛-shm-t°-j-W-¬ l-b¿-sk-°‚-dn ]-co-£-Iƒ ]q¿-Øn-
bm-°m-\p-≈ k¿-°m¿ Xo-cp-am-\-Øn-\- v- A-[ym-]-I-cpw hn-Zym¿-∞n-
I-fpw c-£m-I¿-Øm-°-fpw s]m-Xp-k-aq-l-hpw ]q¿-W ]n-¥p-W
\¬-In-sb-∂- v- sX-fn-bn-°p-∂-Xm-bn hn-P-b-Øn-f-°w. ]-co-£ \-S-
Øn-°m-sX hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn¬ A-\n-i-N v- n-Xm-h-ÿ kr-jn-°m-
\p-≈ {]-Xn-]-£-{i-a-ß-sf a-lm-am-cn-s°m-∏w-X-s∂ t\-cn-´m-W- v- k¿-
°m¿ Ip-´n-Iƒ-°- v- \-√ `m-hn D-d-∏m-°n-b-X-.v- tIm-hn-U- v- {]-Xn-tcm-[
tem-I-U v- u¨ Im-e-Ø- v- am-‰n-h-® ^n-kn-I-k v- -,v- sI-an-k-{v- Sn, am-X-k v- - v- hn-
j-b-ß-fn¬ h≥-hn-P-bw Ip-´n-Iƒ t\-Sn-b-Xpw hn-P-b-i-X-am-\w D-
b-cp-∂-Xn-\- v- Im-c-W-am-bn. A-\n-i-N v- n-X-Xzw kr-„n-°m-sX A-Xn-Po-
h-\-°-cp-Øp-am-bn ]-co-£-Iƒ \n-›nX k-a-b-Øn-\-Iw \-S-Øp-
sa-∂ k¿-°m¿ {]-Jym-]-\-hpw A-Xn-\p-≈ ap-s∂m-cp-°-ß-fpw hn-
Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ \n-d-™-a-\-t m-sS kzo-I-cn-®p.
hn-Zym-`ym-k h-Ip-∏n-s\m-∏w k¿-°m-cn-s‚ F-√m h-Ip-∏p-I-fpw
kv-I
- q-fp-I-fn¬ B-tcm-Ky-kp-c-£-sbm-cp-°m≥ H-∏w \n-∂p. ap-gp-h≥
kv-I- q-fp-I-fn-epw ]n-Sn-F-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ c-£n-Xm-°-fpw A-
Wp-\-io-I-c-Ww, km-aq-ly A-I-ew F-∂n-h D-d-∏m-°m-\p-≈ {]-
h¿-Ø\ - ß
- f - n¬ hym-]r-Xc - m-bn. k¿-°m¿ Xo-cp-am-\w hn-Pb - n-∏n-°m≥
P-\-ß-fm-sI ap-t∂m-´p-h-∂p. F-∂m¬, C-Xn-t\m-S- v- k-l-I-cn-°m-
sX A-hk - m-\ \n-an-jh - pw ]-co-£m-\S- Ø - n-∏- v- X-In-Sw a-dn-°m-\pw hn-
Zym¿-Yn-If - p-sS-bpw c-£n-Xm-°f - p-sS-bpw a-\- n¬ `o-Xn-hn-Xb - °
- v- m-\p-
am-W- v- {]-Xn-]£ - w {i-an-®X - .- v- F-∂m¬, ]-co-£ I-gn-™- v- H-cp am-kw
]n-∂n-Sp-tºm-gpw ]-co-£ F-gp-Xn-b 13 e-£w Ip-´n-If - pw ho-Sp-If - n¬
kp-c£ - n-Xc - m-W.- v- hn-Pb - i- X - a - m-\Ø - n-s\m-∏w \q-dp-iX - a
- m-\w hn-Pb - -
Øn-epw F π-k- v- t\-Sn-b-h-cp-sS F-Æ-Øn-epw h≥ h¿-[-\-bp-≠m-
bn. H-cp hn-`m-Kw A-[ym-]-I-sc ]n-¥n-cn-∏n-®- v- aq-ey-\n¿-W-bw A-´n-
a-dn-°m-\p-≈ {]-Xn-]-£-Øn-s‚ Ip-’n-X-\o-°-ß-sf-bpw a-lm-am-
cn-s°m-∏w A-Xn-Po-hn-®m-W- v- π-k-Sv- p ]-co-£m ^-ew \n-i-N v- n-X k-a-
b-Øn¬ hn-Zym¿-Yn-I-fn-se-Øn-®-sX-∂-Xpw {i-t≤-b-am-Wv.
s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k kw-c-£-W-b-⁄-Øn-eq-sS \m-e- v- h¿-jw-
sIm-≠- v- hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn¬ k¿-°m¿ \-S-∏m-°n-b ssl-sS-Iv-
- ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ ^-ew I-≠p-sh-∂-Xn-\- v- sX-fn-hm-W- v- \q-dp-ta-\n t\-Sn-
b k¿-°m¿ kv-I - q-fp-I-fp-sS F-Æ-Øn-se h¿-[-\. F-{X {]-f-b-
Øn¬ ap-ßn-bm-epw a-lm-am-cn-Iƒ t{Zm-ln-®m-epw k¿-°m¿ H-∏-ap-
s≠-¶n¬ F-∂pw F-hn-sS-bpw tIcfw H-∂m-a-Xm-Ip-sa-∂-Xn-s‚
km-£y-am-Wn-Xv. P-\-Io-b hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\- v- tI-c-fw \¬-Ip-∂
I-cp-X-epw {]-Xn-k-‘n-I-sf X-c-Ww sN-øm-\p-≈ P-\-]n-¥p-W-bp-
am-Wv Cu ^-e-ß-fn-eq-sS sh-fn-hm-Ip-∂-Xv. $
 A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b
Im-e-Øn-s‚
Im-sem-®
tIm hn-Uv F-∂ a-lm-
am-cn-°pNp-‰pw tem-
Iw I-d-ßn-s°m-
≠n-cn-°p-∂ k-μ¿-`-am-Wn-Xv.
tem-I-sØ Xo-{h-h-e-Xp-]-£ `-
c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS \-b-ß-fpw
]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpw km-[m-c-W-°m-
F hn-P-b-cm-L-h≥ cpsS PohnXw Iq-Sp-X¬ Zp- -l-
am-°p-∂ k-μ¿-`-Øn-em-Wv tIm-
hn-Up-Iq-Sn h-∂p-]-Xn-®-Xv. {]m-
¥-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´ a-\p-jy-cp-sS
Po-hn-X-Øn¬ C-cp-fp-]-S¿-Øp-∂
A-]-I-S-I-c-am-b Im-sem-®-bm-Wv
\mw tI-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
k-º-Zv-L-S-\-bv-t°-‰ £-Xw, P-\-
ß-fp-sS {I-b-ti-jn-t°-‰ {]-l-
cw, cq-£-am-b sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a,
tem-I-hm-Wn-Py-Øn-se Xn-cn-®-Sn-
Iƒ F-∂n-h-sb-√mw km-[m-c-W-
°m-cp-sS Po-hn-Xw IqSp-X¬ Zp-
-l-am-°p-IbmWv. km-[m-c-W-
°m¿, sXm-gn¬-c-ln-X¿, k-aq-l-
Øn-s‚ A-Sn-Ø-´n-ep-≈-h¿ Xp-S-
ßn-b-h-cp-sS hn-j-a-X-Iƒ Ip-td-
°q-Sn cq-£-am-°p-∂ {]-Xn-k-‘n-
I-fm-Wv tIm-hn-Um-\-¥-c tem-I-
Øpw kw-`-hn-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂-Xv
F-∂ Im-cyw \n-kv-X¿-°-am-Wv.
G-‰-hpw Np-cp-ßn-b-Xv 1.7 _n-
ey¨ Ip-´n-Iƒ tIm-hn-Um-\-¥-c
Im-e-Øv hn-Zym-`ym-k cw-K-Øv
\n-∂v ]p-d-Øp-t]m-hp-sa-∂m-Wv
I-W-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. hn-Zym-`ym-
k ta-J-e-bn¬ Zp-c-hym-]-I-am-b
{]-Xym-Lm-X-ß-fm-Wv C-Xv D-≠m-
°p-I. 547 Z-i-e-£w B-fp-I-fp-
sS sXm-gn¬ tIm-hn-Uv aq-ew C-
Xn-\-Iw \-jv-S-s∏-´p. A-Xn-cq-£-
am-b sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-a-bm-Wv kw-`-
hn-°p-∂-Xv. hm-WnPy-ta-J-e-bn-
se amμyw F-√m cm-Py-ß-sf-
bpw _m-[n-°p-∂p. ]p-Xn-b sXm-
gn-e-h-k-c-߃ kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-
Sm≥ t]m-Ip-∂n-√ F-∂ A-h-ÿ-
bpw \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂p. tem-I km-
º-Zv-L-S-\-bp-sS h-f¿-® Xm-
tgm´pt]m-hp-I-bm-Wv. tem-I-Øn-
se F-√m hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-ß-fp-
sS-bpw k-º-Zv-L-S-\-bp-sS h-f¿-®
ap-cn-Sn-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂p. sF-Fw-
F-^n-s‚ \n-co-£-W-Øn¬
ssN-\ am-{X-am-Wv 1 i-X-am-\w
h-f¿-® tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. ssN-
\ H-gn-sI-bp-≈ cm-Py-ß-fp-sS-
sb-√mw km-º-Øn-I h-f¿-® ap-c-
Sn-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 5
h-kv-Xp-X. C-Xv h-en-b Xn-cn-®-Sn-
I-fm-Wv hn-hn-[ ta-J-e-I-fn¬ D-
≠m-°p-I. D¬-]m-Z-\-ta-J-e-
bnepw C-Sn-hv kw-`-hn-°m≥ t]m-
Ip-∂p.
F-ß-s\-bm-Wv h-e-Xp-]-£
\-b-߃ tem-I-sØ A-]-I-S-
s∏-Sp-Øp-I F-∂v \mw I-≠p.
tIm-hn-Uv ap≥-I-cp-X-ep-I-sf-√mw
Im-‰n¬-]-d-Øn-bp-≈ tI-c-f-Øn-
se k-am-cm-`m-k-ß-fpw hn-h-c-
t°-Sn-s‚ {]-I-S-\-ß-fpw \mw I-
≠p. A-ta-cn-°≥ {]-kn-U‚ v am-
kv-Iv [-cn-°m≥ t]m-epw X-øm-dm-
hm-Ø-Xv Xmw I-≠p. am-\y-am-b
i-h-kw-kv-Im-cw t]m-epw km-[m-
c-W-°m-c-\v \n-tj-[n-°p-∂ -X-c-
Øn-te-°v X-I¿-∂p-t]m-b A-ta-
cn-°≥ km-{am-Py-Xz-sØ Cu
tIm-hn-Uv Im-e-Øv \mw I-≠-Xm-
Wv. Iy-_-bpw hn-b-‰v-\m-apw Cu
sIm-®p-tI-c-f-hpw Db¿Ønb {]-
Xn-tcm-[-Øn-s‚ I-cp-Øpw _-
Z¬ ho-£-W-hpw \mw CtXm-
sSm∏w I-≠-Xm-Wv.
cm-Py-Øv \-tc-{μ-tam-Zn-bp-sS
c-≠mw h-c-hv kr-jv-Sn-® `o-Xn-P-\-
I-am-b cm-jv-{So-b, km-aq-ly ]-cn-
X-kv-Yn-Xn Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv. Xo-{h-
ln-μp-Xz-Øn-\v C-√m-Ø-Xv k-aq-
l-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw A-Sn-Ø-´n-ep-
≈ a-\p-jy-tcm-Sp-≈ {]-Xn-_-≤-
X-bm-Wv F-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øp- ≠m-bn. tem-IvUu-Wn-s‚ ]-Xn- _n-sP-]n t]m-ep-≈ A-bp-‡n-I
∂ kw-`-h-ß-fm-Wv \-S-∂p-sIm- \m-emw Zn-h-kw In-Æw-ap-´m-\pw Nn-¥-°m¿ A-[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cn-°p-
≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C-¥y-bn-se a- B-Im-i-tØ-°v tNm¿-®-Sn- ∂-Xn-s‚ ]-cn-an-Xn \-ap-°v t_m-
lm-\m-K-c-ßfn-sem-∂pw a-\p- °m\pw ]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv k¿- [y-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. P-\-߃-°v ]-cn-c-
jy≥ kp-c-£v-X-a-√ F-∂v \-ap- °m¿ sN-bv-X-Xv. B-Im-i-tØ- £ \¬-Ip∂-Xn¬ tI-{μ-k¿-
°v t_m-[y-s∏-´p. U¬-ln, apw- °p-≈ tNm¿-®pw In-Æ-w ap´epw °m¿ ]q¿-W-am-bn ]-cm-P-b-s∏-
ss_, A-l-Ω-Z-_m-Zv, sN-ss∂, tIm-hn-Uv hym-]-\-sØ X-S-™n- ´p. C-¥y-bn-se tIm-Sn-°-W-°m-
I¬-°-´ Xp-S-ßn-b {]-[m-\-s∏-´ √ F-∂v hy-‡-am-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p- b {]-hm-kn-Iƒ-°v h-en-b Xn-cn-
C-¥y≥ \-K-c-ß-sf-√mw Cu a- I-bm-Wv. ®-Sn-bm-Wv ap-s∂m-cp-°-ß-fn-√m-
lm-am-cn-bpsS ap-∂n¬ X-f¿-∂p im-kv-{X-Øn-s‚ ap-∂n¬ a-\p- sX {]-Jym-]n-® tem-Iv-Uu¨ D-
\n¬-°p-I-bm-Wv. tImhn-Un-s\- jy≥ ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´n-S-Øv im-kv- ≠m-°n-b-Xv. tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn-
Xnsc tI-{μ K-h¨-sa‚n-\v Ir- {Xw X-s∂-bm-Wv i-cn-bp-Ø-cw se X-s∂ G-‰-hpw Zp-J-I-c-am-b
Xy-am-b H-cp I¿-Ω ]-≤-Xn B- \¬-Ip-I F-∂v t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-em-b-\-ß-fn¬ H-∂n-\v C-¥y
hn-jv-I-cn-°m≥ I-gn-™n-√. A- k-μ¿-`-am-Wv C-Xv. a-cp-∂pw {]- km-£yw h-ln-®-Xv C-°m-e-Øm-
bp-‡n-I-am-bn Nn-¥n-°p-∂, Xn-tcm-[ a-cp-∂pw C-√m-sX tIm- Wv. F-hn-tS-°v t]m-h-W-sa-∂-dn-
imkv-{Xt_m-[w C-√m-Ø `-c-W- hn-Un-s\ {]-Xn-tcm-[n-°m-\m-hn-√ bm-sX Zn-i-sX-‰n-t∏m-Ip-∂ B-
kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv C-¥y-bn¬ F- F-∂ h-kv-Xp-X H-cn-°¬-°q-Sn ´n≥-Iq-´-am-bn C-¥y-bn-se Z-i-e-
∂v C-Xn-\-Iw t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-I-bp- sX-fn-bp-I-bm-Wv. C-hn-sS-bm-Wv £-°-W-°n-\v ]m-h-s∏-´ A-Xn-

6 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-

Yn sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ am-dn. A-Xn-
hn-Zq-c-Xn-bn-ep-≈ kz-¥w \m-´n-
te-°v Im¬-\-S-bm-bn-t]m-bn h-gn-
bn¬ ]n-S-™p-ho-W \q-dp-I-W-
°n-\v a-\p-jy-sc-bpw \mw I-≠p.
tem-I-N-cn-{X-Øn-se Zp¿-L-S-am-
b {]-Xn-k-‘n-bm-Wv cm-Py-Øv
Cu sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ-°v D-≠m-b-
Xv. C-h-sc kw-c-£n-°m≥ H-cp
k¿-°m¿ C-√m-sX-t]m-bn F-∂-
Xn-\pw \mw km-£n-bm-bn. tI-{μ-
k¿-°m-cn-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]-
cm-P-bw Zr-iy-am-b-Xv A-Xn-Yn
sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS tIm-hn-Uv Im-
e-sØ Po-hn-X-hp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-
´ ap-lq¿-Ø-ß-fn-em-Wv.
a-dp-`m-K-Øv tIm-hn-Un-
s‚ a-d-hn¬ k-º-Zv-L-S-\-sb kz-
Im-cy-h¬-°-cn-®v Ip-Ø-I- ap-X-
em-fn-am¿-°v sIm-≈-em-`-ap-≠m-
°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂ H-cp D-tØ-P-I
]m-t°-Pv {]-Jy-]n-°-s∏-´p. km-
[m-c-W-°m-c-s\ k-lm-bn-°p-∂-
Xn-s‚ F-{X-tb C-c-´n tIm¿-∏-td-
‰v ap-X-em-fn-am¿-°v D-≠m-°n-
s°m-Sp-Ø D-tØ-P-I ]m-t°-Pm-
bn-cp-∂p A-Xv. cm-Py-sØ I¬-
°-cn J-\n-I-sf-√mw kz-Im-cy ap-
X-em-fn-am¿-°v ssI-am‰w sN-øm-
\p-≈ A-h-k-c-am-°n C-Xn-s\ D-
]-tbm-Kn-®p. Z-i-e-£-°-W-°n-\v
cq-]-bp-sS \n-t£-]-ap-≈ {]-Xn-
tcm-[ \n¿-ΩmW ta-J-e ]q¿-W-
am-bpw kz-Im-cy-h¬-°-cn-°m≥
t]m-Ip-∂p. h-en-b tXm-Xn-ep-≈
kz-Im-cy-h¬-°-c-W-Øn--te-°v cm-
Py-sØ X-≈n-\o-°p-I-bm-Wv _n-
sP-]n-bpw B¿-F-kv-F-F-kpw
tIm-hn-Un-s‚ a-d-hn¬ sN-bv-X-Xv.
2007˛08 Im-e-sØ km-
º-Øn-I {]-Xn-k-‘n cm-Py-sØ
h-en-b-tXm-Xn¬ _m-[n-°m-sX
Im-Ø C-¥y-bn-se s]m-Xp-ta-J-
em _m-¶nw-Kv ta-J-e-bpw kz-Im-
cy-h¬-°-cn-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂p. dn-
k¿-hv _m-¶n-s‚ I-cp-X¬ [-\w
]q¿-W-am-bn k¿-°m¿ ssI-°-
em-°p-∂-Xn-\pw \mw km-£n-I-
fm-bn. \-Ωp-sS s]m-Xp-ta-J-e
]q¿-W-am-bnX-s∂ kz-Im-cy-h¬-
°-cn-°m≥ t]m-hp-I-bm-Wv. s]m-
Xp-k-º-Øn-s‚ th-K-X-tb-dn-b
ssI-am-‰-am-Wv cm-Py-Øv tIm-hn-
Un-s‚ a-d-hn¬ \-S-°p-∂-Xv. s]-
t{Sm-fn-bw D¬-]-∂-ß-fp-sS hn-e
tem-I I-tºm-f-Øn¬ C-Sn-™p-
ho-W k-μ¿-`-Øn-epw A-Xn-s‚
hn-e h-en-b-tXm-Xn¬ h¿-[n-∏n-
°p-∂ cm-Py-am-bn C-¥y-sb tam-
Zn k¿-°m¿ am-‰n. kz-Im-cy
tIm¿-∏-td-‰v ap-X-em-fn-am-cpw A-
Xn kº-∂-cp-am-Wv X-ß-f-p-sS
A-Sp-Ø Iq-´m-fn-Iƒ F-∂v {]-
Jym-]n-°p-∂ \-b-ß-fm-Wv tI-
{μ K-h¨-sa‚ v \-S-∏n-em-°n-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cm-Py-sØ
Pn-Un-]n h-f¿-®-bpw h-en-b-tXm-
Xn¬ C-Sn-bp-I-bm-Wv. Cu h¿-
jw A-Xv 4.2 i-X-am-\w Ip-d-bpw
F-∂m-Wv I-W-°m-°p-∂-Xv. G-
Xm-≠v 10 e-£w tIm-Sn cq-]-bp-
sS Ip-d-hm-Wv A-Xn-eq-sS kw-`-
hn-°p-I. C-Xn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn h-
en-b-tXm-Xn-ep-≈ sXm-gn-en-√m-bv-
a-bpw km-º-Øn-I am-μy-hp-am-Wv
D-≠m-hm≥ t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. C-t∏mƒ-
X-s∂ ap-gp-∏-´n-Wn-°m-cpw A-c-∏-
´n-Wn-°m-cp-am-b e-£-°-W-°n-\v
P-\-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-Xw \-c-I-X-ey-
am-°p-∂ km-l-N-cy-am-Wv cm-Py-
Øv h-cm≥-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. tem-I-
sØ Po-hn-X-\n-e-hm-cw 30 h¿-
jw ]n-d-In-te-°v t]m-Ip-sa-∂m-
Wv Nn-e ]T-\-߃ Nq-≠n-°m-
Wn-°p-∂-Xv. C-¥y-sb kw-_-
‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw A-Xv \m¬-]-
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 7
tXm A-º-tXm sIm-√w ap-ºp-≈
Po-hn-X ]-cn-X-ÿn-Xn-I-fn-te-°p-
≈ Xn-cn-sI-t∏m-°m-hpw.
cm-Py-sØ P-\-ß-sf h¿-Ko-
b-am-bn `n-∂n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v X-ß-
fp-sS cm-jv-{So-b A-[n-Im-cw \n-e-
\n¿-Øp-I F-∂ X-{¥-am-Wv _n-
sP-]n-bpw B¿-F-kv-F-kpw F-
√m-Im-e-Øpw ]-b-‰p-∂-Xv.
tIm¨-{K-kn-s‚ X-I¿-®-bp-sS
k-μ¿-`w D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠v hn-
hn-[-ß-fm-b t{]-tZ-in-I ]m¿-´n-I-
fp-am-bn ]-e L-´-ß-fn-ep-≠m-
°nb cm-jv-{So-b k-Jy-Øn-eq-sS
t\-Sn-sb-Sp-Ø h¿-Ko-b-X-bp-sS
am-\y-Xsb hn-‰v Im-im-°n h-f-
sc Ir-Xy-am-bn Un-ssk≥ sN-bv-
X H-cp cm-jv-{So-b ta-[m-i-‡n-bm-
bm-Wv Xo-{h ln-μp-Xzw C-t∏mƒ
h-f¿-∂p-h∂ -- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. tIm¿-∏-
td-‰v am-[y-a ]n≥-_-ew-Iq-Sn D-]-
tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-Wv _n-sP-]n
h-f¿-∂p-h-∂-Xv. hn-Zym-`ym-kw
t]m-ep-≈ C-X-c-ta-J-e-I-fn-te-
°pw ln-μp-Xz i-‡n-Iƒ I-S-
∂p-h-cp-∂ μ¿-`w Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv.
cm-Py-Øn-s‚ a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X-
bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´-Im-cy-ß-fpw
kzm-X-{¥y-k-a-c-Øn-s‚ h-kv-Xp-
X-I-fpw ]mT-]p-kvX - I- ß- f - n¬ \n-
∂p-Xs - ∂ \o-°w sN-øs - ∏-Sp∂-
ÿn-Xn-bn-te-°v Im-cy-߃ sN-
s∂-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. X-ßf - p-sS h¿-Ko-
b A-P≠ - I
- ƒ-°v A-\p-Kp-Wa - m-
bn N-cn-{Xw ]p-\c - m-Jym-\w sN-øm-
\pw C-h¿ \o-ßp-Ib - m-Wv. C-SX - p-
]-£w am-{X-am-Wv P-\P - o-hn-Xw Zp-
l
- a- m-°p-∂, h¿-Ko-bh - n-jw No-
‰p-∂ \n-e-]m-Sp-Iƒ-s°-Xn-cm-b
\n-e-]m-Sv kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
tI-c-f-Øn-se C-S-Xp-]-£ P-
\m-[n-]-Xy ap-∂-Wn k¿-°m¿ \-
S-Øp-∂ \-√ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw
an-I-® `-c-W \n¿-Δ-l-W-hpw
Cu ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ th-Ww
hn-e-bn-cp-Øm≥. C-¥y-bn¬ kw-
L-]-cn-hm¿ D-b¿-Øn-b sh-√p-hn-
fn-Iƒ km-[m-c-W-a-\p-jy-s‚ ta-
en¬ A-Sn-t®¬-∏n-°m≥ A-\p-h-
Zn-°m-Ø H-cp k¿-°m-cm-Wv tI-
8 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
c-f-Øn-te-Xv F-∂-Xv C-Xn-\-Iw
hy-‡-am-bn-´p-≠v. C-¥y-bn-se a-
X-\n-c-t]-£-X-bp-sS {]-Xo-Iw
tI-c-fw X-s∂ F-∂ Im-cy-
Øn¬ B¿-°pw X¿-°-ap-≠m-hn-
√. hn-Zym-`ym-k ta-J-e-bn¬
h≥-ap-t∂-‰w D-≠m-bn. tIm-hn-
Uv Im-e-Øv H-cp Ip-´n-°pw H-cp
]-\n-t]m-epw ]n-Sn-s]-Sm-sX e-£-
°-W-°n-\v Ip-´n-I-sf ]-co-£-bv-
°n-cp-Øn hn-P-I-c-am-bn ^-e-{]-
h-en-b -tXm-Xn-ep-≈ sXm-gn-
en-√m-bv-a-bpw km-º-Øn-I
am-μy-hp-am-Wv D-≠m-hm≥
t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. C-t∏mƒ-X-s∂
ap-gp-∏-´n-Wn-°m-cpw A-c-∏-´n-
Wn-°m-cp-am-b e-£-°-W-
°n-\v P-\-ß-fp-sS Po-hn-Xw
\-c-I-X-ey-am-°p-∂ km-l-N-
cy-am-Wv cm-Py-Øv h-cm≥-
t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. tem-I-sØ Po-
hn-X-\n-e-hm-cw 30 h¿-jw ]n-
d-In-te-°v t]m-Ip-sa-∂m-Wv
Nn-e ]T-\-߃ Nq-≠n-°m-
Wn-°p-∂-Xv. C-¥y-sb kw-
_-‘n-®n-S-tØm-fw A-Xv
\m¬-]-tXm A-º-tXm sIm-
√w ap-ºp-≈ Po-hn-X ]-cn-X-
ÿn-Xn-I-fn-te-°p-≈
Xn-cn-sI-t∏m-°m-hpw
Jym-]-\w \-S-Øn-b cm-Py-sØ
G-I kw-ÿm-\-am-Wv tI-c-fw.
s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k ta-J-e-bn¬
D-≈-S-°-Øn-s‚ I-cy-Øn-epw Kp-
W-X-bp-sS Im-cy-Øn-epw \mw D-
≠m-°n-b h-en-b t\-´w cm-Py-
Øn-s‚ {i-≤ B-I¿-jn-°p-∂
X-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.
tIm-hn-Un-\v ap-∂n¬ tI-c-f-
hpw a-e-bm-fn-bpw sI-´n-bp-b¿-
Øn-b {]-Xn-tcm-[ tIm-´-bp-sS I-
cp-sØ-¥m-sW-∂v tem-Iw Xn-cn-
®-dn-™ k-μ¿-`-am-Wn-Xv. \n-c-h-
[n tem-I am-[y-a-߃ C-Xv N¿-
® sN-øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. tIm-hn-Un-
\v ap-∂n¬ ]-I-®p-\n¬-°m-sX
{]-Xn-tcm-[w-Xo¿-°pI-bm-bn-cp∂p
tI-c-fw. P-\-߃ ho-´n-en-cp-∂m-
epw ]-´n-Wn-bm-hn-s√-∂v D-d-∏m-
°n-b \-b-k-ao-]-\-am-bn-cp-∂p
Cu k¿-°m-cn-t‚-Xv. h-cm-\n-cn-
°p-∂ £m-a-Im-e-sØ ap-∂n¬-
°-≠v Im¿-jn-I ta-J-e-bp-sS
]p-\¿-Po-h-\-Øn-s‚ h-gn sh-´n-
sØ-fn-°m-\pw Cu L-´-Øn¬
k¿-°m¿ X-øm-dm-bn. F-√mw-
sIm-≠pw cm-Py-sØ an-I-® `-c-
W-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn
tI-c-f-Øn-se C-S-Xp-]-£ P-\m-
[n-]-Xy-ap-∂-Wn K-h¨-sa‚ v am-
dn-bn-´p-≠v.
Cu k¿-°m-cn-s\-Xn-sc h-en-
b tXm-Xn-ep-≈ I-S-∂m-{I-a-W-
ß-fm-Wv {]-Xn-]-£w \-S-Øn-
s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kw-ÿm-\
k¿-°m-cn-s‚ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf
Zp¿-∫-e-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-Wv kw-L-
]-cn-hm-dn-s\ Ip-´p-]n-Sn-®v {]-Xn-]-
£-Øn-s‚ {i-aw. kz¿-Æ-°-f-
°-S-Øv hn-j-b-Øn¬ Ir-Xy-X-
bm¿-∂ \-ba - m-Wv k¿-°¿ kzo-I-
cn-®X
- v. tI-he- w hn-hm-Z hy-‡n-bp-
am-bn hy-‡n-]c - a- m-b ]-cn-Nb- w D-
≠v F-∂ H-‰I - m-cyw sIm-≠v X-
s∂ H-cp sF-FF - k - v D-tZym-K-
ÿ-s\ B ÿm-\Ø - p-\n-∂pw
\o-°w sN-øm≥ k¿-°m¿ X-øm-
dm-bn. G-Xv A-t\z-jh - pw \-SØ- m-
\p-≈ ]n-¥p-W \¬-Im-\p-≈ k-
∂-≤X - tI-{μ k¿-°m-cn-s\ ap-
Jy-a{- ¥n X-s∂ A-dn-bn-°p-Ib - pw
sN-bv-Xp. H-cp X-c-Øn-ep-≈ sX-
‰m-b {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-epw Cu
k¿-°m¿ Iq-´p-\n¬-°n-√ F-∂-Xv
F-√m-h¿-°pw A-dn-hp-≈ h-kv-Xp-
X-bm-Wv. ssI-hn-´ I-fn-bm-Wv
tI-c-f-Øn-se {]-Xn-]-£w C-°m-
cy-Øn¬ \-S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. Cu A-{I-am-’p-I-am-b
Ip-{]-N-c-W-߃-°pw Ip¬-kn-X
{]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-°pw ap-∂n¬ C-
S-Xp-]-£w Io-g-S-ßn-√ F-∂v {]-
Jym-]n-t°-≠ k-μ¿-`-am-Wn-Xv.$
hnZym-`ymk cwKsØ
B[p-\n-I-h¬°-cWw
tem- I - Ø v ap- g p- h ≥ \- S -
°p-∂ B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-
c-Ww Un-ssh-Un-\v th-≠n-
bp-≈ km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-
bp- s S D- ] - t bm- K - a m- s W-
¶n¬ A-tX km-t¶-Xn-hn-
Zy D-t]m-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠v
P-\-Io-b-h¬-°-c-W-hpw
P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-
Whpw Dƒ-t®¿-Øp-sIm-
≠v H- c p \- h - B - [ p- \ n- I -
h¬- ° - c - W w \- S - ∏ m°p-
∂p-sh-∂X - m-Wv tI-cf- Ø - n-
s‚ {]-tXy-I-X
tI -c-f-Øn-s‚ hn-Zym-`ym-
k ta-J-e C-∂v tem-
I {]-i-kv-X-am-bn-cn-
°p-I-bm-Wv. P-\-Io-b hn-Zym-`ym-
kw F-∂ B-i-bw hn-I-kn-∏n-
s®-Sp-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv tI-c-f-
Øn-s‚ hn-Zym-`ym-k ta-J-e
tem-I-{]-i-kv-X-am-b-Xv. hn-Zym-`ym-
k ta-J-e-bp-sS F-√m ta-J-e-I-
fn-epw P-\-Io-b-X hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-
Sp-°m≥ km-[n-®p F-∂-Xp-Iq-Sn
\-Ωp-sS t\-´am-bn Im-W-W-w.
Cu t\-´w tI-c-fØn-\p-
≠m-°n-b-Xv s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k
ta-J-en-se A-[ym-]-I-c-am-Wv.
Hm-tcm t\-´-Øn-epw P-\-Io-b-X
hn-I-kn-∏n-°m-\pw A-°m-Z-an-Iv
an-I-hv h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm-\pw
tI-c-f-Øn-se A-[ym-]-I¿ {i-an-
®n-´p-≠v F-∂-Xv h-f-sc-tb-sd k-
t¥m-jw \¬-Ip-∂ Im-cy-am-Wv.
s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k ta-J-e-bn-se
A-[ym-]-I¿ A-°m-Z-an-I-
am-bn h-en-b an-I-hv ]p-
e¿-Øp-∂-h-cm-Wv
F-∂pw Po-hn-X-Øn-
s‚ F-√m ta-J-e-
I-fn-epw A-h¿-°v
hy-‡-am-b Im-gv-
N-∏m-Sp-I-fp-≠v
F-∂pw A-ß-s\
k-a-{K-X-bm-Wv
A-h-cp-sS ap-J-ap-
{Z F-∂pw I-gn-
™ \m-ev h¿-j-
s{]m^. kn cho-{μ-\mYv
°m-e-sØ {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-eq-sS
A-h¿ sX-fn-bn-®p. ]-s£ C-\n-
bpw ]-e-Xpw sX-fn-bn-°m-\p-≠v.
tem-I-Øn-\v am-Xr-I-bm-bn-h-cp-∂
Cu ta-J-e-bn¬ Hm-tcm {]-[m-\-
s∏-´ km-t¶-X-ß-fn-epw A-Xn-s‚
]q¿-W-X ssI-h-cp-Øm-\p-≈ {i-
aw A-[ym-]-I¿ \-S-tØ-≠-Xp-
≠v. A-Xn-\v Nn-e Im-gv-N-∏m-Sp-
Iƒ A-h¿-°p-≠m-h-Ww.
tem-I-Øv F-t∏m-gpw hn-Zym-
`ym-kw B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-cn-°-
s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. hn-
Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚ B-[p-\n-I-h¬-
°-c-Ww F-√m cm-Py-ß-fn-epw \-
S-°p-∂ {]-{In-b-bm-Wv. B {]-
{In-b-bn¬ G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\-s∏-´-
Xv B-[p-\n-I im-kv-{X km-t¶-
Xn-I hn-Zym-bm-Wv. h-f¿-∂p-h-cp-
∂ im-kv-{X-hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-
sIm-≠v hn-Zym-`ym-kw B-[p-\n-I
h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-
bm-Wv. tI-c-f-Øn-epw hn-Zym-`ym-
kw B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
tem-I-Øv ap-gp-h-\p-≈ B-[p-
\n-I-h¬-°-c-W-hpw tI-c-f-Øn-
se B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-W-hpw X-
Ωn-ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw Fs¥∂v
A[ym-]-I¿ A-dn-b-Ww. ap-X-em-
fn-Øw A-Xn-s‚ {]-Xn-k-‘n L-
´-ß-fn-se-√mw A-Xn-s\ a-dn-I-S-
°m≥ {i-an-°p-∂-Xv Nq-j-Ww
h¿-[n-∏n-®p-sIm-≠m-Wv. Nq-j-W-
Øn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn-´m-Wv {]-Xn-k-
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 9
‘n D-≠m-hp-∂-Xv F-∂v N-cn-{Xw
]Tn-∏n-°m≥ {i-an-®p-sh-¶n-epw
ap-X-em-fn-Øw A-Xv ]Tn-
®n-´n-√. {]-Xn-k-‘n a-dn-
I-S-°m≥ Nq-j-Ww
h¿-[n-∏n-°p-I F-∂-
Xv A-h-cp-sS cm-jv-{So-
b B-bp-[-am-Wv. A-
Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn F-
√m ta-J-e-I-sf-bpw
B Nq-j-W-Øn-\v
th-≠n H-cp-°n-s°m-
≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
A-hn-sS-bm-Wv hn-Zym-
`ym-k-Øn-s‚ B-[p-\n-
I-h¬-°-c-Ww N¿-®
sN-ø-s∏-tS-≠-Xv. apX-em-
fØw hn-Zym-`ym-k-sØ B-
[p-\n-I-h¬-°-cn-°p-∂-Xv tem-
I-sØ F-√m-h¿-°pw hn-Zy \-
¬Im≥ th-≠n-b-√, a-dn-®v Nq-j-
Ww h¿-[n-∏n-°p-hm≥ th-≠n-bm-
Wv. A-Xv c-≠v X-e-Øn-ep-≈ Ip- k-aq-l-
´n-I-sf hn-I-kn-∏n-s®-Sp°pw. A- Øn¬ Un-ssh-Uv
ß-s\ A-k-a-Xzw h¿-[n-∏n-°p- D-≠m-°m≥ th-≠n-bm-Wv.
hm≥ B-[p-\n-I-X D-]-tbm-Kn-°p- Nq-j-W-Øn-\p≈ km-[y-Xbpw X¬ i-‡-am-hp-
∂Xm-Wv h¿-Ø-am-\-Im-e B-[p- Iq-Spw. D-]-cn-h¿-K-Øn-\v _-lp-`q- I-bm-Wv. B-ip-
\n-I-X-bp-sS {]-tXy-I-X. ]p-Xn-b cn-]-£-sØ-bpw NqjWw sN- ]-{Xn-Iƒ kz-Im-
km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zym-D-]-tbm-Kn-°p- øm-\p-≈ D-]-I-c-W-߃ A-Xn- cy-h¬-°-cn-°p-
tºmƒ sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn ]-e-t∏m-gpw eq-sS e-`n-°pw. A-Xp-sIm-≠-Xp- tºmƒ Ip-d-®p-t]¿-
]m-h-s∏-h¿-°v A-{]m-]y-am-hp- X-s∂ ]p-Xn-b km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy- °v am-{X-ta Nn-In-’
Ibpw B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-cn-°-s∏- Iƒ kz-Im-cy-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-eq- e-`n-°q F-∂p-≈-Xn-
´ hn-Zym-`ym-k ta-J-e-bn¬ \n-∂v sS-bpw D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-eq-sS- \m¬ th-sd-cp Un-ssh-Uv
_-lp-`q-cn-]-£w-t]-cpw ]p-d-Øm- bpw F-√mw D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠v D-≠m-hp-I-bm-Wv. kz-Im-cy ta-
°-s∏-SpIbpw sNøpw. C-Xm-Wv tem-I-sØ k-º-Øv Ip-d-®p-t]- J-e-b hy-h-km-b cw-K-Øv h-f¿-
tem-I-Øv I-≠p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂- cn-te-°v Ip-∂p-Iq-´m≥ {i-an-®p- ∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ, sXm-gn¬ {]-iv-\-
Xv. A-Xn-s\-bm-Wv Un-Pn-‰¬ Un- sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. C-Xv i-cn- ߃ h-f¿-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ A-hn-
ssh-Uv F-∂v ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. km- bm-Wv F-∂v ]-d-™-Xv B-tKm-f- sS-bpw a-s‰m-cp X-c-Øn¬ Un-
t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-°p- h¬-°-c-W-Øn-s‚ h-‡m-hv X- ssh-Uv D-≠m-hp-I-bm-Wv. Im¿-
tºmƒ k-aq-l-sØ hn-`-Pn- s∂-bm-Wv. \n-tbm en-_-d¬ jn-I ta-J-e h-en-b Ip-Ø-I-
°m≥ ]-‰p-∂p-sh-∂-Xv ap-Xem-fn- t]m-fn-kn-bp-sS h-‡m-hpw {]- Iƒ-°v ]-Xn-®p-\¬-Ip-tºmgpw,
Ø-Øn-\pw aqe-[-\-Øn\pw k- tbm-‡m-hp-am-b k¿ tPm-k-^v tIm¿-∏-td-‰p-Iƒ Ir-jn-tb-s‰-Sp-
t¥m-j-am-Wv. G-Xv ta-J-e-bpw Ãn-•n-kv 2016 ¬ A-t±-lw F-F- °p-tºmgpw Ir-jn I-®-h-S-am-Wv
A-ß-s\-bm-Wv A-h¿ D-]-tbm-Kn- gp-Xn-b Z t{K-‰v Un-ssh-Un¬ C- F-∂ ÿn-Xn D≠m-hp-tºmgpw a-
°p-∂-Xv. \-h D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-Ww Xv Im-Wmw. B-[p-\n-I km-t¶- s‰m-cp Un-ssh-Uv D-≠m-hp-I-bm-
F-∂ k-¶¬-]w F¨-Xp-I-fn¬ Xn-I hn-Zy D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠v Wv. ]m-h-s∏-´ I¿-j-I≥ Irjn-
\-S-∏n-em-°n-b-t∏mƒ kz-Im-cy- hn-Zym-`ym-k ta-J-e B-[p-\n-I- bn¬ \∂v A-I-∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-
h¬-°-c-Ww, D-Zm-c-h¬-°-c-W h¬-°-cn-°p-tºmƒ A-Xv Ip-d-®p- Wv. A-ß-s\ B-[p-\n-I km-t¶-
F-∂o c-≠v hm-°p-I-fm-Wv F-√m t]¿-°v am-{X-ta e-`y-am-Iq F- Xn-I hn-Zy F-√m ta-J-e-bn-epw D-
ta-J-e-bn-epw D-]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv C-Xv ∂Xn\m¬ Cu Un-ssh-Uv Iq-Sp- ]-tbm-Kn-®v Un-ssh-Uv D-≠m-°p-

10 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
I F-∂-Xv aq-e-[-\-Øn-s‚ e-
£y-am-Wv. A-ß-s\ am-{X-ta
k-º-Øv Ip-∂p-Iq-´m≥ I-gn-bq.
C-Xm-Wv Ãn-•n-kv Z t{K-‰v Un-
ssh-Uv F-∂ ]p-kv-X-I-Øn-eq-
sS ]-d-™-Xv.
C-∂v tem-I-Øv G-‰-hpw Iq-
Sp-X¬ h-f-cp-∂-Xv tIm¿-∏-td-‰p-
I-fpw Ip-Ø-I-I-fp-am-Wv. C-¥y-
bn¬ tem-I-Øv iX-tIm-So-iz-c-
∑m-cpsS F-Æw Iq-Sn-h-cp-∂p.
]m-h-s∏-´-h-cp-sS F-Æ-hpw Iq-Sn-
h-cp-∂p. im-kv-{X km-t¶-Xn-
Ihn-Zy h-f-cp-tºm-gpw A-dn-hv
Ip-Xn-°p-tºm-gpw Z-cn-{Z-h¬-°-c-
Ww Iq-Sn-°q-Sn h-cp-∂p. sXm-gn-
en-√m-bv-a h¿-[n-®p-h-cp-∂p. ]m¿-
iz¬-°-c-Ww h¿-[n-®p-h-cp-∂p.
C-Xm-Wv C-∂v tem-Iw I-≠
t{K-‰v Un-ssh-Uv F-∂ kw-`-
hw.
Cu-sbm-cp ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn-
em-Wv tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ hn-Zym-`ym-
k-sØ \mw Im-tW-≠-Xv. tI-
c-f-Øn-s‚ hn-Zym-`ym-k cw-K-Øv
B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-Ww \-S-°p-
IbmWv. B-[p-\n-I hn-Zy D-]-
tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bm-Wn-Xv.
B-[p-\n-I-am-b F-√m k-t¶-X-
ß-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-X-s∂-bm-Wv
tI-c-f-Øn-se hn-Zym-`ym-k ta-J-
e h-f-cp-∂-Xv. ]-s£ tem-I-Øv
t\-c-sØ ]-d-™-t]m-ep-≈ B-
[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-W-a-√ tI-c-f-Øn-
te-Xv F-∂-Xm-Wv \mw Im-tW-
≠ h-kv-Xp-X. hnZy-`ymk
cwKØv km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-Iƒ D-
]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ UnPn-‰¬
Un-ssh-Uv D≠m-hm-Xn-c-°m≥
Cu km-t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy km-[m-c-W-
°m-c-s‚ ho-´n-seØn°p-
hm\pw Hm-tcm ]m-h-s∏-´-h-
\pw A-Xn-s‚ Kp-Ww e-
`n-°p-hm\pw tI-c-fw
D-]-tbm-Kn-® hm-°m-
Wv P-\-Io-b-h¬-
°-c-Ww F-∂-Xv.
A-Xn-s‚ a-dp-h-
i-am-Wv P-\m-[n-
]-Xy-h¬-°-c-
Ww. tem-I-Øv
ap-gp-h≥ \-S-°p-
∂ B-[p-\n-I-
h¬-°-c-Ww
Un-ssh-Un-\v
th-≠n-bp-≈ km-
t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy-bp-
sS D-]-tbm-K-am-
sW-¶n¬ A-tX km-
t¶-Xn-hn-Zy D-t]m-tbm-Kn-
®p-sIm-≠v P-\-Io-b-h¬-
°-c-W-hpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-h¬°-c-
Whpw Dƒ-t®¿-Øp-sIm-≠v H-cp
\-h-B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-Ww \-S-
°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xm-Wv tI-c-f-Øn-
s‚ {]-tXy-I-X. C-Xm-Wv b-Ym¿-
∞ P-\-Io-b hn-Zym-`ym-kw F-∂v
\mw Xn-cn-®-dn-b-Ww. A-t∏m-gm-
Wv s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-s‚
km-[y-X h¿-[n-°p-∂-Xv.
C-Xv a-s‰m-cp cm-P-y-tØm kw-
ÿm-\-tØm B-tem-Nn-°m≥
t]m-ep-am-hn-√. A-hn-sS-sb-√mw
kz-Im-cy-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-\pw k¿-
°m-cn-s‚ ]n-∑m-‰-Øn-\p-am-Wv h-
gn-sbm-cp-ßp-∂-Xv. k¿-°m-cn-s‚
]n-∑m-‰w \-S-°p-∂ H-cp-ÿ-e-
Øpw s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-kw A-`n-
hr-≤n-s∏-Sn-√. k¿-°m¿ C-S-s]-Sp-
∂ km-º-Øn-I \-b-ß-fm-Wv
s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-kw A-`n-hr-≤n-
s∏-Sm≥ B-h-iyw. A-Xm-Wv In-
^v-_n-bn-eq-sS B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v
tIm-Sn cq-] tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ hn-Zym-
`ym-k ta-J-e-bn¬ \n-t£-]n-°-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ ¢m-kp-
I-fn¬ ssl-sS-Iv ¢m-kp-I-fm-bn
am-dp-∂-Xv tIm-Sn-°-W-°n-\v cq-]-
bm-Wv. A-sX-√mw k¿-°m-cn-s‚
\n-t£-]-am-Wv. P-\-ß-sf ]-s¶-
Sp-∏n-®p-sIm-≠v k¿-°m¿ C-S-s]-
´v P-\-Io-b-X-bpw am-\-ho-I-X-bpw
h¿-[n-∏n-®v B-[p-\n-Ih - ¬-°c - -
Ww \-SØ - m-\m-Wv tI-cf - Ø
- n¬
k¿-°m¿ {i-an-°p-∂X - v. tem-I-
Øv a-‰v `mKß-fn¬ \-S° - p-∂ B-
[-\n-Ih- ¬-°c - W
- Ø
- n¬ \n-∂v
s]m-Xp-P\ - ß
- ƒ am-{X-a√ - , am-\h - n-
I-Xb - pw ]p-dØ- m-hp-Ib - m-Wv.
a-\p-jy-hn-cp-≤-am-bn-´p-≈ \n-c-
h-[n {]-iv-\-߃ tem-I-Øp-≠m-
hp-∂-Xn-\v Im-c-Ww hn-Zym-`ym-k
cw-KØp\n-∂v am-\-hn-I-X ]p-d-
Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. I-tºm-fw am-{X-
ta-bp-≈q e-£yw. F-\n-°v ]Tn-
®p-Im-ip-≠m-°-Ww F-∂-X-√m-
sX, a-’-c-Øn¬ Rm≥ P-bn-°-
Ww F-∂p-≈ a-’-c-_p-≤n-b-√m-
sX am-\-hn-I-X ]T-\-Øn¬ C-
√. am-\-hn-I-X-sb ]p-d-Øm-°n-b
B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-Ww tem-I-
Øvv \-S-°p-tºmƒ P-\-Io-b-X
Iq-´n-t®¿-Øv am-\-hn-I-X-sb
sª≥-Uv sN-bv-Xn-´p-≈ H-cp s]¿-
s^-Iv-Sv sª≥-Uv kn-Ãw tI-c-f-
Øn¬ Im-Wmw. C-Xm-Wv b-Ym¿-
∞-Øn¬ tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ s]m-Xp-
hn-Zym-`ym-kw. C-Xn-s‚ Hm-tcm
Aw-i-hpw ]p-jv-°-e-am-°p-hm-\m-
Wvv tI-c-f-Øn-se A-[ym-]-I≥
{i-an-t°-≠-Xv.
B-[p-\n-I km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy
ap-gp-h≥ A-[ym-]-I-cpw ]Tn-°-
Ww. G-‰-hpw \qX-\-amb km-t¶-
Xn-I-hn-Zy A-dn-bp-∂-h-\m-Wv C-
∂v tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-
`ym-k ta-J-e-bn-se A-[ym-]-
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 11
I¿. sS-Iv-t\m-f-Pn-bp-sS A-\-¥
km-[y-X h-f¿-∂p-h-cp-tºmƒ A-
Xn-s\m-∏w h-f-cm≥ A-[ym-]-I-
\v I-gn-b-Ww. tI-c-f-Øn-se A-
[ym-]-I¿ h¿-j-ß-tfm-fw ]Tn-
t°-≠ Im-cy-߃ Cu ta-J-e-
Xn¬ \n-d-™p-I-gn-™p. B-[p-
\n-I-h¬-°-c-Ww F-∂ B-i-b-
an-√m-sX \-ap-°v tem-I-Øv \n¬-
°m≥ I-gn-bn-√. B-[p-\n-I km-
t¶-Xn-Ihn-Zy kzm-b-Ø-am-°p-
hm≥ {i-an-°p-I F-∂-Xv F-√m
A-[ym-]-I-cp-sS-bpw Np-a-X-e-bm-
Wv. km-t¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy F-ß-s\
]m-h-s∏-´-h-s‚ ho-´n-se-Øn-°mw,
km-t¶-Xn-I hn-Zy D-t]m-b-Kn-®v
]m-h-s∏-´-h-s\ F-ß-s\ ap-Jy-
[m-c-bn¬ F-Øn-°m-sa-∂ Nn-¥
F-√m- A-[y-]¿-°pw D-≠m-h-Ww.
tIm-hn-Uv 19 a-lm-am-cn-bp-sS
Im-e-Øv tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ hn-Zym-
`ym-kw F-ß-s\ ap-t∂m-´p-t]m-
hp-sa-∂v ]-e-cpw B-i-¶-tbm-sS-
bm-Wv t\m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Cu a-
lm-am-cn-bp-sS-Im-e-Øpw a-‰v kw-
ÿm-\-߃-t°m cm-Py-ß-fn-tem
]-‰m-Ø-hn-[w tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ hn-
Zym-`ym-kw ap-t∂m-´p-t]m-hp-I-bm-
12 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
Wv. ]-co-£-Iƒ \-S-Øm≥-]-‰p-
tam-sb-∂v kw-i-b-ap-≈-t∏mƒ h-
f-sc πm≥ sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠v F-
√m kp-c-£m ap-s∂m-cp-°-ß-fpw
kzo-I-cn-®v Nn-´-tbm-sS ]-co-£ \-
S-Øn dn-k¬-´v {]-Jym-]n®p. {]-
Xn-k-‘n h-cp-tºmƒ B¿-÷-h-
tØm-sS A-Xn-s\ t\-cn-Sm≥]-‰-
Ww. A-ß-s\-bm-Wv Xm¬-°m-
en-I am¿-K-sa-∂ \n-e-bn¬ \mw
Hm¨-sse≥ ]T-\-Øn-te-°v I-S-
∂-Xv. A-Xv b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ Un-
Pn-‰¬ ]T-\w B-Wv. C‚¿-s\-
‰pw km-‰-sse-‰v kw-hn-[m-\-hpw D-
]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. tI-c-f-Øn¬
km-‰-sse-‰v D-]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠v
P-\-ß-fn¬ C-sX-Øn-°m-\p-≈
{i-aw \-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. C-sXm-cn-
°-epw _-Z-e-√. A-[ym-]-
I-s\-bpw ¢m-kn-s\-
bpw X-≈n-s°m-≠p-
≈ co-Xn-bp-a-√.
X¬-°m-ew Ip-´n-
Iƒ-°v ¢m-
kn¬ h-cm≥-I-
gn-bm-Ø-Xp-
sIm-≠p-am-{X-
am-Wv Cu kw-
hn-[m-\w. Ip-´n-
bp-sS A-°m-Z-
an-Iv k-Po-h-X
\n-e-\n¿-Øm-\m-
Wn-Xv. H-cp Ip-´n-
°p-t]m-epw a-s‰m-cp
Ip-´n-tb-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X-
tem Ip-d-thm ]Tn-°m-\p-≈
A-h-k-cw D-≠m-h-cp-Xv. F-√m-
h¿-°pw H-cp-t]m-se hn-Zy {]-Zm-
\w sN-ø-Ww. ]m¿-iz-h¬-°-c-
Ww D-≠m-h-cp-Xv. C-Xm-Wv P-\-
Io-b-h¬-°-c-Ww. A-Xn-\p-th-
≠n tI-c-f-Øn-se Hm-tcm A-[ym-
]-I-\pw {i-an-®n-´p-≠v F-∂-Xv a-
\- v \n-d-™ kt¥m-j-amWv
{]Zm\w sNøp-∂Xvv. ¢m-kn-em-
Wv b-Ym¿-∞n-Øn¬ H-cp Ip-´n
h-f-cp-∂-Xv. km-aq-ln-I t_m-[-
tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn Hm-tcm Ip-´n-°pw ]-
co-£-bpw Po-hn-X-hpw H-cp-t]m-
se hn-P-bn-°m-\m-h-Ww. s]m-Xp-
hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn¬ F-¥v {]-Xn-
k-‘n h-∂m-epw tI-c-f-Øn¬
F-√m Ip-´n-If - p-sS-bpw a-\- n¬
A-Sp-Ø X-eØ - n-te-°p-≈ A-°m-
Z-an-Iv k-Po-hX- D-≠m-hW - w F-∂-
Xm-Wv tIm-hn-Uv Im-eØ - v \-Ωp-sS
ap-∂n-ep-≈ sh-√p-hn-fn. 94 iX-am-
\w Ip-´nƒ-°pw Hm¨-sse≥ ¢m-
kvv e-`y-am-hp-∂ km-l-N-cyw C-
t∏m-gp-≠v. A-Xv 100 i-X-am-\-am-
°m-\p-≈ `-Ko-c-Y {i-a-am-Wv A-
[ym-]-I-cp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \-S-
°p∂-Xv. s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k cw-
K-sØ B-[p-\n-I-h¬-°-c-W-hpw
P-\-Io-h¬-°-c-W-hpw \-S-°p-∂
L-´n¬ D-≠m-hp-∂ {]-Xn-k-‘n-
bn¬-t∏m-epw A-Xn-s\ a-dn-I-S-
°p-∂-Xv P-\-Io-b-am-bn-s°m-≠p-
X-s∂-bm-Wv F-∂-Xm-Wv tI-c-f-
Øn-s‚ {]-tXy-X.
Hm¨sse≥ ]T--\Øn-eqsS
\ΩpsS k-aq-lamsI Hm-tcm ¢m-
kn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂ A-h-ÿ D-≠m-
hpI-bm-Wv. C-∂-sØ km-l-N-
cy-Øn¬ hn-Zym¿-∞n am-{X-a-√ \-
Ωp-sS ¢m- v Im-Wp-∂-Xv. hn-
Zym¿-Yn-bpw A-—-\pw A-Ω-bpw
F-√m-w hn-Zym¿-∞n-I-fm-Wv. C-
Xn-eq-sS ]p-Xn-sbm-cp ssP-h-_-
‘w ho-´n¬ D-≠m-Ip-∂p-≠v F-
∂v Xn-cn-®-dn-b-Ww. B ssP-h-_-
‘w km-aq-ln-I _-‘-am-bn h-
f¿-Øm≥ \-ap-°v I-gn-b-Ww.
tIm-hn-Un-\v -i-jw F-ß-s\ ap-
t∂m-´p-t]m-hmw F-∂v A-[ym-]-
I¿ Iq-´m-bn Nn-¥n-°-Ww. Cu
h¿-jw s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k cw-K-
Øv kp-h¿-W h¿-j-am-bn-cn-°p-
sa-∂m-Wv {]-Xo-£n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
\m-ep-h¿-j-sØ s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-
`ym-k cwK-sØ {]-h¿-Ø-\-Øn-
\v ti-jw Cu h¿-jw A-°m-Z-an-
Iv an-I-hv G-‰-hpw D-b¿-∂v H-cp
kp-h¿-W A-°m-Z-an-Iv h¿-j-am-
bn-cn-°p-sa-∂m-Wv \mw I-cp-Xn-b-
Xv. B {]-Xo-£ C-t∏m-gpw {]-
Im-in-®p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ \n¬-°p-
I-bm-Wv. A-Xv km¿-∞-I-am-°m-
\p-≈ {i-aw F-√m A-[ym-]-I-
cn¬ \n-∂pw D-≠m-h-Ww. $
 sIm-tdm-W- ssh-d-kn-s\
A-Xn-Po-hn-°m≥
I-cp-X-tem-sS
tI-c-fw
tem -I-am-I-am-\w tIm-hn-
Uv-˛19 tcm-K-Øn-s‚
]n-Sn-bn-em-Wv. C-
¥y-bn-em-Zy-am-bn tIm-hn-Uv 19
dn-t∏m¿-´v sN-bv-X-Xv tI-c-f-Øn-
em-sW-¶n-epw A-Xy-[n-Iw Ir-
Xy-\n-jvT-tbm-sS \mw \-S-Øn-b
C-S-s]--S-ep-I-ƒ ssh-d-kn-s‚
hym-]-\w Ip-d-bv-°p-hm-\pw a-c-
W-\n-c-°v Ip-d-°p-hm-\pw k-lm-
bn-®p. P-\p-h-cn c-≠m-a-sØ B-
gv-N ap-X¬ ssN-\-bn¬ H-cp {]-
tXy-I- X-cw km¿-kv (SARS)
ssh-d-kv ]-S-cp-∂p-sh-∂v hm-bn-
®-dn-bm≥ C-S-bm-b-t∏mƒ X-s∂
tI-c-f-Øn-se B-tcm-Ky h-Ip-∏v
_-lp. ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bp-sS \n¿-tZ-
sI.-sI. ssi-e-P So-®¿ im-\p-k-c-Ww C-tX-°p-dn-®p-≈
B-tcm-Ky km-aq-ly-\o-Xn Im-cy-߃ πm≥ sN-øm≥ B-
h-\n-X in-ip-hn-I-k-\ cw-`n-®n-cp-∂p. hp-lm-\n¬ [m-cm-
h-Ip-∏v a-{¥n fw a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ D-≠v F-∂-Xn-
\m¬ A-h¿ h-gn ssh-d-kv C-hn-
sS-sb-Øm-\p-≈ km-[y-X I-W-
°n-se-Sp-Øm-Wv \mw t\-c-sØ
X-s∂ {]-Xn-tcm-[-Øn-\p-≈ X-
øm-sd-Sp-∏v \-S-Øn-b-Xv. B-tcm-
Ky h-Ip-∏v dm-∏n-Uv sd-kv-t]m¨-
kv So-an-s\ Du¿-P-kz-e-am-°p-I-
bpw kw-ÿm-\ X-e-Øn-epw Pn-
√m-X-e-Øn-epw I¨-t{Smƒ dqw
Xp-d-°p-I-bpw B-tcm-Ky {]-h¿-
Ø-I-sc-bm-sI t\m-h¬ sIm-
tdm-W ssh-d-kn-s‚ B-{I-a-W
km-[y-X-sb-°p-dn-®v t_m-[-h-Xv-
°-cn-°p-∂ {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ B-
cw-`n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. \mw X-
øm-dm-°n-b t{]m-t´m-tIm-fpw {]-
h¿-Ø-\ cq-]-tc-J-bpw (SOP)
\n¿-tZ-i-ß-fpw (Advisory) ]n-∂o-
Sv tem-I cm-Py-߃ X-s∂ N¿-®
sN-øp-∂ ÿn-Xn-bp-≠m-bn. hn-{i-
a-an-√m-sX \mw \-S-Øn-b {]-h¿-
Ø-\-߃ H-∂mw L-´-Øn-epw c-
≠mw L-´-Øn-epw \-ap-°v \-√
^-ew D-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\v k-lm-b-
I-c-am-bn.
P-\p-h-cn 30 s^-{_p-h-cn 2, 4
Xo-b-Xn-I-fn¬ hp-lm-\n¬ \n-
∂pw h-∂-h-sc ]-cn-tim-[n-®-
t∏mƒ kw-i-bw tXm-∂n \mw
B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-te-°v am-‰n-b aq-∂v
tI-kp-I-fm-Wv t]m-kn-‰o-hm-b-Xv.
k-kq-£v-aw ssI-Im-cyw sN-bv-X-
Xp-sIm-≠v C-h-cn¬ \n-∂pw a-‰m-
fp-I-fn-te-°v tcm-K-∏-I¿-® D-≠m-
bn-√. Xp-S¿-∂v c-≠m-gv-®-°m-ew
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 13
\-ap-°v B-izm-k-Øn-s‚ \m-fp-I-
fm-bn-cp-∂p. F-∂m¬ B-tc-bpw
B-iz-kn-°m≥ A-\p-h-Zn-°m-Ø
hn-[w Cu ssh-d-kv tem-I-am-sI
]-S-cp-∂ Im-gv-N-bm-Wv ]∂oSv
\mw I-≠-Xv. tI-c-f-Øn-epw C-
¥y-bn-se a-‰v kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn-
epw tIm-hn-Uv 19s‚ c-≠mw h-c-
hn¬ tI-kp-I-fp-≠m-bn. C-‰-en,
A-ta-cn-°, bp.-sI, {^m≥-kv, kv-
s]-bn≥ Xp-S-ßn H-t´-sd cm-Py-
ß-fn¬ \n-∂v tI-c-f-Øn-te-°v
ssh-d-kv F-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Kƒ-^v
cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-Iq-Sn h-cm≥
Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ A-Xv t]-Sn-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂ H-cp h-kv-Xp-X-bm-bn am-
dn. sh-fn-bn¬ \n-∂pw h-cp-∂-h-
sc I¿-i-\-am-b ]-cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ-
°v hn-t[-b-am-°n a-‰p-≈-h-cn¬
\n-∂pw am-‰n \n¿-Øp-I-bpw tcm-
K-e-£-W-ap-≈-h¿-°v ssh-d-kv
]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øn Nn-In-’ e-
`y-am-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I F-∂
am¿-Kw am-{X-am-Wv \-Ωp-sS ap-∂n-
ep-≈-Xv. A-Xm-I-s´ A-{X F-fp-
∏-ap-≈ Im-cy-hp-a-√. _-lp. ap-
Jy-a-{¥n-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬
F-√m h-Ip-∏p-I-tf-bpw G-tIm-]n-
∏n-®p sIm-≠p-≈ H-cp sIm-tdm-
W {]-Xn-tcm-[w X-s∂-bm-Wv
kzo-I-cn-®-Xv. F-b¿-t]m¿-´n-epw
14 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
sd-bn¬-th tÃ-j-\n-epw tdm-Un-
ep-sa-√mw t]m-eo-kpw B-tcm-Ky
{]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw d-h-\yq D-tZym-K-
ÿ-cp-a-S-ßn-b So-ap-Iƒ cm-∏-
I¬ t`-Z-an-√m-sX {]-h¿-Øn-®p-
sIm-≠m-Wv ssh-d-kv hm-l-I-cm-
b B-fp-I-sf I-s≠-Øm≥ {i-
aw \-S-Øn-b-Xv.
\n-co-£-W hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ F-
√m-h-cpw Ir-Xy-am-bn ]m-en-®m¬
Iq-Sp-X¬ B-fp-I-fn-te-°v tcm-Kw
]-I-cm-sX c-£-s∏-Sm≥ km-[n-
°pw. F-∂m¬ B-tcm-Ky h-Ip-∏n-
s‚ \n¿-tZ-i-߃ a-dn-I-S-∂v a-‰-p-
≈-h-cp-am-bn Nn-e¿ C-S-s]-Sm≥
{i-an-®-Xv Im-c-Ww Ip-Spw-_mw-K-
߃-°pw kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ-°pw
tcm-K-∏-I¿-®-bp-≠m-bn. A-ß-s\-
bm-Wv c-≠mw L-´-Øn¬ \-ap-°v
499 t]m-kn-‰o-hv tI-kv D-≠m-b-
Xv. ]-s£ tI-c-f-Øn-s‚ \n-Xm-
¥ Pm-{K-X-bv-°v ^-ew I-≠p F-
∂-Xn-s‚ sX-fn-hm-Wv B-bn-c-ß-
fn-te-°v ]-S-cm-am-bn-cp-∂ ssh-d-
kv _m-[-sb Cu sN-dn-b \-º-cn-
te-°v H-Xp-°m≥ \-ap-°v km-[n-
®-Xv. tem-I-Øn-\v ap-∂n¬ tcm-
K ]-I¿-®-bp-sS D-b¿-® Ip-d-bv-
°m≥ (flattening the curve) I-gn-
™-Xv h-en-b N¿-®m-hn-j-b-am-
Ip-I-bpw \-ap-°v H-t´-sd A-`n-\-
μ-\-߃ e-`n-°p-I-
bpw sN-bv-Xp. B-ip-]-
{Xn-I-fn¬ \mw cq-]o-
I-cn-® Nn-In-’m t{]m-
t´m-tIm-fpw Po-h-\-°m¿-
°v \mw \¬-In-b ]-cn-io-e-
\-hpw a-c-W \n-c-°v Ip-d-bv-
°m≥ G-sd k-lm-b-I-c-
am-bn. a-c-W \n-c-°v a-‰p-]-
e cm-Py-ß-fn-epw 4 i-X-am-
\w ap-X¬ 10 i-X-am-\w h-sc
D-b¿-∂-t∏mƒ tI-c-f-Øn¬ 0.56
i-X-am-\-am-bn ]n-Sn-®p-\n¿-Øm≥
I-gn-™-Xv bm-Yr-›n-I-am-b H-cp
A-\p-`-h-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. \mw \-S-
Øn-b ITn-\ {]-b-Xv-\-Øn-s‚
Kp-W-^-e-am-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv.
tI-c-fw C-t∏mƒ tIm-hn-Uv
19s‚ aq-∂mw h-c-hv t\-cn-Sp-I-bm-
Wv. B-Zy-sØ c-≠v L-´-ß-tf-
°mƒ Ip-td-°q-Sn {]-bm-k-I-c-am-
b H-cp L-´-am-Wn-Xv. tem-I cm-
jv-{S-ß-fn¬ B-sI ssh-d-kv
_m-[ Ip-d-bp-I-b-√ Iq-Sn-s°m-
t≠-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv F-∂-Xpw
C-¥y-bn-te-°pw tI-c-f-Øn-te-
°pw A-Ø-cw {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n-
∂p-≈ h-c-hv Iq-Sp-∂p F-∂-Xpw
D-Xv-I-WvT D-f-hm-°p-∂ Im-cy-am-
Wv. B-Zy-sØ c-≠v L-´-ß-fn-
te-°mƒ ssh-d-kv km-{μ-X Iq-
Sn-b C-S-ß-fn¬ \n-∂m-Wv C- tIm-hn-Uv tI-kp-I-fp-sS F-Æw
t∏mƒ B-fp-Iƒ h-cp-∂-Xv F-∂- Ip-Xn-®p-b-cp-∂ Im-gv-N-bm-Wv Im-
Xv ]-I¿-® Iq-Sm-\p-≈ km-[y-X Wp-∂-Xv. sN-°v t]m-Ãv Xp-d-°p-
h¿-[n-∏n-°p-∂ H-∂m-Wv. C-tXm- ∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv A-Xm-b-Xv ta-bv 3
h-sc B-sI 499 t]¿-°m-Wv tcm-
Kw ÿn-co-I-cn-®-Xv. A-Xn¬ 334
t]¿ tI-c-f-Øn-\v ]p-d-Øv \n-
∂pw bm-{X-I-fn-eq-sS h-∂-
h-cm-Wv. 165 t]¿-°v k-
º¿-°-Øn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv
tcm-Kw ÿn-co-I-cn-®-Xv. ta-
bv 4 ap-X¬
C-Xp-h-sc h-
\n-co-£-W hy-h-ÿ-Iƒ sc (Pq-sse-
F-√m-h-cpw Ir-Xy-am-bn ˛21) 13,495
]m-en-®m¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ t]¿-°m-Wv
B-fp-I-fn-te-°v tcm-Kw ]-I-cm-sX tcm-Kw _m-[n-®-Xv.
c-£-s∏-Sm≥ km-[n-°pw. F-∂m¬ A-Xn-em-I-s´
7615 t]¿
B-tcm-Ky h-Ip-∏n-s‚ \n¿-tZ-i-߃ tI-c-f-
a-dn-I-S-∂v a-‰-p-≈-h-cp-am-bn Nn-e¿ Øn-\v
C-S-s]-Sm≥ {i-an-®-Xv Im-c-Ww ]p-d-Øv
Ip-Spw-_mw-K-߃-°pw \n-∂pw h-
kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ-°pw tcm-K-∏-I¿-®- ∂ - h - cm-Wv. 5880
bp-≠m-bn. A-ß-s\-bm-Wv t]¿-°m-Wv k-
º¿-°-Øn-
c-≠mw L-´-Øn¬ \-ap-°v 499 eq-sS tcm-Kw
t]m-kn-‰o-hv tI-kv D-≠m-b-Xv. D-≠m-b-Xv.
Xn-cp-h-\-
¥-]p-c-Øv c-
≠v {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ k-
aq-l hym-]-\-ap-≠m-sb-
¶n-epw ]n-S-®p-\n¿-Øm≥
k¿-°m-cn-\m-bn. Pn-√-bn-
se G-‰-hpw h-en-b ¢-Ã-dm-
bn-cp-∂p ]q-¥p-d-bpw Ip-a-cn N-¥-
sSm-∏w a-‰v C-¥y≥ kw-ÿm-\- bpw.
ß-fn¬ ssh-d-kv _m-[-bpw a-c- ¢-ÿ sI-b-dn-eq-sS i-‡-am-
W-ß-fpw A-\p-Zn-\w h¿-[n-°p- b {]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv \-S-Øn-b-
∂p F-∂-Xpw B-i-¶-bp-f-hm-°p- Xv. ^o¬-Uv \n-co-£-Ww, sN-°v
∂p-≠v. t]m-Ãv - \n-co-£-Ww, tdm-Uv, sd-
_-lp. ap-Jy-a-{¥n-bp-sS t\- bn¬ \n-co-£-Ww, hn-am-\-Øm-h-
Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈ Zo¿-L-ho-£- f \n-co-£-Ww (B-`y-¥-c/A-
tØm-sS-bp-ap-≈ C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpw ¥m-cm-jv-{S) F-∂n-h i-‡n-s∏-Sp-
D-tZym-K-ÿ-cp-tS-bpw Po-h-\-°m- Øn. sk‚n-\¬ k¿-h-b-e≥-kv
cp-tS-bpw A¿-∏-W a-t\m-`m-h-hpw Du¿-Pn-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw B‚n-
P-\-ß-fp-sS D-Ø-c-hm-Zn-Ø-tØm- P≥ ]-cn-tim-[-\ hym-]-I-am-°p-
Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-≈ s]-cp-am-‰-hpw Iq-Sn- I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. tI-kv hym-]-\-
bm-Wv c-£-s∏-Sm≥ \-sΩ {]m-]v- Øn-s‚ `q-an-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-b am-
X-am-°p-∂-Xv. aq-∂mw L-´-Øn¬ ∏nw-Kpw A-X-\p-k-cn-®v ]-I¿-®-
hym-[n \n-b-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn-\v B-h-
iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-®v
h-cp-∂p. ss{]-a-dn tIm¨-Sm-Iv-Sv,
sk-°‚-dn tIm¨-Sm-Iv-Sv F-∂n-
h X-cw-Xn-cn-®v tIm¨-Sm-Iv-‰v s{S-
bv-knw-Kv hn-]p-e-am-°n. I-s≠-
bv≥-sa‚ v tkm¨- {]-h¿-Ø-\-
߃-- \n-c-¥-cw hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-I-
bpw B-h-iy-am-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ
kzo-I-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. I-
ss≠≥-sa‚ v tkm¨ {]-tZ-i-
sØ F-√m B-fp-I-sf-bpw Izm-d-
ss‚≥ sN-øp-I-bpw A-\m-h-iy
k-©m-cw H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\v k-aq-
l am-[y-a-ß-fn-eq-sS km-l-N-cy-
sØ-°p-dn-®v t_m-[-hm-∑m-cm-°p-
I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.
F≥-kn-Un-kn t]m¿-´¬,
tIm-hn-Uv Pm-{K-X t]m¿-´¬ F-
∂n-h-bp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS a-Xn-
bm-b \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-®p.
C≥-Ãn-‰yq-j-W¬ Izm-d-ss‚≥/
tlmw Izm-d-ss‚≥ F-∂n-h-bn¬
B-tcm-Ky {]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS \n-c-
¥-c C-S-s]-S¬ D-d-∏p-h-cp-Øn.
tI-kp-I-fp-sS {S‚pw ssZ-\w-Zn-\
dn-t∏m¿-´p-I-fpw hn-e-bn-cp-Øn \-S-
]-Sn kzo-I-cn-°p-∂p. A-h-t_m-
[w F-√m-h-cn-epw F-Øn-°m≥
t_m-[-h-Xv-°-c-Ww i-‡n-s∏-Sp-
Øn. B-tcm-Kyw, t]m-eo-kv, ao-
Un-b, ^-b¿ t^m-gv-kv, d-h-\yq,
`-£y-kp-c-£, sd-kv-t‰m-d‚p-
Iƒ, tlm-´-ep-Iƒ, Sq-dn-kw F-
∂n-h-bp-am-bn G-tIm-]-\w D-d-∏m-
°n. B-tcm-Ky {]-h¿-Ø-I¿,
B¿-B¿-Sn Sow, t]m-eo-kv, Sq-dn-
kw h-Ip-∏v Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bv-°v ]-
cn-io-e-ß-fpw \-S-Øp-∂p-≠v. C-
tXm-sSm-∏w tIm-hn-Up-am-bn _-
‘-s∏-´ K-th-j-W {]-h¿-Ø-\-
߃ k¿-°m¿, kz-Im-cy ta-J-e-
I-fn¬ \-S-°p-∂p.
tIm-hn-Uv-˛19 k-º¿-° tcm-Kn-
I-fp-sS F-Æw Iq-Sn-b ]-›m-Ø-
e-Øn¬ kq-∏¿ kv-s{]-Uv H-gn-
hm-°m≥ B-£≥ πm≥ X-øm-dm-
°n. kq-∏¿ kv-s{]-Un-te-°v t]m-
b {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ {]-tXy-Iw ¢-
Ã-dm-bn Xn-cn-®v I¿-i-\ \-S-]-Sn-
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 15
Iƒ kzo-I-cn-®p. tcm-K hym-]-\w tdm-W _m-[n-X ta-J-e-I-fn¬ Uv hym-]-\-sØ t\-cn-Sp-∂-Xn-\v
Iq-Sn-b {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ ]-cn-tim- \n-∂v h-cp-∂-h-cn¬ \n-∂pw ]q¿- th-≠n {]-tXy-I-am-bn X-øm-dm-
[-\-I-ƒ hym-]n-∏n-®p. F-{X-bpw W-am-bn am-‰n \n¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw °p-∂ P-\-Io-b B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-
th-Kw tcm-K-_m-[n-X-sc I-s≠- k-º¿-°w H-gn-hm-°p-∂-Xn-\pw h- ]m-e-\ tI-{μ-ß-fm-Wv tIm-hn-Uv
Øp-I-bpw A-h-cp-am-bn k-º¿- en-b ]-≤-Xn X-s∂ X-øm-dm-°n- ^-Ãv sse≥ {So-‰v-sa‚ v sk‚-dp-
°-Øn-ep-≈-h-sc Izm-d-ss‚-\n- bn-´p-≠v. B-tcm-Ky h-Ip-∏n-\v ]p- Iƒ. Cu tIm-hn-Uv ^-Ãv
em-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. F-√m Zn-h-k- d-sI t]m-eo-kv, km-aq-ly-\o-Xn sse≥ {So-‰v-sa‚-dn¬ F-√m ku-
hpw tbm-Kw Iq-Sn {]-h¿-Ø-\- h-Ip-∏v, (A-¶-W-hm-Sn h¿-°¿- I-cy-ß-fpw H-cp-°n-bn-´p-≠v. B-h-
߃ hn-e-bn-cp-Øn \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ am¿) B-i h¿-°¿-am¿ thm-f‚n- iy-Øn-\v tUm-Iv-S¿-am-sc-bpw a-‰v
kzo-I-cn-®p-h-cp-∂p. A-Xn¿-Øn-°- b¿-am¿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h¿ ta¬-∏-d- Ãm-^n-s\-bpw Cu ÿ-e-ß-fn¬
∏p-d-Øv \n-∂pw h-cp-∂-h¿-°m-bn ™ hn-`m-K-Øn-¬-s∏-´ B-fp-I- t]m-Ãv sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. tIm-hn-Uv
B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fn¬ {]-tXy-Iw H.- fp-≈ Hm-tcm ho-Sp-am-bpw _-‘- sS-Ãv dn-kƒ-´v t]m-kn-‰o-hv B-b
]n. Xp-S-ßp-I-bpw In-S-Øn Nn-In- s∏-´v A-h-cp-sS k-º¿-° hn-e- tI-kp-I-fn¬ tIm-hn-Uv tcm-K-e-
’-bv-°p-≈ ku-I-cy-sam-cp-°p- °v D-d-∏m-°p-I-bm-Wv. 44 e-£w £-W-߃ {]-I-S-am-bn C-√m-Ø-
I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. t]-sc-bm-Wv C-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ _- h-tc-bpw t\-cn-b tcm-K e-£-W-
tcm-K-_m-[n-X-sc t\-c-sØ ‘-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. C-tXm-sSm-∏w ߃ D-≈-h-sc-bp-am-Wv tIm-hn-
X-s∂ I-s≠-Øn Nn-In-’n-°p- Po-hn-X-ssi-eo tcm-K-߃-I-S- Uv ^-Ãv sse≥ {So-‰v-sa‚ v
∂-Xn-\pw Izm-d-ss‚-\n-em-°p-∂- °w ssZ-\w-Zn-\w a-cp-∂p-Iƒ I- sk‚-dp-I-fn¬ In-S-Øn Nn-In-
Xn-t‚-bpw `m-K-am-bn hn-hn-[ hn-
`m-K-ß-sf ¢-Ã-dp-I-fm-bn Xn-cn-®v
hn-]p-e-am-b ]-cn-tim-[-\-I-fm-Wv
\-S-Øp-∂-Xv. C-Xn-s‚ `m-K-am-bn
ssK-Uv-sse-\pw B-tcm-Ky h-Ip-
∏v ]p-d-Øn-d-°n. dp-´o≥ B¿.-Sn.-
]n.-kn.-B¿ ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-°v ]p-
d-ta sk‚n-\¬ k¿-h-b-e≥-kn-
s‚ `m-K-am-bn dm-∏n-Uv B‚n-P≥
t_-kn-Uv sS-Ãnw-Kpw \-S-Øp-∂p.
Pn-√m I-f-Iv-S-dp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-
Øn¬ {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ B-kq-
{X-Ww sN-øp-I-bpw Pn-√m sa-Un-
°¬ Hm-^o-k-dpw Pn-√m t{]m-
{Kmw am-t\-P-cpw km-t¶-Xn-I D-]-
tZ-i-߃ \¬-Ip-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.
{]m-tZ-in-I t\-Xm-°-fp-am-bpw ]p-
tcm-ln-X-cp-am-bpw tbm-Kw tN¿-
∂p. km-aq-ln-I A-I-ew, ]-cn-
ÿn-Xn ip-Nn-Xzw, ssI-I-fp-sS
ip-Nn-Xzw, {]-[m-\-s∏-´ tIm-hn-Uv
19 tcm-K-e-£-W-߃, Kp-cp-X-c
tcm-K-ap-≈-h¿, izm-k-tIm-i kw-
_-‘-am-b {]-iv-\-ß-fp-≈-h¿
F-∂n-h¿ {i-≤n-t°-≠ Im-cy-
߃ F-∂n-h-bn¬ A-h-t_m-[w gn-°p-∂ B-fp-I-fp-sS Im-cy-hpw ’n-°p-∂-Xv. H-tc X-cw tcm-K-e-
\-S-Øn. \mw ap≥-Iq-´n πm≥ sN-øp-I-bp- £-W-߃ D-≈ sS-Ãv dn-kƒ-´v
dn-th-gv-kv Izm-d-ss‚≥ F-∂ ≠m-bn. t]m-kn-‰o-hv B-b-h-sc-bpw C-ß-
t]-cn¬ {]m-bw sN-∂-h¿, K¿-`n- tcm-Kn-Iƒ Iq-Sp-∂ A-h-ÿ- s\ Nn-In-’n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-
Wn-Iƒ, sN-dn-b Ip-´n-Iƒ `n-∂- bn¬ F-√m Pn-√-I-fn-epw tIm-hn- Xn-eq-sS B-ip-]-{Xn-I-fn-se Xn-c-
ti-jn-°m¿ a-‰v A-\p-_-‘ tcm- Uv ^-Ãv sse≥ {So-‰v-sa‚ v °v Ip-d-bv-°m-\pw an-I-® Nn-In-
K-ß-fp-≈-h¿ F-∂n-h-sc sIm- sk‚-dp-Iƒ ÿm-]n-®p. tIm-hn- ’ e-`y-am-°m-\pw km-[n-°p-∂p.

16 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-

{]-Xn-tcm-[ hm-Iv-kn-t\m
a-cp-∂p-I-tfm I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xp-h-sc
I¿-i-\-am-b \n-b-{¥-W-ß-tfm-sS
Po-hn-X-hr-Øn-Iƒ \-S-Øm≥
\n¿-_-‘n-X-\m-Wv Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cp-sa-∂v
a-d-∂v t]m-I-cp-Xv. tcm-K ]-I¿-®-bp-sS
I-Æn-s]m-´n-°p-I F-∂ Iym-º-bn≥
(t{_-°v Z sN-bn≥) Iq-Sp-X¬ i-‡-am-bn
G-s‰-Sp-°-Ww. tkm-∏p-]-tbm-Kn-®v
ssI-I-gp-Ip-I, am-kv-Iv [-cn-°p-I,
hy-‡n-]-c-am-bn A-I-ew ]m-en-°p-I.
C-Xv \n¿-_-‘-am-Wv.
tIm-hn-Uv Im-e-Øv h-en-b
tk-h-\-am-Wv C-Xn-eq-sS \¬-
Im≥ {i-an-°p-∂-Xv. Iq-Sp-X¬
B-tcm-Ky ÿm-]-\-ß-tf-bpw
hn-Z-Kv-[ tUm-Iv-S¿-am-tc-bpw
Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn h-cn-I-bm-Wv. a-
lm-am-cn Im-e-sØ ]-Xn-hv Nn-
In-’-°m-bp-≈ B-ip-]-{Xn
k-μ¿-i-\-߃ C-Xn-eq-sS H-gn-
hm-°m≥ km-[n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.
Iq-Sp-X¬ kv-s]-jy-en-Ãv tUm-
Iv-S-am-cp-sS tk-h-\-hpw e-`y-
am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. am-{X-a-√ B¿-
kn-kn, Fw-kn-kn Xp-S-ßn-b
ÿm-]-\-߃ C-˛-k-Rv-Po-h-
\n-bp-am-bn ssI-tIm¿-Øv ]-
cn-io-e-\w B-cw-`n-®n-´p-≠v.
tIm-hn-Uv Im-e-Øv ho-´n-en-cp- Po-hn-X-ssi-eo tcm-K-ß-fm¬
∂v an-I-® Nn-In-’ e-`y-am-°m- t¢-i-X A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂ hy-‡n-
\m-bn sS-en sa-Un-kn≥ B-cw-`n- Iƒ A-\m-h-iy B-ip-]-{Xn k-
®p. {]-h¿-Ø-\w Xp-S-ßn c-≠m-gv- μ¿-i-\-߃ H-gn-hm-°n ]-I-cw
N-bv-°p-≈n¬ kw-ÿm-\-Øn-s‚ sS-en sa-Un-kn-s\ ]-Xn-hv Nn-In-
sS-en sa-Un-kn≥ kw-hn-[m-\w ’-Iƒ-°m-bn B-{i-bn-t°-≠-
cm-Py-Øv H-∂m-a-Xm-b-Xm-bn. Xm-Wv.
tIm-hn-Uv ]-cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ
h¿-[n-∏n-°m-\m-bn h-en-b ku-I-
cy-ß-fm-Wv H-cp-°n-b-Xv. Xp-S-°-
Øn¬ F≥-sF-hn B-e-∏p-g-
bn¬ am-{X-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂ tIm-
hn-Uv ]-cn-tim-[-\m kw-hn-[m-\w
hn-]p-eo-I-cn-®p. 15 k¿-°m¿ em-
_p-I-fn-epw 6 kz-Im-cy em-_p-I-
fn-ep-apƒ-s∏-sS 21 ÿ-e-ß-
fn-em-Wv tIm-hn-Uv-˛19 ]-cn-
tim-[n-°m-\p-≈ kw-hn-[m-\-
ß-fp-≈-Xv. Xp-S-°-Øn¬
100\v Xm-sg am-{X-ap-≠m-bn-
cp-∂ {]-Xn-Zn-\ ]-cn-tim-[-\-
Iƒ 20,000-tØm-f-sa-Øn-°m≥
kw-ÿm-\-Øn-\v I-gn-™p.
sIm-tdm-W-tbm-sSm-∏w Po-hn-
t°-≠ A-h-ÿ-bm-Wv tem-I-
Øn-\v. tem-Im-tcm-Ky kw-L-S-\-
bpw C-Xv kq-Nn-∏n-®p I-gn-™p.
{]-Xn-tcm-[ hm-Iv-kn-t\m a-cp-∂p-
I-tfm I-s≠-Øp-∂-Xp-h-sc I¿-
i-\-am-b \n-b-{¥-W-ß-tfm-sS
Po-hn-X-hr-Øn-Iƒ \-S-Øm≥
\n¿-_-‘n-X-\m-Wv Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-
cp-sa-∂v a-d-∂v t]m-I-cp-Xv. tcm-K
]-I¿-®-bp-sS I-Æn-s]m-´n-°p-I
F-∂ Iym-º-bn≥ (t{_-°v Z
sN-bn≥) Iq-Sp-X¬ i-‡-am-bn
G-s‰-Sp-°-Ww. tkm-∏p-]-tbm-Kn-
®v ssI-I-gp-Ip-I, am-kv-Iv [-cn-
°p-I, hy-‡n-]-c-am-bn A-I-ew
]m-en-°p-I. C-Xv \n¿-_-‘-am-
Wv. hy-‡n ip-Nn-Xz-hpw ]-cn-k-c
ip-Nn-Xz-hpw H-gn-hm-°m-\m-Im-Ø
Im-cy-am-Wv. H-tc a-\-km-bn \-ap-
°o t]m-cm-´w Xp-S-cmw. I-£n cm-
jv-{So-b-Øn-\pw Pm-Xn-a-X Nn-¥-
Iƒ-°pw A-Xo-X-am-bn H-cp-an-®v
\n¬-°m≥ a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ-°v I-gn-
bp-sa-∂v a-e-bm-fn-Iƒ ]-e-t∏m-
gpw sX-fn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. sIm-tdm-W-
bp-sS Cu aq-∂mw h-c-hn-t\-bpw
\mw t\-cn-Spw. Cu bp-≤-Øn¬
ap-∂-Wn t]m-cm-fn-I-fm-bn {]-h¿-
Øn-°p-∂ \q-dp-I-W-°n-\v a-\p-
jy¿-°v \mw ]n-¥p-W \¬-I-
Ww. H-cm-tf-bpw a-c-W-Øn-\v hn-
´p-sIm-Sp-°m-sX kw-c-£n-°m≥
\-ap-°v t]m-cm-´w Xp-S-cmw. $
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 17
tIm-hn-Uv
Im-e-sØ
kw-kv-Im-cw
-f-d Im-e-sØ {]-
tIm W-bw F-∂ K-{_n-
tb¬ Km¿-ky am¿-
t°-kn-s‚ Ir-Xn-bm-Wv tIm-hn-
Uv Im-e-sØ kw-kv-Im-c-sØ-
°p-dn-®v N¿-® sN-øp-tºmƒ B-
Zyw Hm¿-Ω-bn¬ h-cn-I. am¿-t°-
kn-s‚ D-‰ kp-lr-Øm-bn-cp-∂p
^n-U¬ Im-kv-t{Sm. 1999 s^-
Fw F t_-_n {_p-h-cn 3 \v Im-c-°m-kn-se
k¿-Δ-I-em-im-e hn-Zym¿-∞n-I-
tfm-Sv Im-kv-t{Sm \-S-Øn-b H-cp
{]-kw-Kw ]p-kv-X-I cq-]-Øn¬
]-cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn tem-I-Øm-
18 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
sI {]-N-cn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. C-Xn\v
kw-kv-Im-c-Øn¬ \n-∂pw B-i-b-
ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw am-{X-am-Wv hn-π-
hw ]n-d-°p-∂-Xv F-∂ A¿-∞-Kw-
`o-c-am-b io¿-j-I-am-Wv A-t±-lw
\¬-In-b-Xv. h-f-sc A¿-∞-Kw-`o-c-
hpw Zm¿-i-\n-I hym-]v-Xn-tbm-sS-
bpap≈ \n-co-£-W-am-Wv C-Xv.
a-\p-jy-cp-sS Iq-Sn-bm-b Cu tem-
I-sØ ]p-Xp-°n \n¿-Ωn-t°-≠-Xv
kw-kv-Im-c-Øn¬ \n-∂pw B-i-b-
ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-am-Wv F-∂m-Wv A-
t±-lw ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. tem-I-sØ
]p-Xp-°n \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bm-

Wv hn-π-hw F-∂v hn-e-bn-cp-Øp-
∂-Xv. a-\p-jy-Po-hn-Xh -- p-am-bn _-
‘-s∏-´ F-√m Im-cy-ß-fpw kw-
kv-Im-cw F-∂ hm-°n-s‚ A¿-
∞-]-cn-Yn-bn¬ h-cpw. A-ka
߃. A-\o-Xn-Iƒ, D-®\ - o-NX - z-
߃, {Iq-cX - I- ƒ, ]-´n-Wn Xp-S-
ßn \-Ωp-sS Np-‰p-]m-Spw \-S°
∂ Im-cy-߃ Iq-Sn-bm-Wv kw-kv-
Im-cs- Ø \n¿-Wb - n-°p-∂X - pw hn-
π-hß- ƒ-°v A-Sn-Ød - b
- n-Sp-∂s
∂pw Im-kvt- {Sm ]-db - p-∂p. ]-´n-
Wn-bm-Wv tem-Is - Ø G-‰h
en-b a-lm-am-cn. C-Xn-\p-≈ a-cp-
∂m-b `-£W - w tem-IØ - m-sI-
bp-≠v. ]-s£ tem-I-sØ Nq-j-
W hy-h-ÿ-aq-ew e-£-߃ ]-
´n-Wn-In-S-∂v a-cn-°p-∂p. CXv A-
\o-Xn-bm-sW-∂pw A-am-\p-jn-I-
am-sW-∂p-ap-≈ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I
Im-gv-∏m-Sv Iq-Sn-bm-Wv hn-π-h-ß-
sf kr-jv-Sn-°p-∂-Xv F-∂ Im-gv-
N-∏m-SmWv ^n-Z¬ Im-kv-t{Sm ap-
t∂m-´p-h-®-Xv.
I-d-I-f-bp-I, ip-≤o-I-cn-°p-I
Xp-S-ßn-b \n¿-h-N-\-ß-fm-Wv kw-
- X- z- kv-Im-c-sØ-°p-dn-®v B-Zy-Im-e-
ß-fn¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ir-jn-bp-
am-bn _-‘-s∏-´m-Wv B-Zyw Iƒ-
- p- ®¿ F-∂ hm-°v cq-]-s∏´ph-∂-Xv.
F-∂m¬ a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚
F-√m `m-K-ß-sf-bpw kv-]¿-in-°p-
- X- ∂-Xm-Wv kw-kv-Im-cw F-∂p-≈
k-¶¬-]-am-Wv A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-
- pw h- bn \n-e-\n¬-°p-∂-Xv. A-]-c-s\-
°p-dn-®p-≈ I-cp-X¬ F-∂pw kw-
kv-Im-c-Øn-\v \n¿-h-N-\w \¬-In-
bn-´p-≠v. C-{X-h-en-b hym-]v-Xn
Cu ]-Z-Øn-\v D-≠v F-¶n-epw I-
e, km-ln-Xyw, kw-Ko-Xw F-∂n-
h-sb tN¿-Øp-h-®v ]-cn-tim-[n-
t°-≠-Xp-≠v. a-\p-jy-k-aq-l-
sØ Iq-Sp-X¬ k-a-Xz-Øn-e-[n-
jvTn-X-am-b k-aq-l-am-bn am-‰m≥,
F-√m¿-°pw k-t¥m-j-tØm-sS
Po-hn-°m≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-≈
A-h-ÿ- kw-Pm-Xa - m-°m≥ \mw
\-SØ
- p-∂ {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß
- f- p-sS `m-
K-am-bn-´m-Wv kmw-kvI- m-cn-I cw-K-
sØ sh-√p-hn-fn-Is - f-bpw {]-iv\ - -
ß-sf-bpw \mw ]-cn-KW - n-°p-∂X - v.
k-aq-ls - Ø am-‰m≥ th-≠n \mw
\-S-Øp-∂ kw-kv-Im-c-k-º-∂-am-
b C-S-s]-S-ep-I-fpw t]m-cm-´-ß-
fpw \-ap-°v F-ß-s\ \-S-Øm≥
I-gn-bpw, km-º-Øn-I Po-hn-Xw
sa-®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈ k-a-c-߃
F-ß-s\ th-Ww Xp-S-ßn-b-h C-
Xn¬ {]-[m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.
tIm-hn-Un-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v tem-
Iw L-´w-L-´-am-bn tem-Iv Uu-
Wn-te-°v \o-ßn-b-t∏mƒ P\-ß-
ƒ°v \m-ev a-Wn-°q-dn-s‚ km-h-
Im-iw am-{Xw \¬-In-bm-Wv C-
¥y≥ {]-[m-\-a-{¥n A-S-®p-]q-
´¬ {]-Jym-]n-®-Xv. A-Xv A-t±-
l-Øn-s‚-sbm-cp {]-h¿-Ø-\
kw-kv-Im-c-am-bn Im-Wmw. t\m-´v
]n≥-h-en-°¬ B-cp-am-cp-a-dn-bm-
sX Hcp ]m-Xn-cm-{Xn-h-∂v tZ-i-
hm-kn-tbmw F-∂v ]-d-™v {]-
Jym-]n-®p. A-Xn-s\ Xp-S¿-∂v h-
en-b Po-hn-X ZpcnX-Øn-te-°v \-
Ωp-sS P-\-X h-en-s®-dn-b-s∏-´-
t∏mƒ ]p-tcm-K-a-\ P-\m-[n-]-Xy
{]-ÿm-\-ß-fm-Wv P-\-߃-°v
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 19
kw-c-£-W-Øn-\v th-≠n-bp-≈
\n¿-t±-i-ß-fp-am-bn ap-t∂m-´p-h-∂-
Xv. P-\-߃-°v F-^v-kn-sF-
bn¬ sI-´n-°n-S-°p-∂ `-£y-[m-
\yw ku-P-\y-am-bn hn-X-c-Ww
sN-ø-W-sa-∂pw P-\-Po-hn-X-sØ
kw-c-£n-°m≥ A-Sn-b-¥n-c km-
º-Øn-I B-izm-kw \¬-I-W-sa-
∂pw B-h-iy-s∏-´p. F-∂m¬ \-
tc-{μ-tam-Zn H-cp B-izm-k ]-≤-
Xn-bpw {]-Jym-]n-®n-√. C-¥y-
bn¬ BZy-ambn tImhnUv
ImeØv kmº-ØnI ]mt°Pv
{]-Jym-]n-®-Xv tI-c-f-Øn-se C-S-
Xp-]-£ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-ap-∂-Wn
k¿-°m-cm-Wv. 20000 tIm-Sn cq-]-
bp-sS ]m-t°-Pv tI-c-f-Øn¬ {]-
Jym-]n-®p. P\-ßsf ]´n-Wn-°n-
Sp∂ tI{μ-\-b-Øn-s\-Xnsc C-S-
Xp-]-£w cm-Py-Øv k-a-cw B-cw-
`n-®p. C-t∏mƒ \-tc-{μ-tam-Zn-°v
ku-P-\y A-cn-hn-X-c-Ww sN-tø-
≠n-h-∂-Xpw km-º-Øn-I B-\p-
Iq-ey-߃ hn-X-c-Ww sN-tø-≠n-
h-∂-Xpw P-\-ß-fp-sS Cu C-S-
s]-S¬-aq-e-am-Wv. C-Ø-cw k-a-c-
߃ km-aq-ly am-‰-Øn-\v th-
≠n-bp-≈ t]m-cm-´-ß-fp-sS H-cp
`m-K-am-Wv.
km-aq-lyam-‰-Øn-\v th-≠n-bp-
≈ h¿-K k-a-cw cm-jv-{So-b ta-J-
e, km-º-Øn-I ta-J-e, B-i-b
ta-J-e F-∂o aq-∂v ta-J-e-bn-em-
Wv \-S-°p-∂-Xv. B-i-b a-Wv-U-
e-Øn-se h¿-K-k-a-c-hp-am-bn _-
‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv kmw-kv-Im-cn-I ta-
J-e-bn-se k-a-cw. Iq-Sp-X¬ Xp-
ey-X-bp-≈ k-aq-lw kr-jv-Sn-°m-
\p-≈ {i-aw tem-I-Øn-s‚ ]-e
`m-K-Øpw \-S-°p-∂p≠v.
Iq-Sp-X¬ aq-e-[-\m-[n-]-Xy-
Øn-\v th-≠n, P-\-ß-fp-sS-ta¬
`-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ hn-Sm-∏n-Sn- Iq-
´m≥, `-c-W-Iq-S-Øn-s‚ A-Zr-iy-
am-b N-ß-e-°q-´n-\p-≈n¬ \n-b-
{¥-W-hn-t[-b-am-°m-\p-≈ A-h-
k-c-am-bn tIm-hn-Uv Im-e-sØ
{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-s≠-∂v
\-ap-°-dn-bmw. F-∂m¬ k-a-Xz-
]q¿-W-am-b H-cp k-aq-lam-°n
20 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
am-‰m≥ {i-a-߃ \-S-°p-∂-Xpw Nq-j-W i-‡n-Iƒ A-h-cp-sS
G-dn-bpw Ip-d-™pw \-ap-°v tem- B-[n-]-Xy-Øn-\v G-Xv X-c-Øn-
I-Øv Im-Wm≥ I-gn-bpw. km-[m- em-Wv tem-I-sØ Im-cy-ß-sf
c-W-°m-c-s‚ Po-hn-Xw sa-®-s∏- {I-ao-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv F-∂v a-\- n-
Sp-Øm≥ th-≠nbp≈ `-c-W-]c- em-°m-\m-hp-I. tem-I-Øv bp-≤m-
amb {i-a-ß-fpw tem-I-Øv H-cp ¥-co-£-hpw kw-L¿-j-ß-fpw
`m-K-Øv \-S-°p-∂p≠v. C-Ø-c-a- A-Xn¿-Øn X¿-°-ß-fpw \n-e-
cp km-l-N-cy-Øn¬ kmw-kv-Im- \n¬-t°-≠-Xv tem-I-sØ B-bp-
cn-I cw-K-sØ {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃ [ \n¿-Ωm-W hy-h-km-b-߃-
F-ß-s\-bm-Wv \-S-tØ-≠-Xv F-
∂v ]-cn-tim-[n-°-Ww. Nq-j-W
kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-s‚ B-[n-]-Xyw
C-∂v Xp-S¿-∂p-I-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xpw
A-Xv Xp-S-cp-∂-Xn-\v A-\p-Iq-e-am-
b B-i-b-߃ k-aq-l-Øn-s‚
_-lp-`q-cn-]-£-Øn-s‚-bpw t_m-
[-Øn-te-°v A-dn-bm-sX I-S-Øn-
hn-Sp-∂p-≠v. b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ B
hy-h-ÿ-bp-sS \n-e-\n¬-∏n-\v a¿-
±-I kw-hn-[m-\-ß-sf D-]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬ B-
i-b-tem-IsØ h-f-sc t_m-[-
]q¿-Δw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-
≠v. A-Xv t\mw-tNmw-kv-In F-∂
tem-I-{]-i-kv-X Nn-¥-I≥ h-f-
sc kq-jv-a-am-bn \n-co-£n-®v k-
Ω-X \n¿-Ωm-Ww (Manufac-
turing Concent) F∂v
AXns\ hn-ti-jn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Nq-
j-I hy-h-ÿ-sb A-\p-Iq-en-°p-
∂ A-h-ÿ-bn-te-°v \-Ω-f-dn-bm-
sX \-sΩ H-cp-°n-sb-Sp-°p-∂ co-
Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. D-≈-Xn¬ t`-Zw ap-X-
em-fn-Ø hy-h-ÿ-bm-sW-∂ sX-
‰m-b t_m-[w Iu-i-e-]q¿-Δw P-
\-a-\- n¬ C-h¿ k-∂n-th-in-∏n-
°p-∂p.
A-t‚m-Wn-tbm {Kmw-jn ]-d-
™ t]m-se `-c-W-Iq-Sw A-Xn- °pw A-Xn-s\ -B-{i-bn-®v ]n-Sn-
s‚ B-[n-]-Xyw \n-e-\n¿-Øp-∂- ®p-\n¬-°p-∂ k-º-Zv-hy-h-ÿ-bv-
Xv A-Xn-s‚ ssI-h-i-ap-≈ a¿-±- °pw {]-tXy-In-®pw A-ta-cn-°,
I kw-hn-[m-\-ß-sf am-{Xw B- C-{km-tb¬ t]m-ep-≈ cm-Py-
{i-bn-®-√, B-i-b-tem-I-Øv ]n-Sn- ߃-°v A-Xy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-
ap-dn-°n-s°m-≠v k-Ω-Xn \n¿-Ωn- Wv. tem-I-Øv A-Xn¿-Øn kw-
Xn-bn-eq-sS Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. tem-I- L¿-j-߃ kr-jv-Sn-®p-h-®n-´p-≈-
Øv P-\-߃ B-kz-Zn-°p-∂ sam- Xn-s‚ G-‰-hpw {]-[m-\ Im-c-Ww
Øw kmw-kv-Im-cn-I hn-`-h-߃ Cu B-bp-[ \n¿-Ωm-W hy-h-
X-øm-dm-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ip-Ø-I-Iƒ- km-bw tem-I-Øv A-`w-Kp-cw i-
°v D≈ B-[n-]-Xyw h-f-sc `-b- ‡n-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-Ww F-∂
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv. C-hn-sS-bm-Wv ap-X-em-fn-Ø i-‡n-I-fp-sS Xm¬-
]-cy-ß-fm-Wv. a-\p-jycm-in A-`n-
ap-Jo-I-cn-°p-∂ a-lm-am-cn-Iƒ-
s°-√mw a-cp-∂v I-≠p-]n-Sn-t°-
≠ im-kv-{X-_p-≤n-bp-sS-bpw k-
º-Øn-s‚-bpw \-√-cp ]-¶v D-]-
tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv bp-≤-km-a-{Kn-I-
fp-sS K-th-j-W-Øn-\m-Wv.
im-{X-ta-J-e-bn-ep-≠m-b t\-´-
߃ a-\p-jy-cp-sS s]m-Xp-hm-b
{]-iv-\-߃ ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥ D-]-
tbm-K-s∏-tS-≠-Xm-Wv. im-kv-{X
ta-J-e-bn-se Ip-Xn-®p-Nm-´-ß-sf-
√mw aq-e-[-\ B-[n-]-Xy-sØ
kw-c-£n-°m≥ th-≠n-bm-Wv.
Cu i-‡n-Iƒ-°v tem-I-Øn-s‚
ta-ep-≈ ]n-Sn-ap-dp-°m≥ F-ß-
s\ im-kv-{X ta-J-e-sb {]-tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw F-∂-Xm-Wv km-
{am-Py-Xz cm-Py-ß-fpw ap-X-em-fn-
Ø i-‡n-I-fpw B-tem-Nn-°p-∂-
Xv. a-\p-jy-s\ F-ß-s\ sIm-
√mw F-∂v K-th-j-Ww \-S-Øm-
\m-Wv im-kv-{X-_p-≤n-bp-sS \-
s√m-cp ]-¶pw D-]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-Sp-
∂-Xv. K-th-j-W-Øn-\v sN-e-hn-Sp-
∂ ]-W-Øn-s‚ h-en-sbm-cp `m-K-
hpw t]m-Ip-∂-Xv C-Ø-cw K-th-
j-W-߃-°m-Wv. im-kv-{Xo-b
t\-´-hpw hn-Im-k-hpw a-\p-jy \-
∑-bv-°v th-≠n hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°-
s∏-S-Ww F-∂-Xv H-cp [m¿-Ωn-I
k-ao-]-\-am-Wv. F-∂m¬ im-kv-
{X-h-f¿-®-bpw ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpw kz-
Im-cy aq-e-[-\w h¿-[n-∏n-°m≥
th-≠n D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww
F-∂-Xv Nq-j-W-sØ \ym-bo-I-cn-
°p-∂ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I k-ao-]-\-
am-Wv.
a-\p-jy-\pta¬ em-`-sØ {]-
Xn-jvTn-°p-I am-{X-a-√, {]-Ir-Xn-
°v-ta-epw em-`-sØ {]-Xn-jv-Sn-°p-
I-bm-Wv aq-e-[-\-i-‡n-Iƒ sN-
øp-∂-Xv. B-Xy-¥n-I-am-bn {]-Ir-
Xn-bp-sS `m-Kw X-s∂-bm-Wv a-\p-
jy≥. Po-h-Pm-e-߃ D-≠m-b-Xv
{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ \n-∂m-Wv. ap-X-em-
fn-Ø Nq-j-W hy-h-ÿ kmw-kv-
Im-cn-I iq-\yw X-s∂-bm-Wv. A-
Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv {]-Ir-Xn-sb Ip-
Øn-°o-dn-s°m-≠m-sW-¶n-epw
em-`w h¿-[n-∏n-®m¬ am-{Xw a-Xn-
sb-∂v A-h¿-°v Nn-¥n-°m-\m-hp-
∂-Xv. {]-Ir-Xn ˛a-\p-jy ]m-c-kv-
]-cy-Øn-eq-sS h-f¿-®-bpw hn-Im-
k-hpw ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-am-Wv
]ptcmK-a-\ P-\m-[n-]-Xy a-tX-X-
c {]-ÿm-\-߃ a-\p-jy-s‚ h-
f¿-®-bpw hn-Im-k-hp-am-bn _-‘-
s∏-´v Nn-¥n-°p-tºmƒ ap-t∂m-´p-
sh-°p-∂ {]-[m-\-Im-cyw.
kw-kv-Im-c-sØ-°p-dn-®v kw-
km-cn-°p-tºmƒ H-cn-°-epw hn-´p-
I-fbm≥ ]-‰m-Ø-Xm-Wv kv-{Xo
Xp-ey-X-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏-´ Im-
cyw. C-Xn-s‚ {]m-[m-\yw \mw
th-≠-t]m-se a-\- n-em-°m-dn-√.
H-cp k-aq-l-Øn¬ kv-{Xo A-\p-`-
hn-°p-∂ kzm-X-{¥y-hpw P-\m-[n-
]-Xy-hpw Xp-ey-X-bpw B k-aq-
l-Øn-s‚ P-\m-[n-]-Xy h-f¿-®-
bp-sS A-f-hp-tIm-em-Wv. tI-c-fo-
b k-aq-l-Øn¬ Cu ta-J-e-
bn¬ H-cp-]m-Sv kz-bw-hn-a¿-i-\w
\-S-Øm-\p-≠v. tIm-hn-Un-s\ {]-
Xn-tcm-[n-°m≥ ]-e-X-h-W ssI-
I-gp-Ip-∂ \-ap-°v A-hn-sS Ip-∂p-
Iq-Sn-°n-S-°p-∂ ]m-{X-ß-sf I-gp-
Im-\pw \mw X-øm-dm-th-≠-Xp-≠v.
tIm-hn-Un-s\ am-{Xw {]-Xn-tcm-[n-
®m¬ t]m-c \-ap-°v C-S-bn-ep-≈
Nn-e ^yq-U¬ a-t\m-`m-h-sØ
Xn-cp-Øm-\pw \-ap-°v km-[n-°-
Ww.
tIm-hn-Uv 19 ssh-d-kp-Iƒ
F-{X-am-{Xw am-c-I-am-tWm A-{X-
am-{Xw am-c-I-am-Wv h¿-Ko-b-X-bp-
sS ssh-d-kv. a-X-sØ h¿-Ko-b-
am-bn Zp-cp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥
th-≠n hy-Xy-kv-X i-‡n-Iƒ \-
S-Øp-∂ {i-a-߃-s°-Xn-sc-bp-
≈ t]m-cm-´-Øn¬ a-X-hn-izm-kn-
I-sf A-Wn-\n-c-Øm≥ km-[n-°-
Ww. h¿-Ko-b-X-s°-Xn-cm-b t]m-
cm-´-Øn¬ h¿-K-b-X-sb F-Xn¿-
°p-∂ a-X-hn-izm-kn-I-sf-°q-Sn
A-Wn\n-c-Øm≥ km-[n-°-Ww.
km-kw-Im-cn-I cw-K-Øv h-en-b
t]m-cm-´-߃ Cu km-l-N-cy-
Øn¬ B-h-iy-am-Wv. hy-Xy-kv-X
ta-J-e-bn¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂
kw-L-S-\-Iƒ A-Xm-Xv ta-J-e-
bn-se k-a-c-ß-tfm-sSm-∏w k-am-
¥-c-am-bn G-s‰-Sp-t°-≠ {]-h¿-
Ø-\a - m-Wv km-kw-Im-cn-Ic - w-K-
sØ C-Ss - ∏-Se - p-Iƒ. C-∂v \-Ωp-
sS cm-Py-sØ-bpw tem-Is - Ø ]-e
cm-Py-ßs - f-bpw a-X cm-jSv- ß - f - m-
°n am-‰m≥ {i-an-°p-∂h - ¿ {i-≤-
tI-{μo-Ic - n-°p-∂X - v kmw-kI - m-cn-I
cw-Ks- Ø t]m-cm-´a - m-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-
≠p-Xs - ∂ am-\h - c - m-in-bp-sS a-tX-
X-c P-\m-[n-]X - y `m-hn-°p-th-≠n-
bp-≈ t]m-cm-´Ø - n-\pw kmw-kI v- m-
cn-c cw-Ks - Ø k-ac - Ø
- n¬ A¿-l-
am-b {]m-[m-\yw sIm-Sp-°W - w. \-
Ωp-sS F-√m X-cØ - n-ep-≈ {]-h¿-
Ø-\ß - ƒ-°pw kmw-kI v- m-cn-Ia - m-
b D-≈° - w th-Ww. C-∂s - Ø C-
¥y≥ km-lN - c - y-hpw tI-cf - km-
l-Nc - y-hpw C-Xm-Wv \-tΩm-Sv B-h-
iy-s∏-Sp-∂X - v.
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 21
tIm hn-Uv t\--cn-Sp-∂-
Xn¬ c-≠v hy-h-
ÿ-Iƒ X-Ωn-
ep-≈ hy-Xym-kw {]-I-S-am-
Wv. H-∂v ap-X-em-fn-Ø-km-aq-
ly hy-h-ÿ, c-≠v tkm-jy-
en-Ãv km-aq-ly-hy-h-ÿ.
tkm-jy-en-kw \n¿-Ωm-W-
Øn-en-cn-°p-∂ cm-Py-ß-fpw
ap-X-em-fn-Ø-cm-Py-ß-fpw F-
ß-s\-bm-Wv tIm-hn-Un-s\
ssI-ssI-cyw sN-øp-∂-sX-∂v
A¿-∞-im-kv-{X-]-c-am-bn X-
s∂ c-≠v hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-sS
hy-Xy-kv-X-X-sb Xp-d-∂p-Im-
Wn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ap-X-em-fn-
Ø-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw e-fn-X-am-
b \n¿-h-N-\-ß-fn-sem-∂v Iq-
e-th-e-sb A-[n-jv-Sn-X-am-°n-
b km¿-h-{Xn-I N-c-°v D¬-
]m-Z-\ hy-h-ÿ-sb-∂-Xm-Wv.
ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚ D¬-]m-Z-
\w km¿-h-{Xn-I-am-b N-c-°m-
Wv. ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-\v ap-
ºp-≈ D¬-]m-Z-\ {]-{In-b a-
\p-jy-s‚ B-h-iy-Øn-\v A-
\p-k-cn-®p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-
¶n¬ ap-X-em-fn-Ø D¬-]m-Z-
\w I-tºm-f-Øn-\v th-≠n-bp-
≈-Xm-Wv. D¬-∏-∂-ßsf-√mw
N-c-°m-Wv. hn¬-°m≥ th-
≠n D-≠m-°p-∂-sX-t¥m A-
Xm-Wv N-c-°v. D-≠m-°p-∂-h¿
D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂n-√, D-]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂-h¿ D-≠m-°p-∂p-an-√.
hn¬-°m≥ th-≠n- am{Xap-≈-
Xm-Wv N-c-°v. N-c-°n-\v c-≠v

tIm-hn-Uv Im-e-sØ
km-º-Øn-I Nn-¥-Iƒ
aq-ey-ß-fp-≠,v D-]-tbm-K-aq-ey-hpw
hn-\n-a-b-aq-ey-hpw. hm-bp G-‰-hpw
Iq-Sp-X¬ D-]-tbm-K-aq-ey-ap-≈-Xm-
]n cm-Po-hv Wv F-∂m¬ hn-\n-a-b aq-ey-ap-≈-
X-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠v A-Xv N-c-°-
√. F-∂¬ A-Sp-Ø-Im-e-Øv hm-
bp-hn-\pw hn-\n-a-b-aq-eyw D-≠m-
hp-∂p-≠v. a-’-c-am-Wv I-tºm-f-
Øn-s‚ au-en-I-am-b -kz-`m-hw.
Iq-Sp-X¬ -Iq-Sp-X¬ em-`-ap-≠m-

22 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
 sIm-≠v B-h-iy-Øn-\v sh‚n--te-
‰¿ C-√m-sX-t]m-bn. ap-X-em-fn-
Ø-Øn¬ B-tcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\w
F-∂-Xv H-cp tk-h-\-a-√. F-√m
tk-h-\-hpw H-cp N-c-°m-bn am-{X-
ta A-h¿ Im-Wp-∂p-≈q. hn-Zym-
`ym-k-hpw H-cp N-c-°m-Wv. hn-
t\m-Z-hpw hy-h-km-b-am-Wv. A-ta-
cn-°-bn¬ H-cp sh‚n-te-‰¿ F-
∂p-≈-Xv Po-h≥-c-£m D-]-I-c-W-
sa-∂Xnep-]cn H-cp N-c-°v Iq-Sn-
tImhn-Uv t\-S-cn-Sp- bm-Wv. ]-c-s° B-h-iy-ap-≈-X-
∂-Xn¬ c-≠v hy-h- √ sh‚n-th-‰¿. ]-cn-an-X-am-b D-]-
ÿ-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ tbm-K-am-WXn\v D≈Xv. A-[n-
hy-Xym-kw {]-I-S-am- Iw D-≠m-°n-bm-epw A-Xv A-[n-
Iw sN-e-hm-In-√. sI-´n-°n-S-°p-
Wv. H-∂v ap-X-em-fn- ∂ N-c-°v ap-X-em-fn-Øw B-{K-
Ø-km-aq-ly hy-h- ln-°m-Ø-Xm-Wv. Im-c-Ww em-`w
ÿ, c- ≠ v tkm- j y- Ip-d-bpw. em-`w Ip-d-bp-tºmƒ ap-
en-Ãv km-aq-ly-hy-h- Xm-fn-Øw {]-Xn-k-‘n-bn-em-hpw.
ÿ. tkm-jy-en-kw D¬-]m-Z-\w Iq-Sp-tºm-gm-Wv ap-X-
\n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-en-cn- em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚ {]-Xn-k-‘n B-
cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv F-∂-Xm-Wv ap-X-em-
°p-∂ cm-Py-ß-fpw fn-Ø-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈ am¿-Iv-kn-
ap-X-em-fn-Ø-cm-Py- s‚ G-‰-hpw {]-k-‡-am-b \n-co-
ß- f pw F- ß - s \- £-Ww. km-[m-c-W-°m¿ D¬-]m-
bm- W v tIm- h n- U n- Z-\w Iq-Sp-tºmƒ k-t¥m-jn-
s\ ssI- s sI- c yw °pw. F-∂m¬ ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-
sN-øp-∂-sX-∂v \v D¬-]m-Z\w -Iq-Sp-tºmƒ {]-Xn-
k-‘n-bm-hpw. B-tcm-Ky hy-h-
A¿-∞-im-kv-{X-]-c- km-b-Øn¬ sh‚n-te-‰¿ F-∂-
am- b n X- s ∂ c- ≠ v Xv H-cp N-c-°v am-{X-am-Wv. F-{X-
hy-h-ÿ-I-fp-sS hy- t]-sc c-£n-°m≥ I-gn-bpw F-∂-
Xy-kv-X-X-sb Xp-d- Xv ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚ Nn-¥-b-
∂p- I m- W n- ° p- ∂ - √, F-{X em-`w e-`n-°p-sa-∂-Xm-
Xm-Wv. Wv A-h-cp-sS Nn-¥. hm-ßm≥ I-
gn-hn-√m-Ø a-\p-jy-¿ a-cn-®p-t]m-
hp-∂-Xv \-√-Xm-Wv F-∂-Xm-Wv
°-em-Wv C-Xn-s‚ e-£yw. ap-X-em-fn-Ø-Øn-s‚ Im-gv-N-∏m-Sv.
A-ta-cn-° hn-I-kn-X-am- aq-e-[-\-Xm¬-]-cy-ß-fm-Wv C-Ø-
b ap-X-em-fn-Ø cm-Py-am-Wv. F- cw cm-Py-ß-fn¬ B-tcm-Ky-ta-J-
∂m¬ F-¥p-sIm-≠v A-ta-cn-°- e-sb \-bn-°p-∂-Xv F-∂v Np-cp-
bv-°v tIm-hn-Un-s\ {]-Xn-tcm-[n- °w.
°m≥ I-gn-™n-√ F-∂-Xv ]-cn- H-cp hy-‡n-°v B-h-iy-am-b
tim-[n-°-s∏-S-Ww. tem-I-Øv G- A-Xym-[p-In Nn-In-’m ku-I-cy-
‰-hp-a-[n-Iw tIm-hn-Uv tcm-Kn-I-fp- ߃ A-ta-cn-° t]m-ep-≈ hn-I-
≈, G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw tIm-hn-Uv a-c- kn-X cm-Py-ß-fn-ep-≠v. A-Xn-\v
W-ß-fp-≈ cm-Py-am-bn A-ta-cn- B-h-iy-am-b ]-Ww ap-S-°m≥
° am-dn-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. F-¥p- ti-jn-bp-≈-h¿-°v am-{X-am-bn A-
Xv A-hn-sS ]-cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-
´n-cn-°p-∂p. F-∂m¬ C-Ø-cw cm-
Py-ß-fn¬ F-¥p-sIm-≠v hm-Iv-
kn≥ I-≠p-]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√ F-
∂ tNm-Zyw {]-k-‡-am-Wv. ]-I¿-
®-hym-[n-Iƒ H-cp ]-cn-[n-h-sc ]-
S¿-∂p-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ a-\p-jy-\n¬
kz-bw {]-Xn-tcm-[ i-‡n-ssI-h-
cpw. ]n-s∂ hm-Ik -v n≥ sN-eh - g- n-
°-s∏-Sm-sX-hc - pw. AX-\m¬ ap-
X¬-ap-S°- t-v ]m-epw Xn-cn-®p-]n-Sn-
°m≥ I-gn-s™-∂p-hc - n-√
F∂XmWv apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚
ImgvN-∏m-Sv.
tkm-jy-en-kw C-Xn-s\ ]-cn-
K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv a-s‰m-cp cq-]-Øn-
em-Wv. A-Xv hy-‡n-I-sf A-Sn-
ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-√. k-aq-l-Øn-
s‚ s]m-Xp-hm-b Xm¬-]-cy-sØ-
bm-Wv e-£ywsh-°p-∂-Xv. a-
lm-am-cn F-ß-s\ ]-S-cm-sX \n-
b-{¥n-°p-sa-∂p-≈-Xv C-hn-sS H-
cp k-aq-ly-{]-iv-\-am-Wv. B-tKm-
f-h¬-°-c-W-Øn-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-
en-b C-c km-[m-c-W-°m-cm-Wv.
A-k-a-Xz-Øn-s‚ A-Xn-Xo-{h-am-
b hym-]-\-am-Wv B-tKm-f-h¬-°-
c-W-Øn-s‚ {]-tXy-I-X. C-√m-
Ø-h≥ {]-Xn-Zn-\w Z-cn-{Z-cm-°-s∏-
Sp-∂p, D-≈-h≥ ho-≠pw ho-≠pw
k-º-∂-\m-Ip-∂p. H-cp `m-K-Øv
k-º-Øv Ip-∂p-Iq-Sp-tºmƒ a-dp-
`m-K-Øv P-\w ]-´n-Wn-In-S-∂v a-cn-
°p-∂p. A-k-a-Xz-Øn-s‚ C-c-I-
fm-Wv tIm-hn-Uv Im-e-Øv G-‰-hp-
a-[n-Iw Zp-cn-X-a-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.
C-¥y-bn¬ 91 ap-X¬ \-S-∏n-em-
°n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ km-º-Øn-
I \-b-߃ kr-jv-Sn-®-Xv A-k-a-
Xz-Øn-s‚ A-X-Xo-{h-am-b hym-]-
\-am-Wv. cm-Py-Øn-s‚ 57 i-X-am-
\w k-º-Øpw G-Xm-\pw i-X-
tIm-So-iz-c-∑m-cp-sS ssI-I-I-fn¬
tI-{μo-I-cn-®p. 14 tIm-Sn P-\-ß-
fm-Wv cm-Py-Øv Ip-Sn-tb-‰-sXm-gn-
em-fn-I-fm-bp-≈-Xv. Cu A-k-a-
Xzw Ip-td-°q-Sn Xo-{h-am-°p-I-bm-
Wv tIm-hn-Uv. tN-cn-I-fn-se Ip-Sn-
ep-I-fn¬ F-ß-s\-bm-Wv ]-I¿-
®-hym-[n-s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈ ap≥-I-cp-
X-se-Sp-°m-\m-hp-I?. F-ß-s\-
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 23
bm-Wv km-aq-ln-I A-I-ew ]m-en-
°p-I? Ip-Sn-°m≥ sh-≈-an-√m-
Ø-h¿ F-{X X-h-W ssI-I-gp-
Ipw? km-\n-ss‰-k¿ th-tWm, `-
£-Ww th-tWm F-∂ tNm-Zy-
sØ A-`n-ap-Jo-Ic - n-°p-tºmƒ F-
ß-s\-bm-Wv tIm-hn-Un-s\ {]-Xn-
tcm-[n-°p-I? C-¥y-bn¬ a-lm-`q-
cn-]£
- h - pw C-ßs - \-bm-Wv.
A-ta-cn-°b - n¬ sXm-gn-en-√m-Xm-°-
s∏-´h- c
- n¬ sh-≈° - m-tc-°mƒ
Iq-Sp-Xe- m-Wv I-dp-Øh - w-iP
- ¿. A-
Xp-t]m-se C-¥y-bn-epw sXm-
gn¬ \-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂ sXm-gn-em-fn-I-
fp-sS F-Æ-Øn¬ a-lm-`q-cn-]-£-
hpw Z-fn-X-cpw ]n-t∂m-°-°m-cpw
]m¿-iz¬-°-cn-°-s∏-´-h-cp-am-Wv.
tImhnUv ImeØpw A-ka-- -Xzw
h-√m-sX hym-]n-°p-∂p.
Ip-Ø-I-I-fp-sS tI-{μo-I-c-W-
Øn-te-°pw tIm-hn-Uv Im-ew h-
gn-sbm-cp-°p-∂p. C-°m-e-Øv hn-
t\m-Zw G-‰-hpw {]-t[m-\-s∏-´ hy-
h-km-b-am-Wv. A-Xp-am-bn _-‘-
s∏-´ D-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS-bpw I-
≠‚p-I-fp-sS-bpw- \n¿-Ωm-W-hpw
a-‰pw h-en-b Ip-Ø-I-I-fp-sS
ssI-h-i-am-Wv. tIm-hn-Uv Im-e-
Øv Ip-d-®p-t]¿-°v h¿-°v A-‰v
24 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
tlmw t]m-ep-≈ co-Xn-I-fn¬
sXm-hn¬ e-`n-°p-tºmƒ sXm-gn-
em-fn-I-fn¬-Ø-s∂ \-s√m-cp hn-
`m-K-hpw sXm-gn¬-c-ln-X-cm-bn am-
dp-∂p. A-\p-`-hw A-Sn-ÿm-\-am-
°n-bm¬ sXm-gn-em-fn-bp-sS i-cn-
bm-b \n¿-h-N-\w tPm-en-bp-≈n-S-
tØm-fw-Im-ew Po-hn-X-ap-≈-h¿
F-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv. A-[zm-\ i-‡n
hn-‰p-In-´p-∂ Iq-en-sIm-≠v Po-hn-
°p-∂-h-\m-Wv sXm-gn-em-fn. a-dp-
h-i-Øv [-\-aq-e-[-\-Øn-\v A-\p-
Kp-W-am-bn sXm-gn¬ \n-b-a-߃
am-‰n-sb-gp-Xp-I-bm-Wv. sXm-gn¬
\n-b-a-߃ am-‰n-sb-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-eq-
sS sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS B-h-iym-
[z-m\-Øn-s‚ k-a-bw Np-cp-°n an-
®m-[zm-\-Øn-s‚ k-a-bw h¿-[n-∏n-
°p-∂p. F-´v a-Wn-°q¿ tPm-en
F-∂p-≈-Xv F-{X-tbm Im-e-sØ
k-a-c-Øn-s‚ D¬-]-∂-am-Wv. C-
t∏m A-Xv am-dn. 12 a-Wn-°q-tdm
th-W-sa-¶n¬ 24 a-Wn-°q-tdm
tPm-en F-Sp-∏n-°mw. Iq-Sp-X¬
Iq-Sp-X¬ sXm-gn-em-fn-sb Nq-j-
Ww sN-øp-∂p. A-Xn-\v tIm-hn-
Uv Im-e-sØ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
Øm-\m-Wv ap-X-em-fn-Øw {i-an-
®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-K-sa-Sp-Øm¬
hn-I-kn-X cm-Py-ß-fn¬ tIm-hn-
Uv Im-e-Øv 86 i-X-am-\w ss{]-
a-dn- ¢m-kp-I-fn-se Ip-´n-Iƒ-°pw
Hm¨-sse≥ hn-Zym-`ym-kw e-`n-
°p-∂n-√ F-∂m-Wv I-W-°v. hn-
I-kn-X cm-Py-ß-fn¬ A-Xv 26 i-
X-am-\-am-Wv. Cu Un-Pn-‰¬ Un-
ssh-Uv tIm-hn-Um-\-¥-c Im-e-
L-´-Øn¬ ap-X-em-fn-Øw kr-jv-
Sn-°p-∂ a-s‰m-cp {]-iv-\-am-Wv. hn-
Zym-`ym-kw hy-h-km-b-am-bn A-
h¿ Im-Wp-∂p, hy-h-km-b-Øn¬
]¿-t®-knw-Kv ]-h¿ D-≈-h-sc am-
{X-ta Xr-]v-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ I-gn-
bp-I-bp-≈p. C-Ø-c-Øn¬ k-º-
Øn-s‚ tI-{μo-I-c-Ww, A-k-a-
Xz-Øn-s‚ ]p-Xn-b cq-]-Øn-ep-≈
i-‡n-s∏-S-ep-I-fpw D-≠m-hp-
tºmƒ-X-s∂ F-√m-h¿-°pw hn-
Zym-`ym-kw t]m-ep-≈ Im-cy-ß-
fpw A-´n-a-dn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-sh-∂p-ap-
≈-Xm-Wv tIm-hn-Um-\-¥-c Im-e-
Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\ {]-iv-\w. $
 sIm´mc°c Xmeq°v FbnUUv
k-vIqƒ Sot®gvkv klIcWkwLw
Q.No.1027
sIm´mc°c ]n.H, t^m¨ 0474˛2452528

hnhn[ \nt£], ]mbv]m ]≤-Xn-Iƒ

^nIvkUv sUt∏m-kn‰v
tkhnwKvkv _m¶v A°u≠v
dn°-dnwKv sUt∏m-kn‰v
kzbw h¿[\ Unt∏m-kn‰v
5 e£w cq] hsc hmbv]
hnhn[ Xcw Nn´n-Iƒ

FbnUUv Poh\°mcpsS Pn√bnse

G‰hpw henb klIcWÿm]\w

hn.Fkv.ss_k¬ sP sI \μ-Ip-am¿ hn.a[pkqZ≥]n≈

{]knU‚v sshkv {]knU‚v sk{I´dn
9495189585 9447054481 9495267778

2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 25
 37

a-dp-hm-b\
tUm. ]n ]n {]-Im-i≥
medhaprakashan@gmail.com
Xm≥ \n¿- Ω n- ® I- S - e m- k p- ] q-
°ƒ-°v Xm≥ D-t±-in-® cq-]w
h-cm-Xn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, \m-emw X-c-
Øn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂ ap-lΩ - Z- v ^m-
bn-kv F-∂ Ip-´n X-s‚ Im-Wn-
Iƒ-°v ap-∂n¬ \-S-Øn-b k-
Xy-{]-kv-Xm-h-\-bm-Wn-Xv. Ip-´n-
I-f-ß-s\-bm-Wv. A-h¿ `m-j-
bp-sS ssZ-h-ß-fm-Wv. B-Zym-
£-c-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v hm-°p-I-fpw
hm- ° p- I - f n¬- \ n- ∂ v `m- j - b pw
kz-bw \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-X-h-cm-Wv.
ap≥ hn-[n-bp-sS I-d-ho-gm-Ø
hm-°p-Iƒ A-hc- n¬-\n-∂pw ]p-
d-s∏-´p-h-cpw. C-ß-s\ ]p-d-s∏-
´p-h-cp-∂ Hm-tcm hm-°p-Iƒ-
°pw \n-jv-I-f-¶-X-bp-sS Nn-d-
Ip-≠m-Ipw. A-Xv ]-d-∂v ]-d-∂v
Nn- e - t ∏mƒ B- I m- i - Ø n- s ‚
A-Xn-cp-Iƒ t`-Zn-°pw.

Zo¿-L-Z¿-i-\w sN-øp-∂-h¿....
tem-c-Xv d-Un-bm-hpw

"sN sN-tem-c-Xv d-Un-bm-hq-√

F‚-Xv d-Un-bm-‰n-√,
A-bn-ev R-Ω-°v H-cp sIm-b-∏q-√..'

Xm≥ \n¿-Ωn-® I-S-em-kp-]q-°ƒ-°v Xm≥

D-t±-in-® cq-]w h-cm-Xn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, \m-emw X-c-
Øn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂ ap-l-Ω-Zv ^m-bn-kv F-∂ Ip-
´n X-s‚ Im-Wn-Iƒ-°v ap-∂n¬ \-S-Øn-b k-
Xy-{]-kv-Xm-h-\-bm-Wn-Xv. Ip-´n-I-f-ß-s\-bm-
Wv. A-h¿ `m-j-bp-sS ssZ-h-ß-fm-Wv. B-Zym-
£-c-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v hm-°p-I-fpw hm-°p-I-fn¬-
ap-l-Ω-Zv ^m-bn-kv
26 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
\n-∂v `m-j-bpw kz-bw \n¿-Ωn-
°p-∂-X-h-cm-Wv. ap≥ hn-[n-bp-sS
I-d-ho-gm-Ø hm-°p-Iƒ A-h-
cn¬-\n-∂pw ]p-d-s∏-´p-h-cpw. C-
ß-s\ ]p-d-s∏-´p-h-cp-∂ Hm-tcm
hm-°p-Iƒ-°pw \n-jv-I-f-¶-X-bp-
sS Nn-d-Ip-≠m-Ipw. A-Xv ]-d-∂v
]-d-∂v Nn-e-t∏mƒ B-Im-i-Øn-
s‚ A-Xn-cp-Iƒ t`-Zn-°pw. A-
Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv A-h-sc hm-°p-
Iƒ Iq-´n-s®m-√m≥ h-sø-¶n-epw
"ssZ-h-⁄-c-t√m \n-߃' F-∂v
H-cp I-hn Im-®n-°p-dp-°n hn-fn-®-
Xv.
ap-l-Ω-Zv ^m-bn-kn-s‚ hm-
°p-Iƒ tkm-jy¬ ao-Un-b-bv-
°-I-Øpw ]p-d-Øpw h-f-sc th-
Kw H-cp X-cw-K-am-bn am-dn-b-Xn-\p
]-e-Im-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. A-h-s‚ A-
h-X-c-W-co-Xn-bn-se \n-jv-I-f-¶-X-
bm-W-Xn-sem-∂v. H-cp ]-cn-{i-a-
Øn-\p ap-∂n-´n-d-ßn, A-Xv ]-cm-P-
b-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ, "F‚-Xv d-Un-bm-
‰n-√'F-∂ G-‰p-]-d-®n¬ H-cp A-
km-[m-c-W-am-b hm-Iy-am-Ip-∂-X-
ß-s\-bm-Wv. km-[m-c-W-Po-hn-X-
Øn¬ \-Ω-f-{X-sbm-∂pw C-„-s∏-
Sp-∂ H-cp hm-Iy-a-√ C-Xv. ap-b-en-
s\ I-≠n-´n-s√-¶n¬-t∏m-epw
"Xm≥ ]n-Sn-® ap-b-en-\p sIm-ºv
aq-∂v' F-∂ A-l-¥ ap-J-ap-{Z-bm-
°n-b H-cp k-aq-l-Øn¬ \-Ωƒ
\n-›-b-am-bpw ]-d-™p ]Tn-t°-
≠ H-cp hm-Iy-am-W-Xv. "F‚-Xv d-
Un-bm-‰n-√" F-∂ Xp-d-∂p-]-d-®n-
en¬ "a-‰v ]-e-cp-tS-Xpw d-Un-bm-
bn-´p-≠m-Imw' F-∂ Xn-cn-®-dn-hm-
Wp-≈-Xv. "F‚-Xv d-Un-bm-bn-´n-
s√-¶n¬ a-‰m-cp-sS-bpw d-Un-bm-h-
cp-Xv' F-∂ \-S-∏v [m-c-W-sb A-
Xv \n¿-±-bw a-dn-®n-Sp-∂p-≠v. d-Un-
bm-Ip-I F-∂-Xn-\p t\-sc-bm-Ip-
I, i-cn-bm-Ip-I F-s∂-√m-ap-≈
A¿-∞-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. Rm≥ am-
{Xw i-cn F-∂ A-lw-t_m-[-
sØ-bpw Rm-s\m-gn-sI a-‰m-cpw
i-cn-b-√ F-∂ ap≥ hn-[n-sb-bpw
Xn-cp-Øp-∂-tXm-sSm-∏w, i-cn-Iƒ
H-cp-]m-Sp-s≠-∂ Xn-cn-®-dn-hn-te-
°pw Cu hm-Iyw hn-I-kn-°p-∂p-
≠v. H-cp i-cn am-{X-ta-bp-≈q F-
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 27
∂ a-Xm-fl-I-bp-‡n-sb-bm-Wv bn¬-\n-∂pw ^m-bn-kn-te-°v
A-Xv A-dn-bm-sX \n-cm-I-cn-°p- A-[n-Iw Zq-c-an-√m-Ø-Xp-
∂-Xv. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ P-\m-[n- sIm-≠m-Wv "F‚-Xv d-Un-
]-Xy-t_m-[-Øn-te-°p-≈ B- bm-‰n-√' F-∂v ^m-bn-kn-\v
Zy ]-S-hm-W-Xv. \n-jv-I-f-¶-am-bn k-Ω-Xn-°m-
`q-cn-]-£-Øn-\pw A-]-cn-Nn- \m-Ip-∂-Xv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v-X-
X-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂ H-cp s∂-bm-Wv "ssZ-h-⁄¿' F-
B-i-bw A-tß-b-‰w e-fn-X-am-
bn H-cp Ip-´n-bn¬-\n-∂v tI-´-
t∏m-gm-Wv A-Xv ap-Xn¿-∂-h-cp-sS
A¬-`p-X-am-bn am-dn-b-Xv. G-‰-
hpw km-[m-c-W-am-b hm-°p-Iƒ
t]m-epw Nn-e L-´-ß-fn¬ A-
km-[-c-W-am-bn am-dp-∂ `m-j-bp-
sS H-cp sI-an-kv-{Sn C-Xn¬ {]-
h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. "A-k-Xyw
]-d-™m¬ B¿-s°-¶n-epw Kp-
W-ap-≠m-Ip-sa-¶n¬, Rm≥ A-
k-Xyw am-{Xw ]-d-t™-t\' F-
∂v A-tß-b-‰w e-fn-X-am-bn ]-d-
™p-sIm-≠m-Wv Km-‘n k-
Xyw F-∂ B-i-b-sØ H-cp
{]m-tbm-Kn-I Po-hn-X-Z¿-i-\-am-
bn hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. k-Xyw
F-∂-Xv Km-‘n-Pn-bv-°v F-s∂-
¶n-epw ssI-h-cn-°m-\m-Ip-∂ H-
cp Im-ev-]-\n-I-am-b B-i-b-am-
bn-cp-∂n-√. a-\p-jy-\v \n-Xy-Po-
hn-X-Øn¬ kz-ÿ-X-bpw k-am-
[m-\-hpw X-cp-∂ H-cp {]m-tbm-
Kn-I aq-ey-t_m-[-am-Wv. A-Xp-
sIm-≠m-Wv Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Kp-
W-ap-≠m-Im≥ th-≠n-am-{X-am-
Wv \mw k-Xyw ]-d-tb-≠-Xpw
A-k-Xyw ]-d-bm-Xn-cn-t°-≠-
Xpw F-∂v Km-‘n A-tß-b-‰w
e-fn-X-am-bn ]-d-™p-sh-bv-°p-
∂-Xv. "Po-hn-X-bm-{X-bn¬ k- ∑m¿. kz-¥w t_m-[y-ß-sf A- ∂ I-hn-I-ev-]-\-bv-°v Ip-´n-Iƒ
Xyw sN-°p-_p-°n-t\-°mƒ hn- ]-I-S-I-c-am-b \n-jv-I-f-¶-X-tbm- A¿-l-cm-Ip-∂-Xpw.
e-s∏-´-Xm-sW"∂v hn.Sn.`-´-Xn-cn- sS hn-fn-®p-]-d-bp-∂-h-cm-W-h¿. "F‚-Xv d-Un-bm-‰n-√' F-∂
∏m-Sv B-fl-I-Y-bn¬ Hm¿-Ωn-∏n- C-Xv X-s∂-bm-Wv H-c¿-∞-Øn¬ Im-cy-sØ kz-bw Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-
°p-∂-Xpw A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. D- Ip-´n-I-fpw sN-øp-∂-Xv. Xp-Wn-bp- \pw a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v ap-∂n¬ ÿm-
≈n-se B-i-b-߃-°v sX-fn-®- Sp-°m-sX \-S-°p-∂ cm-Pm-hn-s\- ]n-°m-\pw ^m-bn-kv \n-c-Øp-∂
ap-≠m-Ip-tºm-gm-Wv {]-tbm-Kn- °-≠v ap-Xn¿-∂-h-sc-√mw "F-¥v Im-c-W-am-Wv "sN-tem-c-Xv d-Un-
°p-∂ `m-j-bv-°pw sX-fn-®-ap- a-t\m-l-c-am-b D-S-bm-S!' F-∂v I- bm-Ipw, sN-tem-c-Xv d-Un-bm-In-
≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. D-≈n-se A-lw- ≈w ]-d-™-t∏mƒ, "A-√, cm- √'F-∂ hm-Iyw. Cu Im-c-W-
t_m-[-sØ Ip-S-s™-dn-™v Pm-hv \-Kv-\-\m-Wv' F-∂v D-d-s° Øn-s‚ _-e-Øn-em-Wv B Im-
A-h-\-h-\n-ep-≈ hn-izm-k-sØ hn-fn-®p-]-d-™ B Ip-´n a-lm- cy-Øn-s‚ \n-ev-]v F-∂¿-∞w.
km-aq-ly-t_m-[-Øn-te-°v hn-f- \m-Ip-∂-Xv A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. h- Im-c-W-ß-sf-t∏m-gpw \-Ωp-sS Xn-
°n-t®¿-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv a-lm- gn-h-°n¬ \n¬-°p-∂ B Ip-´n- cn-®-dn-hp Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. C-hn-sS,

28 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
"sN-tem-c-Xv d-Un-bm-Ipw, sN-
tem-c-Xv" d-Un-bm-In-√' F-∂-Xv
Cu Ip-™p-{]m-b-Øn¬-Ø-s∂-
bp-≈ ^m-bn-kn-s‚ Xn-cn-®-dn-hm-
Wv. B Xn-cn-®-dn-hn¬ \n-∂m-Wv,
"F‚-Xv d-Un-bm-Im-Ø-Xv F-s‚
am-{Xw Ip-‰w sIm-≠-√' F-∂
t_m-[y-Øn-te-°v A-h≥ h-f-
cp-∂-Xv. hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬, Ip-´n-
Iƒ am-{X-a-√ F-√m a-\p-jy-
cpw F-Øn-t®-tc-≠ t_m-[y-
am-Wn-Xv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v-X-s∂
C-sXm-cp Ku-c-h-am-b hn-Zym-
`ym-k {]-iv-\w Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Hm-
tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw kz-bw Xn-cn-®-
dn-hp-≠m-Im≥ A-h-iyw th-
≠-Xv, Im-cy-Im-c-W-_-‘-
tØm-sS (cause effect relation)
A-h-c-h-sc-Ø-s∂ hn-e-bn-cp-
Øm-\p-≈ ti-jn-bm-Wv. "Xm-
\m-cm-sW-∂v X-\n-°-dn-bn-s√-
¶n¬ Xm≥ F-t∂m-Sv tNm-Zn-
°q Xm-\m-cm-sW-∂v" F-∂v H-
cp kn-\n-a-bn¬ Ip-Xn-c-h-´w ]-∏p
]-d-bp-∂p-≠v. A-Xv "X-t∂m-Sv
tNm-Zn-°q' F-∂v Xn-cp-Øn-bm¬
A-Xn-sem-cp hn-Zym-`ym-k a-\:im-
kv-{Xw {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Xm-
\m-cm-sW-∂v kz-bw tNm-Zn-®p-d-∏n-
®-h¿-t° a-‰p-≈-h-tcm-Sv \n¿-`-b-
am-bn tNm-Zy-߃ tNm-Zn-°m-\m-
Iq. A-s√-¶n¬ a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v t\-
sc tNm-Zn-°p-∂ tNm-Zy-߃
A-h-c-h-cn-te-°v X-s∂ Xn-cn-
®p-h-cpw. Cu kz-bw tNm-Zy-
߃-°v ]Tn-Xm-°-sf {]m-]v-
X-cm-°p-∂-Xv A-h-c-h¿-°p-
≈n¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ Im-cy-
Im-c-W-_-‘-ß-fm-Wv. C-
Xn¬-\n-∂m-Wv tNm-Zy-߃
tNm-Zn-°m-\p-≈ \n¿-`-b-Xzw
A-h¿-°v e-`n-°p-∂-Xv. Im-cy-
Im-c-W-_-‘-ß-fn-√m-Ø
tNm-Zy-߃ A-hn-th-I-hpw
]-cn-lm-ky-hp-am-Ipw. A-[ym-
]-I¿ Ip-´n-I-fn¬ D-d-∏n-s®-
Sp-t°-≠-Xv Cu Nn-¥m-{]-
{In-b-bm-Wv. A-Xn-\v B-Zyw
A-[ym-]-I-cp-sS D-≈n-epw C-
Xp-≠m-I-Ww. Ir-Xy-am-b
Im-cy-Im-c-W-_-‘-tØm-sS
"F‚-Xv d-Un-bm-‰n-√' F-∂
Xn-cn-®-dn-hn¬ F-Øn-b-t∏m-
gm-Wv ^m-bn-kv "A-bn-ev R-
Ω-°v H-cp sIm-b-∏q-√' F-∂
kz-bw k-am-[m-\-Øn-se-Øn-
t®¿-∂-Xv. C-sXm-cp sN-dn-b
Xn-cn-®-dn-h-√. H-∂-√, \q-dv I-S-
em-kp ]q-°ƒ \n¿-Ωn-°m-\p-
≈ I-cp-Øv A-Xn-ep-≠v. ho-
≠pw ho-≠pw ]-cn-{i-an-°m-\p-
≈ B-fl-hn-izm-k-ap-≠v. H-
∂n¬-\n-∂v X-I¿-∂p t]m-Ip-
∂-X-√ Po-hn-X-sa-∂pw Xp-S¿-
®-I-fn-te-°v I-cp-Xn-sh-bv-°m-
\p-≈-Xm-W-sX-∂pw ^m-bn-
kv \-Ω-sf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.
kq-£v-a-am-bn t\m-°n-bm¬,
^m-bn-kv hn-c¬ Nq-≠p-∂-Xv
\-Ωp-sS H-tcm-cp-Ø-cp-sS-bpw
D-≈n-se Xm≥-{]-am-Wn-Ø-
Øn-\p t\-sc-bm-Wv. "A-bn-ev
R-Ω-s°m-cp sIm-b-∏q-√' F-
∂-Xv \-Ω-f-dn-bm-sX \-tΩm-
tfm-tcm-cp-Ø-sc-bpw k-am-
[m-\n-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. C-\n-bpw
]-cn-{i-an-°mw F-∂v _-e-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. sh-dp-sX-b-
√ \-Ωƒ ap-l-Ω-Zv ^m-bn-kv
F-∂ \m-emw-Iv-fm-kp-Im-sc-
s\ C-ß-s\ B-tLm-jn-°p-
∂-Xv. $
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 29
 tZ-io-b hn-Zym-`ym-k \-bw
tX≥ ]pc-´nb hnjw
tX \n-sem-fn-∏n® am-cI
b {]-l-c-ti-jn-bp-≈
hnjw F∂v ]pXnb
tZ-io-b hn-Zym-`ym-k \-b-sØ H‰-
hm-°n¬ hn-ti-jn-∏n-°mw. a-X-\n-
- a- m-
c-t]-£-X Dƒ-s∏-sS-bp-≈ `-c-W-
L-S-\m aq-ey-ßsf ]p-d-Øp-\n¿-
Øn [m¿-Ωn-Ia - q-ey-ßs
- f hn-Zym-`ym-
k-Øns‚ tI-{μ ÿm-\-Øv {]-
Xn-jvTn-®v X-ß-fp-sS Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-ep-
≈ H-cp ln-μp-Xzcmjv{Sw ÿm-]n-
°m-\p-≈ hn-j-en]vX-am-b Im-gv-N-
∏m-Sns‚ {]-I-Sn-X cq-]-am-Wv tI-
{μ k¿-°m¿ Aw-Ko-I-cn-® hn-Zym-
`ym-k \-bw.
hn-i-Z-am-b N¿-®-Iƒ-°pw kw-
hm-Z-߃-°pw ti-j-am-Wv Cu \-
bw ]p-d-Øn-d-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv F-∂m-
Wv Cu hn-Zym-`ym-k-\-bw ]pd-Øn-
d-°n-s°m≠v tI-{μ am-\-h hn-`-
hti-jn hn-I-k-\ a-{¥n c-ta-iv
s]m-{In-bm¬ ]-d-™-Xv. F-∂m¬
N¿-®-Iƒ-°pw A-`n-{]m-bw {]-I-Sn-
∏n-°m\pw A-h-k-cw\¬-In F-∂p
h-cp-Øp-I-bpw cm-Py-sØ-ºm-Sp-ap-
≈ hn-Zym-`ym-k {]-h¿-Ø-I-cpw hn-
30 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
Zym-`ym-k ÿm-]-\-ß-fpw hn-hn-[
kw-ÿm-\-ß-fpw \¬-In-b e-£-
°-W-°n-\v h-cp-∂ A-`n-{]m-b-ß-
sfm- ∂ pw ap- J - h n- e - s °- S p- ° m≥
Ch¿ Xøm- d m- h m- X n- c n- ° p- I bpw
sNbvXp. hn-Zym-`ym-kw cm-Py-Øv `m-
hn-bn¬ F-ß-s\-bm-I-W-sa-∂pw
A-Xp-h-gn cm-Py-Øns‚ `m-hn F-
ßn-s\ ]-Sp-Øp-b¿-ØmWw F-
∂pw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂Xm-h-Ww hn-
Zym-`ym-k \-b-tc-J. Cu tIm-hn-
Uv Im- e - s Ø a- d - b m- ° n cm- P y-
Øns‚ ]-c-tam-∂X \n-b-a-\n¿-am-
W k-`-bm-b ]m¿-e-sa≥-dn¬ t]m-
epw N¿-®-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-Im-sX
B¿-Fk - vF
- k
- v \-bn-°p-∂ _n-sP-
]n k¿-°m¿ h-f-sc [r-Xn-]n-Sn-
®mWv C-Ø-c-sam-cp \-b-tc-J ]p-
d-Øphn-´-Xv. cm-Py-sØ hn-Zym-`ym-
kw kw-_-‘n-® H-cp \-bw kzo-I-
cn-°p-tºmƒ ]m-en-t°-≠ am-Xr-I-
Iƒ H-∂pw CXn¬ ]m-en-®n-´n-√.
1968 se hn-Zym-`ym-k \-bhpw 1986
se c-≠m-a-sØ hn-Zym-`ym-k \-b-
hpw A-Xv ]-cn-jv-I-cn-®v 1992 h-∂
hn-Zym-`ym-k \-b-hpw F-s¥-¥v B-
sI kn l-cn-Ir-jv-W≥
i-b-ß-fm-Wv ap-t∂m-´p-h-®n-´p-≈-Xv
F-∂pw, C-∂pw A-h F-{X-am-{Xw
^-e-{]-Z-am-bn, C-s√-¶n¬ F-¥p-
sIm-≠,v ho-gv-N-Iƒ F-s¥m-s°,
Im-cW - °- m¿ B-scm-s°, C-\n F-
s¥m-s° sN-ø-Ww, CXn¬ k¿-
°m-cns‚ ]-¶v F-¥v F-s∂m-s°
\-b-Øn¬ hy-‡-am-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.
Cu tc-J-bn¬ CsXm∂pw ]-cm-a¿-
in-°p-I t]m-epw sN-bv-Xn-´n-√ F-
∂Xv t_m-[-]q¿-Δ-am-Wv.
\-Ωp-sS cm-Pyw kzm-X{- ¥yw t\-
Sn-bn-´v 72 h¿-jw ]n-∂n-Sp-tºm-gpw
30 tIm-Sn-bn-te-sd t]¿ \n-c-£-c-
cm- W v F- ∂ bm- Y m¿- ∞ yw Cu
\bw a-d® - psh-°p-∂p. hn-Zym-`ym-k
A-h-Im-i \n-b-aw \-S-∏n-em-°n 11
h¿-jw ]q¿-Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ B-
dv tIm-Sn-bn-te-sd Ip-´n-Iƒ hn-Zym-
`ym-k A-h-Im-i \n-b-a-Øn-\v ]-
cn-[n-bn¬ h-cp-∂n-√ F-∂ k-Xyw
\n-e\- n¬-s° c-≠p tIm-Sn-bn-te-sd
Ip-´n-Iƒ hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn¬ F-Øn-
t®-cp-∂n-√ F-∂m-Wv tc-Jb - n¬ hy-
‡- a m- ° p- ∂ - X v . hn- Z ym- ` ym- k -
Øns‚ {]-Y-a-hpw {]-[m-\-hp-am-b
I-S-a \-Ωp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS
A-¥-k-Øbv°-\p-k-cn-®v ]u-c-
k-aq-l-sØ h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°em-
Wv. A-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v ]mTy-]-≤-Xn
cq-]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw A-Xp-h-gn H-
cp k-aq-l-Øn-\v B-h-iy-am-b I-
gn-hp-Iƒ tijn-Iƒ, i-cn-bm-b \n-
e-]m-Sp-Iƒ, aq-ey-t_m-[-߃ F-
∂n-h h-f¿-Øn-sb-Sp-°p-I-bpw sN-
øp-I F-∂X - mWvv. Cu tc-Jb - n¬
C-Xv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ `m-K-Øv do-
ing what is right F∂v tN¿-Øp-
sIm-≠v C-¥y-bp-sS aq-ey-t_m-[-
sØ Ip-dn-®v \b-tcJ hy-‡-am-
°p-∂p-≠v. tk-h-\w, A-lnw-k,
kz-—-X, k-Xy, \n-jv-I¿a, im-¥n,
ssh-hn-[yw, acym-Z, £a Xp-S-ßn-
b Im-cy-ß-sf-√mw {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-
∂p-s≠-¶n-epw t_m[]q¿-Δw `-c-
W-L-S-\-bp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\ X-Xz-
߃ B-b ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw, ÿn-
Xn-k-a-Xzw, a-X-\n-c-t]-£-X, P-\m-
[n-]-Xyw F-∂n-h H-gn-hm-°n-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. hn-Zym-`ym-k\ - b - w `-cW
- L- -
S-\m X-Xz-ßtfm-Sv \o-Xn ]p-e¿-
Øp-∂n-√ F-∂v C-Xp-h-gn hm-bn-
s®-Sp-°m≥ I-gn-bpw. ÿn-Xn-k-a-
Xzw (tkm-jy-en-kw) a-X-\n-c-t]-
£-X F-∂o ]-Z-߃ A-h¿ D-]-
tbm-Kn-®p t]m-ep-an-√. B¿-F-kv-
F-kn-s\ A-Sn-ÿm-\ {]-am-W-am-
b hn-Nm-c-[m-c-bn¬ ]d-bp∂ cm-
{„ k-¶-ev-]-Øn¬ C-Ø-c-sam-cp
e-£y-ta C-√ F-∂ Imcyw Iq-Sn
Iq-´nhm-bn-®m¬ \-b-tc-J X-øm-dm-
°n-b-Xv F-hn-sS-\n-∂m-Wv F-∂v
t_m-[y-s∏-Sm≥ Zq-sc-sb-ßpw t]m-
tI-≠-Xn-√. A-Xp-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-
bm-Wv kw-L-]-cn-hm¿ kw-L-S-\
Cu hn-Zym-`ym-k \-b-Øn-se ]n-
∂n-se b-Ym¿-Y i-‡n-Iƒ X-ß-
fm-Wv F-∂ ]-c-ky {]-Jym-]-\w
\-S-Øn-b-Xv. Cu \-b-Øn¬ X-
߃ ap-t∂m-´psh-® `q-cn-`m-Kw \n¿-
t±-iß- f- pw Aw-Ko-Ic - n-°s - ∏-Spw F-
∂v B¿-F-kv-F-kn-\v Io-gn-ep-≈
kw-LS- \ - I
- f- m-b `m-cX - o-b in-£m
a-fi¬, in-£m kw-k-vIr-Xn D-
Øm≥-\ym-kv F-∂n-h¿ A-`n-am-\-
]q¿-Δw A-h-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Cu tc-J hy-‡-am-°p-∂ a-
s‰m-cp Im-cyw B-tKm-fo-I-c-W i-
‡n-I-fp-sS Xn´q-c-Øn\v A-\p-k-
cn-®v hn-Zym-`ym-k cw-K-Øv \n-∂v ]n-
∑m-dm≥ X-s∂ C-¥y≥ `-c-W-Iq-
Sw X-øm-dm-Ip-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv. 2009
se hn-Zym-`ym-k A-h-Im-i \n-b-aw
ap-t∂m-´p-sh-® hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\p-
≈ A-h-Im-iw t]m-epw F-Sp-Øp-
am-‰m≥ tc-J ss[-cy-s∏-Sp-∂p. km¿-
h-{Xn-I hn-Zym-`ym-kw F-∂-Xm-Wv
e-£y-an-´-sX-¶n-epw C-Xv t\-Sn-sb-
Sp-°m≥ hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-fm-b h-gn-
Iƒ (multiple pathway) kzo-I-cn-
°msa∂v tcJ ]d-bp∂p. Hu-]-Nm-
cn-I-hpw A-\u-]-Nm-cn-I-hpamb hn-
Zym-`ym-k-Øn-eq-sS km¿-h-{Xn-I hn-
Zym-`ym-kw F-∂ e-£yw ssI-h-cn-
°m-\m-bn Nn-e Iu¨kn-e¿am-cp-
sS-bpw {]-tXy-Iw ]-cn-io-e-\w t\-
Sn-b km-aq-ly {]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS-bpw
tk-h-\w D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm\p-≈
\n¿-t±-iw A-Xy-¥w A-]-I-S-I-c-am-
Wv. C-Xn-\m-bn \m-j-W¬ C≥-Ãn-
‰yq-´v Hm-^v Hm-∏¨ k-v-Iq-fn-s\bpw
kw-ÿm-\ Hm-∏¨ k-v-Iqfns\bpw
i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw hn-]p-eo-I-cn-
°m-\pw A-Xp-h-gn F-√m Ip-´n-Iƒ-
°pw hn-Zym-`ym-kw D-d-∏m-°m-\pw I-
gn-b-Ww F∂pw ]d-bp∂p. ChnsS
\n∂pw ]Tn-®p-h-cp∂ Ip´n-IfpsS
tbmKyX 3, 5, 8, 10, 12 ¢mkp-
Iƒ°v k- a m- \ am°pw F- ∂ pw
\btc-J hy-‡-am-°p-∂p. C-tXm-
sSm-∏w Po-h-Im-cp-Wy kw-L-S-\-
Iƒ F∂ hymtP\ kzImcy I®-
h-S-tem-_n°v k-v-Iq-fp-Iƒ ÿm-]n-
°m-\p-≈ A-\p-hm-Zhpw \b-tcJ
\¬Ip∂p. C-Ø-cw ]-I-cw kw-
hn-[m-\-߃ i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-≈
A-\p-a-Xn- \¬-Ip-∂-tXm-sS hn-Zym-
`ym-k ta-J-e-bn¬ \n∂v k¿-°m¿
]q¿-W-am-bpw ]n≥-hm-ßp-I-bpw kz-
Im-cy-ta-J-e-°v Xo-sd-gp-Xp-I-bpw
sN-øp-I-bm-Wv. Cu tc-J-bn-se Nm-
]v-‰¿ aq-∂n-epw F-´n-epw C-°m-cyw
hy-‡-am-°p-∂p≠v. C-tXm-sS Kp-cp-
Ip-e-ßfnepw ]mT-im-e-I-fnepw a-
{Z- k - I fnepw F- ¥ n- \ - [ n- I w ho-
´n¬t]mepw hn-Zym-e-b-ß-ƒ A-\p-
h-Zn-°m\mWv \o°w. hn-Zym-`ym-k
A-h-Im-i \n-b-a-Øn-se k-v-Iqƒ
F-∂m¬ F-¥v F-∂ \n¿-h-N-\-
Øn¬ \n- ∂ pw ]q¿- Æ - a m- b pw
k¿°m¿ ]p-d-tIm-´v t]m-Ip-∂p. _-
Z¬ I-®h - S- ÿm-]\
- ß
- s- f t{]m-’m-
ln-∏n-°p-It- bm B¿-Fk - F -v k - n-s\-
bpw a-‰p Xo-{h-hm-Z kwL-S\ - I
- fp-
sS-bpw t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \-S° - p-∂
hn-Zym-e-b-ß-sf \o-Xo-I-cn-°p-I-
bpw sN-bX v- n-cn-°p-∂p.
aq-∂p h-b- p ap-X¬ Ip-´n-I-
fp-sS ]T-\w B-cw-`n-°-W-sa-∂pw
sa-®-s∏-´ hn-Zym-`ym-kw \¬-I-W-
sa-∂pw hn-hn-[-ß-fm-b A-≤ym-b-
ß-fn¬ {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p≠v. F-
∂m¬ A-[ym-]I - s - c \n-ba - n-°p-∂
Im-cy-Øn¬ C-Xn¬\n∂v ]q¿-Æ-
am-bpw ]n-d-tIm-´p t]m-hp-IbmWv.
A-[ym-]-I hn-Zym¿-∞n A-\p-]m-
Xw 1:30 B-°-W-sa-∂pw AXv ¢m-
kv A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ A-s√-∂pw
k-v-Iqƒ A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-sW-
∂pw tc-J A-Sn-hc - b- n-Sp-∂p. C-¥y-
bn¬ 108017 G-Im-[ym-]-I hn-Zym-
e-b-ßfps≠-∂pw A-Xn¬ X-s∂
85473 k-v-Iq-fp-Iƒ ss{]-a-dn k-v-
Iqƒ B-sW-∂pw (grade 1-5) tc-
J hy-‡-am-°p-∂p. tI-c-f-Øn-em-
I-s´ Hm-tcm ¢m-kn-\v Hm-tcm A-
[ym-]n-I D-≠v. A-[ym-]I - c - p-sS \n-
b-a-\ Im-cy-Øn¬ A-Xn¬ k¿-
°m¿ H-∂pw ]-d-bm-sX ]-I-cw
kl]Tn-Xm-hn-s‚ k-lm-bhpw,
k-∂-≤-{]-h¿-Ø-I-cp-sS tk-h-\-
hpw th-W-sa-∂v ]-d-bp-IbmWv.
C-Xns‚ a-d-hn¬ kw-L-]-cn-hm-dn-
s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈ A-`n-\-h
kz-bw-tk-h-°v b-tY-„w s]m-Xp-
hn-Zym-eb - ß
- f - n¬ \n¿-`b - w I-S∂ - p
sN-√m-\pw hn-Zym-`ym-k {]-{In-b-
bn¬ C-Xn¬ C-S-s]-Sm-\p-≈ A-
h- k - c w kr- „ n- ° - e pw B- W v
e£y- a n- S p- ∂ Xv . km¿h- { XnI
hnZym-`ym-k-sa∂ e£yw Dt]-
£n-°p-Ibpw ]Icw F√m Ip´n-
Iƒ°pw {]m]yX Dd-∏p-h-cp-Ø-
W-sa∂v ]d-bp-tºmgpw s]m-Xp-
hn-Zym-e-b-߃ A-S-®p-]q-´m-\p-≈
X-{¥w sa-\-bp-IbmWv Cu \b-
tcJ. k-v-Iqƒ tImw-π-I-vkv F-∂
]-Zw D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv C-Xv sN-øp-
∂-Xv. Cu Im-cyw ]-d-bp-∂-Xv X-
s∂ tIm-Øm-cn I-Ωo-js‚ t]-
cv ]-d-™m-Wv. F-∂m¬ tIm-Øm-
cn I-Ωo-js‚ k-v-Iqƒ tImw-π-I-
v- v F-∂ B-ib
k - Ø- n¬ \n-∂pw Xn-
I-®pw hn-`n-∂-am-Wn-Xv. Ip-´n-Iƒ
Ip-d-hm-b e-£-°-W-°n-\v hn-Zym-
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 31
e-b-߃ D-s≠-∂pw C-Ø-cw k-v-
Iq-fp-I-fn¬ H-∂pw i-cn-bm-b ]T-
\w \-S-°p-∂n-s√-∂pw F-√m-h¿-
°pw F-Øn-t®-cm≥ km-[n-°p-∂n-
√ F- ∂ pw D- ≈ hkv X p- X - I - f -
°p≈ ]-cn-lm-c-am¿-§ambmWv
ChnsS kvIqƒ tImw-π-I-vkv A-h-
X-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. H-cp {]-tZ-i-sØ
Ip-sd k-v-Iq-fp-I-sf H-cp {Kq-∏v B-
°n am-‰n A-Xn-sem-cp l-b¿-sk-
°≥-U-dn k-v-Iq-fn-s\ A-Xns‚ tI-
{μ-ÿm-\-Øv sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw
F-√m an-I-® ku-I-cy-ß-fpw (em-
_,v sse-{_-dn, tπ-{Ku-≠v) C-hn-
sS H-cp-°p-Ib - pw sN-øpsa∂pw ]d-
bp∂p. C-hn-sS A-[ym-]-I \n-b-a-
\-ßsf-√mw \-S-tØ-≠-Xn√. C-
hn-sS \n-∂v hy-Xy-kv-X tbmKy-X-
Ifpw I-gn-hp-I-fp-ap≈ A-[ym-]-I-
cp-≈ hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-te-°v Ip-´n-I-
sf A-b-®p ]Tn-∏n-°-Ww. C-Xn-
\¿-∞w Ip-´n-Iƒ Ip-d-hm-b hn-Zym-
e-b-߃ A-S-®p-]q-´-W-sa∂pX-
s∂-bm-Wv. kz-Im-cy hn-Zym-e-b-
߃ B-cw-`n-°m≥ A-hk - c- w \¬-
I-Ws - a-∂pw tcJ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
kvIqƒ tImw-π-I-vkn-se a-d-hn¬
40% hn-Zym-e-b-߃ A-S-®p-]q-´p-I-
bpw A-tXm-sSm-∏w kz-Im-cy hn-Zym-
e-b-߃ Xp-S-cm-\p-≈ A-h-k-cw
\¬-Ip-I-bpw ÿn-cw A-[ym-]-I
\n-b-a-\w \-S-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw
k¿-°m-cns‚ _m-[y-X-bn¬ \n-
∂pw hn-Zym-`ym-k-sØ H-gn-hm-°p-
I-bpw sN-øp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv CXn-
eqsS e£y-an-Sp-∂Xv.
]T-\-am-[y-aw am-Xr-`m-j-bn¬
B-h-W-sa-∂v tc-J sh-fn-s∏-Sp-
Øptºm-gpw sk≥-{S¬ k-v-Iq-fp-
Iƒ A-S-°-ap-≈ F-√m t_m¿-Up-
I-fn-epw CXv \n¿-_-‘-a-√ F-∂p
]-d-bp-∂-Xn-se bp-‡n F-¥m-Wv
hy‡-a√. H-∏wX-s∂ Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v
Xm-ßm-\m-hm-Ø h-Æw `m-j-Iƒ
]Tn-∏n-°-W-sa-∂v \n-jv-I¿-jn-°p-
∂p. {Xn-`m-jbv°v ]p-d-ta kw-k-v
Ir-X-`m-j aq-∂p h-b- n¬ X-s∂
B-cw-`n-°-W-sa-∂pw tc-J hy-‡-
am-°p-∂p. `m-j-sb cm-{„o-b B-
bp-[-am-°m\m-Wv tI-{μ-k¿-°m¿
C-Xp-h-gn {i-an-°p-∂-Xv. C-tXm-sSm-
∏w X-s∂ \-b-tc-J-bn¬ {]-tXy-
I- a m- b n ]- © - X - { ¥w I- Y - I fpw
KotXm- ] - t Z- i - ß fpw ]Tn- ∏ n- ° -
32 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
Wsa-∂pw A-Xp-hg - n i-cn-sX-‰p-Iƒ
Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bpw F-∂pw ]-
d-bp-∂-Xn-¬ Ir-Xy-am-b h¿-Ko-b-X
A-√m-sX a-s‰-¥m-Wp≈Xvv.
aq-ey-\n¿-W-bw kw-_-‘n-®pw
hn-Nn-{X-am-b hm-Zw \b-tcJ ap-
t∂m-´psh°p-∂p. aq-ey-\n¿-W-b-
Øn-\m-bn tZ-io-b A-k-kv-sa≥-dv
sk‚¿ ˛]-cm-Kv (PARAKH - Perfor-
mance Assessment Review and
Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic
°p- ∂ hn`m- K - ß - f n¬ \n∂pw
development) cq- ] o- I - c n- ° pw
]m¿iz¬°- c n- ° - s ∏´ taJ- e - I -
F∂mWv tcJ ]d- b p- ∂ Xv . C-
fn¬ \n∂-ap≈ Ip-´n-I-sf-bpw ]T-
Xns‚ Io-gn-em-bn-cn-°pw F-√m A- \-{]-{In-bb - n¬ \n-∂v ]q¿-Wa - m-bpw
k-kv-sa‚I-fpw \-S-tØ-≠-Xv. \m-
H-gn-hm-°n H-cp hn-`m-K-sØ am-{Xw
j-W¬ F®nhvsa≥-dv k¿-tΔ-bpw
D-∂X - t- {i-Wn-bn¬ F-Øn-°p-I F-
kw-ÿm-\ A-®o-hv-sa≥-dv k¿-th-
∂ B¿-F-kv-F-kn-s\ A-P-≠-bm-
bpw \-S-Øp-∂-Xv C-Xn-\p Io-gnem-
Wv Cu ]-≤-Xn-bn-eq-sS e-£y-an-
h-Ww. Cu G-P≥-kn-bm-Wv C-¥y-
Sp-∂-Xv. C-tXm-sSm-∏w X-s∂ B-
bn-se F-√m k-v-Iq-fp-I-fn-se-bpw dmw ¢m-kp-ap-X¬ sXm-gn¬ ]-cn-io-
A-°m-Z-an-Iv \n-e-hm-cw hn-e-bn-cp-
e-\w B-cw-`n-°p-sa-∂pw tc-J hy-
Øp-∂X - v. H-∏w-Xs - ∂ tc-J H-cp Im-
‡-am-°p-∂p. ]-c-º-cm-K-X sXm-gn-
cyw Iq-Sn hy-‡-am-°p-∂p 1, 3, 5,
ep-Iƒ, sXm-gn¬ am¿-°-‰n¬ B-
10, 12 F-∂o ¢m-kp-Iƒ-°v ]-co-£
h-iy-am-b a-‰p sXm-gn-ep-Iƒ F-∂n-
D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. 3, 5, 8 ¢m-kp-I-fn-
h-bn-em-Wv ]-cn-io-e-\w \¬-Ip-∂-
se ]-co-£ D-Nn-X-am-b H-cp t_m- Xv. C-Xp c-≠pw Iq-´n hm-bn-®m¬
Un \-S-Øpw. 10, 12 t{K-Uv I-fn-se
b-Ym¿-∞ e-£yw t_m-[y-s∏-Spw.
]-co-£ tZ-io-b X-e-Øn¬ cq-]o-
Hm-tcm ]-co-£ I-gn-bp-tºm-gpw \n-
I-cn-°-s∏-´ t_m¿-Uv \-S-Øpw. ]-
›n-X F-Æw Ip-´n-I-sf ]p-d-¥-
co-£bm-h-s´ ]T-\ t\-´-Øn-s‚
≈pw. A-h¿-°m-sW-¶n¬ A-h-cp-
A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-epw B-h-Ww. \n-
sS IpesØm-gn-tem a-‰p sXm-gn-
›n-X ]T-\-t\-´w ssI-h-cn-°m-Ø ep-Itfm kzm-b-Ø-am-°p-I-bpw A-
Ip-´n-Iƒ ]-co-£-bn¬ tXm-‰p t]m-
ßs\ sN-dn-b Iq-en-°v sXm-gn-se-
Ipw. Ahsc A-Sp-Ø ¢m-kn-te-
Sp-°p-∂ H-cp hn-`m-K-sØ kr-„n-
°v {]-th-in-∏n-°n-√. kzm-`m-hn-Ia - m-
°p-I-bpw h-tc-Wy hn-`m-K-sØ D-
bpw A-Ø cw Ip-´n-Iƒ sIm-gn-
∂-X-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ F-Øn-°p-I-
™p t]m-Ipw. Xp-S¿-®-bm-b ]-co-
bpw sN-øp-I F-∂ hm-Wn-Py-h¬-
£-If - n¬ ]T-\ t\-´w ssI-hc - n-°p- °-cW - w ]-≤X - n-bpw Cu tc-Jb - n¬
∂-Xn¬ ]cm-Pb - s
- ∏-Sp∂ Ip-´n-Is - f
hy-‡-am-hp-∂p≠v. ]-g-b Nm-Xp¿-
]T-\ {]-{In-b-bn¬ \n-∂v H-gn-hm-
h¿-Wyw ]p-Xn-b cq-]-Øn¬ \-S-∏n-
°p-Ib - pw tZ-io-ba - m-bn \n-›b - n-°p-
em-°m-\p-≈ {i-a-am-Wv _n-sP-]n
∂ ]T-\ t\-´w ssI-h-cn-® Ip-´n-I-
K- h ¨- s a‚ v Cu hn- Z ym- ` ym- k -
sf am-{Xw D-b¿-∂ ¢m-kp-I-fn-te-
\bØn-eq-sS e-£y-an-Sp-∂-Xv.
°v {]- t h- i - \ w \¬- I p- I - b pw I-cn-°p-eØ - ns‚-bpw ]mT-]p-kv-
sNøpw. ]-{¥-≠mw ¢m- n¬ \-S-
X-I \n¿-Ωm-W-Øn-sebpw F√m
Øp-∂ ]-co-£-bn¬ hn-P-bn-°p-∂
L-S-I-ßfpw tI-{μ K-h¨-sa≥-dv
Ip-´n ho-≠pw H-cp {]-th-i-\ ]-co-
\n-›-bn-°pw. CXv F√m kn≤m-
£-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-hp-I-bpw sN-
¥-߃°pw FXn-cm-sW∂v am{X-
øpw. Cu ]-co-£-bn¬ hn-P-bn-°p-
a√ k¶p-NnX cmjv{So-bhp-am-Wv.
∂ Ip-´n am-{X-am-Wv D-∂-X-]T-\- C-Xp-h-sc ]mT-]p-kv-X-I \n¿-Ωm-
Øn-\v {]m-]v-X-\m-hp-I. hn-Zym-`ym-
W-hpw I-cn-°p-eh - pam-bn _-‘s - ∏-
k-ta-J-e-bn¬ ]cn-£m-cmPv sIm-
´ F√m Im-cy-ß-fpw kw-ÿm-\
≠p-h∂ -- v ]m-h-s∏-´ Ip-´n-I-sf-bpw
k¿-°m-cp-I-fp-sS \n-b-{¥-W-Øn-
km-ºØ - n-Ia - m-bn ]n-t∂m-°w \n¬-

em-bn-cp-∂psh-¶n¬ C-\n ap-X¬
kz-Im-cy G-P≥-kn-Iƒ-°pw C-Xn-
\v A-[n-Im-cw \¬-Ipw. kz-Im-cy
G-P≥-kn-Iƒ ]mT-]p-kv-X-I \n¿-
Ωm-WØ - n¬ C-Ss - ]-Sp-∂ tXm-Sp-Iq-
Sn hn-Zym-`ym-k-ta-J-ebneq-sS h≥
km-º-Øn-I t\-´w sIm-øm≥ C-
h¿-°v \-b-tc-J A-h-k-cw \¬-Ip-
∂p. H-cp ]mT-]p-kv-X-Iw X-s∂ H-
∂n-e[ - n-Iw kz-Im-cy G-P≥-kn-Iƒ-
°v \n¿-Ωn-°mw. C-„-ap-≈ ]mT-]p-
kv-X-Iw k-v-Iqƒ A-[n-Ir-X¿-°v Xn-
c-s™-Sp-°m-\pw A-Xv A-Xv A-h-
cp-tS-Xm-b co-Xn-bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°m\pw
D-≈ A-h-Im-iw \b-tcJ \¬-Ip-
∂p. Iq-Sm-sX A-Uo-j-W¬ sS-Iv-
Ãv _p-°p-I-fpw C-Ø-cw kz-Im-
cy G-P≥-kn-Iƒ-°v X-øm-dm-°n k-
v-Iq-fn¬ hn-X-c-Ww sN-øm-\p-≈ A-
h-Im-i-hpw \-bw A-\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p.
C-Xp-h-gn X-ßf - p-sS ln-μp-Xz A-P-
≠ ]q¿-Æa - m-bpw ]mT-]p-kX v- I - ß- -
fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\pw X-ßf - p-sS a-
X kw-LS- \ - I
- ƒ \-SØ - p-∂ hn-Zym-
e-b-ß-fn¬ X-߃-°v C-„-ap-≈
Im-cy-߃ ]Tn-∏n-°m\pw D-≈ A-
h-kc - a- m-Wv tc-Jb - n-eq-sS A-h¿-°v
\¬-Ip-∂X - v. CtXmsS kw-ÿm-\-
ß-fp-sS Hcp C-Ss - ]-Se
- pw km-[y-a-
√m-sXbm-hp-Ib - pw sN-øp-∂p.
C- X nte- s d A- ] - I - S - I - c - a m- b
\n¿-t±-i-am-Wv A-[ym-]-I-cp-sS \n-
b-a-\ Im-cy-Øn-epw tk-h-\-th-X-
\ Im-cy-Øn-epw D-≈Xv. A-[ym-]-
I \n-b-a-\w C-\n ap-X¬ k-v-Iqƒ
A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-e-√, tImw-π-I-vkp-
IfpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWvv. A-
Xp-h-gn B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v A-≤ym-
]-I X-kv-Xn-I-If-Wv \-„-s∏-Sp-I.
Im- b n- I m- [ ym- ] - I ¿, shm- t °- j -
W¬ So- ® ¿, `m- j m- [ ym- ] - I ¿,
B¿Sv k v , kw- K o- X w Xp- S - ß n-
bhbpsS A-[ym-]-I-sc H-cp tImw-
π-I-vkn¬ s]m-Xp-hm-bn \n-b-an-°p-
sa∂pw tImw-π-I-vkn¬ D-≈ F-√m
hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fn-epw C-h-cp-sS tk-
h-\w D-d-∏p-h-cp-Ø-W-sa-∂pw tc-J
hy-‡-am-°p-∂p. H-∏w tImw-π-I-v
kn¬ D-≈ H-t∂m- c-t≠m hn-Zym-e-
b-߃-°v am-{X-am-bn-cn-°pw X-e-
h≥ D-≠m-bn-cn-°p-I (sl-Uv-am-
ÿ). a-s‰-√m hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fpw C-
Ø-cw hn-Zym-e-b-ß-fp-sS A-\p-_-
‘ ÿm-]-\-߃ B-bn-cn-°pw.
Iq-Sm-sX A-[ym-]-I¿ Hm-tcm h¿-
j-hpw 50 a-Wn-°q¿ \o-≠p-\n¬-
°p- ∂ CPD (Continuous Profes-
sional Development) ]-cn-]m-Sn-bn¬
\n¿-_‘ - a - m-bpw ]-s¶-Sp-°W - w. tZ-
io-b-X-e-Øn¬ \n-›-bn-°-s∏-´
National professional Standard for
Teachers am-\-Z-fi-߃ t\-Sn-sb-
Sp-°pIbpw thWw. C-Xns‚ ]-cn-
tim-[-\-°v B-h-iy-am-b Sqƒ \n-
›-bn-°p-I-bpw ap-gp-h≥ A-[ym-]-
I-sc-bpw ]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-°v hn-t[-
b-am-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw. Cu ]-cn-
tim-[-\ Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-a-s√-¶n¬ A-
[ym-]I - ¿-°v h¿-jm-h¿-jw e-`n-°p-
∂ C≥-{Kn-sa‚ v, k-a-b _-‘n-X
t{K-Uv, {]-tam-j≥ F-∂n-h e-`n-
°n-√. A-[ym-]-I¿, s{]m-^-j-W-
ep- I f- h - W w F- ∂ Im- c y- Ø n¬
B¿-°pw X¿-°-an-√. F-∂m¬ C-
Ø-cw kw-hn-[m-\-Øn-eq-sS-bpw X-
߃-°v C-„-an-√m-Ø-h-sc t{Zm-ln-
°m-\pw k-vI - q-fn¬-\n-∂v ]p-d¥- ≈- m-
\p-≈ am¿-K-am-bn C-Xn-s\ am-‰p-sa-
∂ Im-cy-Øn¬ X¿-°-an-√. tZ-io-
b-X-e-Øn¬ cq-]o-I-cn-°p-∂ H-cp
A-{I-Un-t‰-j≥ I-Ωn-‰n kwÿm-
\-ß-fnse k-v-Iq-fp-I-sf ]-cn-tim-
[n-°pw. A-Xym-h-iyw th-≠ Kp-
Ww D-d∏ - m-°m-\m-Wv C-Øc - Ø- n-ep-
≈ ]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øp-∂-Xv. {]m-
tZ-in-I-am-b ]-cn-K-W-\-Isfm∂pw
I-W-°m-°m-sX C-Ø-c-Øn-ep-≈
H-cp ]-cn-tim-[-\ \-S-Øn-bm¬ tI-
c-f-Øn-se B-bn-c-°-W-°n-\v k-v-
Iq-fp-I-fp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-cw \-„-s∏-
Spw. ]eXpw AS-®p-]q´-en-\v hn-t[-
b-am-Ipw. C-Xp-h-gn [m-cm-fw kz-Im-
cy hn-Zym-`ym-k-ÿm-]-\-߃ I-S-
∂p-hc - m-\pw h-en-sbm-cp-°pw. hn-Zym-
`ym-k-sØ kz-Im-cy G-P≥-kn-
Iƒ-°v \¬-Im-\p-≈ Hfn-b-P≠
Iq-Sn-bm-Wn-Xv.
Iq-Sm-sX hn-Zym-`ym-k cw-K-sØ
F-√m A-[n-Im-c-hpw {]-[m-\-a-{¥n-
bp-sS Hm-^o-kn-te-°v tI-{μo-I-cn-
°-Ww F-∂pw Cu tc-J hy-‡-
am-°p-∂p. C-Xn-\m-bn cm-{„ in-£
B-tbm-Kv (RSA) kw-hn-[m-\-sØ
\n¿-tZ-in-°p-∂p. {]-[m-\-a-{¥nbm-
Wv CsX√mw Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xv
F∂Xn- \ m¬ Xs∂ CXnse
cmjv{Sob e£yw hy‡-am-Wv. C-
Xp-t]m-se \n-c-h-[n G-P≥-kn-I-
sfbpw tc-J ap-t∂m-´p-sh-°p-∂p.
CXv A- [ n- I m- c tI- { μo- I - c - W -
Øn\pw A-Xp-hg - n D-tZym-Kÿ - h¬-
°-cW - Ø - n-\pw C-Sb - m-°pw. H-cp `m-
j, H-cp ]mT-]p-kv-X-Iw, Hcp I-cn-
°p-ew, H-cp ]-co-£, H-cp \n-b-a-\
co-Xn, H-cp a-Xw, H-cp cm-a≥, H-cp
td-j≥ Im¿-Uv F-∂n-ß-s\ F-
√mw tI-{μo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v C-¥y-
sb ]q¿- W - a m- b n sslμ- h -
h¬°cn°m-\p-≈ cm-{„o-b A-P-
≠bm-Wv C-Xn-\p ]n-∂n-ep-≈-Xv.
C¥y-bpsS `c-W-L-S\ {]Imcw
hn-Zym-`ym-kw I¨-I-d≥-dv en-Ãn¬
s]´Xm-Wv. cm-Py-Øv s^-U-d¬
kw- h n- [ m- \ am- W v \n¬- ° p- ∂ - X v .
F∂m¬ tam-Un K-h¨-sa≥-dv s^-
U-d¬ kw-hn-[m-\-sØ C-√m-Xm-
°p-∂ \n-e] - m-SmWv kzo-Ic - n-°p-∂-
Xv. hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ L-S-\ Xo-
cp-am-\n-°m-\p-≈ A-h-Im-iw kw-
ÿm-\-߃-°m-Wv \¬-tI-≠-Xv.
F-∂m¬ kw-ÿm-\ß - f- p-sS F-√m-
hn-[ A-h-Im-i-ß-fpw I-h¿-s∂-Sp-
ØpsIm-≠p A[n-Imc tI-{μo-I-
c-W-Øn\pw tIm¿-∏-td-‰p-h¬°-c-
W- Ø n\pw h¿- § o- b h¬- ° -
cWØn\pw th-≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv
]pXnb tZ-io-b hn-Zym-`ym-k \-bw.
hn-Zym-`ym-k-cw-K-Øv A-k-a-Xzw
h¿-[n°p-Ibpw I-®-h-S˛ h¿-Ko-b-
i-‡n-Iƒ IS-∂p-I-b-dp-Ibpw ]m-
h-s∏-´-h\v hnZym-`ymkw \n-tj-
[n-°s∏Sp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ Cu
Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ hnj-en-]vX-amb
Cu \bsØ X≈n-°-f-tb-≠Xv
Ime-L-´-Øns‚ B-h-iy-am-Wv.
hnZym-`ymk \b-Ønse NXn-°p-
gn-Iƒ t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ hn-
]p-e-am-b P-\-Io-b Imº-bn\pw
i‡-amb {]t£m-`-ßfpw A\n-
hm-cy-am-Wv. $
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 33
 Hm¨sse≥ ¢mkv;
sIF-kSv nF hnX-cWw sNbvXXv
3 tImSn-bn-tesd cq]-bpsS
sSen-hn-j≥
- sk‰p-Iƒ
hnbpw kvam¿Svt^m-Wp-an- \¬Inb-Xv. hnX-cWw sNbvX Snhn/

Sn √mØXn\m¬ Hm¨sse≥¢m-kp-Iƒ
e`y-a-√mØ ]mh-s∏´ Ip´n-Iƒ°mbn
sIF-kvSnF 3,12,73,200/˛ cq] sNe-h-g-n®v
4599 sSen-hn-j≥ sk-‰p-Ifpw kvam¿Sv
kvam¿Svt^m¨/ Sm_p-I-fpsS FÆw Pn√
Xncn®v Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.
Pn√ \¬Inb Snhn/
kvam¿Svt^m¨/
t^mWp-Ifpw Sm_p-Ifpw hnX-cWw Sm_p-I-fpsS FÆw
sNbvXp. sIm-tdm-W a-lm-am-cn-sb Xp-S¿-∂v Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 715
cm-Pyw ap-gp-h≥ tem-°vUu¨ {]-Jym-]n-® sIm√w 410
km-l-Ncy-Øn¬ Pq¨ 1 \v k-v-Iqƒ Xp-d- Be-∏pg 283
°m\mhmsX h∂-t∏mgmWv kwÿm\ ]Ø-\w-Xn´ 125
k¿°m¿ ^Ãvs_¬ F∂ t]cn¬ tIm´bw 276
hnIvtSgvkv Nm\¬ aptJ\bpw Hm¨sse- CSp°n 54
\mbpw ¢mkp-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. tIc-f- Fd-Wm-Ipfw 356
Ønse s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk taJ-e-bnse Xr»q¿ 403
as‰mcp \mgn-I-°-√mb Cu ]≤Xn ]me-°mSv 446
h≥hnPbamhp-tºmgpw ]mh-s∏´ c-≠-ce- ae-∏pdw 425
£tØmfw Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v ^Ãv s_√v ¢mkp- tImgn-t°mSv 362
Iƒ ImWm≥ ku-I-cy-an-√ F-∂v I-s≠- hb-\mSv 48
Øn-bn-cp∂p. Cu {]-iv-\w ]-cn-l-cn-°m≥ IÆq¿ 551
k¿-°m¿ \S-Øp∂ Iq-´m-b ]-cn-{i-aØns‚ Imk¿tKmUv 145
`mK-am-bmWv sIF-kvSnF sSen-hnj\p-Iƒ BsI 4599

34 2020
2020Pqsse
Pqsse
34 A≤ym-
A≤ym-]]Item-
Item-IIw- w-
 tIc-f-Ønse G‰hpw
henb A[ym-]I kw-L-S-\-
bm-b sIF-kv-Sn-F 25 e£-
tØmsf cq] sNe-h-gn®v 4000
]n]nC In-‰pIƒ t\csØ
Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏n\v ssIam-dn-
bn-cp-∂p. am-k-vIv hn-X-c-Ww,
km-\n-ss‰-k¿ hn-X-c-Ww,
`£y-In‰v hnX-c-Ww,
s{_bvIv Z sNbn≥ Ubdn
hnX-c-Ww, I-Ωq-Wn-‰n In-®-
Wv klm-bw, kp`n£
tIcfw ]≤Xn-bpsS `mK-am-
bp≈ Irjn, a’y-Ir-jn,
c‡-Zm\ tk\, πkv h¨
{]th-i-\-Øn-\p≈ sl¬]v
sUkvIp-Iƒ, Hm¨sse≥
Icn-b¿ ssKU≥kv ¢mkp-
Iƒ, a\ximkv{X ¢mkv, UnPn-
‰¬ amK-kn≥ Xp-Sß - n hn-hn-
[ßfmb {]-h¿-Ø\ - -
ßfneqsS Cu tImhnUv
ImeØpw AXns‚ km-aq-ly
{]-Xn-_-≤-X sX-fn-°pI-bm-Wv.
kwÿm-\-ØmsI 1512
G°-dn¬ sIF-kvSnF Pn√m˛
k_vPn√m IΩn-‰n-I-fpsS
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kp`n-£-tI-
cfw ]≤-Xn-bpsS `mK-ambn
Irjn \S-°p-∂p-≠v. ]®-°-dn,
s\√v, hmg, ac-®o\n XpS-ßnb
hnf-I-fmWv {][m-\-ambpw
Irjn sNøp-∂-Xv. sIm√w,
ae-∏pdw Pn√-I-fn¬ 4 G°¿
ÿeØv a’y-Ir-jnbpw \S-
°p-∂p. $

2020
2020Pqsse
Pqsse 35
A≤ym-
A≤ym-]]Item-
Item-IIw- w- 35
 kn-\n-a
hnt\mZv Ip´-aØv
vinodkuttamath@gmail.com

The Statue of Buddha

was not demolished
by anybody ; It
crumbled out of shame.
Out of Shame for the
world's ignorance
towards Afghanistan.
it broke down knowing
its greatness didn't to
A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚
do any good.
- Mohsen Makhmalbaf hn-hn-[-X-cw \r-Ø-߃
36 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
 -ap-J C-dm-\n-b≥ kw-hn-
{] [m-b-I≥ sam-lv-ko≥ a-
Iv-a¬ _-^n-s‚ {i-t≤-
b-am-b kn-\n-a-I-fn-sem-
∂m-Wv Zn {]-kn-U≥-dv(2014). a-Iv-
a¬ _-^n-s‚ ]-e kn-\n-a-I-fpw
A-¥m-cm-{„ ta-f-I-fn¬ Iq-Sn-bm-
Wv \-ap-°v ]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
I-gn-™ Ip-td-h¿-j-ß-fm-bn A-
¥m-cm-{„ ta-f-I-fn¬ G-‰-hpw
{i-≤n-°-s∏-´ kw-hn-[m-b-I-cn¬
H-cm-fm-Wv C-t±-lw. \-Ωp-sS Im-
gv-N-sb-bpw Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn-s\-bpw
tem-I-Øn-s‚ A-Xn-cp-I-fn-te-°v
hn-kv-Xr-X-am-°n-b-h-bm-Wv a-Iv-
a¬ _-^n-s‚ kn-\n-a-Iƒ. hy-
‡n-bpw k-aq-l-hpw cm-{„-hpw X-
Ωn-ep-≈ k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b _-‘-
ß-fm-Wv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ Nn-{X-
߃ ap-Jy-am-bpw N¿-® sN-øp-
∂-Xv. C-dm-\n-b≥ \-h-X-cw-K kn-
\n-a-bp-sS i-‡-am-b A-S-bm-f-
߃ Iq-Sn-bm-Wv B kn-\n-a-I-
sfm-s°-bpw. 2014 se sh-\o-kv
^n-enw s^-Ãn-h-en¬ B-Zy-am-bn
{]-Z¿-in-∏n-® Zn {]-kn-U-≠v Xp-
S¿-∂v \n-c-h-[n ta-f-I-fn¬ k-Po-
h N¿-®m-hn-j-b-am-hp-I-bpw _-
lp-a-Xn-Iƒ I-c-ÿ-am-°p-I-bpw
sN-bv-Xp.
A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ F-√m kp-
J-ku-I-cy-ß-fpw ]-cn-[n-bn-√m-
sX A-\p-`-hn-°p-I-bpw H-Sp-hn¬
kz-¥w P-\-ß-fm¬ A-[n-Im-c-°-
tk-c-bn¬ \n-∂pw h-en-®n-d-°-s∏-
Sp-I-bpw P-\-Io-b hn-Nm-c-W-bv-
°v hn-t[-b-cm-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw
sN-bv-X \n-c-h-[n `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-
Iƒ N-cn-{X-Øn-ep-≠v.A-[n-Im-c-
Øn-s‚ D-∑m-Z-Øn¬ P-\-ß-sf
a-d-°p-I-bpw kz-bw a-d-°p-I-bpw
N-cn-{X-sØ a-d-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-X
G-Im-[n-]-Xn am-cp-sS {]-Xn-\n-[n-
bm-Wv Zn {]-kn-U-≠n-se I-Ym-
\m-b-I-\m-b {]-kn-U-≠v. {]-kn-
U-≠n-s‚ cm-Pyw G-Xm-sW-t∂m
I-Y \-S-°p-∂ {]-tZ-iw G-Xm-
sW-t∂m kw-hn-[m-b-I≥ hy-‡-
am-°p-∂n-√.A-Xv A-t±-l-sØ
kw-_-‘n-®v {]-k-‡-am-b H-cp
Im-cy-a-√. kn-\n-a Im-Wp-∂ t{]-
£-I¿-°v A-Xv C-dm≥ B-sW-
t∂m en-_n-b-bm-sW-t∂m
tPm¿-Zm≥ B-sW-t∂m A-^v-Km-
\n-kv-Xm≥ B-sW-t∂m A-s√-
¶n¬ a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw cm-{„w B-
sW-t∂m kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw tXm-
∂mw. G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp {]-tXy-I
cm-{„-sØ-°p-dn-®p-≈, A-hn-Sp-
sØ A-[n-Im-c hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-
dn-®p-≈, A-[n-Im-cn-sb °p-dn-®p-
≈ kn-\n-a am-{X-a-√ C-sX-∂pw
tem-I-Øn¬ C-Xp-h-sc D-≠m-bn-
´p-≈, C-\n D-≠m-Im≥ t]m-Ip-∂
A-[n-Im-c-hy-h-ÿ-sb-°p-dn-®p-
≈ Zm¿-i-\n-I-am-b Hm¿-Ω-s∏-Sp-
Ø-em-Wv kn-\n-a \n¿-h-ln-°p-
∂-sX-∂pw \-ap-°p Xn-cn-®-dn-
bm≥ I-gn-bpw.
cm-Py-Øn-s‚ ]-c-am-[n-Im-cn-
bm-b {]-kn-U-≠v X-s‚ h-k-Xn-
bp-sS a-´p-∏m-hn¬ t]-c-°p-´n-tbm-
sSm-∏w k-a-bw sN-e-h-gn-°p-∂
c-k-I-c-hpw {]-Xo-Im-fl-I-hp-am-b
H-cp ko-\n-eq-sS-bm-Wv Nn-{Xw B-
cw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. ssh-Zyp-Xn hn-f-°p-
I-fn¬ Ip-fn-®p \n¬-°p-∂ \-K-c-
Øn-s‚ Zr-iyw Im-Wp-tºmƒ X-
s‚ A-[n-Im-cw F-{X-tØm-fw
hn-]p-e-am-sW-∂v t]-c-°p-´n-sb
t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ X-s‚ h-k-
Xn-bn-te-sXm-gn-sI a-s‰-√m Zo-]-
ß-fpw A-W-b-s´ F-∂-bmƒ
t^m-Wn-eq-sS \n¿-tZ-iw \¬-Ip-
∂p. D-S≥ X-s∂ hn-f-°p-I-sf-
√mw sI-´v \-K-cw C-cp-´n-em-Ip-∂p.
F-√m Zo-]-ß-fpw ho-≠pw sX-fn-
b-s´ F-∂v ]-d-™-t∏mƒ \-K-cw
]-g-b-Xp-t]m-se sh-fn-®-Øn¬
Ip-fn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Xp-S¿-
∂v X-s‚ sIm-®p-tam-\m-Wv C-\n
X-\n-°p th-≠n B-⁄m-]n-°p-
I-sb-∂pw \n¿-tZ-iw A-\p-k-cn-
°-W-sa-∂p-am-bn A-bmƒ. sIm-
®p-tam-s‚ \n¿-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn-®p-
≈ sse-‰-W-°¬ ˛ sIm-fp-
ج I-fn-bm-Wv ]n-∂o-Sv \-S-°p-
∂-Xv.]-t£ B I-fn-bp-sS B-
bp- v Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n-∂o-Sp-
≈ A-bm-fp-sS \n¿-tZ-i-߃-°-
\p-k-cn-®v sh-fn-®w sX-fn-bp-I-
tbm A-W-bp-I-tbm sN-øp-∂n-√.
\n¿-tZ-i-߃ A-h-K-Wn-°-s∏-
Sp-∂-Xm-bn A-bmƒ Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-
∂p. \-K-c-Øn¬ \n-∂pw t_mw-
_p kv-t^m-S-\-Øn-s‚ an-∂-ep-
Iƒ A-bmƒ-°p Im-Wm-\m-Ip-
∂p. A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ D-∑m-Z-Øn-
\-∏p-dw P-\-X-bp-sS \n-e-\n¬-∏n-
s\ _m-[n-°p-∂ h-en-b bm-Ym¿-
∞y-߃ ]p-d-Øp-s≠-∂pw A-
Xn-sem-∂v A-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-am-
sW-∂pw A-Xv \n-tj-[n-°p-∂-h-
tcm-Sp-≈ {]-Xn-tj-[-am-sW-∂pw
A-[n-Im-cn-It- fm-Sp-≈ {]-Xn-tj-[-
am-sW-∂pw ssh-In-bm-sW-¶n-epw
H-cp sR-´t- em-sS A-bmƒ a-\- n-
em-°p-∂p. B {]-Xn-tj-[ i-–-
߃-°v, k-ac - ß
- ƒ-°v X-s‚ Po-
hn-XØ- n-se F-√m hn-f° - p-II- t- f-
bpw F-s∂-t∂-bv° - pw A-Wb - v-
°m≥ I-gn-bp-sa-∂pw B-`y-¥c -
bp-≤w X-s‚ \-Kc - m-Xn¿-Øn-bn-se-
Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw Cu-sbm-
cp k-μ¿-`Ø - n¬ A-bmƒ t]-Sn-
tbm-sS Xn-cn-®-dn-bp-∂p.
B-`y-¥-c I-e-lw B-cw-`n-®-
Xn-s‚ A-Sp-Ø-Zn-h-kw cm-hn-se
X-s∂ A-bmƒ `m-cy-tbm-Spw c-
≠p s]¨-a-°-tfm-Spw t]-c-°p-´n-
bp-tam-sSm-∏w sXm-´-Sp-Ø hn-am-\-
Øm-h-f-Øn-se-Øp-I-bpw A-h-
sc a-‰m-cp cm-Py-tØ-°v kp-c-£n-
X-am-bn ]-d-™-b-°p-hm≥ {i-an-
°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p .F-∂m¬
sIm-®p-a-I≥ A-h-cp-sS Iq-sS
t]m-Im≥ hn-k-Ω-Xn-°p-I-bpw
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 37
A-bmƒ A-h-s\-bpw sIm-≠v
X-s‚ tdm-b¬ en-tam-kn≥ Im-
dn¬ \-K-c-Øn-te-°v X-s∂ Xn-cn-
®p h-cn-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.\-K-c-
Øn¬ ÿm-]n-® X-s‚ Iq-‰≥
I-´u-´p-I-fpw t]m-Ã-dp-I-fpw Im-
Wp-∂-Xv A-bm-sf ]p-f-Iw sIm-
≈n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]-t£ P-\-ß-fp-
sS tcm-jm-Kv-\n-bn¬ A-h-sb-
√mw I-Øn-b-a-cp-∂-Xm-Wv A-
bmƒ-°v sR-´-tem-sS ]n-∂o-Sv
Im-tW-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv. \n-an-j-t\-
cw sIm-≠v X-s∂ cm-Pyw I-em-
]-`q-an-bm-bn am-dp-I-bpw A-{I-a-
Im-cn-Iƒ \-K-cw ssI-b-S-°p-I-
bpw sN-øp-∂p .A-bmƒ-°v k-
¶¬-∏n-°m≥ t]m-epw ]-‰m-Ø
X-e-Øn-te-°v kw-`-h-߃ am-dn-
a-dn-bp-I-bpw I-em-]-Im-cn-I-fp-sS
e-£yw Xm≥ am-{X-am-sW-∂pw
X-s‚ X-e-bv-°v I-em-]-Im-cn-
Iƒ hn-e-bn-´n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-
∂pw A-bmƒ a-\- n-em-°p-∂p
.\-K-c-Øn¬ Ip-Sp-ßn-t∏m-b {]-
kn-U-≠n-s‚ hm-l-\-Øn-\v t\-
sc P-\-°q-´w A-{I-aw A-gn-®p-
hn-Sp-∂p . X-s‚ Aw-K-c-£-I-\v
sh-Sn-tb¬-°p-I-bpw A-bm-fp-sS
a-Sn-bn¬ In-S-∂v Im-dn¬ sh-®v
X-s∂ a-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.
F-´pw-s]m-´pw Xn-cn-bm-Ø X-s‚
sIm-®p-a-I≥ C-Xn-s\-√mw km-
£n-bm-tI-≠n h-cp-∂-Xm-Wv A-
bm-sf hn-j-an-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. sIm-
®p a-I-s‚ Im-gv-® Cu kn-\n-a-
bv-°v a-s‰m-cp Im-gv-N-∏m-Spw A-
\p-`-h-X-e-hpw \¬-Ip-∂p-≠v.
cm-{„o-b-hpw km-aq-ly-hp-am-b
kw-`-h-hn-Im-k-ß-sf A-[n-Im-cw
\-„-s∏-´ H-cp tkz-—m-[n-]-Xn-bp-
sS A-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw A-
tX-k-a-bw X-\n-°p Np-‰p-ap-≈
tem-I-sØ X-t‚-Xm-b C-„m-\n-
„-ß-fn¬ Iq-Sn ]-cn-an-X-am-bn
am-{Xw A-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bp-∂ H-cp
Ip-´n-bp-sS Im-gv-N-∏m-Sn¬ \n-∂pw
38 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
t\m-°n-°m-Wp-tºm-gp-≈ ssh-cp- bm-Wv. A-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚ sIm-Sp-
[yw Nn-{Xw `w-Kn-bm-bn A-h-X-cn- ap-Sn-bn¬ \n-∂pw Po-hn-X bm-Ym¿-
∏n-°p-∂p-≠v . A-\p-`-h-ß-fp-sS Yy-ß-fp-sS ]-cp-°≥ a-Æn-te-°v
ssh-cp-≤y-am-Wv Cu kn-\n-a Zr- X-e-b-Sn-®v ho-W A-bmƒ tam-„n-
iy-h¬-°-cn-°p-∂-Xv.A-[n-Im-c- s®m-cp Kn-Øm-dp-am-bn H-cp \m-
hpw A-[n-Im-c-an-√m-bv-a-bpw X-Ωn- tSm-Sn Km-b-I-s‚ cq-]-Øn¬
ep-≈ ssh-cp-≤yw, k-º-∂-X-bpw sIm-®p-a-I-t\m-sSm-∏w A-Xn¿-
Zm-cn-{Zy-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ ssh-cp- Øn-I-S-∂v c-£-s∏-Sm-\p-≈ Xo-
≤yw, \-K-c-hpw {Km-a-hpw X-Ωn- {h-am-b {i-a-ß-fm-Wv \-S-Øp-∂-
ep-≈ ssh-cp-≤yw ,Ip-Spw-_-
hpw cm-{„-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈
ssh-cp-≤yw, ap-Ø-—-\pw
t]-c-°p-´n-°p-an-S-bn-se
ssh-cp-[yw,Po-hn-X-hpw a-c-
W-hpw X-Ωn-ep-≈ ssh-cp-
≤yw Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw
{]-ta-b-]-c-am-bn Ø-s∂
kn-\n-a kv-]¿-in-°p-∂p-≠v.
B-cm-epw Xn-cn-®-dn-b-s∏-
Sn-s√-∂ hn-izm-k-Øn¬ hn-
Zq-c-am-b H-cp {Km-a-Øn¬
F-Øn-s∏-Sp-∂ ap-Ø-—-\pw
t]-c-°p-´n-bpw F-ß-s\-bpw
X-ß-fp-sS Po-h≥ kw-c-£n-
°m-\m-bn s]-Sm-∏m-Sv s]-Sp-
I-bm-Wv. `-b-am-Wv A-∂p-ap-
X¬ A-bm-sf `-cn-®p Xp-S-
ßp-∂-Xv. Im-c-Ww t]-Sn-
t°-≠-Xv kz-¥w cq-]-sØ-
bm-Wv , i-co-c-sØ-Ø-s∂-
bm-Wv. .Xm≥ G-sd A-e-¶-
cn-®v B¿-`m-S-]q¿-hw sIm-
≠p-\-S-∂n-cp-∂ i-co-c-am-Wv
H-cp _m-[y-X-bm-bn am-dp-∂-
Xv. . i-co-cw H-cp `-c-Wm-[n-
Im-cn-sb kw-_-‘n-®v A-[n-Im-c Xv. kw-`-h-_-lp-e-am-b B bm-
Nn-”w Iq-Sn-bm-Wv . A-[n-Im-c- {X-bn¬ C-cp-h¿-°pw t\-cn-tS-≠n
sØ H-gn-hm-°p-I F-∂-Xv i-co-c- h-cp-∂ A-\p-`-h-߃ A-Xy-¥w
sØ H-gn-hm-°p-I F-∂-Xp Iq-Sn- kw-L¿-j-`-cn-X-am-bm-Wv kn-\n-a-
bm-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv I drink bn¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
to separate my body from the B bm-{X H-cp hy-‡n F-∂ \n-
soul F-∂v Hm-k-vIm¿ ssh¬-Uv e-bn¬ X-s‚-bpw , cm-{„-Øn-t‚-
]m-Sn-b-Xv. ]-g-b {]-kn-U-≠v A- bpw C-∂-se-I-fn-eq-sS-bpw h¿-
ß-s\ X-s‚ i-co-c-sØ H-cp \m- Ø-am-\-Øn-eq-sS-bp-ap-≈ H-cp
tSm-Sn Km-b-I-s‚ ]-cp-°≥ cq-]- k-©m-c-am-bn A-bmƒ-°v A-\p-
Øn-te-°v s]m-Xn-s™-Sp-°p-I- `-h-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v . A-t∏mƒ Po-hn-
X-Øn-s‚ hn-e F-¥m-sW-∂v A-
bmƒ-°v Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ I-gn-bp-
∂p-≠v . Im-c-Ww A-bmƒ-°v C-
t∏mƒ kw-c-£n-°m-\p-≈-Xv X-
s‚-bpw t]-c-°p-´n-bp-sS-bpw Po-
h≥ am-{X-am-Wv . B-`y-¥-c e-l-
f-bn¬ k¿-h-Xpw \-„-s∏-´v Po-
hn-Xw h-gn-ap-´n-b P-\-߃ Iq-´
]-em-b-\w \-S-Øp-tºmƒ A-h-
cn-sem-cm-fm-bn cm-Py-Øn-s‚ ]-g-
b {]-kn-U-≠pw kp-c-£n-X-Xz-
Øn-\m-bv A-e-bp-∂-Xv N-cn-{X-
Øn-se ]-e ho-c N-cn-X-ß-tf-
bpw km-μ¿-`n-I-am-bn X-e-Io-gm-
bn A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. A-
t∏mƒ h-gn-bn-ep-S-\o-fw A-bmƒ-
°v tIƒ-°m-\m-Ip-∂-Xv {]-kn-
U-≠n-t\m-Sp-≈ P-\-ß-fp-sS H-Sp-
ßm-Ø ]-I-bpw hn-tZz-j-hpw \n-
d-™ hm-°p-Iƒ am-{X-am-
Wv.Xm≥ F-{X-tØm-fw sh-dp-°-
s∏-´-h-\m-sW-∂p-≈ Xn-cn-®-dn-hv
bm-{X-bn-ep-S-\o-fw A-bmƒ-°v
t_m-[y-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Once we
had a country and we thought it
fair, Look in the Atlas and you will
find it there; We cannot go there
now ,my dear , We cannot go there
now F-∂ sd-^yq-Pn ªq-kn-
se W H Auden F-gp-Xn-b h-cn-
Iƒ A-∏q-∏-t‚-bpw t]-c-°p-´n-bp-
sS-bpw I-Æp-I-fn¬ , A-h-cp-sS
au-\-ß-fn¬ \n-g-en-°p-∂p-≠v. ]-
t£ Cu A-\p-`-h-ß-sf Nn-e-
t∏mƒ h-f-sc k-‰-b-dn-°¬ B-
bn-´m-Wv kn-\n-a k-ao-]n-°p-∂-Xv.
h-b-e≥-kn-\pw kw-L¿-j-Øn-
\pw ]-I-cw k-‰-b-dpw \¿-Ω-hpw
D-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv kw-hn-[m-b-I≥
k-¶o¿-Æ-am-b ]-e Po-hn-X-ap-
lq¿-Ø-ß-sf-bpw Zr-iy-h¬-°-cn-
®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
A-`-b-ÿm-\w e-£y-am-°n-
bp-≈ bm-{X-bn-em-Wv ]-g-b G-
Im-[n-]-Xn-°v X-s‚ cm-Pyw \n-
e sX-‰n ho-W Zp-c-¥-ap-J-Øn-
s‚ A-Km-[-am-b B-gw t_m-[y-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. h-gn-bn¬ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-
cn-°p-∂ Nn-e kw-`-h-߃ A-
Ø-c-Øn¬ cm-{„o-b-am-b Nn-e
am-\-߃ D-≈-h-bm-Wv .H-cp hn-
hm-l ]m¿-´n-sb h-gn-bn¬-h-®v ]-
´m-f-°m¿ X-S-™p sh-°p-I-bpw
]-cn-tim-[-\-bv-s°-∂ \m-Sy-
Øn¬ \-h-h-[p-hn-s\ k-ao-]-
Øp-≈ H-cp sI-´n-S-Øn-te-°v
sIm-≠p-t]m-bn ]-´m-f-°m¿ am-\-
`w-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-
tºmƒ A-hn-sS-Iq-Sn-bn-cn-°p-∂-
h¿-t°m H-∏w h-∂-h¿-t°m A-
Xn-s\-Xn-sc H-∂v i-–n-°m≥
t]m-epw I-gn-bp-∂n-√ . ]-g-b H-
cp `-c-Wm-[n-]-s‚ I-◊p-∂n¬
sh-®n-´m-Wv A-bmƒ t]m-‰n-h-f¿-
Øn-b ]-´m-f-°m¿ C-Ø-c-sam-cp
lo-\-Ir-Xyw sN-øp-∂-Xv. C-
t∏mƒ A-bmƒ a-‰p-≈-h-sc-
°mƒ \n- -lm-b-\pw A-i-‡-
\p-am-Wv. ]n-∂o-S-bmƒ A-`-b-
ÿm-\-Øn-\m-bn I-b-dn-s®-√p-∂-
Xv H-cp th-iym-e-b-Øn-em-Wv. ]-
g-b {]-kn-U≥-dv X-t∂m-Spw X-
s‚ Ip-Spw-_-tØm-Spw sN-bv-X
A-\ym-b-hpw A-{I-a-hpw aq-e-am-
Wv X-\n-°v Cu Zp¿-K-Xn h-∂n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv F-∂m-Wv B kv-{Xo-
bn¬ \n-∂pw A-bmƒ-°v tIƒ-
t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv. a-s‰m-cn-°¬
X-s‚ Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ß-fn-sem-cm-
fp-sS a-c-W-Øn-\v Im-c-W-°m-c-
\m-b sIm-e-bm-fn-sb A-bmƒ-°v
Np-a-en-te-‰n \-S-t°-≠n h-cp-I-
bpw Po-h≥ c-£n-t°-≠n h-cn-I-
bpw sN-øp-∂p-≠v .ssh-cp-≤y-ß-
fp-sS kw-L¿-j `q-an-I-bn-eq-sS-
bm-Wv ]p-Xn-sbm-cp Po-hn-Xw
2020 Pqssev
Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 39
tX-Sn-bp-≈ A-bm-fp-sS bm-{X. H-
Sp-hn¬ A-b¬ cm-Py-tØ-°v c-
£-s∏-Sm-\m-bn I-S¬-Øo-c-Øv
H-cp t_m-´v Im-Øp \n¬-s°
A-bm-fpw t]-c-°p-´n-bpw i-{Xp-
°-fm¬ ]n-Sn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. C-cp-
h¿-°pw h-[-in-£ \¬-Ip-hm-
\m-bn P-\-°q-´w Xo-cp-am-\n-°p-
∂p. A-h-cn¬ kv-{Xo-I-fpw Ip-´n-
I-fpw D-≠v .]-e-cp-sS-bpw I-
øn¬ B-bp-[-ß-fpw D-≠v . C-cp-
h-sc-bpw I-S-en-\v A-`n-ap-J-am-bn
\n¿-Øn-b-ti-jw ]n-d-In¬ \n-
∂pw sh-Sn-sh-®p-sIm-√m-\-h¿
Xp-\n-bp-∂p.A-t∏mƒ Bƒ-°q-´-
Øn¬ \n-∂pw H-cp kv-{Xo Hm-Sn
h-cn-I-bpw C-bmƒ X-s‚ Ip-´n-
bp-sS Lm-X-I-\m-sW-∂pw C-cp-
h-sc-bpw Xq-°n-te-‰p-I-bm-Wv
th-≠-sX-∂pw A-bm-fp-sS I¨-
ap-∂n¬ sh-®p X-s∂-A-bm-fp-sS
t]-c-°p-´n ]n-S-™p a-cn-°p-∂-Xv
Im-W-W-sa-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p. C-cp-
h-sc-bpw sIm-e-°-b¿ A-Wn-bn-
°p-∂p. A-t∏mƒ Bƒ-°q-´-
Øn¬ \n-∂pw H-cp bp-hm-hv I-S-
∂p h-cn-I-bpw H-cp sX-‰pw sN-
øm-Ø Ip-´n-bp-sS Po-h-s\-Sp-°p-
∂-Xv i-cn-b-s√-∂pw hm-Zn-°p-
∂p. H-cp tkz-—m-[n-]-Xn ap-ºv
sN-bv-X F-√m A-Xn-{I-a-ß-fpw
C-hn-sS ]p-Xn-b A-[n-Im-c tI-
{μ-Øn-s‚ Io-gn-epw B-h¿-Øn-
°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. A-ß-s\-bm-
Ip-tºmƒ hn-π-hw X-s∂ \n-c¿-
∞-I-am-Ip-∂p. hn-π-hw tkz-—m-
[n-]-Xy-Øn-s‚ `m-cw e-Lq-I-cn-
°p-∂n-s√-∂pw A-Xv H-cp Np-a-
en¬ \n-∂pw a-t‰ Np-a-en-te-°v
am-‰p-I am-{X-am-sW-∂pw tPm¿-Pv
_¿-Wm-Uv jm ]-d™ - X
- v A-Xp-
sIm-≠m-Wv. H-cp G-Im-[n-]X - n G-
‰-hpw I-cp-Øp-ff- h
- \
- m-bn-Øn-cp-∂-
Xv A-bmƒ ]-db - p-∂s - X-¥pw A-
\p-kc - n-°m≥ X-øm-dm-Ip-∂ A-
Wn-Iƒ D-≈t- ∏mƒ am-{X-am-Wv.
B A-Wn-Iƒ-°v F-∂pw F-t∏m-
40 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
gpw H-cp am-‰h - pw D-≠m-Ip-∂n-√. ss¢-am-I-vkv sIm-≠v k-a¿-Y-am-
{]-kn-U≠ - v sN-bvX - Ip-‰I- r-Xy- bn ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v. {]-
ß-fp-sS ]-¶v P-\ß - ƒ-°pw A-h- kn-U-≠n-s‚ X-e-bv-°v ap-I-fn¬
Im-is - ∏-´X
- m-Wv. A-Xm-Wv bp- hmƒ D-b-cp-tºmƒ X-t∂-bpw
hm-hv Hm¿-as - ∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - v; A-Xp sIm-∂p I-f-bm≥ B-h-iy-s∏-´v
sIm-≠m-Wb - mƒ P-\m-[n-]X - y- B bp-hm-hv hmƒ ap-\-bv-°p Io-
Øn-\p th-≠n hm-Zn-°p-∂X - v. bm- gn¬ In-S-°p-∂-Xv Bƒ-°q-´ a-\-
{Xm-kw-LØ - n¬ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂ n-s\ H-cp \n-an-jw A-º-c-∏n-
hr-≤-\m-sbm-cp \m-tSm-Sn Km-b- °p-∂p-≠v. ]-I-cw F-¥p in-
I≥ Ip-´n-sb Bƒ-°q-´-Øn¬ £-bm-Wv A-bmƒ-°v \¬-Ip-I
\n-∂pw tam-Nn-∏n-°p-I-bpw Zq-sc F-∂ tNm-Zy-Øn-\v A-bmƒ \r-
I-S¬-Øo-c-tØ-°v sIm-≠p-t]m- Øw sN-ø-s´ F-∂m-Wv bp-hm-hv
bn B-iz-kn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp- a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. A-Xv P-\m-
∂p. A-t∏mƒ A-h-s\ Xq-°-cp- [n-]-Xy-Øn-\p th-≠n-bp-≈ \r-
Xv F-∂pw Po-h-t\m-sS I-Øn-°v Ø-am-Wv . \r-Øw b-Ym¿-∞-
F-∂p-ap-≈ P-\-°q-´-Øn-s‚ B- Øn¬ i-co-cØ - n-s‚ P-\m-[n-]X - y-
t{Im-i-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS Im-Xp-I- am-Wv.hn-Im-cß - f - p-sS `m-jb - p-am-
fn¬ ap-g-ßp-∂-Xv. Cu I-fn X-\n- Wv.A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv The truest
°v C-„-am-Ip-∂n-√ F-∂m-Wv Ip- expression of a people is in its
´n X-s∂ kw-c-£n-°p-∂-bm-tfm-Sv dances and its music. Bodies never
]-d-bp-∂-Xv. A-t∏mƒ I-S¬-Øn- lie F-∂v ]-gs - bm-cp A-ta-cn-°≥
c-I-sf am-{Xw {i-≤n-°m-\pw Im- \¿-ØI - n A-`n-{]m-bs - ∏-´X- v .I-
Xp-I-f-S-bv-°m-\p-am-Wv A-bmƒ S¬-Øo-cØ - v \r-Øw-sN-øp-∂ {]-
Ip-´n-tbm-Sv B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Nn- kn-U‚n-s‚ t]-c° - p-´n-bp-sS Zr-
{X-Øn-s‚ ss¢-am-I-vkm-Wv b- iy-Øn¬ Nn-{Xw A-hk - m-\n-∏n-
Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ kn-\n-a-bp-sS cm- °m≥ kw-hn-[m-bI - s - \ t{]-cn-∏n-
{„o-bw sh-fn-hm-°p-∂-Xv; B ®-Xv Xo¿-®b - m-bpw G-Im-[n-]X - y-
ss¢-am-I-vkn-s‚ Im-hy `w-Kn-bm- hpw a-Xm-[n-]X - y-hpw Xo-{h-hm-Z
Wv kn-\n-a D-∂-bn-°p-∂ am-\-hn- {]-h¿-Ø\ - ß- f - pw ]n-Sn-ap-dp-°n-b
I-X-sb-bpw cm-{„o-b [m¿-an-I-X- C-dm-s‚ km-aq-ln-I cm-{„o-b Np-
sb-bpw A-Sn-h-c-bn-Sp-∂-Xv. ‰p-]m-Sp-If
- n¬ h-f¿-∂ A-bm-fp-sS
k¿-hm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂ H- _m-ey-hpw bu-h\ - h - pw X-s∂-bm-
cm-fp-sS C-t∏m-g-sØ \n- -lm- Wv. H-cp ]-t£ B-bp-[[ - m-cn-bm-
bm-h-ÿ-bn¬ t{]-£-I¿-°v A- b H-cp I-em-]I - m-cn-°pw Iym-ad -
bm-tfm-Sv I-cp-W-bm-Wv tXm-∂p- ssI-bn-te-¥n-b I-em-Im-c\ - p-an-S-
I. B I-Ym-]m-{X-Øn-t\m-Sv bn¬ F-∏t- gm kw-`h - n-®p t]m-b
t{]-£-I¿ A-h-km-\-am-Ip-tºm- ]-cn-Wm-ah - g - n-If - m-Wv.. A-hn-sS \n-
tg-°pw h-√m-sX A-Sp-Øp t]m- ∂p-am-Wv a-Iva - ¬ _-^v F-∂ kw-
Ip-∂p-≠v. ]-t£ h-[-in-£ Im- hn-[m-b-I-s‚ cm-{„o-bw cq-]-s∏-
Øv a-c-Wm-k-∂-\m-bn In-S-°p- Sp-∂-Xv. Bƒ-°q-´-Øn-s‚ ssI-
∂ cm-Py-t{Zm-ln-bm-b H-cp ap≥ bn-ep-≈ tXm-°n≥ Ip-g-en-e-√,
`-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-°v F-¥v in-£- a-dn-®v I-S¬-Xo-c-Øv Ip-´n-tbm-sSm-
bm-Wv I-em-]-Im-cn-I-fm-b Bƒ- ∏w \r-Øw sN-øp-∂ \m-tSm-Sn
°q-´w I¬-∏n-°p-∂-Xv? C-Xp-kw- Km-b-I-s‚ I-øn-ep-≈ Kn-Øm-dn-
_-‘n-® t{]-£-I-cp-sS F-√m s‚ i-–-Øn-em-Wv Zn {]-kn-U-
{]-h-N-\-ß-sf-bpw ap≥-hn-[n-I- ≠v A-Xn-s‚ cm-{„o-b-sØ-°p-dn-
sf-bpw kw-hn-[m-b-I≥ H-cp ®v kw-km-cn-°p-∂-Xv. $
 36
Hello
English
Dr. P.K.Jayaraj
pkjayarajs@gmail.com

S
hould we teach
grammar, or
shouldn’t we?
Grammar is an
aspect of language about
which people have
different opinions. Some
users of English are very
much interested in finding
out or learning grammar
rules and doing lots of
Should we
grammar exercises. Others
hate grammar and think it
is the most boring part of
learning a new language.
Teach Grammar,
Many people associate
grammar with errors,
correctness and following
a set of unbending rules.
or Shouldn’t We?
Teachers have (including usage or the grammar teaching has
struggled to teach rules that govern the proper always been a controversial
grammar and students use of language as well as topic. Some see grammar as
have struggled to learn it. “mechanics”, the nuts and the backbone of languages
Should we explicitly teach bolts of spelling, and learners should be
grammar in English class? capitalisation and presented with explicit
Or, should we work with punctuation) has been grammar courses. Others,
students to learn grammar debated for a long, long however, think that
in context? Or, are there time, since at least as early knowing the grammar
other paths? These are as the late 1800s. doesn’t necessarily lead to
questions that have been language mastery. From
part of teaching profession Grammar Debate 1800s to 2000s, the
for decades. Regardless of In the field of English literature clearly
what we call it, grammar Language Teaching, demonstrates that teaching
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 41
grammar has never been a
comfortable profession
ideologically. The grammar
debate continued through
the 1970s, when Mina
Shaughnessy’s book Errors
and Expectations set the tone
for a new era.
Shaughnessy’s masterful
insights lead to a simple,
powerful claim: teachers
“might well begin by trying
to understand the logic of
their students’ errors in
order to determine at what
point or points along the
developmental path error
should or can become a
subject of instruction”.
Shaughnessy viewed
making errors as a natural
part of learning.
Many people, including
language teachers, hear the
word “grammar” and
think of a fixed set of word
forms and rules of usage.
Language teachers who
adopt this definition focus grammar in isolated situations?” By contrast,
on grammar as a set of sentences will not allow prescriptive grammarians
forms and rules. Other learners to see how ask “What should English
language teachers, grammatical structures be like-what forms should
influenced by recent function in sentences and people use and what
theoretical work on the discourses. functions should they
difference between serve?” Prescriptivists
language learning and Descriptive vs. follow the tradition of the
language acquisition, tend Prescriptive classical grammars of
not to teach grammar at all. Grammar Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin,
Believing that children When it comes to which aimed to preserve
acquire their first language grammar there are two earlier forms of those
without overt grammar schools of thought languages so that readers in
instruction, they expect concerning usage-the subsequent generations
students to learn their prescriptivist and the could understand sacred
second language the same descriptivist. Descriptive texts and historical
way. Most of the grammar grammarians ask the documents. Whenever
textbooks are filled with question, “What is English grammarians refer to the
rules; they do not teach (or another language) like- “proper English” they have
students how to transfer what are its forms and how in mind the prescriptive
these rules to their speech do they function in various language they were taught
and writing. Presenting in school. Modern

42 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-

grammarians aim to
describe rather than
prescribe linguistic forms
and their uses. Dictionary
makers also strive for
descriptive accuracy in
reporting, which words are
in use and which senses
they carry.
We cannot talk of the
grammar of English, but
only of the grammars of
English. A grammar is only
a model of one particular
person’s linguistic
knowledge. Every writer I
know has a different
perspective on just how
good grammar needs to be.
Some are grammar sticklers
and they insist on adhering
to the highest standards of
the literary order. Others
are comfortable taking
creative liberties and believe
that breaking the rules is an
art unto itself and a practice
that should be embraced. If
a language is spoken, it
must have a phonetic and
phonological system; since
it has words and sentences,
it must also have
morphology and syntax;
and since these words and
sentences have systematic
meanings, there must
obviously be semantic
principles as well. Of
course, these are the very
things that make up
grammar. Grammar is
concerned with how
sentences and utterances
are formed. In a typical
English sentence, we can
see the two most basic
principles of grammar, the
arrangement of items
(syntax) and the structure
of items (morphology).
Dr. Syntax and Mrs.
Grundy
Since the 1960’s, debate
has raged among English
language teachers over the
advantages and
disadvantages of teaching
grammar. In Britain
towards the end of 1980s
there was an extraordinary
debate about the teaching
of English, especially
English grammar. One
camp was headed by the
fictitious character Dr.
Syntax who favoured
explicit teaching of
grammar. The other camp
was led by Mrs. Grundy
who believed in the maxim
“grammar is to be caught
not to be taught”. Prince
Charles also joined the
debate speaking in praise of
grammar. A few heads
were shaken in regret and
disbelief. The debate
between Dr. Syntax and
Mrs. Grundy continues in
different parts of the
English learning world.
Once an American
journalist commented that
the British queen does not
know English as she uttered
a sentence like “my
daughter is taller than me”.
In his opinion the queen
should say “my daughter is
taller than I”. The news
became the talk of the
world for quite some time.
The next day some purist
grammarians wrote that the
correct sentence should be
“my daughter is taller than
I am.” Some native speakers
of England came to the
queen’s rescue but most
grammarians criticized her
colloquialism. The
controversy of teaching
grammar continues to this
day, with one side holding
a ‘back to basics’ approach
and favouring a return to
teaching grammar the
traditional way and those
who favour the idea that
students acquire grammar
by reading and writing. Is
one side right and the other
side wrong? Or do both
sides contain a little bit of
the truth? If we have to
take a position in this
debate we have to address
ourselves to the question:
‘What is grammar?’
Grammar isn’t a bunch of
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 43
mysterious rules invented
by pundits. It is a system of
language — building
sounds into words, words
into phrases, phrases into
sentences — most of which
you already know.
Grammar in Context
When primary and
high school English teachers
would ask me to recommend
a good book for
teaching grammar, I would
direct them to Constance
Weaver’s Teaching Grammar
in Context. But I have stopped
recommending Teaching
Grammar in Context, though
it is still in print. Now I
encourage teachers to pick
up a copy of Weaver’s more
recent book, Grammar to
Enrich and Enhance Writing.
Weaver’s guiding
philosophy is “a pedagogy
of possibility that is positive,
productive, and practical.”
She begins with an
argument against a
prescriptive approach to
teaching grammar:
“Traditional grammar
instruction is a one-time-
44 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
only approach to mastering
isolated skills.” Weaver asks
teachers to rethink the urge
to correct “mistakes” in
student papers. She says,
“Instead of fixing errors, we
now realize, teachers
should be guiding student
writers.” Instead of
grabbing a red pen,
teachers should recognize
that mistakes provide
opportunities for praising
the attempt. The challenge
for teachers is to create
opportunities for grammar
study that are meaningful
to learners. Grammar
should be addressed within
meaningful contexts as one
element of language
proficiency. Grammar in
context approach
encourages learners to
explore relationships
between grammar and
discourse.
The Place of
Grammar
Thomas Carlyle said:
“Language is the flesh-
garment, the body, of
thought”. This is an
excellent analogy because it
conjures up the notion of
making the spirit of our
thoughts visible to others.
While reading great writers
like Vaikom Muhammad
Basheer we sometimes
pause to think: ‘What a
beautiful sentence”. Instead
of writing in grammatically
perfect Malayalam, Basheer
wrote in the everyday
language of Malayalis, not
that of language puritans.
Can you imagine a short
story or a novel written
only in grammatically full-
fledged sentences? In order
to create a higher literary
art the writers usually
throw off the straightjacket
of sentence grammar
whenever necessary.
Imagine that while you are
writing something, a
grammar teacher yells at
you, “Put a comma there!
Change that colon into a
semicolon! Oh no! That
sentence is a fragment!” It
would be terrible,
wouldn’t it?
In the history of the
world hardly has anyone
learnt language through
grammar; they have
generally learnt grammar
through language. Just as
in democracy, sometimes
you follow the rules and
sometimes you make the
rules. Stubbornly sticking to
the rules is one option,
ignoring them completely is
another? What about you?
Do you think good
grammar is a necessary evil
or an unnecessary
nuisance? $
sIm√w Xmeq°v k-vIqƒ Sot®gvkv
klIcWkwLw
Ltd No. Q.No.1303
t]mcp-ºpg ]n.H, Ip≠d , sIm√w

\nt£-]ß
- ƒ°v k¿°m¿ \n¿t±-i{- ]-Im-ca- p≈ ]eni \nc°v
hnhn-[X- cw hmbv]I - ƒ
hnhn[ ke-bp≈ Nn´n-Iƒ
SB,FD,RD \nt£]߃
Fa¿P≥kn hmbv]
hmbv]I
- ƒ°v dnkvIv ^≠v B\p-Iqeyw
hmbv] e`n-°p-∂X - n\v efn-Xa- mb hyh-ÿI
- ƒ

hn sI BZ¿iv Ip-am¿ sI apPo_v

{]knU‚v sk{I´dn
9544788997 9947015158

2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 45
 IY ]∏≥ Im\mbn

ImØn-cn-∏n\v
HSp-hn¬
cm hnse apX¬ ao\ tamfpsS
t\m´w hgn-bn-te-°m-bn-cp-∂p.
kabw ]Ø-c-bm-bn´pw Btcbpw
ImWm-Ø-Xn¬ Ahƒ k¶-S-s∏-´p.
an\n-bpsS ho´n¬ C∂se In´n
F∂m-Wt√m ]d™p tI´-Xv. an\n-
bpsS ho´p-Im-tc-°mƒ ]mh-s∏-´-h-
ct√ X߃? Ahƒ Hm¿Øp.
Xm\pw AΩbpw am{X-a-S-ßp∂
IpSpw_w A—s‚ acWw AXmWv
F√mw am‰n adn-®Xv Fs¥mcp
kvt\l-am-bn-cp∂p A—\v! Xm≥
¢mknse G‰hpw ]Tn-°p∂ Ip´n-
bm-sW-∂-Xn¬ A—≥ Gsd A`n-
am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂pw Iqen-∏Wn
Ign™p h∂v Nmb IpSn-®-Xn-\p-
tijw A—≥ Xs‚ kvIqƒ hnti-
j-ß-sfms° At\z-jn-°pw.
A≤ym-]-I-sc-°p-dn®pw Iq´p-Im-sc-
°p-dn-®p-sams° A—\v Adn-bWw
]n.Sn.F ao‰nw-Kn\v hc-W-sa∂v
A—\v \n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
\∂mbn ]Tn-°p∂ Ip´n-bpsS A—-
\m-b-Xp-sIm≠v A≤ym-]-
I¿s°ms° A—s\ henb Imcy-
am-bn-cp-∂p. apJy-a-{¥n°v IsØ-gp-
Xn-b-Xn\v kΩm\w e`n-®-t∏mƒ
A—-\p-a-Ω-bp-amWv Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-
cØv t]mb Imcyw ao\-tam-fpsS
kvac-W-bn-se-Øn. BZy-am-bn-´m-bn-
cp∂ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ImWp-∂-Xv.
A∂v F√m-h-cp-sSbpw ap∂n¬ sh®v
apJy-a{¥n ssI ]nSn-®p-Ip-ep°n
A`n-\-μn-®-t∏mƒ X\n°v Fs¥mcp
kt¥m-j-am-bn-cp-∂p. temIw Iog-S-

46 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
°nb {]Xo-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p \n∂Xpw kt¥m-tj-´-\m-bn-cp-
At∏mƒ AXv ImWm≥ ap≥\n- ∂p. ""ao\ tamtf, Sn.hn C√mØ
c-bn¬ Xs∂ A—-\p-a-Ω-bpw.... F√m Ip´n-Iƒ°pw R߃
A≤ym-]-I-\m-IWw F∂-Xm-bn- Sn.hn \¬Ipw.'' kt¥mtj´-
cp-∂p-ht{X A—s‚ G‰hpw s‚bpw Iq´p-Im-cp-sSbpw hm°p-
henb B{Klw F∂m¬ A—m- Iƒ X\n°v Bizmkw
—s‚ s]s´-∂p≈ acWw ]I¿∂p. F¶nepw kabw ]Xn-
A—s\ Iqen-∏-Wn-°m-c-\m-°n.
X\n°v km[n-°msX t]mb
B{Klw aI-fn-eqsS \nd-th-‰-W-
sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p A—s‚ ]n∂o-
Sp≈ B{Klw Xt‚bpw s\m∂v Ign-™-Xn¬ ao\-tamƒ
B{Klw AXp Xs∂-bt√ ao\- A£-a-bm-bn. Xs‚ A—-\p-≠m-
tamƒ Hm¿Øp. bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ X\n°v Cßs\
A—s‚ s]s´-∂p≈ acWw ImØn-cn-t°≠n hcn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
AΩsb Iqen-∏-Wn-°m-cn-bm-°n. ao\-tamƒ°v Ic-®n¬ h∂p.
]mhw AΩ. henb ho´n¬ ]nd- ""ao\-tam-tf,'' D®-Øn-ep≈ hnfn
∂-Xm-W-t{X. A\y-Pm-Xn-°m- ao\-tamsf DW¿Øn. hgn-bn-
c\pw Iqen-∏-Wn-°m-c-\p-amb te°v t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ kt¥m-
Bsf kvt\ln-®-tXmsS ho´n¬ tj-´-s‚bpw Iq´p-Im-cp-sSbpw
\n∂v ]pd-Øm°n A\y-Pm-Xn- hc-hm-Wv. AsX! ao\-tam-fpsS
°m-cn-bm-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ A—s‚ ho´nepw Sn.hn FØn-bn-cn-°p-
ho´p-Imcpw FXn¿Øp. HSp-hn¬ ∂p. Ahƒ Xp≈n-®m-Sn. $
H‰-s∏´p Ign™ h¿j-am-bn-
cp∂p A—s‚ ac-Ww AΩ
Iqen-∏-Wn-sb-SpØv Ign™p
hc-th-bmWv alm-am-cn-bpsS
hchv sImtdmW ImcWw
AΩbv°v ]Wn°p t]mIm≥
]‰mØ Ahÿ F¶nepw
k¿°m¿ klmbw sIm≠v
Ign™p t]m∂p. kvIqƒ Xpd-
°m≥ ]‰n-√t{X Ggn¬ \n∂v
F´n-te°v ]m mb Xs∂ AΩ
H‰bv°v t]mbmWv kvIqfn¬
tN¿∂-Xv. C\n apX¬
Hm¨sse≥ ]T-\-am-sW-∂-dn-
™-t∏mƒ sR´n. Sn.hn-tbm,
kvam¿´v t^mtWm thWw.
X\n°v CXp c≠p-an-√. Ic-®n-
ens‚ h°n-se-Ønb Xs∂
kt¥m-tj-´-\mWv kam-[m-\n-∏n-
®-Xv. kt¥m-tj-´s\ X\n°v
ASpØv ]cn-N-b-ap-≠v. _me-kw-
L-Øns‚ sk{I-´-dn-bmb
Xs∂ {]kw-Kn-°m≥ ]Tn-∏n-®Xv
kt¥m-tj-´-\m-Wv. apJy-a-{¥n-
bn¬ \n∂v kΩm\w hmßnb
X\n°v kzoI-c-W-sam-cp-°n-b-
t∏mƒ ap≥\n-c-°m-c-\mbn
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 47
I hn-X-bnse {]Xn-tcm[w
F∂Xv Pohn-X-Øns‚
{]Xn-tcm-[-am-Wv. Ihn-X-
bnse hymI-c-W-sa-∂Xv Pohn-X-
Ihn-X-bnse
Øns‚ hymI-c-W-am-Wv. ka-Im-
eo\ kaq-l-Øn\v \jvS-s∏-
Sp∂ ss\XnI Pm{K-X-bmWv
{]Xn-tcm[w
h¿Ø-am-\- Im-e-L-´-Ønse Fw.kn. t]mƒ
Imhy-kr-jvSn-I-fpsS B¥-cn-I-
kØ. {Xw. Ihn-X-Iƒ Imev]-\n-Ihpw kwkvIm-c-i-_vZ-X-bmWv Cu
`mj-bpsS hym]-\-ti-jn- dnb-en-Ãn-°p-am-bn-cn-s°-Øs∂ cN-\-Iƒ ]¶p-sh-bv°p-∂-Xv.
bmWv Ihn-X-bpsS Icp-Øv. Zm¿i-\n-I-hp-am-Wv. AXm-Is´ hrØ, Xmf, Oμ-kp-I-
AXv Bfl-\n-jvT-sa-∂-t]mse A\p-hm-NI lrZ-b-߃°v tfmsS km{º-Zm-bnI Imhy-c-
a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ `uXnI A\y-a-√-Xm-\pw. B[p-\n-Im-\- N\ coXn \n¿h-ln-°p∂ Ihn-
bmYm¿Yy-ß-fpsS kwhm-Z-hp-am- ¥c ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse `m-c-Xo-b-hpw, tIc-fo-b-hp-amb
Wv. IØp∂ Pohn-X-Øns‚ thdn´ i_vZ-amWv {]`m-h¿a-bp- kwkvImc [mc-Isf ka-\z-bn-
IS-emWv Ihn-X-bpsS ajn-∏m- tS-Xv. ae-bmf Ihn-X-bnse ∏n-°p-∂p. kwkvIm-c-sa-∂m¬

48 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-

Hcp PmXn-bpsS-tbm, aX-Øn-
s‚tbm am{Xw kzØ-√, GI-
Xm-\-hp-a-√. AXv _lp-kz-c-am-
Wv. hnhn[ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS
IqSn-t®-c-em-Wv. I≈n Xncn-
°m≥ Ign-bmØ imZz-e-`q-an-I-
bmWv AXv.
IhnX bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Ncn{X
cmjv{Sob kwhm-Z-amWv \n¿h-
ln-°p-∂-Xv. ka-c-k-∂n-`-amb
Hcp Ime-L-´-Øns‚ A¥-k-
∂n-th-i-amWv AXv. Chn-sS-
bmWv {]`m-h¿a Ihn-X-Isf
CXc Ihn-I-fn¬ \n∂v hn`n-∂-
am-°p-∂-Xv. IhnX Z¿i-\-]-c-
ambncns° Xs∂ Bem-]\
kpJ-apfhm-°p-∂Xpw BI-Ww.
IhnX bYm¿Y- Ø n¬
Ncn{X cmjv{Sob kwhm-Z-
amWv \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.
ka- c - k - ∂ n- ` - a mb Hcp
Ime-L´- Ø - ns‚ A¥-k-
∂n-th-ia- mWv AXv. Chn-
sS-bmWv {]`m-h¿a Ihn-
X- I sf CXc Ihn- I -
fn¬ \n∂v hn`n-∂a- m-°p-∂-
Xv . IhnX Z¿i- \ - ] - c -
ambncns° Xs∂ Bem-
]\ kpJ- a pfhm- ° p- ∂
Xpw BI-Ww
\jvS-s∏-´p-t]mb \ΩpsS
\mtSm-Sn-Ø-ßsf Xncn®p ]nSn-
°¬ IqSn-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww.
{]ikvX k¶o¿W-X-I-fn¬
apßn-t∏mb a\p-jy-XzsØ
Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cn-°-
Ww.
`mj-bn¬ Aæ-cpNn
\¬Ip∂ IhnX \ΩpsS kzXz-
Øns‚ Xo Xnf-°-ap≈ cN-\m-
ssh-in-jvSy-amWv hnfw-_cw
sNøp-∂-Xv. sI´p-t]mb
ImesØ tXm‰n-bp-W¿Øp-∂p.
`mj-bnepw, `mhp-I-Xz-Ønepw
Cu Ihn-X-Iƒ s]mfn-s®-gpØp
\S-Øp-∂p. \jvS-s∏´p t]mb
ss]Xr-IsØ Xncn®p ]nSn-°p-
I-bpw, `mh-kp-c-`n-e-amb
Imthym≥ao-e\w \n¿h-ln-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
Cu Ihn-X-Iƒ hcn-Iƒ°n-S-
bn¬ hmbn-°m≥ Hcp aq∂mw
IÆv A\p-hm-N-I-\n¬ \n∂v
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ihn-X-Iƒ
ÿqe-am-b√ kq£vamw-i-Øn-
emWv t]in Zm¿Vyw {]I-Sn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ IS-
emWv Ihn-X-bpsS ajn-]m-{Xw.
Ime-tØ-bpw, tZi-tØbpw
IhnX adn IS-°p-∂p. auen-I-X-
bpsS Xmc-kz-c-hm-ln-bmb Ihn-
bmWv {]`m-h¿a.
Bfl-k-a¿∏-W-Øns‚
Bƒcq-]-bpw, t]mcm-´-ho-dns‚
]cym-b-hp-amb Ihn ITn-\-amb
Ime-Øns‚ Ibv]v Id-s∂-Sp-
°p-∂p. kz—-μ-amb sXfn-\o-scm-
gp-°√ adn®v Ic-sb-Sp-°p∂
Xnc-I-fmWv Cu Ihn°v Ihn-X.
]cn-ÿn-Xnsb XI¿°p∂ a\p-
jy-tI-{μn-X-amb temIsØ
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. atX-Xc am\-
hn-IX AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p
Cu Ihn-X-Iƒ.
Ak-tXma kZvK-abx
Xa-tkma tPymXn¿K-ab
aytXym¿a Aar-Xw-K-ab!
AXm-bXv Ak-Xy-Øn¬
\n∂v kXy-Øn-te-°v, Ccp-fn¬
\n∂v shfn-®-Øn-te-°v, arXn-
bn¬ \n∂v Aa¿Xy-X-bn-te°v
F∂ B]vX-hmIyw {]`m-h¿a-
bpsS Ihn-X-I-fpsS A¥-km-c-
amWv Ahn-Nm-cn-Xw, A]-cn-{K-
lw, ku]¿Wn-I,
A¿°]q¿Wna, Nμ-\-\m-gn,
iyma-am-[hw F∂n-h-bmWv
At±-l-Øns‚ {][m\ IrXn-
Iƒ.
Pohn-XsØ ]p\-cm-Jym\w
sNøp∂ Ihn Imem-Xn-h¿Øn-
bmb Ihn-X-I-fpsS cN-bn-Xm-hm-
Wv. \jvS-s∏´p t]mIp∂ a\p-
jy-Xz-Øns‚ {]hm-N-I-\mWv
Cu Ihn. thtZm-]-\n-j-Øp-I-
fn¬ AKm[ ⁄m\n-bmWv
Ihn. A¿°-]q¿Wna F∂
IhnX Xs∂ CXn\v DZm-
lcWam-Wv. ]fin-X-
t{ijvT\mb Kpcp \nXy-ssN-X-
\y-bXn A¿°-]q¿Wna F∂
Ihn-Xm-k-am-lm-c-Øns‚ Ah-
Xm-cn-I-bn¬ t[ybhpw
[ymXmhpw F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬
Fgp-Xnb {]_-‘-Øn¬ CXv
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p-≠v.
\n∂p k]vXmiz kwbp‡
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 49
 cYw sX√nS hnÆn-embv
kqcy-tZ-h-\-Xn¬ \n∂pw
]p{X-t\m-sSm-Øn-d-ß-bmbv
shfn®w IS-em-sbßpw
Xnf-s®Øpw hnb¬]Yw
\ne-®p-Im-e-k-©mcw
Dd®p cY-N-{Ihpw
A·n-c-Yy-bn-em-ZnXy
lrZbw X]-ta-ev°-bmbv
ad∂p [ym\-Nn-Ø-Øn≥
al-kn¬ kqcy-s\m-s°bpw!
ChnsS bXn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xp t\m°pI
Bcpw GXp-an-√mØ ImeØv sshizm-\-cm·n
Bfn-°Øn \n¬°p-tºmƒ AXn¬ ]√n-fn-®p-
sIm≠v sRcn-]n-cn-sIm≠p \n∂ hni∏v Ic™p
]d-™t{X Ai-\m-bbm Ai-\mb lnar-Xyp.
At∏mƒ arXyp sImXn-®s{X ""Bfl-\zokymw
CXn'' a\- p≈h\m-b-t∏mƒ Ah≥ Ah-\m-bn-
Øs∂ A¿®\w sNbvXp.
ChnsS anØp-am-bn-´p≈ Ihn-X-bpsS Cg-b-
Sp∏w Ihn-bpsS Zm¿i-\n-I-ti-jn-bpsS Xnc-bn-f-
°-amWv kwh-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ag-sb∂ Ihn-X-bn¬
P\\w acWw {]IrXn F√mw \n¿≤m-cWw
sNøp-∂p.
ag s]øp∂p acn-®-h¿ X≥ Im¬
s∏-cp-am‰w t]m¬ ]pXp-ag Xßsf kXy-kz-cq-]-s∏m-cpƒ∏n-d-∏m¿∂p-h˛
b\p-K-a\w sNtø-≠-h-sc-°¨˛ s∂Øm-sX, Im\¬∏-S¿∏n-∂p-a-∏p-d˛
]m¿°p-h-Xn-∂-W-bp∂p ]tc-X¿ sØ√mw `bt∂ ad™p \n¬°p-∂-h≥!
ag s]øp-∂p, acvN-Nn-√-I-fn¬ lrjn-tI-i-s\-tam-£-[¿Ω-Øn¬ hnkvX-cn-
]pXp-apf s]m´p-I-bm-bn, ap‰˛ °p∂ Ihn Ahs\ Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bmsX
sØmcp Ipdn-tbdn∏ns∂-bn-dßn hne-]n-°p-∂p. Hcp Xc-Øn¬ Ahs\ Is≠-
sØfn-hn-ep-sam-fn-hn-ep-ambv s]øp-I-bmbv! Øm≥ Ign-bmsX hne-]n-°p-∂p. Hcp Xc-Øn¬
Du™m¬ F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ {imh-W-]-g-a- ]d-™m¬ C√mØ Icnw ]q®sb Ccp-´sØ
bpw, HmW-Øns‚ a[p-cn-°p∂ Hm¿a-Ifpw apdn-bn¬ tXSp-∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ Hcp Ah-ÿ-
sXfn™p hcp-∂p. bmWv Ihn-X-bn¬ Ah-Xo¿W-am-°p-∂-Xv. Cu
""sXmSn-bn-eq-™mep sIm´Ww IhnX Gsd Nn¥m-_-‘p-c-amb cN-\-bm-Wv.
imh-W-∏ga-sb√mw ad∂p t]mIp-∂pthm bXn-bm-Is´ Xs‚ Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ cN-\-Isf
IpXp-I-tam-tSsd hmin-X-∂q-™men khn-kvX-c-ambn hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p-ap-≠v.
e[nI t\c-am-bm-Sp∂ Ip™ns‚ BKvt\-bw, Hcp- Zpx-J-anXp am{Xw, IS¬
AcnIp tN¿∂p \o sNm√p∂ hm°nen ]d™ IY, hmhp-_-en, Cu kXyta _ew,
∂cn-sbm-tcm-W-°n-\mhp ]q°p-∂pthm! kz]v\w lhyw, acn-®-h-cpsS apJw aqSp-∂-sX-¥n-
F∂ ktμlw Ihn A\p-hm-N-I-cp-ambn ]¶p- \v, kzm¿∞w, kz]v\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p h∂ Ip™p-
sh-bv°p-∂p. ka-Xz-kp-μ-c-amb Hcp kaql ߬ XpS-ßnb A¿°-]q¿Wna F∂ kam-lm-c-
krjvSn-bmWv Ihn hn`m-h\w sNøp-∂-Xv. Ønse Ihn-X-Iƒ k¿Km-fl-I-X-bpsS
lrjn-tIiv F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ At⁄b aplq¿Ø-߃ hn`m-h\w sNøp∂
Bcm-bn-cp∂p lrjn-tI-iv, F\n°p \o cN-\-I-fm-Wv.
t\cmbvhcm-sØmcp kz]v\-`m-Ky-ß-fn¬ Nμ-\-\mgn F∂ kam-lm-c-Ønse AtX
\ns∂s‚ ssI]n-Sn-t®Xp P∑-Øntem io¿j-I-Øn-ep≈ IhnX Hcp tImhn-eIw `mKn-
hs∂s‚ ]p{X-\m-bn-∏n-d-t°-≠-h≥ °p-∂Xp kw_-‘n-®p≈ Imc-W-hcpw Cf-ap-d-
IØpw In\m-hn≥ I\¬∏m-X-bn¬ \n∂p °mcpw XΩn-ep≈ kwhm-Z-amWv Cu cN-\-bpsS

50 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
{]tab ]›m-Ø-ew.
`mK-]-{X-Øn-sem-∏n´p t\cn¬
tImhn-eIw ]e-Xm-bv∏-Ip-°m≥.
H∂p tN¿∂n∂p Xe-ap-d-Iƒ
]ns∂ ]e ]mSp-ambv ]ncn-bm≥
A£-a-t]m-se-sb-cn™p Xocpw
\¬°¬ hnf-°ns‚ \mf-samtØ
sNm√p-I-bm-bnXp Imc-W-h¿
\√-sX√mw \nß-tf-‰p-sImƒI!
Iq´p-Ip-Spw_ hyh-ÿ-bpsS XI¿®bpw
\yq¢n-b¿ ^man-en-bpsS D¤-h-hp-amWv Ihn-kw-
hmZ hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. \√-sX√mw Imc-W-h-
cpsS \n¿tZiw `mK-]-{X-ambv \ncq-]n-°p-∂-
Xns‚ Ah-ÿm-¥-c-߃ Ihn-X-bn¬ A\p-[m-
h\w sNøp-∂p. CXmWv Nμ-\-\mgn F∂ Ihn-
X-bpsS {]tab ]›m-Ø-ew.
IYm-tijw F∂ Ihn-X-bn¬ Zmcn{Zyw
A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Hcp IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚, P\-X-
bpsS ItTm-c-amb IjvSm-\p-`-h-ß-fmWv Cu
IhnX kwhm-Z-hn-t[-b-am-°p-∂-Xv. ]´nWn aqew
]mfi- h cpw \q‰p- h cpw XΩn- e p≈
bp≤- Ø n¬ bYm¿Y- Ø n¬ Bcpw
Pbn- ° p- ∂ n- √ . Ihn bp≤- Ø ns‚
\nc¿Y-IX Cu Jfi-Im-hy-Øn-eqsS
AhXo¿W-am-°p-∂p. IrjvWm-b-\-
Øn¬ XpSßn iyma- a m- [ - h - Ø n¬
Ah-km-\n-°p∂ Imhy-Øn¬ {ioIr-
jvWs‚ Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ß-fpw, Bfl-
Zpx- J - h p- a mWv Cu Imhy- Ø ns‚
IYm¿kn-kv.
\ncm-ew-_-amb Hcp IpSpw-_w, Ip´n-Ifpw
AΩbpw \ncm-[m-c-amb Ahÿ HSp-hn¬ Dcn-b-
cn-°p-h-I-bn-√msX Bfl-l-Xy-bn¬ A`bw
tXSp-∂-Xns‚ Ic-f-en-bn-°p∂ IZ\ IY-bmWv
IYm-tijw F∂ {]`m-h¿a-bpsS IhnX ]¶p-
sh-bv°p-∂-Xv.
]n∂p-W¿∂o-e-h≥ sX√pw hni-°mØ
Poh-X-Øn≥ I\¬®q-tS‰p s]m≈mØ
]oU-\-Øn≥ Imc-apƒ°p-Ø-te¬°mØ
Ime-Øn-te°p IS-∂p-t]m-bvt∏mbn t]m¬
F∂v Ihn IhnX Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-tºmƒ
A\p-hm-N-I-an-gn-Iƒ Cud-\-Wn-bm-Xn-cn-°n-√.
\ncm-Im-cw, NnZw-_-cw, ]g-in, tek¿ \nem-hv,
HmW-am-sb∂p sNm√p-∂-sX-ß-s\, Bt·-bw,
b{¥-P-∑w, al-k¿, ape-∏m¬, Dcp-°v, \ntbm-Kw,
\ng¬°p-Øv, lna-I-\y-I, sXm´nepw ]´-S-bpw XpS-
ßnb Ihn-X-Iƒ Nμ-\-\mgn F∂ Ihn-Xm-k-am-
lm-csØ hyXn-cn-‡-am-°p-∂p.
CXn-lm-k-ßsf ]p\-cm-hn-jv°-cn-°p∂
Imhym-Jym-bn-I-bmWv iyma-am-[-hw. {ioIr-
jvWs\ am\-ho-I-cn-°p∂ cN-\-bm-W-Xv. {]`m-
h¿a-bpsS amÿ ]osk∂v Cu Imhym-Jym-bn-
Isb hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. CXn-lmkam\-ap≈
Imhyw F∂ io¿j-I-Øn¬ H.F≥.hn Fgp-Xnb
Ah-Xm-cn-I-bpw, AZr-jvS-]q¿h-amb `mh-`m-cXw
F∂ s{]m^. G‰p-am-\q¿ tkma-Zm-ks‚ ]T-\hpw
IrXn-bpsS am‰v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂p.
Fw.Sn-bpsS c≠m-aqgw F∂ t\mh-ense tI{μ
IYm-]m{Xw am\-ho-I-cn-°-s∏´ `oa-s\∂ t]mse
{]`m-h¿a-bpsS Imhym-Jym-bn-I-bmb iyma-am-[-h-
Ønse tI{μ-I-Ym-]m{Xw am\-ho-I-cn-°-s∏´
IrjvW-\m-Wv. Cu IrXn ae-bmf `mjbv°v {]`m-
h¿a-bn¬ \n∂v e`n® hc-Zm-\-am-Wv.
]mfi-hcpw \q‰p-hcpw XΩn-ep≈ bp≤-Øn¬
bYm¿Y-Øn¬ Bcpw Pbn-°p-∂n-√. Ihn bp≤-
Øns‚ \nc¿Y-IX Cu Jfi-Im-hy-Øn-eqsS
AhXo¿W-am-°p-∂p. IrjvWm-b-\-Øn¬ XpSßn
iyma-am-[-h-Øn¬ Ah-km-\n-°p∂ Imhy-Øn¬
{ioIr-jvWs‚ Ah-ÿm-¥-c-ß-fpw, Bfl-Zpx-J-hp-
amWv Cu Imhy-Øns‚ IYm¿kn-kv.
G‰p-am-\q¿ tkma-Zm-k≥ Cu IrXn-bpsS ]T-\-
°p-dn-∏n¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-t]mse IrjvWs‚ B¥-
cn-I-hy-Y-I-fpw, [¿Ω-{`w-i-ßfpw ]m]-t_m-[-hp-
amWv Ihn Cu IrXn-bn¬ kq£va-ambn Bhn-
jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\p-th≠n At±lw \S-Øp∂
^e-h-Ømb `mc-X-]-cy-S\w Xs∂-bmWv Cu
Imhyw.
]T-\-°p-dn-∏ns‚ as‰mcp `mKØv tkma-Zm-k≥
]d-bp-∂p≠v iyma-am-[-h-Ønse `mc-X-I-Ym-]m-{X-
ß-fp-ambn IrjvW≥ \S-Øp∂ kwhm-Z-߃
AXo-{μn-b-X-e-Ønse A\p-`-h-i-I-e-ß-fm-bn-´mWv
{]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw `qX-Ime kvarXn-
I-fn¬ B≠p-apßn ]›m-Øm] ]c-h-i-\m-Ip∂
IrjvWs\ \mw ImWp∂p F∂v teJ-I≥ ASn
hc-bn-Sp-∂p.
bYm¿Y-Øn¬ {ioIr-jvWs\ a\p-jy-Xz-h-XvI-
cn-°p-I-bmWv. am\-ho-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv Cu Imhy-
Øn-eqsS Ihn {]`m-h¿a.
P\m-[n-]Xy atX-X-c-aq-ey-߃ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-
°p∂ Ihn `mj-bnepw `mhp-I-Xz-Ønepw _lp-
kz-c-X-bpsS kwkvImc Pm{K-X-bmWv Ah-ew-_n-
°p-∂-Xv. AXp-X-s∂-bmWv {]`m-h¿a Ihn-X-I-
fpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-hpw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb
{]k‡n! $
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 51
 Adn-hns‚ PmeIw
AKBAR SHAH

\ho\ C¥y-bnse
]pXp-t£-{X-߃
1. F-¥n-s\-bm-Wv B-Zy {]-[m-\-a-{¥n P-h-l¿- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
em¬ s\-lv-dp \-ho-\ C-¥y-bn-se ]p-Xp-t£- D-Zm. `-{Im- \w-K¬, \m-Km¿-Pp-\ km-K¿
{X-߃ F-∂v hn-ti-jn-∏n-®-Xv? 3. cm-Py-sØ P-e-tk-N-\ kw-hn-[m-\w ]-cn-jv-°-
P- e - h n- ` - h ]- ≤ - X n- I - s f/A- W - s °- ´ p- I - s f cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw hn-]p-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn
1963˛¬ ]-Wn ]q¿-Øn-bm-b `-{Im-\w-K¬ ]-≤- tI-{μ-K-h-s◊‚n-s‚ {]-[m-\ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ F-
Xn-bp-sS D-Zv-Lm-S-\ th-f-bn-em-Wv kp-{]-kn-≤- s¥-√mw?
am-b Cu ]-cm-a¿-iw. 1. A.I.B.P - Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Pro-
C-¥y-bn-se c-≠m-a-sØ D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b Um-am- gramme.
Wv `-{I. 2. PMKSY - Prime Minister Krishi Sinchai Yojana.
4. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw D-b-cw Iq-Sn-b A-W-s°-´v
G-Xm-Wv?
sX-lv-cn. 260.5 ao-‰¿. D-Ø-cm-J-fiv kw-ÿm-\-
sØ `m-Ko-c-Yn \-Zn-°v Ip-dp-tI-bm-Wv sX-lv-cn
Umw. D-Zv-Lm-S-\w 2006˛¬. tI-{μ-K-h-s◊‚ v, D-
Ø¿-{]-tZ-iv k¿-°m¿ F-∂n-h-bv-°v Xp-ey ]-
¶m-fn-Ø-ap-≈ THDC, sX-lv-cn ssl-t{Um sU-
h-e-∏v-sa‚ v tIm¿-∏-td-j-\m-Wv D-S-a-ÿ-X (\n-
e-hn¬ D-Ø-cm-J-fiv).
5. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b a-\p-jy-\n¿-an-X
X-Sm-Iw G-Xm-Wv?
\m-Km¿-Pp-\ km-K¿ ˛ tem-I-Øn-se aq-∂m-a-sØ
l-cn-bm-\, ]-©m-_v, cm-P-ÿm≥ F-∂o aq-∂v h-en-b a-\p-jy-\n¿-an-X X-Sm-Iw.
kw-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS kw-bp-‡ kw-cw-`w. tem-IØ - n-se G-‰h - pw h-en-b I-cn-¶¬ (Masonry)
k-Xv-e-Pv \-Zn-°v Ip-dp-tI-bm-Wv `-{Im-˛-\w-K¬ A-W-s°-´m-b \m-Km¿-Pp-\-km-K-dn-s‚ P-e-kw-
]-≤-Xn.
`-{I Umw ln-am-N-en-se _n-em-kv-]q¿ Pn-√-bn-
se `-{I {Km-a-Øn-epw \w-K¬ Umw ]-©m-_n-
se cq-]v\ - ¿ (Roop Nagar) Pn-√b
- K - n-epw. 1963˛¬
1500 saKm-hm´v Du¿-÷w D-Xv-]m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp-
≈ G-jy-bn-se H-tc-sbm-cp ]-≤-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p
`-{Im-˛-\w-K¬.
2. C-¥y-bn-se P-e-hn-`-h ]-≤-Xn-I-sf F-{X-bm-
bn X-cw Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p G-sXm-s°?
c-≠m-bn.
P-e-tk-N\ ]-≤-Xn-Iƒ, P-e-ssh-Zyp-X ]-≤-
Xn-Iƒ.
H-∂n¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ e-£y-߃ t\-Sm-\m-bn \n¿-
an-°p-∂-h hn-hn-t[m-t≤-iy ]-≤-Xn-I-sf-∂pw

52 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
 `-c-Wn-bm-Wv Cu X-Sm-Iw. 1967˛¬ D-Zv-Lm-S-\w. A-W-s°-´n-\v Np-‰p-am-bn ]d-ºn-°p-
_p-≤-a-X ]-fin-X-\m-b \m-Km¿-Pp-\-s‚ fw h-\y-Po-hn kw-c-£-W tI-{μw. 10 Um-ap-Iƒ, 4 ]-
\m-a-t[-b-Øn-ep-f-Xv. h¿ lu-kp-Iƒ, 6 S-W-ep-Iƒ, 7 P-e-tk-N-\ I-\m-
a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-se a-lm-_-te-iz¿ Ip-∂p- ep-Iƒ F-∂n-h tN¿-∂-Xm-Wv ]n.F.-]n.
I-fn¬ \n-∂pw D-¤-hn-°p-∂ Ir-jv-Wm \- Nn-‰q¿ Xm-eq-°n-se h-cƒ-®-bv-°v Im-c-Ww Cu A-W-
Zn-°v Ip-dp-tI. s°-´m-sW-∂v I-W-°m-°p-∂p.
A-W-s°-´n-s‚ B-sI \o-fw 4864 ao-‰¿ ˛ 9. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰h - pw ]-g°
- w sN-∂ A-Ws - °-´v G-Xm-
I-cn-¶¬-`n-Øn 1450 ao-‰-dpw 3414 ao-‰¿ a- Wv?
Æv sIm-≠v \n¿-an-X-hp-am-b-Xv. D-b-cw 124 I-√-ssW Umw. Um-an-s‚ B-Zy-cq-]w ]-Wn-X-Xv {In-kv-
ao-‰¿. 815.6 saKm-hm´v D-Xv-]m-Z-\ ti-jn.
6. C-¥y-bn-se/tem-I-Øn-se G-‰-hpw \o-fw
Iq-Sn-b A-W-s°-´v G-Xv \-Zn-°v Ip-dp-tI-
bm-Wv?
a-lm-\-Zn-°v Ip-dp-tI-bp-≈ ln-cm-°p-Uv
Umw. \o-fw 4.8 In.ao; 1946˛¬ B-cw-`w,
1957˛¬ D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-ø-s∏-´p. 21 In.ao.
\o-f-ap-≈ Nn-d Im-c-Ww tem-I-Øn-se G-
‰-hpw \o-fw Iq-Sn-b A-W-s°-´m-Wv ln-cm-
°p-Uv. G-jy-bn-se G-‰-hpw h-en-b a-\p-
jy-\n¿-an-X X-Sm-Iw ln-cm-°p-Uv ]-≤-Xn-
bp-sS P-e-kw-`-c-Wn-bm-Wv.
Xp-hn-\v ap-ºv \q-dm-am-≠n¬ tNm-f-cm-Pm-hv I-cn-Im-e≥.
tem-I-Øn-se \m-em-a-sØ ]-g-°w sN-∂ A-W-s°-
´pw \n-e-hn¬ D-]-tbm-K-£-a-am-b C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hpw
]-g-°w sN-∂ A-W-s°-´p-an-Xm-Wv. Im-th-cn-°v \-Zn-°v
Ip-dp-sI Xr-®n Pn-√-bn¬ ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
10. G-‰-hpw Iq-Sp-X¬ A-W-s°-´p-Iƒ \n¿-an-°-s∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂ \-Zn ?
\¿-a-Z. \¿-a-Zm \-Zn-°v Ip-dp-tI-bp-≈ G-‰-hpw h-en-b ]-
≤-Xn-bm-Wv \¿-a-Zk-tcm-h¿ (k¿-Zm¿k-tcm-h¿)
2017˛¬ ]-Wn ]q¿-Øn-bm-bn. \m-ev kw-ÿm-\-ß-sf \-
\-bv-°p-∂ ]-≤-Xn F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Kp-P-dm-Øv, a-[y-
7. C-¥y-bn-se B-Zy hn-hn-t[m-t±-iy \-Zo- {]-tZ-iv, a-lm-cm-jv-{S, cm-P-ÿm≥
X-S ]-≤-Xn G-Xm-≠v?
Zm-tam-Z¿ \-Zo-XS- ]-≤X
- n ÿm-]n-Xw 1948 Pq- P-e-hn-`-h D- Z v - L m- S - \
sse 7. ]- ≤ - X n h¿- j w \- Z n kw- ÿ m- \ w
A-ta-cn-°-bn-se sS-∂-kn-hm-en A-tXm-dn- 1. `-{Im-\w-K¬ 1963 k-Xv-e-Pvln-am-N¬,
‰n-bp-sS am-Xr-I-bn-ep-≈ \-Zo-XS ]-≤-Xn. ]-©m-_v
Pm¿-J-fiv, ]-›n-a-_w-Kmƒ F-∂o kw- 2. sX-lv-cn 2006 `m-Ko-c-Yn D-Ø-cm-J-fiv
ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS kw-bp-‡ kw-cw-`w. 3. \m-Km¿-Pp-\ 1972 Ir-jv-W sX-e-¶m-\,
_w-Km-fn-s‚ Zpx-Jw F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ \- km-K¿ bp.]n
Zn-bm-Wv Zm-tam-Z¿. 4. ln-cm-°p-Uv 1957 a-lm-\-Zn H-Un-j
8. C-¥y-bn-se G-‰-hp-a-[n-Iw P-e-ti-J-c-W 5. Zm-tam-Z¿hm-en 1948 Zm-tam-Z¿ ]-›n-a-_w-Kmƒ,
ti-jn-bp-≈ Fw-_m-¶v-sa‚ v (Artificial) Pm¿-J-fiv
Umw G-Xm-Wv? 6. ]n.F.]n 1967 ]-dº- n-°p-fw tI-c-fw,
]d-ºn-°p-fw A-W-s°-´v X-an-gv-\m-Sv
]d-ºn-°p-fw B-fn-bm¿ ]-≤X - n (PAP). ÿn- 7. k¿-Zm¿ k-tcm-h¿ 2017 \¿-a-Z Kp-P-dm-Øv,
Xn sN-øp-∂ ]m-e-°m-Sv Pn-√-bn-se ]d-ºn- a-≤y-{]-tZ-iv,
°p-f-Øv, ]-t£ ]-cn-]m-e-\ Np-a-X-e X-an- a-lm-cm-j-v{S,
gv-\m-Sv s]m-Xp-acma-Øn-\v. cm-P-ÿm≥

2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 53

tImgn-t°m-Sv˛ Sn hn Ne©v ˛ F {]Zo]v Ipam¿ FwF¬F hnX-cWw sNøp∂p
Hm¨sse≥ ]T-\-k-lmbw
sS-en-hn-j-\p-Iƒ hnX-cWw sNbvXp
Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: sS-en-hn-j≥ C-√m-Ø-Xn-
\m¬ hn-tŒ-g-k v- v Nm-\-en-se Hm¨-sse≥ ¢m-
kp-I-fn¬ ]-s¶-Sp-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø Ip-´n-I-fp-
sS ]T-\ k-lm-b-Øn-\m-bn sI-F-kv-Sn-F sS-
en-hn-j≥ sk-‰p-Iƒ hn-X-c-Ww sN-bv-Xp.
km-º-Øn-I-am-bn ]n-t∂m-°w \n¬-°p-∂ hn-
Zym¿-Yn-Iƒ-°v sI-F-kv-Sn-F Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw
Pn-√m-I-Ωn-‰n \¬-Ip-∂ 500 Sn-hn-bp-sS hn-X-c-
tWm-Zv-Lm-S-\w a-{¥n I-S-Iw-]-≈n kp-tc-{μ≥
\n¿-h-ln-®p. Km-‘n-]p-c-Øp \-S-∂ N-S-ßn¬
sI-F-kv-Sn-F Pn-√m-{]-kn-U‚ v kn-tPm-hv k-
Xy≥ A-[y-£-\m-bn. P-\-d¬ sk-{I-´-dn sI
kn l-cn-Ir-jv-W≥, kw-ÿm-\ t\-Xm-°-fm-b
F≥ Sn in-h-cm-P≥, ]n hn cm-tP-jv, F \-Po-
_v, F≥ c-X-\ v- -Ip-am¿, Pn-√m-sk-{I-´-dn hn A-
P-b-Ip-am¿ F-∂n-h¿ kw-km-cn-®p.
tIm-gn-t°m-Sv: 324 sS-en-hn-j≥ sk-‰p-I-fm-
Wv Pn-√-bn¬ hn-X-c-Ww sN-bv-X-X-Xv. s]m-Xp
tI-{μ-߃, hy-‡n-]-c-am-bn D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-
Øm≥ ho-Sp-I-fn¬, k¿-h-in-£m tI-c-f F-
∂n-ß-s\ hn-X-c-Ww sN-bv-Xp.F-kv F-kv sI-
°p-≈ sk-‰p-Iƒ k¿-h-in-£ tI-c-f tIm-gn-
t°m-Sv UnCH tUm: F.sI A-–p-Zp l-°ow,
Un Un C hn-]n an-\n F-∂n-h¿ tN¿-∂v F
{]-Zo-]v Ip-am¿ Fw-F¬-F bn¬ \n-∂v G-‰p-
hm-ßn. am-\m-©n-d Sn Sn sF bp .]n k-v-Iq-
fn¬ \-S-∂ N-S-ßn¬ Sn sI A-c-hn-μm-£≥,
]n F-kv kv-an-P, kn k-Xo-i≥, k-Po-jv \m-
cm-b-W≥, hn ]n cm-Po-h≥, _n a-[p, hn ]n
a-t\m-Pv kw-km-cn-®p.
F-d-Wm-Ip-fw: Hm¨-sse≥-]T-\ ku-I-cy-an-
54 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
kw-LS\m-
hm¿-ØIƒ-
√m-Ø Ip-´n-Iƒ-°v ]T-\ k-lm-b-sam-cp-°-Xn-
s‚ `m-K-am-bn sI F-kv Sn F F-d-Wm-Ip-fw-
Pn-√m-I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ kw-
L-Sn-∏n-°p-∂ Sn-hn N-e-©v A-¶-am-en k-_v Pn-
√-bn-se t\m¿-Øv A-Sp hm-t»-cn {Km-ao-W hm-
b-\-im-e-°v sS-en-hn-j≥ \¬-In-s°m-≠v kn
]n sF Fw Pn-√m Pn-√m sk-{I-´d - n kn-F≥
tam-l\ - ≥ D-ZL -v m-S\
- w sN-bX-v p. sI F-kv {io
kw-ÿm-\ ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚ v F¬.am-Kn., F-I-v
kn-IΩ - n-‰n-bw-Kw sI hn s_-∂n, kw-ÿm-\ I-
Ω-‰n-bw-Kw sI.sP ssj≥, Pn-√m {]-kn-U‚ v
Pn.B-\-μ-Ip-am¿, tPm. sk-{I-´-dn kn.P-b-{io,
ly-jn-tI-iv h¿-Ko-kv, F-kv sI Pn-√m t{]m-
{Kmw tIm¿-Un-t\-‰¿ D-jm am-\m-´v, sse-{_-dn
Iu¨-kn¬ Pn-√m sk-{I-´-dn Fw.B¿.kp-tc-
{μ≥, F hn {]-Zo-]v, cm-tP-jv hn N-{μ≥ F-∂n-
h¿ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.
I-Æq¿: Pn-√m I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-ep-≈
500 Hm¨-sse≥ ]T-\t- I-{μ-ßf - p-sS Pn-√m-Xe -
D-ZvL
- m-S\- w I-Æh - w ]-dº- p-Im-hv tIm-f\ - n-bn¬
k:]n.P-bc - m-P≥ D-ZvL - m-S\
- w sN-bvX - p.
h-cn-°a- p-Ø≥-tIm-f\
- n-bn¬
Hm¨-sse≥ kw-hn-[m-\w H-cp-°n
sN-dp-tXm-Wn: sI-F-kv-Sn-F C-Sp-°n G-cn-b-bp-
sS t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ I-™n-°p-gn h-cn-°-ap-Ø≥
tIm-f-\n-bn¬ Ip-´n-Iƒ-°m-bn Hm¨-sse≥
kw-hn-[m-\-sam-cp-°n. ss{S-_¬-Ip-´n-Iƒ Xn-
ßn-]m¿-°p-∂ h-\-ta-J-e-tbm-Sv tN¿-∂-{]-tZ-i-
am-Wv h-cn-°-ap-Ø≥ tIm-f-\n. ]-©m-b-Øv I-
Ωyq-Wn-‰n lm-fn¬ \-S-∂ N-S-ßn¬ sI-Fk - vS- n-
F kw-ÿm-\ Iu¨-kn-ew-Kw hn F-kv
{]-Im-iv hn-Xc - t- Wm-XvL - m-S\- w \n¿-Δl- n-®p.
sI-Fk - vS- n-F Pn-√m ssh-kv{- ]-kn-U≥-dv ap-
cp-I≥ hn A-bØ - n¬, Pn-√m F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-
hv Aw-Kw ]n. sI Kw-Km-[c - ≥, {Km-a]
- ©- m-
b-Øv Aw-Kw k-t¥m-jv Ip-am¿, jm-Pn
tXm-ak- v, A-Pn-tam≥ Fw Un, Sn sd-bve - ,
tPm¨-k¨ am-Xyp, c-hn-Ip-am¿ sI sF, IÆq¿˛ πkvh¨ {]th-i\ sl¬]v sUkvIv˛ a{¥n cma-N-{μ≥ IS-∂-∏≈n
G-cn-b sk-{I-´d - n kn-\n sk-_m-Ãy≥ F- DZvLm-S\w sNøp∂p
∂n-h¿ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp. ]p-Xp-°n \m-cm-b-W-hn-em-kw F.F¬.]n.k-v-Iq-fn-se ap-gp-
h≥ Ip-´n-Iƒ-°pw sI.F-kv.Sn.F kw-ÿm-\ I-Ω-‰n \¬-
kw-ÿm-\ ]T-\ Iym-ºv Ip-∂ ]T-t\m-]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sS hn-X-c-tWm-Zv-Lm-S-\w sI.F-
C-Sp-°n: tIm-hn-Uv ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Pn- kv.Sn.F.P-\-d¬ sk-{I-´-dn sI.kn.l-cn-Ir-j-W≥ \n¿-Δ-ln-
√-bn¬ sI F-kv Sn F kw-ÿm-\ ]o \ ®p.sI.F-kv.Sn.F kw-ÿm-\ I-Ω-‰n-bw-Kw kn.kn.hn-t\m-Zv,
Iym-ºv aq-∂v-ta-J-e-I-fn-em-bn kw-L-Sn-∏n- Pn-√m sk-{I-´-dn sI.kn.a-tl-jv, hm¿-Uv sa-º¿ {]-k-∂
®p.I-´-∏-\ ,sXm-Sp-]p-g, A-Sn-am-en F-∂n-hn- sI.]n.cm-[m-Ir-jv-W≥, Fw.hn.\m-cm-b-W≥, sI.h-\n-X
S-ß-fn¬ ]p-Xn-b km-t¶-Xn-I kw-hn-[m-\- F-∂n-h¿ kw-km-cn-®p. D-]-Pn-√m {]-kn-U‚ v C.sI.A-Pn-Xv-
Øn-s‚ k-lm-b-tØm-sS-bm-Wv ¢m- p- Ip-am¿ A-[y-£-\m-b N-S-ßn¬ k-_v Pn-√m sk-{I-´-dn
Iƒ \-S∂ - X - v. c-≠v Zn h k ß fn-em-bn \- sI.]n.in-h-{]-km-Zv, kzm-K-X-hpw Sn.Fw. Xp-f-ko-Z-c≥ \-μn-
S-∂ Iym-ºn¬ hn-Zym-`ym-k a-{¥n kn.c-ho- bpw ]-d-™p.
{μ-\m-Yv ,Fw F t_-_n, F.hn-Pb - c
- m-L-
h≥, sI N-{μ≥ ]n-≈, sI F-kv Sn F P- π-kv h¨ G-IP
- m-eI
- sl¬-]v sU-kv-Iv
\-d¬ sk-{I-´d - n sI kn l-cn-Ir-jvW - ≥ I-Æq¿ : π-kv h¨ G-I-Pm-e-I sl¬-]v sU-k-v°n-s‚ Pn-
F-∂n-hc - m-Wv hn-hn-[ ta-Je - I
- s
- f Ip-dn-®v √m-X-e D-Zv-Lm-S-\w I-Æq¿ Ip-dp-h U-P k-v-Iq-fn¬ _-lp:
¢m- p-Iƒ F-Sp-ØX - v.kw-ÿm Iu¨- Xp-d-ap-J ˛ ayq-kn-bw ˛ ]p-cm-h-kv-Xp h-Ip-∏p a-{¥n {io.cm-a-
kn¬ Aw-Kß - f - m-Wv ¢m- n¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Ø- N-{μ≥ I-S-∂-∏-≈n \n¿-Δ-ln-®p.
Xv I-´∏
- \ - b - n¬ sI-Fk - vS- n-F Pn-√m {]-kn-
U‚ v sI B¿ jm-Pn-tam≥, Pn-√m sk-{I- Un-Pn-‰¬ am-Kk
- n≥
´-dn Fw.c-ta-jv sXm-Sp-]p-gb - n¬ kw-ÿm-\ ]m-e-°m-Sv-˛ A-Xn-Po-h-\w" Pn-√m I-Ωn-‰n bp-sS Un-Pn-‰¬ am-
F-Iv-kn-Iyq-´o-hv Aw-Kw F Fw jm-P- K-kn≥ {]-Im-i-\w ap≥ Fw.]n. Fw._n.cm-tP-jv \n¿-h-ln-
lm≥, Pn-√m {S-jd - ¿ Fw B¿ A-\n¬-Ip- ®p. Pn-√m-sk‚-dn¬ \-S-∂ N-S-ßn¬ Pn-√m `m-c-hm-ln-Iƒ
am¿, A-Sn-am-en-bn¬ kw-ÿm-\ I-Ωn-‰n-bw- k-∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
Kw Sn. Ãm≥-en, Pn-√m ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚ v
Fw. X-¶c - m-Pv F-∂n-h¿ t\-Xr-Xzw \¬-In. t{_-°v Z sN-bn≥ U-bd- n hn-Xc
- W
- w sN-bvX
- p
F-d-Wm-Ip-fw ˛- tIm-hn-Uv 19 {]-Xn-tcm-[ {]-h¿-Ø-\-߃-
]T-t\m-]I
- c
- W
- ß
- ƒ hn-Xc
- W
- w sN-bvX
- p °v ssI-Øm-ßm-bn sI.F-kv.Sn.F Pn-√m I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS t\-
I-Æq¿ : s]-cp-a¨ Zp-c-¥-Øn-s‚ Hm¿-Ω Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Pn-√-bn-se hn-hn-[ tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ Hm-t´m-dn-£m

hb-\m-Sv˛ πkz¨ {]th-i\ sl¬]v sUkvIv˛ a{¥n Sn ]n cma-Ir-jvW≥ DZvLm-S\w sNøp∂p

2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 55
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw˛ F^v-F-kv-C-SnH [¿W˛ P\-d¬ sk{I-´dn sI kn lcn-Ir-jvW≥ DZvLm-S\w sNøp∂p
ss{U-h¿-am¿-°v s{_-bv-Iv Zn sN-bn≥
U-b-dn-Iƒ hn-X-c-Ww \-S-Øn.
kn.sF.Sn.bp Pn-√m {]-kn-U‚ v ]n.B¿
ap-c-fo-[-c≥ aq-hm-‰p-]p-g-bn¬ hn-X-c-tWm-
Zv-Lm-S-\w \n¿-Δ-ln-®p.Hm-t´m-dn-£ sXm-
gn-em-fn bq-Wn-b≥ G-cn-b sk-{I-´-dn
sI.C.C-{_m-lnw U-b-dn-Iƒ G-‰p-hm-
ßn. sI.F-kv.Sn.F kw-ÿm-\ F-I-v
kn.I-Ωn-‰n-bw-Kw sI.hn s_-∂n, Pn-√m
{]-kn-U‚ v Pn.B-\μ - I- p-am¿, Pn-√m sk-
{I-´d- n G-en-bm-kv am-Xyp, B-\n tPm¿-P,v tImgn-t°m-Sv˛Ip´n-s°mcp hoSv ˛X-d-°-√n-S¬˛ hn ]n taml-\≥
]n.A-en-bm¿, s_-∂n tXm-ak - ,v A-\p N-
{μ≥ Xp-Sß - n-bh - ¿ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp. s]m-Xp- ]n.]n C In-‰p-Iƒ ssI-am-dn
k-aq-lh - p-am-bn C-Ss - ]-Sp-∂h - ¿ F-∂ \n-e- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw: tI-c-f k-v-Iqƒ So-t®-gv-kv A-tkm-kn-tb-j≥
bv°- m-Wv Pn-√b - n-se Hm-t´m-dn-£ sXm-gn- F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Pn-√m I-Ωn-‰n-bp-sS t\-Xy-Xz-Øn¬ Pn-√-bn-
em-fn-Iƒ-°v U-bd - n-Iƒ hn-Xc - W- w sN-øp- se B-tcm-Ky {]-h¿-Ø-I¿-°v th-≠n 200 ]n.]n.C In-‰p-
∂-X.v Hm-tcm bm-{X-bn-epw hm-l\ - Ø
- n¬ Iƒ \¬-In. I-f-Iv t{S-‰v tIm¨-^-d≥-kv lm-fn¬ sI F-
I-bd - n-bh- c - p-sS hn-em-kh - pw t^m¨ \-º- kv Sn F kw-ÿm-\ ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚ v F ¬ am-Kn So-®¿
cpw Xo-bX - n tbm-sSm-∏w tc-Js - ∏-Sp-Øn h- Ir-jn h-Ip-∏v a-{¥n hn.F-kv kp-\n¬-Ip am-dn-\v In-‰p-Iƒ
bv°- p-∂X - n-eq-sS bm-{Xn-Is - c ]n-∂o-Sv B-h- ssI-am-dn. Pn-√m I-f-Œ¿ F-kv. kp-lm-kv, Un.Fw.H.
iyw h-∂m¬ F-fp-∏Ø - n¬ I-s≠-Øm-\m- F≥.sI.Ip-´-∏≥ F-∂n-h¿ k-∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. kw-ÿm-
Ipw.C-Xv tIm-hn-Uv {]-Xn-tcm-[-Øn-\v G- \ F-I-vkn.I-Ωn-‰n-bw-Kw sI hn s_-∂n, kw-ÿm-\ I-Ω-‰n
sd k-lm-b-I-c-am-W-.v- Aw-K-ß-fm-b sI.sP ssj≥ sI F-kv am-[p-co tZ-hn, Pn-
√m {S-j-d¿ G-en-bm-kv am-
Xyp, tPm-kv s]-‰v tP-°-∫v
F-∂n-h¿ k-∂n-ln-X-cm-bn-
cp-∂p.
Ip-´n-s°m-cp ho-Sv
]-≤X- n-°v
Xp-S° - a- m-bn
tIm-gn-t°m-Sv: sI F-kv-Sn-
F Ip-´n-s°m-cp ho-Sv ]-≤-
Xn-°v tIm-gn-t°m-Sv Pn-√-
bn¬ Xp-S-°-am-bn.
Ip-μ-aw-K-ew k-_v Pn-√-bn-
se ]-bn-{º K-h.ssl-k-v
Fd-Wm-Ip-fw˛Im¿jnI Ne©v˛ DZvLm-S\w P\-d¬ sk{I-´d- nbpw {]kn-U‚pw \n¿h-ln-°p∂p Iq-fn-se ]-Ømw-X-cw hn-

56 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-
Zym¿-Yn-\n-bp-sS Ip-Spw-_-Øn-\m-Wv
]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn ho-Sp \n¿-
Ωn-®p \¬-Ip-∂-Xv.kn-]n-Fw Pn-√m
kn {I-´-dn ho-Sn-s‚ X-d-°-√n-S¬
\n¿-h-ln-®p. k-]v-Xw-_¿ B-Zyw ho-
Sn-s‚ ]-Wn ]q¿-Øo-I-cn-®p Ip-Spw-
_-Øn-\v ssI-am-dp-∂ co-Xn-bn-em-Wv
{]-h¿-Øn ]p-tcm-K-an-°p-∂-Xv. Sn
sI A-c-hn-μm-£≥, ]n F-kv kv-an-
P, k-Po-jv \m-cm-b-W≥, hn ]n cm- IÆq¿˛ CFw-Fkv sse{_-dn-bn-te°v efn-X-Iem A°m-Zan ap≥
Po-h≥, _n a-[p, F≥ k-t¥m-jv sk{I-´dn s]m∂yw N{μ≥ kw`m-h\ sNbvX ]pkvX-I-߃ sIF-
kvSnF kwÿm\ sk{I-´dn sI sI {]Im-i≥ G‰p-hm-ßp∂p
Ip-am¿, hn ]n a-t\m-Pv Xp-Sß
- n-bh- ¿
N-Sß- n¬ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp. k-_v Pn-√m sk-{I-´-dn a-[p,a-e-∏p-dw tªm-°v t{]m-{Kmw tIm-˛-Hm¿-Un-t\-‰¿
kn-{I-´d
- n in-hZ- m-k≥ I¨-ho-\d - m- ]n.-ap-l-Ω-Z-en F-∂n-h¿ B-iw-k-Iƒ t\¿-∂p.-N-S-ßn¬ A-\o-
bn-´p-≈ \n¿-Ωm-W I-Ωn-‰n {]-h¿-Ø- jv am-ÿ kv-am-c-I hm-b-\-im-e sk-{I-´-dn sI.-B¿.-\m≥-kn
\-߃-°v t\-Xr-Xzw sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. kzm-K-X-hpw {]-kn-U‚ v F.-hn-izw-`-c≥ A-[y-£-X-bpw h-ln-®p.
Im¿-jn-I N-e-©v
Hm-Un-tbm sse-{_-dn H-cp-°n F-d-Wm-Ip-fw : Im¿-jn-I N-e-©n-s‚ `m-K-am-bn sI F-kv Sn F
a-e-∏p-dw: Im-gv-N ]-cn-an-X¿-°m-bn F-d-Wm-I-fw Pn-√m-I-Ωn-‰n Hm-^o-kv h-f-∏n-se Ir-jn-bp-sS D-Zv-
hm-b-\m Zn-\-Øn¬ hm-b-\-bp-sS ]p- Lm-S-\w kw-ÿm-\ {]-kn-U‚ v sI.sP l-cn-Ip-am-dpw P-\-d¬
Xn-b A-\p-`-hw H-cp-°n sI.-F-kv.-Sn.- sk-{I-´-dn sI kn l-cn-Ir-jv-W-\pw tN¿-∂v \n¿-Δ-ln-®p. kw-
F.-Pn-√m-sk‚-dn¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ ÿm-s\ ssh-kv {]-kn-U‚ v F¬ am-Kn kw-ÿm-\ F-I-vkn I-
A-\o-jv am-ÿ kv-am-c-I hm-b-\-im- Ωn-‰n-bw-Kw sI-hn s_-∂n kw-ÿm-\ I-Ωn-‰n-bw-K-ß-fm-b A-Pn-
e Hm-Un-tbm sse-{_-dn H-cp-°n tI- \m-cm-b-W≥ sI-sP ss j≥ Pn-√m {]-kn-U‚ v Pn B-\-μ-Ip-
c-f-Øn-se A-™q-tdm-fw A-[ym-]- am¿ sk-{I-´-dn G-en-bm-kv am-Xyp F-∂n-h¿ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.
I-c-S-°w Im-gv-N ]-cn-an-Xn-bp-≈ ap-gp- F-^v-F-kv-C-Sn-H {]-Xn-tj-[w
h≥ hm-b-\-°m¿-°p-am-bn A-h-cp-sS Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw: tI-{μ k¿-°m-cn-s‚ sXm-gn-em-fn hn-cp-≤ sXm-
hm-b-\m kz-]v-\-߃ ]q¿-Øo-I-cn- gn¬ \n-b-a- t`-Z-K-Xn-Iƒ ]n≥-h-en-°p-I, s]m-Xp-ta-J-e kz-Im-cy-
°m≥ C-Xn-eq-sS I-gn-bpw.-F-gp-Øp- h¬-I-c-W \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ D-t]-£n-°p-I, hn-Zym-`ym-k ˛ k¿-ho-kv
Im-cp-sS ]p-kv-X-I-߃ hm-bn-°p-∂- ta-J-e-sb kw-c-£n-°p-I, tI-c-f-tØm-Sp-≈ tI-{μ A-h-K-W-\
tXm-sSm-∏w A-[ym-]-I¿-°pw hn- A-h-km-\n-∏n-°p-I, tI-c-f am-Xr-I X-I¿-°m-\p-≈ \o-°-߃-
Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ-°pw D-]-tbm-K-{]-Z-am-b s°-Xn-sc Pm-{K-X ]m-en-°p-I F-∂o ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-ß-fp-∂-bn-®p-
lm≥-Uv _p-°p-I-fpw d-^-d≥-kv sIm-≠v F-^v-F-kv-C-Sn-H t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw B¿-
_p-°p-I-fpw Hm-Un-tbm sse-{_-dn Fw-F-kn-\v ap-∂n¬ \-S-Øn-b {]-Xn-tj-[ [¿-W sI.F-
Im-gv-N ]-cn-an-X¿-°m-bn F-Øn-°pw kv.Sn.F. P-\-d¬ sk-{I-´-dn sI.kn.l-cn-Ir-jv-W≥ D-Zv-Lm-S-\w
Hm-Un-tbm sse-{_-dn D-Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-bv-Xp. sI.F-kv.Sn.F Pn-√m F-I-vkn-Iyp-´o-hv I-Ωn-‰n Aw-K-ß-
sse-{_-dn Iu¨-kn¬ Pn-√m sk- fm-b Un.F¬. P-b-cm-Pv, Un.B¿. lm‚ , Pn-√m I-Ωn-‰n Aw-Kw
{I-´-dn tUm.-sI.sI _m-e-N-{μ≥ D- kp-\n-X.Pn.F-kv. F-∂n-h¿ ]-s¶-Sp-Øp.
Zv-Lm-S-\w sN-bv-Xp. s^-U-td-j≥
Hm-^v Zn ssª≥-Uv Pn-√m sk-{I-´-dn-
bpw a-¶-S l-b¿ sk-°‚-dn kv-°q-
fn-se N-cn-{X A-[ym-]-I-\p-am-b
tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-\p v sse-{_-dn
Iu¨-kn¬ Pn-√m tPm-b‚ v sk-{I-
´-dn sI.-hn.-_m-e-Ir-jv-W≥ kn.Un
\¬-In-s°m-≠ {]-Im-i-\w \-S-Øn.
N-S-ßn¬ s^-U-td-j≥ Hm-^v Zn
ssª≥-Uv So-t®-gv-kv t^m-dw kw-
ÿm-\ {]-kn-U‚ v kp-[o¿,-G-d-\m-Sv
Xm-eq-°v sse-{_-dn Iu¨-kn¬
CSp-°n˛Btcm-Ky-a{- ¥nsb Ah-tl-fn-®X
- n-s\-Xnsc \S∂ {]Xn-tj[w
2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw- 57
 Z- rjvSn tkma≥ IS-eq¿

AS°w ]men®pw
hk-¥-am-Ip∂p \Ωƒ
]c°w ]m™v
Zpc-¥-am-Ip∂p Nne¿!

58 2020 Pqsse
A≤ym-]Item-Iw-