chapter 10

1't1euJI1atic Control Valves

anung Objectives
er going through this chapter, you 1:7ill ~e able to: •
.ft ,cplain 3/2-way spool type direction control valve used in pneumatic
• e .
system; .
, e,cplain the working of valve seat type, four-way, two-position direction
control valve; .
write the graphical symbol of pneumatic direction control valve;
: e,cplain construction and functioning of a spool type pneumatic shuttle
valve;
define and explain the operation of solenoids used in pneumatic system;
: write the use of quick exhaust valves;
• explain construction and operation of a typical quick exhaust valve to
increase the actuation speed of a cylinder in a pneumatic circuit;
• write short notes on memory valve;
, explain how AND, OR and NOT functions are generated in pneumatic
systems; , .
• write explanatory notes on dual pressure valve used in pneumatic systems;
• write explanatory notes on time delay valve used in pneumatic syste~;
and
• explain pressure compensated flow control valve and briefly explain how
it operates.

10.0 VALVES
Definition: Valve is a device controling the directi~n, pressure and rate of flow of air
delivered by a compressor to the actuator.

Functions:
• They control the start and stop of pneumatic energy to power units, for example,
cylinders.
' They provide direction of flow of the compressed air.
They control the flow rate of the compressed air.
' They control the pressure rating of the compressed air.
They act as interlock and safety devices.

I
r
 334 Hydraulics and Pneumatics

IO.I CLASSIFICATION OF VALVES

Valve are classified into four principal groups according to their functto .
1. Direction controls valve ns.
2. Non-return valves
3. Flow control valves
4. Pressure control valves

10.2 DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE (DCV)

The function of the directional control valve is to control the direction of fl
rneumatic circuit. DCVs are used to start, stop and regulate the direction ofair fl ow in the
rn the distribution ofair in the required line. ou, and help
10.2.I Types of Direction Control Valves (VTU July 2001)
1. Based on construction element used
(i) Poppet or seat valves
• Ball seat valve
• Disc seat valve
• Diaphragm valve
(ii) Sliding spool valves
• Longitudinal slide valve
• Suspended spool valve
• Rotary spool valve
2. Based on the number of ports
(i) Two-way valves
(ii) Three-way valves
(iii) Four-way valves
3. Based on the methods of actuation
L (i) Mechanical
I
(ii) Electrical
I !I Ij' (iii) Pneumatic
4. Based on size of the port
Size refers to a valve's port size. The port sizes are designated as MS, Gl/8, and
Gl / 4, etc. M refers to metric thread, G refers to British Standard Pipe (BSP) thread.
5. Based on mounting styles
(i) Sub-base
(ii) Manifold
(iii) In-line
(iv) Valve island
 Pneumatic Control Valves 335
•unation of Direction Control Valves
0 peS1t7'"-
JS .As per the ISO 5599, ports are designated using a number system.
f J<i"S'' ·gitations are same for both hydraulic valves andon.pneumatic valves.
ese deSI. this textbook for port marking and designati
~ol' ~.1-~
5 have used letter system. We shall use number systems for port
~1aub c , eumatics.
111 ~Yuort for ~n. oCVs are described by the number of port connections or ways
dpositton,ample, two-way, three-way, four-way valves. Table 10.1 shows the
~,tttt0l· for excVs and Table 10.1 shows commonly used DCVs with old and new
~eot1 Jdtlgs of D

~~ortS· signations of DCV

r . port pe 'tion . . <

4=::.M ve

----- -ITT 'fi~~ orrtrcontrol

3/2 Directional valve i;;-- -~1
oiva
closed)
(normally

3/2 Directional control valve

(normally open)

4/2 Directional control valve

(P) 3(R)
5/2 Directional control valve
rnm)

~)
l(P)
513 Directional control valve
336 Hydraulics and Pneumatics

In this book only poppet, spool, suspen

ded seat types slide valves are diseus
10.2.3 Poppet Direction Control V11:..11.ve
s ~-

There are two different types of poppet val

ves, namely, ball seat valve and disc
Ball seat valve: In a poppet valve, disc
s, cones or balls are used to contr seat\la}
Figure 10.1 shows the construction of \le_
a simple 2/2 normally closed valv
button is pressed, the ball will lift off from the Oow
its seat and allows the air to fl e. the Pl!sh
P port B. When the push button is rele
ased, spring force and air pre s~ : from
ball back and closes the air flow from
port P to port B. Valve positions e Port
Figures 10.l(a) 10.l(b) 10.t(q. keep the
are shoWn in

Return
spring

(a) Poppet position 1 l(P)

(b) Poppet position 2
(c)Symbol
Figure 10.1 2/2 Ball Seat Poppet Valve

Disc seat poppet valve: Figure 10.2

sho
DCV. When the push button is release ws the construction of a disc type 3/2-way
d, ports 1 and 3 are connected via the
push button stem. If the push button holl
is pressed, port 3 is first blocked by the ow
valve stem and then the valve disc moving
is pus
connecting ports 1 and 3. When the pus hed down so as to open the valve thus,
h button is released, spring and air pres
from port 1 closes the valve. Comparis sure
on between the ball seat and disc seat
given in Table 10.2. valves is

Advantages ofpoppet valves

(i) Response of poppet valve is very fas
t (short stroke to provide maximum flow
opening).
(ii) They give larger opening Qarger flow
) of valves for a small stroke.
(iii) The valve sea~ are usually simple
elastic seals, so wear is minimum.

0
 Pneumatic Control Valves 337
they are robust, seats are self-
'fheY are insensitive to dust and dirt, and
(1") deaning·
~aintenance is easy and economical. .
(~) 'fheY are inexpensive.. .
few wearing parts give minimum
(~) 'fhey have lon~er serv~ce life: short stroke and
(¢1) wear and maximum life.
.-==:;::==::;::::=- Actuator

Stem retu rn spring

·,.. .... .== ~~ ~~ ~ Disc retu rn spring

Figure 10.2 Disc Seat Poppet Valve

Disadvantages ofpoppet valves

as it is necessary to overcome the force
(i) The actuating force is relatively high,
ssure.
of the built-in rese t spr ing and the air pre
larg e.
(ii) They are noisy if the flow fluctuation is
Seat Valves
Table 10.2 Comparison of Ball Seat and Disc
• ·: B1111 Sttlt valws .•
1

They are inexpensive.
They are relatively small in size.
Insensitive to dirt and dust.
Can be operated manually or mechanically.
Offer large area and lift required is small.
Time response is good.
Insensitive to dirt and dust.
Can be actuated manually, mechanically,
electrically or pneumatically.

ves (VTU July 2013)

10.2.4 Spool Type Dir ect ion Co ntr ol Val
V
ope rate d spo ol typ e of 3/J. DC V: The cross-sectional vie ws of 3/2 DC
Hand is not
is sho wn in Figure 10.3. Wh en the val ve
(normally closed) based on spool des ign
, por ts 2 and 3 are con nec ted and por t 1 is blocked. Wh en the val ve is act uat ed
actuated
t 3 is blocked.
then ports 2 and 1 are connected and por
 338 Hydraulics and Pneumatics

Figure ~03 shows a schematic diagram of 3/2 spri

ng operated valve. Ther
ports: common port, normally open port and nor
mally closed. When the e are thi-ee
actuated, there is flow from NO port to common
port. When the valve ~alve is l\ot
there is flow from NC to common port. 18
_actuate(i
I

1 3 2

.1' 2

1 3
Figure 10.3 Three-Way-Two-Position Directio
nal Control Valve (Normally Oosed)

Pneumatically actuated 3/l DC Valve: The

cross-sectional views of pneumatically
actuated NC type 3/2 DCV in normal position
and actuated positions are shown in the
Figure 10.4.

2 2

1 3

1 3 1 3
(a) Normal position (bl Actuated position
Fjgure 10.4 Three-Way-Two-Position Pneuma
tically Actuated DC Valve
In the normal position, the working port (2) is clos
ed to the pressure port_ (1) and 0(12}
to the exhaust port (3). When the compressed
air is ~pplied through the ort( )
the spool is moved against the spring. In the 2
actuated position, the w
 Pneumatic Control Valves 339
Thus, the application
• the pressur~ port (l) and closed to the exhaust port (3). to be connected to the
to i:npressed arr to the port 12 causes the pressure port (1)
~p art (2) . •

,natically actuated valves havefollowing advantages

,-eu ') Great flexi_bility for u_se in simp !e well as complex control system.
ty crrcwts. •
Adaptability for use m safe
as and when required.
~?,) various control functions can be easily incorporated
eniently for the purpose
(!11~ Feedback signals from sensors can be applied conv
This means pneumatically
(iv of controlling the pilot ports of these main valves.
incorporate any additional
actuated control circuits can be modified easily to
control requirement.
valve s~own in Figure _10.5
euinatically actuated 4f1. J?CV (memory valve): 1:te is effected by direct
;·2-w ay valve pneumatically operated DCV. Switch over
4 pilot spool through control port
alication of pressure. If compressed air is applied to
port 3. If the pilot pressure is
~t connects port 1 with 2 and 4 is exhausted through
2 exhausted through port 3. On
plied to port 14, then 1 is connected with 4 and line
line, the pilot spool remains in its
tonn ecti ng the compressed air from the control
the other control side.
current position until the spool receives a signal from
2 4 3 2
4 3

14 1 12
14 1 12

=
4(A)
4(A )~2( Bl 12
14
-1 I 11
12
--!~ I l(P) 3(R)
l(P) 3(R)

Figure 10.5 Schematic Diagram of 4/2 Way Valve

e
10.2.S Memory Valve (Function) 4/2 Double Pilot Valv
possible positions is sho wn in
~e cross-sectional view of~ 4/2- way valve in two
causes the spool to swit ch ove r as
Figure ~o.s_. A pneumatic signal at pilot port 12
1 to 2 and from 4 to 3 are ope n. The
shown m Figure 10.~(a). In this position, path s from
 340 Hydraulics and Pneumatics

valt1t mnains in that position even if tht signal at port 12 is remo

ved. Hthe si .
at pilot port 14, the spool swicthes over as sho ~ in
Figure 10.S(b). In~ lS apPlie
paths from 1 to 4 and from 2 to 3 are open. The valve
remains_ in this . Positi
the signal at port 14 is removed. Hence, it can be observed
position valve that remains in one position until a pulse or r,
that a double s1tion eveOi
continuous signal 1•ot tlalt,e is I\
opposite direction ( port). Thus, a4/1. valve has amemory function.
pilot valve also has inbuilt memory function. Similarly ~~;1'Plied in~
' De doub:
Memory Valve: (Function) 5/2 Double Pilot Valve The
cross-sectional .
way valve in two possible positions is shown in Figure
10.6. A pneumati ~ew of a.S/·
port 14 causes the spool to switch over as shown in Figu
re 10.6(a). In thisc :~ at~
from 1 4 and ~m 2 _to 3 are open, ~d exhaust por
t? is dosed. The !,;:~on, ~au
that position even if the signal at port 14 tS removed. Uthe sign
al is applied at il entQzns,
the spool switches over as shown in Figure 10.6(b). In
this position, paths ~;t Port 1
2 and from 4 to 5 are open, exhaust port 3 is blocked. The
valve remains in . froxn l ·
even if the signal at port 12 is removed. Hence, it can be
obse
is a two-position valve that remains in one position until a pulse roed that ado u: ~sitic
or
I in the opposite direction ( port ). Thus, 5/1. valve also has a mem continuous sign riot Va}
. l DC double pilot valve also has inbuilt memory function ory function. s~ llppli
18
t
I
. arly, s,
\ ·,I I 4 • 2
'
Il 5 l 3
2 4 2 4
14
12

3 1 5 3 5
(a) Signal applied to port 12 (b) Signal applied to port 14
I
'\ •
,,' I
Figure 10.6 Memory Function of 5/2 Double Pilot
i,
I
l •
Valve
'\1'I• 1 I
Similarly, double solenoid operated 4/2 and 5/2 valves
also have a memory featu
I

Problem of signal conflict in memory valve: A

major
valve is its inability to change switching when pilot signa problem with the memc
l appears simultaneously at~
',
pilot ports of the valve. These signals produce equal, and
opposite forces on the val
spool and hence the later tends to remain stationary
until one of the si~ l goes Oj
This problem, called signal conflict or signal overlap,
is
cylinder circuits. There are methods to overcome thes a major hur~le the
e signal conflicts like c~
) method and idle return rollers.
I
 I
Pneumatic Control Valves 341 !I
operated 4/1. DCV: The valve shown in Figure 10.7 is a 4/2-way valve
rP'1oaJfYoperated DCV. In the left envelo~ flow path, configuration pressure port
~ual Y king port A are connected, and arr goes to the cylinder either to perform
f reverse moti?n. At the same time, ports Band Rare connected, and air from
ror"tll~r end of the cylinder goes ~o the atmospher~. In the right flow configuration,
tlte O p and B are connected, ~d arr goes to the cylinder to perform either reverse or
part:'. d motion. At the same time ports A and R are connected, and air from the other
: ; :the cylinder goes to the atmosphere. .
2.
ot
:\s Spool
in
i,
to
)J\
be Valve
body
ed
(2 Pressure Exhaust
passage passage

p R p R
A B

[TI [X]
A B

p R p R

Figure 10.7 Manually Operated 4/2 DCV

Suspended disc direction control valves: This valve is quite similar to 4/ 2-way spool
valve. An schematic diagram is shown in Figure 10.8. In this design, the disc is used
:re. instead of a spool. This suspended disc can be moved by pilot pressure or by a solenoid
iry or by mechanical means. In this design, the main disc connects port 1 to either port 4 or
~th 2. The secondary seat disc seals the exhaust port 3 whichever is not functional. These
~ve values are generally provided with a manual override to move manually the cylinder.
FF. Figure 10.9 below shows 5/2-way valve that uses suspended disk.instead of the
id· spool. In the spool type valve, the spool controls the opening and closing of ports. In
sde this type, suspended di.sc controls the opening and closing of ports. This suspended
disc can be moved by pilot pressure at port 14 or port 12. When the pilot pressure acts
 3'2 Hydraulics and Pneumatics
through port 14. The ports 1- 2 and 4 - 5 are coMected and 3 is block
ed. Wh
is given to pilot line 12, then 2- 3 and 4-1 are coMected and 5 is
blocked. en the~

fv1 fn(B )

~(~)

lflT Vl( B)

~IRI

Figure 10.8 4/2 Directional Control Valve (Suspended Disc Type)

4 2

14 5 1 3 12
Figure 10.9 Five-Way-Two-Position Directional Control Valve
(Suspended Disc Type)
Advantages
(i) They have short actuation movement.
(ii) They are quick to operate because of small switching movement
.
(iii) If signals are applied at both the ports, the first signal will be
dominant.
Disadvantages
(i) Construction of the valve is complex.
(ii) Expensive.
Four-way-two-position seat valve (VTU Jan 2009)
Figure 10.10 shows 4/2 seat type direction control valve.
A push button with spring return is used to control the vertical f 1
m~vement O::~
valve inside the guides. The ports are alternately connected and
d15connecte
moving the seat valves up and down.
 11
.
'
'
' i
I \
'
II j
'
f
Pneumatic Control Valves 343
t1
. Ii II

Sleeves
Seal
valve Valve
plate

Pre5Sure
partP
4 1 3

A Working
Working port
partB

e
Figure 10.10 Four-Way-Two-Position Seat Type DC Valv

button is not pressed, the

When the p_ush button is not pressed: When the push
port B from the passage
mpressed air can pass from pressure port P to working
exhaust out from working
:twe en the valve seats. At the same time compressed air
port A to exhaust port R on the other side. connected to working port
When the push button is pressed, the pressure port P is
Aand working port B is connected to exhaust port R

10.2.6 Methods of Actuation

rol valves depend upo n the
The methods of actuation of pneumatic directional cont
vary:
requirements of the task (Table 10.3). The types of actuation
• Manually actuated-
• Mechanically actuated
• Pneumatically actuated •
• Electrical
• Combined actuation
matic valves are same.
Note: Method of actuation for both hydraulic and pneu
Table 10.3 Method of Actuation of DC Valve

General Spring return

Push button
Spring centred
 344 Hydraulics and Pneumatics

Lever Roller operated

Detentlever Idle-return roller

Foot pedal

Pneumatic
Peneumatic, direct
·--[> ··[
Pneumatic, indirect (or internal pilot)

Electrical
Single solenoid

Double solenoid

Combined
Double solenoid, internal pilot with manual
override

10.3 NON-RETURN VALVES

Non-return valves permit flow of air in one direction only, the other direct
ion through
the valve being at all times blocked to the air flow. Mostly the valves are
,( II, designed so
that the check is additionally loaded by the downstream air pressure, thus
' ff I I supporting
d the non-return action. •
Among the various types of non-return valves available, those prefere
.Ii I f employed in pneumatic controls are as follows:
ntially

I
(i) Check valve
I\ .' (ii) Restrictor check valve
''
': (iii) Shuttle valve
. (iv) Two-pressure valve

f (v) Quick exhaust valve

 Pneumatic Control Valves 345
.
c che ck val ves are sim ilar to eumatic ch tion
. Hydra uli k valve. eek valves. Refer to sec
for an exp lan ati on on the c~
f.i t~f Chapter 5
20I0/F b 20061
Sp oo l Ty pe of Shuttle Valve/OR Valve (VTU Jan
16•3•1 July 2009/July 2013/June 2010/May 2007/June 2006) e
the control is
val ves are als o cal led do ub le check valves and are used when the
5huttle
re tha n on e po we r sou rces. Shuttle valves are used to select
tJired from mo This valve
inp uts pre ssu res aut om atically and connect the output port.
~e r of tw o
. al O known as OR valve. ol type shuttle valve is shown in Fig
ure 10.11.
str uct ion an d op era tio n of spo
iS ;e con

Inner por t 1

\J Inner port 2

(b) Graphic symbol

(a) Spo ol type shu ttle valve
Valve/OR Valve
Figure 10.11 Spool Type Shuttle
d one outlet port.
wn in Fig ure 10. 11, thi s val ve consists of two inlets ports an
As sho
is higher than the left, the spool
closes the
ssu re in the rig ht inl et po rt
As long as the pre re on the left
rt and air fro m the rig ht po rt is connecte<:i to an outlet. If the pressu
left po
rig ht sid e, the n air fro m the left is connected to an outlet.
side is higher tha n the ic ha s tw o
, a shu ttle val ve can be use d as OR valve. OR pneumatic log
As discus sed
e ou tpu t. The out put is OF F onl y if all the inputs are OFF. All
or more inputs an d on o-i np ut OR
ns of inp ut an d ou tpu ts can be sho wn in a "tr uth table. A tw
combinatio in Table 10.4.
nt wi th inp uts X an d Y an d ou tpu t A an d its truth table is given
eleme
le for a Logic Table
Table 10.4 Symbol and Truth Tab

x -- -r -7 -.
y~-A

0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
 I
346 Hydraulics and Pneumatics
10.3.2 Two Pressure Valve/Dual Pressure Valve/AND Valve (\T'rlJ
July 2009nu1y 20nnune 1010/May 1007/June 2006) Jan 20o,,
This valve is a pneumatic AND valve. It is also derivate of non-return
pressure valve requires two pressurized in~uts to all~~ an output
cross-sectional views of a two-pressure valve mtwo positions are ~v fr:al~
. In
e, f\
itself
. 12 d o• enmF·1
t\i,a.
As shown in the figure; this valve has ~o mputs •'I\.
an 14 and one ~e1
compressed air is applied to either 12 or mput 14, the spool moves t ~utput 2, 0·11e
and no signal appears at output 2. If signals are applied to both the •0 ,lock then
u•ll
the compressed air flows through the valve, and the signal appears a:Puts 12
the
ant~,
output2, 1\
No output No output

1 14 12
14

Figure 10.U Two-pressure Valve

l
l ' ·, As discussed, the two pressure or dual pressure valve can be used
l. pneumatic logic has two or more inputs and one output. The ouas Valve.
ifall the inputs are ON. All combinations of input and output can be sh!" ~s O~
I) table. A two-input AND element with inputs X and Y and output A and~ ma
only
is given in Table 10.5. 1 truth
I ' ;
truth table
Table 10.S Symbol and Truth Table for a Logic Table

:O-•
.. : ,
.·:'lj~-
·.•)i-~. ·~-:· ·'.~~ ~
0 0 0
!'
I.,
0 1 0
1 0
1~H 0
'. I l 1 1 1
1
l 1• I I
\ d',
II • 10.3.3 Quick Exhaust Valves
1 . ,1 . A quick exhaust valve is a typical shuttle valve. The quick exhaust valve is used
1! I to exJ,,llSI
the cylinder air quickly to the atmosphere.
:• ;,I l. '
 Pneumatic Control Valves 347

cially with single-acting cylinders, it

orJdnS prindpl~: In _many applica~ons esped during retraction of the cylinder to
t'/i JJUllOn practice to 1;11crease the piston spee sible by reducing the resistance to the
p_os
i5 :ec~e cycle tim~- Th~ high~ speed of ~he piston is der. The resistance can be reduced
the cylin
sa of the exhausting air ~unn~ the motion ofosphere quickly by using the quick exhaust
!reXpelling the exhausting arr to the atm
~ve .
Cylinder port A
A
I;
--------__-',
I !' I
Exhaust Exhaust I

portR portR
I' l
Flexible
ring
(b) Air exhausts to atmosphere (c) Grapt:uc symbol
(a) Air flows !o glin der from cylinder
from main line
ck Exhaust Valve
Figure 10.13 Functional Diagram of the Qui
ction and operation of a quick exhaust
Construction and operation: The constru
a movable disc (also called flexible ring)
valve is shown in Figure 10.13 It consists of
r port (A) and exhaust por t (R). Working
and three ports namely, inlet por t (P), cylinde
of the quick exhaust is similar to shuttle valve.
DC valve is applied at the por t P, the n
When the air flowing from the cylinder from
the compressed air passes from por t P
flexible ring covers the exhaust por t R, whereby
to cylinder through por t A.
the exhaust valve, it pushes the flexible
When the return air from the cylinder enters
return air from cylinder quickly exh aus ts
ring to cover the inlet por t P and thereby the
to the atmosphere. .
10.3.4 Pressure Control Valve
ssure control valves are use d in pne um atic s.
Compared with hydraulic systems, a few pre
es:
There are three types of pressure control valv
ucin g valve.
1. Pressure regulator or pressure red
2. Pressure sequence valve. .

10.3.5 Pressure Sequence Valve

ions. One of the section is a 3/2 directional
Thi~si3 c~mbination valve, hav ing two sect
anh lhe ?th~r a pressure control valve. Schematic diagram of pre ssu re seq uen ce
~:rve~
s s own m Figure 10.14.
I 348 Hydraulics and Pneumatics

,.____
I
I
__" --1
I
I I I
: I_ _ _ _ I

-- ---= --_:

12 1 2 3
1 2 3
(a) Normal position (b) Actuated position

Figurel0.14 Pressure Sequence Valve

The cross-sectional views and symbols of a
pressure sequence valv .
Figure 10.14. This valve consists of a 3/2 dire
ctional control valve ;di s sho\Vt\ in
control valve. The principl~ of operation of a
seq
valve remains closed until its pressure upstrea uen~e valve is that outlet 0~ Pfessure
m builds up to a predetennmsequence
When a pre-set pilot pressure is reached within
the valve at port 12 (due to th e: ~al~e.
up of the line pressure after the cylinder piston
reac
loaded piston is unseated. The resulting pilo hes the end of its stroke) ~h uil ~
t pressure actuates the int;gra~ sgnng
directional control valve of the pressure sequen
ce valve and generates an outpu: . 3/2
that connects port 1 to 2. Note that when the
piston
directional valve, which is exposed to the pilo is seated, the piston area in
t pressure, is held to a minimum.
~t1
helps reduce the restraining force. When the

I
pressure, however, unseats·the pistori,
large piston area is exposed to pressure, and the
piston is held wide open. The adjustinl
screw on the top of the valve sets the pressure.

10.3.6 Time Delay Valve in Pneumatic Cir

cuit • •, .
1n many pneumatic applications, deliberate
time delays are required to be introduced
between specific operations. These time dela
ys can be achieved using a pneumati!
time delay valve. Pneumatic timers are used
to create or cancel output signal after I
specified interval of time regarding the applica
Time delay valve is a combination of a pneum
tion or removal of a pilot signal. I
valve, an air reservoir and a throttle relief valv atically actuated 3/2 direc~on_co~troj
e. The time delay function is o ~
by controlling the air flow rate to or from
the reservoir by using the throttl~ ~alv,
Adjustment of throttle valve permits fine con
trol of time delay between the miIUD\Wl
and maxim.um times. In pneumatic time dela
5-30 seconds are possible. The time delay
external reservoir.
y valves, typical time delays ~e
can be extended with the addition
nr~°
 Pneumatic Control Valves 349

euinatic timers are classified as:

fn 1. On-delay timer
2. Off-delay timer r a delay regarding the application
In an on-delay timer, the 3/2 DCV is actuated afte
release of the pilot signal. In an off
f the pilot signal and is reset immediately on the
on the application of the pilot signal
:e1ay timer, the 3/2 DCV is actuated immediately ase of the pilot signal.
d is reset only after a delay regarding the rele of pneumatically actuated
anPneumatic timers can are also classified according to type
3/20CVas:
1. Time delay valve, NC type
2. Time delay valve, NO type.
' of an on-delay timer (Nq typ e in the
Time delay valve, NC type: The constructions
can be seen that 3/2 DCV operates
normal and actuated are shown in Figure 10.15. It designs, the valve can be ope rate d
some
in the on-delay mode permanently. But, in
ck valve in the reverse direction. For this
in the off-delay mode by connecting the che
should be bro ugh t out. One can explain
purpose, the ports of the throttle check valve - -
the working easily by looking at the symbol.

(a) Normal position (b) Actu ated posit ion

---- ---- ---- ---- ---- -- 2---- -,

-------------------1 - 3
--
Figure 10.15 Time Delay Valve
350 Hydraulics and Pneumatics
Time delay valve, NO type: 'J1le co
nstru~on and function of an
(NO) type is similar .to that of an on-
delay tuner (N q type except for on"
DCV valve. In the on-delay valve (NO Qe~
) type, a 3/2 ~CV (NO) type is th
the on-delay timer (N q type, a 3/2 DC e~ ~
V (NQ type 1S used. used \v ~~ i
10.4 FLOW CONTROL VALVES
A 11- control wlt1t re'"''"tes the rate 11\
ofair flow that controls the spe
d in the pneumatic C1I. CU1. t to control ed oJ., the
JMI""
control valves are use~-
the
circuit to the other. Their funrati~e ofactuator
compressed air from one part of the
the amount of the compressed m. pas • thro gh al
sing c on •
flo\V • ¾
There are two types of flow control val u av ve using a met . to ?e9iOf.i~~
18 "'-
ves: enng 0, ~
1. Throttle type flows control valve
2. Throttle relief valve or throttle che
ck valve.
Throttle valve consists of an orifice wh
ose area can be controlled e t
needle the throttle valve is also cal
led a needle valve or a re s~ ~y
constructional details and operation of adjlls~
needle valve is already presen~:o~
section 5.11 of this book. Valve. llie
. .
One-way flow control valve 1s also cal d lll Chal>ters,
valve. This valve is simply a parall led a throttle relief valve
el arr 0 thr0
valve. (fhe constructional details and angement of a throttle v: t ttle check
been discussed in Chapter 5, sec~on operation of integral check nved~d a check
5.11 of this book.) ee e Valve has
10.5 SUMMARY OF GRAPHICA
L SYMBOLS
(a) Direction Control Valve
2/2 DC valve (N q , 3/2 DC valve (N q

2/2 DC valve (NO)

3/2 DC valve (NO)

3/2DCvalve

u 1 3
4/2DCvalve

m 1 3

•rmtiJ
4/3 DC valve (mid
position dosed) 4/3 DC Valve
(mid-position
1 3 floating neutral)
5/20Cvalve

rnrHTit7
5/3 DC valve
(mid-position
closed)
 351
Pn eum ati c Co ntr ol Va lve s

_...•..., VaJves
rJon·r11:~ ----
Shuttle/OR Valve
~)
cfte(k valve
+ unloaded

-<Nr
spring loaded

Quick exhaust 2 .. --I

-
-B
I

~ al v e ,f l, .• valve
3

Time-dependent Valves
i.;.. .---

(c) Pressur
e and Time dep end ent valve -
-- -- -- -j~-.
~u re dependednt • ~
; ·-·-·- -
·-· ~--! I or time delay valve 12Iffl 1- ' :
'
•
• I
'
valve or pressure
·---------1 3-·
I
!,- i
I

!•- - --- --
sequence valve t-·- · -·-·-·-· ·-·
12 1 3

ffl
(d) Flow Control Valve Throttle check
-........__/ wi th con sta nt
Throttle valve restriction valve adjustable
wi th variable

*
restriction

.
Review Questions of 3/2 -w ay spool type direction contr
ol
th a ne at sk etc h
1. Explain briefly wi pn eu matic system. {VTU July 2013) .
ol dir ect ion of air in
valve to co ntr
ma tic cir cu it, the wo rki ng of valve se at type, four-way,
2. Explain with a pneu va lve . {VTU Jan 2009)
tion dir ect ion co ntr ol n control
and two-posi y op en 3/ 2 pneumatic directio
ph ica l sym bo l of no rm all
3. Write the gra . {VTU Ju ne 2012)
valve. • le valve
ruc tio n an d fun cti on ing of a spool typ~ pn eu ma tic sh utt n 2010)
4. E~plain const Oa
w1~ a neat sketc~. wi th
s us ed in pn eu ma tic sy ste m2008)
in the op era tio n of so len oid
5. Define and expla (V TU Jan
ne at sketch. . (V TU Jan 2007)
ck ex ha ust va lve s?
6. What _are ~u1 . .
7. Explain with a ne. at sketch construction andd op era tio n of a. typical qu ick.
exhaust 1ve to increase th ctu ti sp ee of a cy lin . de r m a pn eu ma tic
va ea a on
circuit. (V TU Ju ly 20 11 /Ju ne 202008) ,.
rt no te on (V TU Ju ly 13)
8. Write a sho a memory valve.