PROJECT FILE OF CHEMISTRY~

NAME – Arjun rajput

CLASS – 12 TH B2
TOPIC – STUDY OF CONSTITUENT OF
ALLOY
SUBMITTED – MR. YOGESH SIR

Teacher’s sign –
 Certificate~
This is to certify that
Arjun Rajput
Student of class XII TH b2 has successfully prepared the report on
the Project entitled.

“study of constituents of alloys”

Under the guidance of Mr. YOGESH JAIN (PGT chemistry).

The report is the result of his efforts & endeavours. The report is
found worthy of acceptance as final Project report for the subject
chemistry of class XIITH b2 .
Signature of chemistry Teacher

Signature of External Examiner-

---------------Signature of Principal----------
 Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of
gratitude to my chemistry teacher MR.YOGESH
JAIN for his able guidance and supporting in
completing my project.

I would also like to extent my gratitude to our

honorable principle sir MR. KAMAL KUMAR for
providing me all the facilities that were
required.

Date: Arjun Rajput

26/ 11/2023 12 th b2
 Index
 Introduction
 Some common alloy
 Bronze
i. Introduction
ii. History
iii. Properties
iv. Uses
 Rose gold
i. Introduction
ii. History
iii. Properties
iv. Uses
 Brass
i. Introduction
ii. History
iii. Properties
iv. Preparation
v. uses
\
 Introduction
An alloy is a mixture of chemical elements, which forms
an impure substance that retains the characteristics of a
metal. An alloy is distinct from an impure metal in that ,
with an alloy, the added elements are well controlled to
produce desirable properties, while impure metal such as
wrought iron are less controlled, but are often
considered use full. Alloys are made by mixing two or
more elements, at least one of which is a metal, and the
name of this metal may also be the name of the alloy.
The other constituent amy or may not be metals but,
when mixed with the molten base, they will be soluble
and dissolve into the mixture. The mechanical properties
of alloy will often be quite different from those of its
individual constituent. A metal that is normally very soft,
such as Aluminium, can be altered by alloying it with
another soft metal, such as copper. Adding a small
amount of non – metallic carbon to iron trades its great
ductility for the greater strength of an alloy called steel.
Some alloy , such as electrum which is an alloy consisting
of silver and gold, occur naturally. Meteorites are
sometimes made of naturally occurring alloys of iron and
nickel, but are not native to the earth. One of the first
alloys made by humans was bronze, which is a mixture of
the metals tin and copper. Bronze was an extremely use
ful alloy to the ancients, because it is much stronger and
harder than either of its components. Steel was another
common alloy however, in ancient times, its could only
be created as an accidental byproduct from the heating
of iron ore in fires during the manufacture of iron. Alloy
steel can be made by adding other elements, such as
chromium, molybdenum, vanadium or nickel, resulting in
alloy such as high- speed steel or tool steel. Small
amount of manganese are usually alloyed with most
modern steels because of its ability to remove unwanted
Impurities, like phosphorus, Ssulphur and oxygen, which
can have detrimental effects on the alloy.
 Bronze
bronze is a metal alloy. Bronze is mostly copper, with
some tin added( usually between 5 % and 20 % tin ) to
make it stronger. When an alloy is called bronze, it
usually means the alloy of copper and tin. When two
words are used to name an alloy, and one of the words is
bronze , this means the alloy is made mostly from
copper. The other word tell us what other metal was
combined with copper to make it. There are many
different bronze alloy, but typically modern bronze is
88% copper and 12% tin. Commercial bronze (90%
copper and 10% zinc ) and architectural bronze ( 57%
copper, 3% lead, 40% zinc ) are more properly regarded
as brass alloy because they contain zinc as the main
alloying ingredient. They are commonly used in
architectural applications

history
the discovery of bronze enable people to create metal
object which were harder and more durable then
previously possible. Bronze tools, weapons, armor, and
building materials such as decorative tiles were harder
and more durable than their stone and copper
predecessor. Initially, bronze was made out of copper
and arsenic, forming arsenic bronze, or from naturally or
artificially mixed ores of copper and arsenic.

Properties
Copper based alloys have lower melting point than
steel or iron and are more readily produced from
their constituent metals. They are generally about
10 precent denser than steel, although alloys using
aluminium or silicon may be slightly less dense.
Bronze is a better conductor of heat and electricity
than most steels. The cost of copper-base alloys is
generally higher than that of steels but lower than
that of nickel-base alloys. The melting point of
bronze varies depending on the ratio of the alloy
components and is about 950 degree Celsius .
bronze is usually non-magnetic, but certain alloys
containing iron or nickel may have magnetic
properties.
 Uses

Bronze, or bronze-like alloys

and mixture, were used for coins over a longer
period. Bronze was especially suitable for use in
boat and ship fittings prior to the wide
employment of stainless steel owing to its
combination of toughness and resistance salt
water corrosion. Bronze is still commonly used
in ship propellers and submerged bearings.
Bronze has also been used in coins; most “
copper ‘’ coins are actually bronze, with about
4 percent tin and 1 percent zinc.
 Brass
Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc, in proportions
which can be varied to achieve varying mechanical
and electrical properties. Its is a substitutional alloy
atoms of the two constituents may replace each
other within the same crystal structure. The
distinction between the two alloy is largely
historical, and modern practical in museums and
archaeology objects in favor of the all – embracing

History
Although forms of brass have been in use since
prehistory, its true nature as a copper- zinc alloy
was not understood until the post-medieval period
because the zinc vapor which reacted with copper
to make brass was not recognized as a metal. The
earliest brasses may have been natural alloys made
by smelting zinc-rich copper ores. by the roman
period brass was being deliberately produced from
metallic copper and zinc minerals using the
cementation process, the product of which was
calamine brass, and variation on this method
continued until the mid – 19th century.

Properties
Brass has higher malleability than bronze or zinc. The
relatively low melting point of brass and its flow
characteristic make it a relatively easy material to cast.
By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the
properties of the brass can be change allowing hard and
soft brasses.

Uses
The key work of most modern woodwinds, including
wooden- boodied instruction, is also usually made of an
alloy such as nickel silver. Such alloy are stiffer and more
durable than the brass used to construct the instrument
bodies, but still workable with simple and tools a boon to
quick repairs. The mouthpieces of both brass instruments
and, less commonly, woodwind instructureare often
made of brass among other metals as well. Some parts
and electric guitars are also made from brass, especially
inertia blocks on tremolo system for its tonal properties,
and for string nuts and saddles for both tonal properties
and its low friction.

Rose gold
Rose gold is a gold – copper alloy widely used for
specialized jewelry. Rose gold, also know as pink gold and
red gold, was popular Russia at the beginning of the
nineteenth century, and was also known as Russia gold,
although this term is now obsolete. Rose gold jewelry is
becoming more popular in the 21st century, and is
commonly used for wedding rings, bracelets, and
jewelry.

History
Rose gold jewelry is anything but new. You may have
noticed rose gold making many trending lists since 2014,
but the bush – colored metal has been around since the
mid to late 19th century. After wall street crash of 1929,
rose and yellow gold took the back seat and platinum
immerged as the dominate choice for jewelry. However,
during world war II, platinum became a vital mineral to
the war efforts and its use was restricted. Because of
this, gold again became the metal of choice for jewelry,
in both yellow and rose gold hues.

Properties
Common colored gold alloy include the distinctive
eighteen-karat rose gold created by the addition of
copper. Alloy containing palladium or nickel are also
important is commercial jewelry as these produce white
gold alloys. Fourteen-karat gold-copper alloy is nearly
identical in color to certain bronze alloys, an both may be
used to produce police and other badges. White gold
alloys can be made with palladium or nickel. Fourteen-
and eighteen-karat gold alloys with silver alone appear
greenish-yellow and are referred to as green gold.
 Uses
Gold conducts electricity, does not tarnish, is very easy to
work can be drawn into wire, can be hammered into thin
sheets, alloys with many other metals, can be melted and
cast into highly detailed shapes, has a wonderful color
and a brilliant luster. Of all the minerals mined from the
earth, none is more useful then gold. Its usefulness is
derived from a diversity of special properties.

Bibliography
 Chemistry NCERT textbooks
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.CBSE.com

Thank you ~